Biology capitulo8- Una introducción al metabolismo

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Una introducción a
metabolismo

PowerPoint® Lecture Presentations for

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Eighth Edition
Neil Campbell and Jane Reece

Lectures by Chris Romero, updated by Erin Barley with contributions from Joan Sharp
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Debes poder:

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Panorama: La energía en los sitemas vivos

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Concepto 8.1: El metabolismo de un organismo,
sujeto a las leyes de termodinámica, transforma la
materia y energía

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La organización química de la vida es el resultado
rutas metabólicas
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SSUSTRATO + ENZIMA = PRODUCTO + ENCIMA


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Formas de Energía

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Leyes de la transformación de energía

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Primera ley de termodinámica

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– La energía se puede transferir y transformar,
pero no se puede crear o destruir

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Segunda Ley de Termodinámica

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– Cada transferencia o transformación de
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Orden y Desorden biológico

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Concepto 8.2: El cambio en energía libre de una
reacción nos dice si la reacción ocurre o no
espontáneamente

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Cambio en energía-libre, G

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Energía libre, estabilidad, y equilibrio

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Energía libre y Metabolismo

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Reacciones exergónicas y endergónicas en el
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Equilibrio y Metabolismo

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Concepto 8.3: ATP promueve el trabajo celular a
través del acoplamiento de reacciones exergónicas
y endergónicas
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La estructura e hidrolisis de ATP

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Cómo el ATP realiza trabajo

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Regeneración del ATP

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Concepto 8.4: Las enzimas aceleran las reacciones
metabólicas al bajar barreras energéticas
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Activación

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Cómo las enzimas bajan la barrera de EA

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21**,*1+:,+-1+=A
K ='>$91%+'.+1M,0&1'+,-+0192$.+,'+,',*(61+-$2*,+
Y GZ5+8.*+,-+0.'&*1*$.O+10,-,*1'+)'1+*,100$3'+
F),+.0)**$*$1 ,D,'&)1-9,'&,

=7"2(+"#7G3Q#M3678&2/13e#@J


P$("+QR!E

'#,@1/3#K
@/(5+"#7
M"+I#,+ 6=
/78&2/ M"+I#,+
/78&2/ 6= M"+I
/78&2/
"13$#M/@
P@//3/7/@%&

>/(5+(7+1

'#,@1/3#K
G "13,7(KK/5+/B
@/(5+"#7
0&3/78&2/
M"+I3/78&2/

A@#B,5+1

A@#%@/113#K3+I/3@/(5+"#7

Las enzimas son específicas para los substratos

K =-+*,10&$D.+%.2*,+,-+0)1-+10&`1+)'1+,'>$91+%,+
-,+--191+1,01+@(+#3
K N1+,'>$91+%,+)',+1-+%)2%&*1&.+4+M.*91+,-++
5#2)$/f#3/78"2(W1,01+@(+#3
K =-+$,%(@ (5+"H#3,%+-1+*,($3'+,'+-1+,'>$91+1-+
0)1-+%,+)',+,-+%)2%&*1&.
K N($$(3Z7B,5"B(3--,D1+1-+%)2%&*1&.+4+(*)8.%+
F)69$0.%+1-+-)(1*+10&$D.+4+,'+8.%$0$3'+F),+
M10$-$&1+-1+J12$-$:1:+:,+-1+,'>$91+81*1+01&1-$>1*+
-1+*,100$3'

P$("+QR!H

?,01+@(+/

=5+"H/31"+/

678&2/ 678&2/W1,01+@(+/
5#2)$/

D(E D0E

Catálisis en lugar activo de la Enzima

K ='+)'1+*,100$3'+,'>$9G&$01O+,-+%)2%&*1&.+%,+
)',+1-+-)(1*+10&$D.+
K =-+%$&$.+10&$D.+8),:,+21?1*+-1+21**,*1+:,+-1+=A 1+
&*1D7%+:,
– W*$,'&1*+-.%+%)2%&*1&.%+0.**,0&19,'&,
– P.*>1*+-.%+,'-10,%+:,+-.%+%)2%&*1&.%
– C*.D,,*+)'+9$0*.R192$,'&,+M1D.*12-,
– P.*91*+)'+,'-10,+0.D1-,'&,+0.'+,-+%)2%&*1&.


