BGP is used to exchange routing and reachability information between autonomous systems on the internet. This document provides an overview of BGP attributes and path selection, and includes a configuration example showing BGP peerings between three routers in different autonomous systems to exchange routing information for connected networks.
The document discusses various BGP concepts including:
1. IBGP and EBGP peering, route reflection, redistribution, and aggregation are covered to help connect routers across autonomous systems and optimize routing.
2. BGP's best path selection process is examined, outlining criteria like weight, local preference, AS path length, origin, and MED that influence route selection.
3. Techniques like route reflection, confederations, redistribution, peer groups, and route aggregation are presented to help simplify IBGP configurations and optimize routing across multiple autonomous systems.
The document provides an overview of the Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) including:
- BGP establishes neighbor relationships to exchange routing information between autonomous systems (ASes). It uses path attributes like AS_PATH to choose the best route and prevent routing loops.
- BGP classifies neighbors as internal (iBGP) or external (eBGP) depending on if they are in the same AS or different ASes. iBGP does not modify the AS_PATH while eBGP does.
- Techniques like route reflectors, confederations, and multiprotocol BGP are used to improve scalability within large ASes. Route filtering uses features like prefix-lists, route-maps and regular expressions to control route
The document provides an overview of the Border Gateway Protocol (BGP). It begins with general information about BGP, including that it is used for routing between autonomous systems and is classified as a path vector routing protocol. It then covers BGP theory in detail over several sections, explaining concepts like neighbors, messages, states, attributes and more. The document aims to provide thorough theoretical understanding needed to implement BGP in a lab.
BGP is an exterior gateway protocol used for routing between autonomous systems (AS) and is the main protocol for routing between Internet service providers. It uses TCP port 179 and establishes peering sessions between routers in different AS to exchange routing information. BGP selects the best path to a destination based on attributes like AS path length, local preference, and MED. It is used in situations like multi-homed customer networks and large enterprise networks connected to multiple ISPs or AS.
EIGRP is a proprietary distance vector routing protocol developed by Cisco that uses DUAL algorithm. It provides fast convergence using neighbor adjacencies, variable length subnet masking, and supports authentication using MD5. The metric formula takes bandwidth, delay, reliability, load, and MTU into consideration to determine the best path. EIGRP configuration allows tuning of K values, summarization, stub routing, authentication, and interface settings. Troubleshooting commands include show ip eigrp to view neighbor tables, topology, interfaces, and traffic as well as debug for packet tracing.
This Presentation was made by Ali Ibrahim and Aun Haider for the Class Activity purpose. We do hope that this Presentation may assist those students who are undergoing networking studies, presentation or projects in a fruitful and positive manner.
The document discusses modeling techniques for verifying a 4-port PCI Express switch using reference modeling. It presents the device under test, examples of reference models for ingress port logic and the router, and how the reference models are integrated at the chip level for verification. The reference models are independent of the implementation, coded at a high level, and co-simulated with the device under test to predict and check runtime behavior.
The document discusses IPv6 multicast and protocols used to support it such as PIM and MLD. It provides details on:
- PIM sparse mode operation, including building shared and shortest path trees using joins and registers.
- The roles of the rendezvous point, designated router, and MLD querier.
- MLD version 1 and 2, including query types, report messages, and handling group membership changes.
The document discusses various BGP concepts including:
1. IBGP and EBGP peering, route reflection, redistribution, and aggregation are covered to help connect routers across autonomous systems and optimize routing.
2. BGP's best path selection process is examined, outlining criteria like weight, local preference, AS path length, origin, and MED that influence route selection.
3. Techniques like route reflection, confederations, redistribution, peer groups, and route aggregation are presented to help simplify IBGP configurations and optimize routing across multiple autonomous systems.
The document provides an overview of the Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) including:
- BGP establishes neighbor relationships to exchange routing information between autonomous systems (ASes). It uses path attributes like AS_PATH to choose the best route and prevent routing loops.
- BGP classifies neighbors as internal (iBGP) or external (eBGP) depending on if they are in the same AS or different ASes. iBGP does not modify the AS_PATH while eBGP does.
- Techniques like route reflectors, confederations, and multiprotocol BGP are used to improve scalability within large ASes. Route filtering uses features like prefix-lists, route-maps and regular expressions to control route
The document provides an overview of the Border Gateway Protocol (BGP). It begins with general information about BGP, including that it is used for routing between autonomous systems and is classified as a path vector routing protocol. It then covers BGP theory in detail over several sections, explaining concepts like neighbors, messages, states, attributes and more. The document aims to provide thorough theoretical understanding needed to implement BGP in a lab.
BGP is an exterior gateway protocol used for routing between autonomous systems (AS) and is the main protocol for routing between Internet service providers. It uses TCP port 179 and establishes peering sessions between routers in different AS to exchange routing information. BGP selects the best path to a destination based on attributes like AS path length, local preference, and MED. It is used in situations like multi-homed customer networks and large enterprise networks connected to multiple ISPs or AS.
