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Vrste biljnih hormona
Matija Stanojević 3/3
Gimnazija Ćuprija
Biljni hormoni
 Biljni hormoni (fitohormoni) su organske materije koje uticu na rast i
razvoj biljaka.
 U minimalnim koncentracijama regulisu brojne procese, kao sto su:
deoba, rast, cvetanje, opadanje listova, klijanje…
 Mogu da deluju kao aktivatori (stimulisu odredjeni fizioloski proces) ili
inhibitori (usporavaju odredjeni fizioloski proces)
Biljni hormoni
Uloga i vrste biljnih hormona
 Zahvaljujuci biljnim hormonima zivotni ciklusi biljaka su uskladjeni sa
uslovima spoljasnje sredine.
 Biljni hormoni se najvise sintetisu u vegetacionim kupama stabla i
korena kao i u listovima. Odatle se prenose do ciljnih mesta u kojima
ostvaruju fizioloski efekat.
 Vrste biljnih hormona na osnovu nacina delovanja:
 Auksini
 Giberelini
 Citokinini
 Absicinska kiselina
 Etilen
 Jedan proces je regulisan delovanjem vise hormona istovremeno.
Uloga Auksina
 Deluju na rast biljke;
 Indukuju pojavu adventivnih korenova;
 Uticu na deobu i diferencijaciju celija;
 Ucestvuju u regulaciji razvica ploda;
 U velikim kolicinama stete biljci – imaju herbicidno dejstvo (selektivno
ili neselektivno);
 Izazivaju opadanje listova ili plodova – kada deluju u vecim kolicinama
i uticu na susenje listova;
Uloga Giberelina
 Stimulacija izduzivanja stabla;
 U njegovom nedostatku nastaju patuljasti oblici biljaka;
 Kod dvogodisnjih biljaka, dejstvom giberelina dolazi do cvetanja jos u
prvoj vegetacionoj periodi;
 Izaziva klijanje semena koja u sebi imaju skrob – izazivaju lucenje
amilaze za razlaganje skroba;
 Deluje na stvaranje krupnijih plodova koji ubrzano sazrevaju.
Uloga Citokinina
 Predstavlja derivat adenina;
 Osnovna uloga:
 izaziva deobu celija
 Sporedne uloge:
 stimulisu kretanje organskih materija ka
mladim listovima i plodovima;
 usporavaju starenje listova
Uloga Apscisinske kiseline
 Izaziva opadanje listova i plodova;
 Stvara uspavane pupoljke kojima biljka prezivljava nepovoljne uslove;
 Sprecava klijanje semena u periodima koji su nepovoljni za klijanje;
 Sprecava isusivanje biljke tako sto u periodima suse dovodi do
zatvaranja stoma.
• Količina apscisinske kiseline se povećava
u listovima nekih biljaka u uslovima suše.
Ona utiče na rad stominog aparata, tako
što pri naglom gubitku vode izaziva
zatvaranje stoma. Time se sprečava
transpiracija i dalji gubitak vode iz biljke
Uloga Etilena
 Jedini gasoviti hormon u zivom svetu;
 Njegova koncentracija u tkivima zavisi od
stadijuma razvica biljke. Zreli plodovi
oslobađaju etilen koji utice na sazrevanje
nezrelih plodova, ako su zajedno uskladisteni.
Eten u biljkama nastaje
razgradnjom aminokiseline metionina, i kao
slabo rastvorljiv u vodenoj sredini celije, brzo
napusta mesto sinteze.
Dejstvo etena na biljke je dvojako:uzrokuje
sazrevanje plodova;
 inhibira izduzivanje celija korena i stabla.
 Proizvode ga zreli plodovi i odaju u okruzenje,
gde dovode do zrenja susednih nezrelih
plodova.
Kultura tkiva (dejstvo auksina i citokinina na tkivo
biljke)
 Predstavlja metodu kojom se pod dejstvom hormona od delica
tkiva moze dobiti mlada biljka;
 Kada hranljiva podloga sadrzi auksine i citokinine u istoj kolicini
– dolazi do deobe celija i njihovog uvecanja;
 Ako se takvo tkivo prebaci na podlogu gde ima vise auksina –
razvice se adventivni korenovi;
 Kada se takvo tkivo prebaci na podlogu gde ima vise citokinina –
doci ce do razvoja pupoljaka;
 Takva biljka se moze dalje regenerisati u novu jedinku; na ovaj
nacin se vrsi vegetativno (bespolno) razmnozavanje.