P$("+QR!I
9 ?,01+@(+/13/7+/@3(5+"H/31"+/g3/78&2/3
5I(7%/131I()/31,5I3+I(+3"+13(5+"H/31"+/ : ?,01+@(+/13I/$B3"73
/7K#$B13+I/31,01+@(+/13D"7B,5/B3K"+EL (5+"H/31"+/30&3M/(J
"7+/@(5+"#71_31,5I3(13
I&B@#%/730#7B13(7B
"#7"530#7B1L

?,01+@(+/1
678&2/W1,01+@(+/
5#2)$/
; =5+"H/31"+/35(73$#M/@36=
(7B31)//B3,)3(3@/(5+"#7L

d =5+"H/
1"+/3"1
(H("$(0$/
K#@3+M#37/M
1,01+@(+/
2#$/5,$/1L

678&2/

T A@#B,5+13(@/ a ?,01+@(+/13(@/
@/$/(1/BL 5#7H/@+/B3+#
)@#B,5+1L

A@#B,5+1

Efectos de las Condiciones Locales en la Actividad
de la Enzima
K N1+10&$D$:1:+,'>$9G&$01 8),:,+%,*+1M,0&1:1+8.*+
– P10&.*,%+192$,'&1-,%+0.9.+-1+&,98,*1&)*1+4+,-++
8d
– U.98),%&.%+F)69$0.%+F),+$'M-)4,'+1+-1+
,'>$91


Efectos de Temperatura y pH

K U1:1+,'>$91+&$,',+)'1+&,98,*1&)*1+4+8d
38&$9.%+1-+0)1-+M)'0$.'1


P$("+QR!Q
R)+"2($3+/2)/@(+,@/3K#@ R)+"2($3+/2)/@(+,@/3K#@
+&)"5($3I,2(73/78&2/ /78&2/3#K3+I/@2#)I"$"5
DI/(+W+#$/@(7+E3

>(+/3#K3@/(5+"#7
0(5+/@"(33333333333

UaU dU
:U -U 9UU
N/2)/@(+,@/3Dh'E
D(E3R)+"2($3+/2)/@(+,@/3K#@3+M#3/78&2/1

R)+"2($3)Q3K#@3)/)1"7 R)+"2($3)Q
D1+#2(5I3/78&2/E K#@3+@&)1"7
D"7+/1+"7($
>(+/3#K3@/(5+"#7

/78&2/E

U a
9 T : ; d i - j 9U
)Q
D0E3R)+"2($3)Q3K#@3+M#3/78&2/1

Cofactores

K '#K(5+#@/13%.'+14):1'&,%+'.R8*.&,$0.%+
K U.M10&.*,%+8),:,'+%,*+$'.*(G'$0.%+Y,?O+)'+
9,&1-+,'+M.*91+$3'$01Z+)+.*(G'$0.%+
K )'+0.M10&.*+.*(G'$0.+%,+--191+)'1+5#/78"2(
K U.,'>$91%+$'0-)4,'+-1%+D$&19$'1%


Inhibidores Enzimáticos

K Z7I"0"B#@/135#2)/+"+"H#13%,+)','+1-+-)(1*+
10&$D.+:,+-1+,'>$91O+0.98$&$,':.+0.'+,-+
%)2%&*1&.
K Z7I"0"B#@/13`#W5#2)/+"+"H#13%,+)','+1+.&*1+
81*&,+:,+-1+,'>$91O+01)%1':.+F),+-1+,'>$91+
0192$,+:,+M.*91+4+,-+-)(1*+10&$D.+%,+&.*'1+
9,'.%+,M,0&$D.
K =?,98-.%+:,+$'J$2$:.*,%/+&.;$'1%O+D,','.%O+
8,%&$0$:1%O+4+1'&$2$3&$0.%


