Biosecurity protocols for infectious respiratory disease
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1. A veterinarian discusses biosecurity procedures for suspected cases of contagious respiratory disease in horses, including establishing primary and secondary perimeters, regulating horse and human movement, increasing disease surveillance, and communicating with relevant parties. 2. Key steps include stopping horse movement, limiting access, implementing biosecurity guidelines, increasing testing and monitoring, and communicating information to veterinarians, owners, facilities, and regulatory agencies. 3. The goal is to prevent the spread of disease until it can be properly diagnosed and addressed according to disease-specific guidelines.
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Biosecurity protocols for infectious respiratory disease
- 1. Biosecurity in the practice Olivier Simon, DMV, Dip ECVS The University of Adelaide – EH&PC
- 2. Lockout issue EH&PC 2017 • November 2017 – One foal with suspected EHV1 infection • Confirmed at post-mortem – Two consequent foals with similar symptoms from same stud farm – Delay is result collection !!!!
- 3. Suspected case of contagious infectious respiratory disease • Possible primary diagnoses for respiratory disease with herd health implications: – Equine Herpes virus-1 (EHV-1) – Equine Herpes virus-4 (EHV-4) – Streptococcus equi equi (strangles) – Hendra virus (emerging) – Equine influenza (EI) (exotic) – Equine viral arteritis (EVA) (exotic)
- 5. EH&PC Standard Safe Operating Procedures
- 6. EH&PC Map
- 7. Suspected case of infectious respiratory disease Establish biosecurity perimeter Communicate plan Attempt diagnosis Identify primary perimeter Identify secondary perimeter Increase disease surveillance Regulate horse movement Implement primary perimeter Stop horse movement Limit human movement Biosecurity Guidelines Veterinarians Horsemen Regulatory agencies media Related industry affiliates Event management Sample collection tests Laboratory selection Testing applies Sample handling Sample transport No diagnosis Maintain biosecurity 21-28 days after last case Expand differential diagnoses Consult infectious disease expert Diagnosis Disease specific guidelines Equine Herpes virus-1 Influenza Strep equi Equine viral arteritisAAEP 2006
- 8. Problematic • 4 inpatient potentially but not surely contaminated • Hazard for any new in- or out-patient
- 9. Precaution • Preventive Lockout • Isolate inpatients • Collect samples and receive results in timely manner to maintain or relieve quarantine status
- 10. In the practice
- 11. Suspected case of contagious infectious respiratory disease • Clinical signs – Fever – Cough – Swollen or discharging lymph nodes (lymphadenopathy) – Abnormal nasal discharge – Abnormal respiratory sounds – Urticaria, limb edema • Fever presenting alone should be considered as suspected contagious respiratory disease • Absence of fever, in the presence of respiratory clinical signs, does not rule out contagious infectious disease
- 12. Suspected case of contagious infectious respiratory disease • Possible primary diagnoses for respiratory disease with herd health implications: – Equine Herpes virus-1 (EHV-1) – Equine Herpes virus-4 (EHV-4) – Streptococcus equi equi (strangles) – Hendra virus (emerging) – Equine influenza (EI) (exotic) – Equine viral arteritis (EVA) (exotic)
- 13. Suspected case of contagious infectious respiratory disease 1. Establish a primary biosecurity perimeter – Centered on the location of the contagious respiratory disease case(s) – Extended until a clearly defined physical barrier to further spread of infection is identified – May encompass the entire equine facility
- 14. Suspected case of contagious infectious respiratory disease 1. Establish a primary biosecurity perimeter – If site design permits, the perimeter may contain only part of the equine facility – Include the isolation facility if one exists – Signs are used to identify the perimeter & control access
- 15. Suspected case of contagious infectious respiratory disease • The primary perimeter contains all suspected infected animals & animals in immediate contact with them – Aerosols may spread effectively over distances up to 50 m – Common air space of stables may mean that all horses in that stable may be infected • All animals within the primary perimeter – Considered infected & contagious until outbreak is over – Are prohibited from exiting the primary perimeter – If the affected horse was moved to isolation, a primary biosecurity perimeter must be maintained around the barn from which the affected horse originated • Biosecurity measures are implemented to prevent infectious agents leaving the area (people, fomites)
- 16. Suspected case of contagious infectious respiratory disease • Until proven otherwise, respond to ‘worst-case’ scenario(s): – Steptococcus equi (indirect transmission – fomites) – Hendra virus (fruit bats) – EI (direct transmission – aerosol; indirect – fomites) • Prevent new introductions to the property
- 17. Suspected case of contagious infectious respiratory disease 2. Implement/enforce the primary biosecurity perimeter • Stop horse movement – Affected horses should be confined to their stalls or dedicated isolation facility – Clinically unaffected horses are confined within the primary perimeter & managed to minimise spread of the infectious agent • Disease surveillance – Record rectal temperatures twice daily – Physical inspection for clinical signs
- 18. Suspected case of contagious infectious respiratory disease 2. Implement/enforce the primary biosecurity perimeter • Limit human movement – Access is limited to essential personnel only: veterinarians/technicians/caretakers – All personnel follow biosecurity protocols – May require security personnel at perimeter access points • Biosecurity protocols
- 19. Suspected case of contagious infectious respiratory disease 3.1 Communication – event management • Physical plant modification instructions – Barriers – designation & establishment of physical perimeter • Biosecurity guidelines – Disinfection instructions • During outbreak • Before restocking facility with healthy horses – Waste removal – Vermin control • Personnel management – Requirements – Instructions – Notification of zoonotic risk (if present) • Outbreak updates
- 20. Suspected case of contagious infectious respiratory disease 3.2 Communication – veterinarians/workers • Instructions – disease surveillance, testing & reporting • Biosecurity guidelines • Health requirements – entrance into or exit out of facility • Outbreak updates
- 21. Suspected case of contagious infectious respiratory disease 3.3 Communication – horse owners/workers • Disease information for horsemen & owners • Biosecurity guidelines • Human exposure/zoonotic risk management • Instructions for grooms • Outbreak updates • Requirements for equine entrance into/exit out of facility
- 22. Suspected case of contagious infectious respiratory disease 4. Regulatory agencies • Disease notification – Veterinarians are aware of currently reportable diseases – State & federal veterinarians are useful resources during outbreaks of non-reportable infectious disease • Outbreak updates 5. Media • Dissemination of information to horse owning people & related industry workers/members
- 23. Suspected case of contagious infectious respiratory disease 6. Related industries • Provide information that assists in risk management & determination of risk aversion – E.g. outbreak updates, biosecurity measures implemented
- 24. Suspected case of infectious respiratory disease Establish biosecurity perimeter Communicate plan Attempt diagnosis Identify primary perimeter Identify secondary perimeter Increase disease surveillance Regulate horse movement Implement primary perimeter Stop horse movement Limit human movement Biosecurity Guidelines Veterinarians Horsemen Regulatory agencies media Related industry affiliates Event management Sample collection tests Laboratory selection Testing applies Sample handling Sample transport No diagnosis Maintain biosecurity 21-28 days after last case Expand differential diagnoses Consult infectious disease expert Diagnosis Disease specific guidelines Equine Herpes virus-1 Influenza Strep equi Equine viral arteritisAAEP 2006
- 25. Take home message • Have or implement a biosecurity plan for your facilities and taylored to your activities • Your attending veterinarian is your best contact to get advise or relay with specialists (EH&PC)