EIGRP is a proprietary distance vector routing protocol developed by Cisco that uses DUAL algorithm. It provides fast convergence using neighbor adjacencies, variable length subnet masking, and supports authentication using MD5. The metric formula takes bandwidth, delay, reliability, load, and MTU into consideration to determine the best path. EIGRP configuration allows tuning of K values, summarization, stub routing, authentication, and interface settings. Troubleshooting commands include show ip eigrp to view neighbor tables, topology, interfaces, and traffic as well as debug for packet tracing.
This Presentation was made by Ali Ibrahim and Aun Haider for the Class Activity purpose. We do hope that this Presentation may assist those students who are undergoing networking studies, presentation or projects in a fruitful and positive manner.
The document discusses modeling techniques for verifying a 4-port PCI Express switch using reference modeling. It presents the device under test, examples of reference models for ingress port logic and the router, and how the reference models are integrated at the chip level for verification. The reference models are independent of the implementation, coded at a high level, and co-simulated with the device under test to predict and check runtime behavior.
The document discusses IPv6 multicast and protocols used to support it such as PIM and MLD. It provides details on:
- PIM sparse mode operation, including building shared and shortest path trees using joins and registers.
- The roles of the rendezvous point, designated router, and MLD querier.
- MLD version 1 and 2, including query types, report messages, and handling group membership changes.
An Overview of Border Gateway Protocol (BGP)Jasim Alam
BGP is the exterior gateway protocol that connects autonomous systems on the internet. It uses distance vector routing and TCP to establish connections between routers in different autonomous systems to exchange routing and reachability information. BGP messages advertise routing prefixes, paths, and policies between autonomous systems. Routers maintain BGP routing tables containing routes and their attributes to determine the best paths for traffic. As the number of autonomous systems and routing entries has increased, challenges around scaling the routing system remain an area of ongoing work.
EIGRP Commands provides documentation on configuring and monitoring EIGRP (Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol). The document describes commands used for EIGRP configuration, monitoring neighbor relationships, clearing neighbor tables, controlling default routing information exchange, and setting default metrics for route redistribution.
The document discusses various MPLS VPN configurations including VRF Lite, MPLS LDP, MP-BGP VPNv4, PE-CE routing protocols like RIP and OSPF redistribution between MPLS and CE routers, and OSPF sham links. The key concepts covered are VRF configuration on PE routers, LDP neighbor authentication, MP-BGP to distribute VPN routes, and routing protocol redistribution between PE and CE devices.
The document discusses troubleshooting BGP routing issues using Juniper examples. It begins by outlining some caveats and assumptions. Then it covers topics like originating routes, filtering routes, summarizing routes, and next hop problems. Examples are provided using show commands on Juniper routers to verify routes are being advertised and received correctly. Troubleshooting steps like modifying routing policies are demonstrated to resolve issues like more specific routes being advertised or next hop reachability problems.
The document provides information about Border Gateway Protocol (BGP). It discusses BGP basics including terminology, protocol operation, message types, and configuration of BGP peers. Specific topics covered include BGP neighbor and peer relationships, route attributes, and route advertisement between autonomous systems.
The document outlines operational requirements for enhancing BGP error handling. It notes that current NOTIFICATION-based error handling causes disproportionate failures in service provider networks. The requirements are to: 1) Avoid sending NOTIFICATIONS where possible to prevent session teardown, 2) Recover RIB consistency after invalid updates, and 3) Allow session reset while maintaining forwarding. It also calls for improved monitoring capabilities. The draft has received support from operational forums and the author seeks WG adoption.
The document provides configuration instructions for setting up a BGP/MPLS VPN between two customer edge (CE) devices (CE1 and CE2) connected to separate provider edge (PE) devices. It describes configuring VPN route targets and interfaces on the PE routers, as well as the underlying IGP and BGP protocols to establish MPLS VPN connectivity between the CE networks.
BGP (Border Gateway Routing Protocol) is a standardized exterior gateway protocol designed to
exchange routing and reachability information between autonomous systems (AS) on the Internet. The
Border Gateway Protocol makes routing decisions based on paths, network policies or rule-sets
configured by a network administrator, and are involved in making core routing decisions.
BGP is a very robust and scalable routing protocol, as evidenced by the fact that BGP is the routing
protocol employed on the Internet.
The document discusses techniques for BGP multihoming. It begins by explaining why organizations multihome and the various options for doing so. It then covers defining multihoming and autonomous system numbers, preparing the network for multihoming through configuration of policies, and basic versus provider multihoming techniques. The presentation aims to help understand what multihoming means and how to implement it.
This document discusses inter-autonomous system (inter-AS) MPLS VPN connectivity. It describes how MPLS VPN providers can exchange routes and traffic across autonomous system boundaries to extend MPLS VPN services across geographical locations. There are two main inter-AS connectivity models - back-to-back VRF connectivity for fewer VRFs, and external MP-BGP for VPNv4 prefix exchange to support a larger number of VRFs across multiple service providers. The control and forwarding planes are established through MP-BGP sessions between PE-ASBR routers to exchange VPN routes and encapsulate traffic with labels across autonomous system boundaries.