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Biljni hormoni.pptx

  • 1. Vrste biljnih hormona Matija Stanojević 3/3 Gimnazija Ćuprija
  • 2. Biljni hormoni  Biljni hormoni (fitohormoni) su organske materije koje uticu na rast i razvoj biljaka.  U minimalnim koncentracijama regulisu brojne procese, kao sto su: deoba, rast, cvetanje, opadanje listova, klijanje…  Mogu da deluju kao aktivatori (stimulisu odredjeni fizioloski proces) ili inhibitori (usporavaju odredjeni fizioloski proces)
  • 4. Uloga i vrste biljnih hormona  Zahvaljujuci biljnim hormonima zivotni ciklusi biljaka su uskladjeni sa uslovima spoljasnje sredine.  Biljni hormoni se najvise sintetisu u vegetacionim kupama stabla i korena kao i u listovima. Odatle se prenose do ciljnih mesta u kojima ostvaruju fizioloski efekat.  Vrste biljnih hormona na osnovu nacina delovanja:  Auksini  Giberelini  Citokinini  Absicinska kiselina  Etilen  Jedan proces je regulisan delovanjem vise hormona istovremeno.
  • 5. Uloga Auksina  Deluju na rast biljke;  Indukuju pojavu adventivnih korenova;  Uticu na deobu i diferencijaciju celija;  Ucestvuju u regulaciji razvica ploda;  U velikim kolicinama stete biljci – imaju herbicidno dejstvo (selektivno ili neselektivno);  Izazivaju opadanje listova ili plodova – kada deluju u vecim kolicinama i uticu na susenje listova;
  • 6. Uloga Giberelina  Stimulacija izduzivanja stabla;  U njegovom nedostatku nastaju patuljasti oblici biljaka;  Kod dvogodisnjih biljaka, dejstvom giberelina dolazi do cvetanja jos u prvoj vegetacionoj periodi;  Izaziva klijanje semena koja u sebi imaju skrob – izazivaju lucenje amilaze za razlaganje skroba;  Deluje na stvaranje krupnijih plodova koji ubrzano sazrevaju.
  • 7. Uloga Citokinina  Predstavlja derivat adenina;  Osnovna uloga:  izaziva deobu celija  Sporedne uloge:  stimulisu kretanje organskih materija ka mladim listovima i plodovima;  usporavaju starenje listova
  • 8. Uloga Apscisinske kiseline  Izaziva opadanje listova i plodova;  Stvara uspavane pupoljke kojima biljka prezivljava nepovoljne uslove;  Sprecava klijanje semena u periodima koji su nepovoljni za klijanje;  Sprecava isusivanje biljke tako sto u periodima suse dovodi do zatvaranja stoma. • Količina apscisinske kiseline se povećava u listovima nekih biljaka u uslovima suše. Ona utiče na rad stominog aparata, tako što pri naglom gubitku vode izaziva zatvaranje stoma. Time se sprečava transpiracija i dalji gubitak vode iz biljke
  • 9. Uloga Etilena  Jedini gasoviti hormon u zivom svetu;  Njegova koncentracija u tkivima zavisi od stadijuma razvica biljke. Zreli plodovi oslobađaju etilen koji utice na sazrevanje nezrelih plodova, ako su zajedno uskladisteni. Eten u biljkama nastaje razgradnjom aminokiseline metionina, i kao slabo rastvorljiv u vodenoj sredini celije, brzo napusta mesto sinteze. Dejstvo etena na biljke je dvojako:uzrokuje sazrevanje plodova;  inhibira izduzivanje celija korena i stabla.  Proizvode ga zreli plodovi i odaju u okruzenje, gde dovode do zrenja susednih nezrelih plodova.
  • 10. Kultura tkiva (dejstvo auksina i citokinina na tkivo biljke)  Predstavlja metodu kojom se pod dejstvom hormona od delica tkiva moze dobiti mlada biljka;  Kada hranljiva podloga sadrzi auksine i citokinine u istoj kolicini – dolazi do deobe celija i njihovog uvecanja;  Ako se takvo tkivo prebaci na podlogu gde ima vise auksina – razvice se adventivni korenovi;  Kada se takvo tkivo prebaci na podlogu gde ima vise citokinina – doci ce do razvoja pupoljaka;  Takva biljka se moze dalje regenerisati u novu jedinku; na ovaj nacin se vrsi vegetativno (bespolno) razmnozavanje.