P$("+QR!a

?,01+@(+/

=5+"H/31"+/
'#2)/+"+"H/3
"7I"0"+#@

678&2/

`#75#2)/+"+"H/3"7I"0"+#@
D(E3`#@2($30"7B"7% D0E3'#2)/+"+"H/3"7I"0"+"#7 D5E3`#75#2)/+"+"H/3"7I"0"+"#7

Concepto 8.5: La regulación de la actividad
enzimática ayuda a controlar el metabolismo
K =;$%&$*61+)'+01.%+F)69$0.+,'+-1%+07-)-1%+%$+-1%+
*)&1%+9,&123-$01%+'.+%.'+*,()-1:1%
K L'1+07-)-1+--,D1+1+012.+0.'&*.-+1+&*1D7%+:,+-1+
10&$D10$3'+4+:,%10&$D10$3'+:,+(,',%+F),+
0.:$M$01'+81*1+8*.&,6'1%+.+8.*+-1+*,()-10$3'+:,+
-1+10&$D$:1:+:,+-1%++,'>$91%


Regulación Alosterica

K @/%,$(5"473($#1+/@"5( 8),:,+$'J$2$*+.+
,%&$9)-1*+-1+10&$D$:1:+:,+)'1+,'>$91
K W0)**,+0)1':.+)'1+9.-70)-1+*,()-1:.*1+%,+
)',+1+)'1+8*.&,6'1+4+1M,0&1+-1+M)'0$3'+,'+.&*.+
-)(1*+:,+-1+8*.&,6'1


Activación e Inhibición Alosterica

K N1%+,'>$91%+F),+%.'+*,()-1:1%+:,+,%&1+M.*91+
,%&G'+J,0J1%+:,+%)2R)'$:1:,%+:,+8.-$878&$:.%+
K U1:1+,'>$91+&$,',+M.*91%+10&$D1%+,+$'10&$D1%+
K N1+)'$3'+:,+)'+10&$D1:.*+,%&12$-$>1+-1+M.*91+
10&$D1
K N1+)'$3'+:,+)'+$'J$2$:.* ,%&12$-$>1+-1+M.*91+
$'10&$D1