BGP is an inter-AS routing protocol used to exchange routing and reachability information between autonomous systems on the internet. It uses path vector routing rather than distance vector, and carries richer metric information than IGPs. BGP configurations establish neighbor relationships between routers in different ASes to exchange routing updates.
The document discusses IPv6 autoconfiguration, beginning with an overview of the process. It then details each step: initializing the link-local address and verifying it via DAD, sending a router solicitation, processing received router advertisements to derive configuration parameters like addresses and default routes, and validating addresses in tentative, preferred, deprecated, and invalid states based on lifetimes. The full autoconfiguration process and state transitions are depicted in flow charts.
The document provides an overview of the Border Gateway Protocol (BGP). It discusses BGP concepts such as autonomous systems, path attributes, and the BGP protocol operation. Key points include that BGP establishes peering sessions to exchange routing information, uses route attributes like AS path, next hop, and communities to determine the best path, and supports techniques like route reflection and confederation to improve scalability in large networks.
This document provides information on the DRD 700 Quad Multistream Processor, including its features and technical specifications. The DRD 700 can receive up to 4 independent MPEG-2/MPEG-4 HD/SD input signals via DVB-S/S2, DVB-T/C, or DVB-T/T2 front-ends. It has the ability to demultiplex and output these signals via its 4x2 ASI outputs or up to 4 MPTS/60 SPTS streams over IP. Additional features include multi-stream demultiplexing, multi-service decryption via 4 CAM slots, and filtering and multiplexing of transport streams.
08 ip oc304 2_e1_1 zxr10 m6000 bgp configuration 24legasu zemene
The document discusses BGP configuration and fault treatment. It begins by listing the objectives of understanding BGP configuration steps, grasping BGP configuration, and grasping BGP maintenance. It then covers configuring BGP neighbors, configuring BGP route advertisement, and BGP fault treatment. The document provides examples and configuration steps for establishing internal and external BGP neighbors, advertising routes using network and redistribute commands, and implementing route aggregation.
BGP Techniques for Network Operators, by Philip Smith.
A presentation given at APRICOT 2016’s BGP Techniques for Network Operators (Part 1 and 2) sessions on 23 February 2016.
BGP is used to exchange routing and reachability information between autonomous systems (AS). It works by allowing routers running BGP to establish peering sessions with neighboring routers in other ASes to exchange routing information. BGP uses path vector routing to exchange information about available routes and determines the best paths between any two points on a network using attributes like local preference, AS path length, origin type and more. BGP configuration involves enabling BGP on interfaces, establishing BGP neighbor relationships, redistributing routes into BGP, and controlling the best path selection process.
BGP is used to exchange routing and reachability information between autonomous systems (AS). It works by allowing routers running BGP to establish peering sessions with neighboring routers in other ASes to exchange routing information. BGP uses path vector routing to exchange information about available routes and determines the best paths between any two points on a network using attributes like local preference, AS path length, origin type and more. BGP configuration involves enabling BGP on interfaces, establishing BGP neighbor relationships, redistributing routes into BGP, and controlling the best path selection process.
BGP is used to exchange routing and reachability information between autonomous systems (AS). It works by allowing routers running BGP to establish peering sessions with neighboring routers in other ASes. BGP uses path vector routing to exchange routing information between ASes and selects the best path to a destination based on attributes like AS path length, local preference, and IGP metrics. BGP configuration involves enabling BGP on interfaces, defining neighbors, and redistributing routes.
OSPF is a link-state routing protocol that uses Dijkstra's shortest path first algorithm to calculate the best route. It supports various network types and uses link state advertisements to share routing information. The document provides an example OSPF configuration across multiple areas with virtual links and authentication.
OSPF is a link-state routing protocol that uses Dijkstra's shortest path first algorithm to calculate the best route. It supports various network types and uses link state advertisements to share routing information. The document provides an example OSPF configuration across multiple areas with virtual links and authentication.
An Overview of Border Gateway Protocol (BGP)Jasim Alam
BGP is the exterior gateway protocol that connects autonomous systems on the internet. It uses distance vector routing and TCP to establish connections between routers in different autonomous systems to exchange routing and reachability information. BGP messages advertise routing prefixes, paths, and policies between autonomous systems. Routers maintain BGP routing tables containing routes and their attributes to determine the best paths for traffic. As the number of autonomous systems and routing entries has increased, challenges around scaling the routing system remain an area of ongoing work.
EIGRP Commands provides documentation on configuring and monitoring EIGRP (Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol). The document describes commands used for EIGRP configuration, monitoring neighbor relationships, clearing neighbor tables, controlling default routing information exchange, and setting default metrics for route redistribution.
The document discusses various MPLS VPN configurations including VRF Lite, MPLS LDP, MP-BGP VPNv4, PE-CE routing protocols like RIP and OSPF redistribution between MPLS and CE routers, and OSPF sham links. The key concepts covered are VRF configuration on PE routers, LDP neighbor authentication, MP-BGP to distribute VPN routes, and routing protocol redistribution between PE and CE devices.
