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Biological Molecules, macromolecules, .pptx
- 1. Biological Molecules • Allbiological molecules fall into one of four categories – Carbohydrates – Lipids – Proteins – Nucleic Acids
- 2. Carbohydrate • Contain C,H, O • Many hydroxyl groups • Often end in -ose • Primary source of energy for cells
- 3. Monosaccharide • Simple sugarswith the formula Cx(H2O)X • The monomer of larger carbohydrates • Soluble in water (due to many polar -OH groups) • Immediate energy source for cell respiration • For example: – glucose C6H12O6 – fructose C6H12O6 Glucose and fructose are ISOMERS (same number of the same atoms, but different arrangement)
- 4. Disaccharide • Result fromtwo monosaccharides bonding together in a condensation reaction • Soluble in water (due to many polar -OH groups) • For example: – Maltose (glucose + glucose) – Sucrose (glucose + fructose)
- 5. Polysaccharide • Chains of100-100’s monosaccharides (usually glucose) bonded together • Function as energy storage or cell structure ● Starch (amylose) in plants ● Glycogen in animals ● cellulose in plant cell wall
- 6. Lipid • Contain C,H, O • Mostly hydrocarbons ( nonpolar & ∴ hydrophobic)
- 7. Triglyceride • 3 fattyacids bonded to a glycerol • Energy storage in animals and some plants • Examples: – Fats (solid at room temp) – Oils (liquid at room temp)
- 8. Wax • Long chainsof hydrocarbons • Super hydrophobic • Examples: – beeswax – wax on leaf – ear wax
- 9. Phospholipid • Phosphate groupand two fatty acids bonded to a glycerol • They can form lipid bilayers because of their amphiphilic characteristic. • Example: cell membrane phospholipid
- 10. Steroids/Sterols • Four fusedrings of carbon atoms with functional group(s) attached • Examples: – cholesterol (cell membrane fluidity) – testosterone (hormone) – progesterone (hormone)
- 11. Protein • Contain C,H, O and N • Polymers of many amino acids bonding together in a condensation reaction • MANY cellular functions – contraction – transport – immune defense – enzymes structure
- 12. Polypeptide • A longchain of amino acids that folds up to become the functional protein • Examples: – insulin (hormone) – helicase (enzyme) – keratin (structure)
- 13. Nucleic Acid • ContainC, H, O, N and P • Made of one or many nucleotides
- 14. Long Chain • Polymersof nucleic acid subunits • Examples: – DNA: genetic material between generations; codes for making proteins – RNA: used for making proteins based on the DNA code
- 15. Single Nucleotides • Composedof a sugar, nitrogenous base and one or more phosphate groups • Examples: – ATP (adenosine triphosphate) – DNA nucleotide
- 16. The big idea… •Can you list the 4 major categories of biological molecules? • Can you recognize the major molecular structures of each class of biological molecule?