P$("+QR<b
=$$#1+/@"5 /7&82/ =5+"H/31"+/
M"+I3K#,@31,0,7"+1 D#7/3#K3K#,@E

>/%,$(+#@&
1"+/3D#7/ =5+"H(+#@
#K3K#,@E
=5+"H/3K#@2 ?+(0"$"8/B3(5+"H/3K#@2

R15"$$(+"#7

`#7W Z7I"0"+#@
K,75+"#7($ Z7(5+"H/3K#@2 ?+(0"$"8/B3"7(5+"H/
(5+"H/ K#@2
1"+/
D(E3=$$#1+/@"5 (5+"H(+#@13(7B3"7I"0"+#@1

?,01+@(+/

Z7(5+"H/3K#@2 ?+(0"$"8/B3(5+"H/
K#@2
D0E3'##)/@(+"H"+&G3(7#+I/@3+&)/3#K3($$#1+/@"5 (5+"H(+"#7

P$("+QR<b1
=$$#1+/@"5 /78&2/ =5+"H/31"+/
M"+I3K#,@31,0,7"+1 D#7/3#K3K#,@E

>/%,$(+#@&
1"+/3D#7/
=5+"H(+#@
#K3K#,@E
=5+"H/3K#@2 ?+(0"$"8/B3(5+"H/3K#@2

R15"$$(+"#7

`#7W Z7I"0"+#@
K,75+"#7($ Z7(5+"H/3K#@2 ?+(0"$"8/B3"7(5+"H/
(5+"H/ K#@2
1"+/
D(E3=$$#1+/@"5 (5+"H(+#@13(7B3"7I"0"+#@1

K '##)/@(+"H"12#3,%+)'1+M.*91+:,+*,()-10$3'++
1-.%&,*$01 F),+198-$M$01+-1+10&$D$:1:+:,+-1++
,'>$91+
K ='+0..8,*1&$D$%9.O+-1+)'$3'+:,+)'+%)2%&*1&.+1+
)'+-)(1*+10&$D.+,%&12$-$>1+M1D.*12-,9,'&,+4+
.0)**,'+0192$.%+:,+M.*91+,'+&.:1%+-1%+
%)2)'$:1:,%


P$("+QR<b2

?,01+@(+/

Z7(5+"H/3K#@2 ?+(0"$"8/B3(5+"H/
K#@2
D0E3'##)/@(+"H"+&G3(7#+I/@3+&)/3#K3($$#1+/@"5 (5+"H(+"#7

Identificación de Reguladores Alostericos

K ^,()-1:.*,%+1-.%&,*$0.% %.'+1&*10&$D.%+81*1+-1+
$':)%&*$1+M1*9107)&$01+8.*+%)+*,()-10$3'++
,'>$9G&$01
K e'J$2$0$3'+:,+-1%+f01%81%1%g 14):1'+1-+91',?.+
:,+*,%8),%&1%+$'M-191&.*$1%


P$("+QR<!
6lA6>Z.6`N

'(1)(1/ 9 =5+"H/ ?,01+@(+/
1"+/

?Q ?Q
m7#M73(5+"H/3K#@2 =5+"H/3K#@235(7
0"7B31,01+@(+/

?Q =$$#1+/@"5
0"7B"7%31"+/ ?n?
=$$#1+/@"5
m7#M73"7(5+"H/3K#@2 "7I"0"+#@ Q&)#+I/1"1G3($$#1+/@"5
"7I"0"+#@3$#5J13/78&2/
"73"7(5+"H/3K#@2

>6?kYN?

'(1)(1/ 9

Z7I"0"+#@
=5+"H/3K#@2 =$$#1+/@"5($$& Z7(5+"H/3K#@2
"7I"0"+/B3K#@2

Inhibición por retroalimentación

K ='+7%&1+,-+8*.:)0&.+M$'1-+01'0,-1+-1+*)&1+
9,&123-$01+
K =D$&1+F),+-1+07-)-1+91-(1%&,+*,0)*%.%"+


P$("+QR<<
Z7"+"($31,01+@(+/
D+I@/#7"7/E
=5+"H/31"+/
(H("$(0$/
NI@/#7"7/
"73(5+"H/31"+/

678&2/39
D+I@/#7"7/
Z1#$/,5"7/ B/(2"7(1/E
,1/B3,)30&
5/$$
Z7+/@2/B"(+/3=
P//B0(5J
"7I"0"+"#7 678&2/3:
=5+"H/31"+/3#K
/78&2/3937#
$#7%/@30"7B1 Z7+/@2/B"(+/3!
+I@/#7"7/g
)(+IM(&3"1 678&2/3;
1M"+5I/B3#KKL

Z7+/@2/B"(+/3'
Z1#$/,5"7/
0"7B13+# 678&2/3a
($$#1+/@"5
1"+/
Z7+/@2/B"(+/3<

678&2/3T

67B3)@#B,5+
D"1#$/,5"7/E

Localización especifica de las Enzimas

K =%&*)0&)*1+:,'&*.+:,+-1+07-)-1+14):1+1+
91'&,',*+,-+.*:,'+,'+-1%+*)&1%+9,&123-$01%+
K A-()'1%+%.'+81*&,+:,+-1+9,92*1'1+0,-)-1*
K ='+07-)-1%+,)01*$.'&,%O+1-()'1%+,'>$91%+,%&G'+
,'+-.%+.*(G')-.%5+,?"+9$&.0.':*$.%


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