The document discusses troubleshooting BGP routing issues using Juniper examples. It begins by outlining some caveats and assumptions. Then it covers topics like originating routes, filtering routes, summarizing routes, and next hop problems. Examples are provided using show commands on Juniper routers to verify routes are being advertised and received correctly. Troubleshooting steps like modifying routing policies are demonstrated to resolve issues like more specific routes being advertised or next hop reachability problems.
The document provides information about Border Gateway Protocol (BGP). It discusses BGP basics including terminology, protocol operation, message types, and configuration of BGP peers. Specific topics covered include BGP neighbor and peer relationships, route attributes, and route advertisement between autonomous systems.
The document outlines operational requirements for enhancing BGP error handling. It notes that current NOTIFICATION-based error handling causes disproportionate failures in service provider networks. The requirements are to: 1) Avoid sending NOTIFICATIONS where possible to prevent session teardown, 2) Recover RIB consistency after invalid updates, and 3) Allow session reset while maintaining forwarding. It also calls for improved monitoring capabilities. The draft has received support from operational forums and the author seeks WG adoption.
The document provides configuration instructions for setting up a BGP/MPLS VPN between two customer edge (CE) devices (CE1 and CE2) connected to separate provider edge (PE) devices. It describes configuring VPN route targets and interfaces on the PE routers, as well as the underlying IGP and BGP protocols to establish MPLS VPN connectivity between the CE networks.
BGP (Border Gateway Routing Protocol) is a standardized exterior gateway protocol designed to
exchange routing and reachability information between autonomous systems (AS) on the Internet. The
Border Gateway Protocol makes routing decisions based on paths, network policies or rule-sets
configured by a network administrator, and are involved in making core routing decisions.
BGP is a very robust and scalable routing protocol, as evidenced by the fact that BGP is the routing
protocol employed on the Internet.
The document discusses techniques for BGP multihoming. It begins by explaining why organizations multihome and the various options for doing so. It then covers defining multihoming and autonomous system numbers, preparing the network for multihoming through configuration of policies, and basic versus provider multihoming techniques. The presentation aims to help understand what multihoming means and how to implement it.
This document discusses inter-autonomous system (inter-AS) MPLS VPN connectivity. It describes how MPLS VPN providers can exchange routes and traffic across autonomous system boundaries to extend MPLS VPN services across geographical locations. There are two main inter-AS connectivity models - back-to-back VRF connectivity for fewer VRFs, and external MP-BGP for VPNv4 prefix exchange to support a larger number of VRFs across multiple service providers. The control and forwarding planes are established through MP-BGP sessions between PE-ASBR routers to exchange VPN routes and encapsulate traffic with labels across autonomous system boundaries.
BGP is an inter-AS routing protocol used to exchange routing and reachability information between autonomous systems on the internet. It uses path vector routing rather than distance vector, and carries richer metric information than IGPs. BGP configurations establish neighbor relationships between routers in different ASes to exchange routing updates.
The document discusses IPv6 autoconfiguration, beginning with an overview of the process. It then details each step: initializing the link-local address and verifying it via DAD, sending a router solicitation, processing received router advertisements to derive configuration parameters like addresses and default routes, and validating addresses in tentative, preferred, deprecated, and invalid states based on lifetimes. The full autoconfiguration process and state transitions are depicted in flow charts.
The document provides an overview of the Border Gateway Protocol (BGP). It discusses BGP concepts such as autonomous systems, path attributes, and the BGP protocol operation. Key points include that BGP establishes peering sessions to exchange routing information, uses route attributes like AS path, next hop, and communities to determine the best path, and supports techniques like route reflection and confederation to improve scalability in large networks.
This document provides information on the DRD 700 Quad Multistream Processor, including its features and technical specifications. The DRD 700 can receive up to 4 independent MPEG-2/MPEG-4 HD/SD input signals via DVB-S/S2, DVB-T/C, or DVB-T/T2 front-ends. It has the ability to demultiplex and output these signals via its 4x2 ASI outputs or up to 4 MPTS/60 SPTS streams over IP. Additional features include multi-stream demultiplexing, multi-service decryption via 4 CAM slots, and filtering and multiplexing of transport streams.
08 ip oc304 2_e1_1 zxr10 m6000 bgp configuration 24legasu zemene
The document discusses BGP configuration and fault treatment. It begins by listing the objectives of understanding BGP configuration steps, grasping BGP configuration, and grasping BGP maintenance. It then covers configuring BGP neighbors, configuring BGP route advertisement, and BGP fault treatment. The document provides examples and configuration steps for establishing internal and external BGP neighbors, advertising routes using network and redistribute commands, and implementing route aggregation.
BGP Techniques for Network Operators, by Philip Smith.
A presentation given at APRICOT 2016’s BGP Techniques for Network Operators (Part 1 and 2) sessions on 23 February 2016.
BGP is used to exchange routing and reachability information between autonomous systems (AS). It works by allowing routers running BGP to establish peering sessions with neighboring routers in other ASes to exchange routing information. BGP uses path vector routing to exchange information about available routes and determines the best paths between any two points on a network using attributes like local preference, AS path length, origin type and more. BGP configuration involves enabling BGP on interfaces, establishing BGP neighbor relationships, redistributing routes into BGP, and controlling the best path selection process.
BGP is used to exchange routing and reachability information between autonomous systems (AS). It works by allowing routers running BGP to establish peering sessions with neighboring routers in other ASes to exchange routing information. BGP uses path vector routing to exchange information about available routes and determines the best paths between any two points on a network using attributes like local preference, AS path length, origin type and more. BGP configuration involves enabling BGP on interfaces, establishing BGP neighbor relationships, redistributing routes into BGP, and controlling the best path selection process.
BGP is used to exchange routing and reachability information between autonomous systems (AS). It works by allowing routers running BGP to establish peering sessions with neighboring routers in other ASes. BGP uses path vector routing to exchange routing information between ASes and selects the best path to a destination based on attributes like AS path length, local preference, and IGP metrics. BGP configuration involves enabling BGP on interfaces, defining neighbors, and redistributing routes.
OSPF is a link-state routing protocol that uses Dijkstra's shortest path first algorithm to calculate the best route. It supports various network types and uses link state advertisements to share routing information. The document provides an example OSPF configuration across multiple areas with virtual links and authentication.
OSPF is a link-state routing protocol that uses Dijkstra's shortest path first algorithm to calculate the best route. It supports various network types and uses link state advertisements to share routing information. The document provides an example OSPF configuration across multiple areas with virtual links and authentication.
This document contains five case studies on BGP configuration and operation. It provides an overview of key BGP concepts like iBGP and eBGP, establishing BGP neighbors, using route maps, and load balancing with eBGP multihop. The case studies demonstrate how to configure features like route redistribution, filtering, route reflection, and route dampening.
Route reflectors allow a transit autonomous system to avoid a full iBGP mesh by acting as a centralized point for iBGP routes. Route reflectors modify the split horizon rules to propagate iBGP learned routes to iBGP peers, eliminating the need for full iBGP mesh. Redundant route reflectors are used to prevent single points of failure. Route reflector clusters are defined to prevent routing loops that could occur with redundant route reflectors.
The document describes plans for implementing and verifying an eBGP solution:
1. Determine resources and create an implementation plan to configure eBGP routing between autonomous systems.
2. Create a verification plan to verify the eBGP solution is working properly using show and debug commands.
3. Document the results of implementing and verifying the eBGP configuration.
EIGRP is a proprietary distance vector routing protocol developed by Cisco that uses DUAL algorithm. It provides fast convergence using neighbor adjacencies, variable length subnet masking, and supports authentication using MD5. The metric formula takes bandwidth, delay, reliability, load, and MTU into consideration to determine the best path. EIGRP configuration allows tuning of K values, summarization, stub routing, authentication, and interface settings. Troubleshooting commands include show ip eigrp to display neighbor, topology, and traffic information.
EIGRP is a proprietary distance vector routing protocol developed by Cisco that uses DUAL algorithm. It provides fast convergence using neighbor adjacencies, variable length subnet masking, and supports authentication using MD5. The metric formula uses bandwidth, delay, reliability, load, and MTU to calculate the best path and can be customized using K values. EIGRP configuration involves enabling it on interfaces, redistributing routes, tuning timers, and troubleshooting with show commands.
The document provides an introduction and overview of the Border Gateway Protocol version 4 (BGP 4). It discusses key BGP concepts like path vector routing, route aggregation, autonomous system types, classless inter-domain routing, and exterior routes. The document also covers BGP operations, configuration, troubleshooting, and differences between Juniper and Cisco implementations.
PLNOG 6: Rafał Szarecki - Routing w Sieci - Praktyczne aspekty implementacji ...PROIDEA
This document discusses several aspects of implementing the BGP routing protocol, including:
1. BGP is commonly used not just for routing between autonomous systems but also within a single AS, such as for VPN services.
2. Using route reflectors in internal BGP configurations can reduce the number of required iBGP sessions compared to a full mesh but may cause some suboptimal routing. Proper design is needed to minimize this.
3. There are various approaches to configuring route reflectors such as dedicated routers, shared infrastructure, and redundancy schemes to ensure optimal paths and exit resilience. Memory and CPU optimizations are also important to consider.
bgp features presentation routing protocleBadr Belhajja
BGP is used to route between autonomous systems (AS). It uses TCP for reliable connections between routers in different ASes. BGP has features like route aggregation, route filtering with prefix lists and route maps, and attributes like AS path, local preference, and MED that influence path selection. BGP elects the best path based on criteria like shortest AS path, lowest origin code, and closest IGP neighbor.
routing Protocols and Virtual private networkhayenas
This document discusses several routing protocols:
- RIP, RIP v2, IGRP, EIGRP, OSPF, IS-IS, and BGP. It provides key features of OSPF and comparisons between BGP, iBGP, and eBGP.
- It also discusses what a VPN is, the protocols used in VPNs including PPTP, L2TP, and IPsec, and the advantages and disadvantages of VPNs such as cost savings but also dependence on public networks.
The document contains five case studies on Border Gateway Protocol (BGP). It begins by explaining how BGP works, including the differences between external BGP (eBGP) and internal BGP (iBGP). It then provides instructions on enabling and configuring BGP, forming BGP neighbors, and using loopback interfaces and multihop eBGP. The remaining sections describe various BGP attributes and techniques.
The document discusses different approaches to merging multiple autonomous systems (ASNs) operated by an Internet service provider (ISP) into a single network. It evaluates using BGP with neighbor roles, BGP confederations, and migration techniques. The preferred approach uses BGP with roles and confederations to synchronize policies, implement "hot potato" routing, prevent route leaks, and merge the ASNs without increasing path lengths. The summary outlines key steps for the migration process and benefits of this approach over alternatives.
The document provides an overview of BGP (Border Gateway Protocol) including its uses, basics, route selection criteria, advertising networks, summarization, aggregation, securing peers, multihoming, filtering, and other configuration topics. BGP is an exterior gateway protocol used for routing between autonomous systems and uses TCP port 179. Key attributes include NEXT_HOP, AS_PATH, and ORIGIN.
Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) is a standardized exterior gateway protocol designed to exchange routing and reachability information among autonomous systems (AS) on the Internet.
This document discusses training and development in organizations. It begins by outlining why training is important for maintaining qualified staff and services. It then defines training and differentiates it from education and development. A systematic nine step process for effective training is outlined, including assessing needs, setting objectives, designing the program, implementation, and evaluation. Key concepts in preparing training plans and lessons are also covered. The overall document provides a comprehensive overview of developing and implementing training programs in organizations.
The document discusses e-governance and content management solutions. It introduces Content Manager, an IBM product for storing and retrieving various types of documents. It describes Content Manager's features like access control, storage management, and enterprise search. The document also proposes an audit trail architecture for distributed e-government databases that ensures security, consistency, and ease of management across systems.
The Digital India program aims to transform India into a digitally empowered society and knowledge economy. It has 9 pillars that cover expanding digital infrastructure like broadband access, improving digital literacy, electronic delivery of services, information for all, electronics manufacturing, IT training to generate jobs, and early implementation programs. The vision is centered around providing digital infrastructure access to all citizens, delivering governance and services digitally on demand, and digitally empowering citizens. The program establishes national monitoring committees and working groups across government agencies to coordinate and oversee its implementation.
The itil foundation_certificate_syllabus (2) (1)Swapnil Kapate
This document provides the syllabus for the ITIL Foundation certification exam. It outlines 20 units that cover key aspects of ITIL such as service management concepts, the ITIL service lifecycle, generic terms and definitions, and ITIL best practices. The syllabus is intended to guide training material development and help candidates prepare for the exam. It provides learning objectives, recommended study periods, and content for each unit, such as describing processes, frameworks, and the value of different ITIL phases. The syllabus also includes introductory information about the certification and guidance for training providers on exam structure.
This document contains information about routing protocols like EIGRP, OSPF, BGP and IPv6 routing. It discusses various topics such as configuring and tuning EIGRP parameters like timers, authentication and metrics. It also covers topics related to OSPF like network types, route filtering, summarization etc. Redistribution between protocols and IPv6 routing concepts are also mentioned. The document contains practical exercises for configuring various routing features on sample networks.
The document outlines 3 training modules aimed at different levels of police staff. Module 1 is for constables and lower level staff, focusing on basic computer skills and programs like MS Word and Excel. Module 2 builds on these skills and also covers PowerPoint. Module 3 is a shorter course for more senior staff on operating systems, Word, Excel, PowerPoint and using the internet and email. The modules aim to develop computer skills, understanding and a positive attitude towards technology.
This document discusses advanced troubleshooting techniques for computer technicians. Advanced troubleshooting requires strong diagnostic skills for hardware, software, networks, as well as strong communication skills when working with customers and other technicians. The document emphasizes using all available resources, including other technicians, to diagnose and solve problems, as well as helping other technicians when able. It also notes that advanced troubleshooting may involve unique problems or solutions that are difficult to perform or diagnose.
This document provides 200 questions and answers related to networking concepts for the CCNA certification exam. It covers topics such as switches vs hubs, VLANs, subnetting, Ethernet standards, routing protocols, ACLs, NAT, WAN technologies, EIGRP, OSPF, and more. The questions aim to help candidates prepare for networking job interviews by testing their knowledge of key CCNA topics.
John Chambers, Chairman and CEO of Cisco Systems, Inc., has issued a certificate validating that Swapnil Kapate has successfully completed the requirements for Cisco Certified Network Associate Routing and Switching certification as of February 22, 2013. The certification is valid through February 22, 2016 under Cisco ID number CSCO12304873.
Here are the key aspects of peer-to-peer system architecture:
1. Decentralized network with no central authoritative server. Peers are both suppliers and consumers of resources.
2. Dynamic membership - peers can join and leave the network at any time.
3. Self-organizing - peers must discover each other and organize routing/searches with no central coordination.
4. Distributed hash table (DHT) - peers store and retrieve data from each other based on file hash/attribute keys in a DHT overlay network.
5. Incentive mechanisms - some systems use incentives/credits to encourage sharing and prevent free-riding.
6. Caching/replication - popular content
Ip addressing and subnetting instructors workbookSwapnil Kapate
Here are the default subnet masks for the given IP addresses:
177.100.18.4 255.255.0.0
119.18.45.0 255.0.0.0
191.249.234.191 255.255.0.0
223.23.223.109 255.255.255.0
10.10.250.1 255.0.0.0
126.123.23.1 255.255.0.0
223.69.230.250 255.255.255.0
192.12.35.105 255.255.255.0
77.251.200.
This document discusses VoIP basics including:
1. Pulse code modulation and power over Ethernet standards like 802.3af and 802.3at that provide power to IP phones.
2. Common voice codecs like G.711, G.729, G.722 and their bandwidth requirements. Signaling protocols for VoIP calls include H.323, SIP, and MGCP.
3. The typical IP phone boot process which involves getting an IP address via DHCP, retrieving configuration via TFTP, and registering with call servers.
This document summarizes VLAN trunking concepts including:
1. It describes the two main trunk encapsulation types, 802.1Q and ISL, and their differences in header size and VLAN number limits.
2. It provides an overview of access port and trunk port configuration and their roles in VLANs. Access ports are assigned to a single VLAN while trunks can carry multiple VLANs.
3. It explains the purpose and configuration of the VLAN Trunking Protocol (VTP) which allows switches to exchange VLAN information in a domain.
The document provides documentation on the command line options and syntax for tcpdump, a common packet analyzer tool. It details flags and parameters to control tcpdump behavior like interface selection, output formatting, filtering, and more. Additionally, it lists various protocols, TCP flags, data link types, and filter expressions that can be used to match specific packets or traffic when capturing network packets with tcpdump.
The document discusses different spanning tree protocols including legacy STP, PVST, PVST+, RSTP, RPVST+, and MST. It provides details on their algorithms, instances, trunking support, BPDU formats, default timers, port states, port roles, configuration, and troubleshooting. Spanning tree protocols are used to prevent switching loops and enable redundant links in switched networks.
This document provides an overview of basic commands and functions for constructing, sending, receiving, and analyzing packets using Scapy. It summarizes key Scapy commands for listing available protocols and functions, configuring parameters, building packets by specifying addresses, ports, and layer values, sending and receiving packets on different interfaces, capturing live packets, and fuzzing packet fields. The document is a quick reference for common Scapy tasks.
RIP is a distance-vector routing protocol that uses hop count as its routing metric. RIP versions include RIPv1 for IPv4, RIPv2 for classless routing and authentication with IPv4, and RIPng which extends RIPv2 to support IPv6 routing. Key attributes of RIP include using the Bellman-Ford algorithm, storing routes in tables with a maximum metric of 15 hops, and sending periodic full routing table updates every 30 seconds. RIP configuration involves enabling RIP on interfaces, modifying timers, and configuring authentication and route summarization.
Quality of Service (QoS) models include Best Effort, Integrated Services (IntServ), and Differentiated Services (DiffServ). IntServ uses RSVP for per-flow bandwidth reservation. DiffServ uses packet classification and marking at edges and independent policy decisions within networks. Layer 2 QoS markings include priorities in Ethernet 802.1p, Frame Relay DE, and ATM CLP fields. IP precedences and DSCP markings provide QoS in IP networks. Common queuing methods include FIFO, PQ, CQ, WFQ, CBWFQ, and LLQ, with each having different capabilities for bandwidth allocation and prioritization.
PPP is a data link protocol that allows multiple network layer protocols to be transported over the same physical link. It uses LCP to establish and configure the link, and separate NCPs to configure each network layer protocol carried over PPP, such as IP. PPP supports authentication using PAP, CHAP, or EAP, as well as optional data compression using Stacker or Predictor algorithms. Multilink PPP allows combining multiple physical links into one logical link.
1. BGP · PART 1 packetlife.net
Attributes About BGP
Name Description Type Path Vector
Well-known Mandatory · Must be supported and propagated eBGP AD 20
1 Origin Origin type (IGP, EGP, or unknown) iBGP AD 200
List of autonomous systems which the Standard RFC 4271
2 AS Path
advertisement has traversed
Protocols IP
3 Next Hop External peer in neighboring AS
Transport TCP/179
Well-known Discretionary · Must be supported; propagation optional
Authentication MD5
Metric for internal neighbors to reach
5 Local Preference
external destinations (default 100) Terminology
Includes ASes which have been dropped Autonomous System (AS)
6 Atomic Aggregate
due to route aggregation A logical domain under the control of a
Optional Transitive · Marked as partial if unsupported by neighbor single entity
7 Aggregator ID and AS of summarizing router External BGP (eBGP)
BGP adjacencies which span autonomous
8 Community Route tag system boundaries
Optional Nontransitive · Deleted if unsupported by neighbor Internal BGP (iBGP)
BGP adjacencies formed within a single AS
Multiple Exit Metric for external neighbors to reach the
4
Discriminator (MED) local AS (default 0) Synchronization Requirement
A route must be known by an IGP before
9 Originator ID The originator of a reflected route it may be advertised to BGP peers
10 Cluster List List of cluster IDs
Packet Types
13 Cluster ID Originating cluster
Open Update
Cisco proprietary, not communicated to
-- Weight
peers (default 0) Keepalive Notification
Path Selection Neighbor States
Attribute Description Preference Idle · Neighbor is not responding
1 Weight Administrative preference Highest Active · Attempting to connect
Communicated between peers Connect · TCP session established
2 Local Preference Highest
within an AS
Open Sent · Open message sent
3 Self-originated Prefer paths originated locally True
Open Confirm · Response received
4 AS Path Minimize AS hops Shortest
Established · Adjacency established
Prefer IGP-learned routes over
5 Origin IGP
EGP, and EGP over unknown Troubleshooting
6 MED Used externally to enter an AS Lowest show ip bgp [summary]
7 External Prefer eBGP routes over iBGP eBGP show ip bgp neighbors
8 IGP Cost Consider IGP metric Lowest show ip route [bgp]
9 eBGP Peering Favor more stable routes Oldest clear ip bgp * [soft]
10 Router ID Tie breaker Lowest debug ip bgp […]
Influencing Path Selection
Weight neighbor 172.16.0.1 weight 200 Local Preference bgp default local-preference 100
MED default-metric 400 Route Map neighbor 172.16.0.1 route-map Foo
Ignore Ignore Cost
bgp bestpath as-path ignore bgp bestpath cost-community ignore
AS Path Communities
by Jeremy Stretch v2.1-r1
2. BGP · PART 2 packetlife.net
Configuration Example
interface Serial1/0 Router A
AS 65100 description Backbone to B
ip address 172.16.0.1 255.255.255.252
F2/0 !
A interface Serial1/1
S1/0 S1/1 description Backbone to C
ip address 172.16.0.5 255.255.255.252
!
172.16.0.0/30 interface FastEthernet2/0
172.16.0.4/30 description LAN
ip address 192.168.1.1 255.255.255.0
AS 65200 !
S1/0 S1/0 router bgp 65100
F0/0 F0/0 no synchronization
network 172.16.0.0 mask 255.255.255.252
10.0.0.0/30 network 172.16.0.4 mask 255.255.255.252
B C
network 192.168.1.0
F2/0 F2/0 neighbor South peer-group
neighbor South remote-as 65200
neighbor 172.16.0.2 peer-group South
OSPF neighbor 172.16.0.6 peer-group South
no auto-summary
interface FastEthernet0/0 Router B interface FastEthernet0/0 Router C
description Backbone to C description Backbone to B
ip address 10.0.0.1 255.255.255.252 ip address 10.0.0.2 255.255.255.252
! !
interface Serial1/0 interface Serial1/0
description Backbone to A description Backbone to A
ip address 172.16.0.2 255.255.255.252 ip address 172.16.0.6 255.255.255.252
! !
interface FastEthernet2/0 interface FastEthernet2/0
description LAN description LAN
ip address 192.168.2.1 255.255.255.0 ip address 192.168.3.1 255.255.255.0
! !
router ospf 100 router ospf 100
network 10.0.0.1 0.0.0.0 area 0 network 10.0.0.2 0.0.0.0 area 0
network 192.168.2.1 0.0.0.0 area 1 network 192.168.3.1 0.0.0.0 area 2
! !
router bgp 65200 router bgp 65200
no synchronization no synchronization
redistribute ospf 100 route-map LAN_Subnets redistribute ospf 100 route-map LAN_Subnets
neighbor 10.0.0.2 remote-as 65200 neighbor 10.0.0.1 remote-as 65200
neighbor 172.16.0.1 remote-as 65100 neighbor 172.16.0.5 remote-as 65100
no auto-summary no auto-summary
! !
access-list 10 permit 192.168.0.0 0.0.255.255 access-list 10 permit 192.168.0.0 0.0.255.255
! !
route-map LAN_Subnets permit 10 route-map LAN_Subnets permit 10
match ip address 10 match ip address 10
set metric 100 set metric 100
Router A Routing Table Router B Routing Table
172.16.0.0/30 is subnetted, 2 subnets 172.16.0.0/30 is subnetted, 2 subnets
C 172.16.0.4 is directly connected, S1/1 B 172.16.0.4 [20/0] via 172.16.0.1
C 172.16.0.0 is directly connected, S1/0 C 172.16.0.0 is directly connected, S1/0
C 192.168.1.0/24 is directly connected, F2/0 10.0.0.0/30 is subnetted, 1 subnets
B 192.168.2.0/24 [20/100] via 172.16.0.2 C 10.0.0.0 is directly connected, F0/0
B 192.168.3.0/24 [20/100] via 172.16.0.2 B 192.168.1.0/24 [20/0] via 172.16.0.1
C 192.168.2.0/24 is directly connected, F2/0
O IA 192.168.3.0/24 [110/2] via 10.0.0.2, F0/0
by Jeremy Stretch v2.1-r1