The document discusses the "CSI effect" and its impact on jurors' decisions in the courtroom. It defines the CSI effect as unrealistic expectations among jurors of forensic evidence and investigation techniques due to watching crime drama television shows. This has made it harder for prosecutors to get convictions when scientific evidence is absent or irrelevant to a case. Several potential solutions are discussed, such as standardizing forensic tests, separating police and crime scene investigation work, and screening out frequent viewers of crime shows for jury duty. However, the CSI effect may persist as long as popular crime drama television shows continue to depict unrealistic versions of forensic investigation.
The document discusses the concept of the "CSI effect", where exposure to crime TV shows influences how jurors interpret and rely on forensic evidence in criminal trials. Watching these shows can cause pro-defense bias if real evidence does not meet elevated expectations. It can also lead to unnecessary forensic tests, backlogs in labs, and fabricated results. Prosecutors may try to exclude jurors who have watched a lot of crime shows. Additionally, broadcasting how crimes are investigated on TV makes it harder for police to track and trace criminals, as it teaches them how to evade detection.
The ‘CSI Effect’ Does It Really Exist by Honorable Donald E. She.docxchristalgrieg
The ‘CSI Effect’: Does It Really Exist? by Honorable Donald E. Shelton comprises public domain material from the National Institute of Justice Journal, No. 259, Office of Justice Programs, National Institute of Justice, US Department of Justice. UMUC gratefully acknowledges the US Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, National Institute of Justice, for allowing the reproduction of this article from the National Institute of Justice Journal. The opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this article are those of the author and do not necessarily represent the official position or policies of the US Department of Justice. C rime and courtroom proceedings have long been fodder for film and television scriptwriters. In recent years, however, the media’s use of the courtroom as a vehicle for drama has not only proliferated, it has changed focus. In apparent fascination with our criminal justice process, many of today’s courtroom dramas are based on actual cases. Court TV offers live gavel-to-gavel coverage of trials over the Internet for $5.95 a month. Now, that’s “reality television”! Reality and fiction have begun to blur with crime magazine television shows such as 48 Hours Mystery, American Justice, and even, on occasion, Dateline NBC. These programs portray actual cases, but only after extensively editing the content and incorporating narration for dramatic effect. Presenting one 35-year-old cold case, for example, 48 Hours Mystery filmed for months to capture all pretrial hearings as well as the 2-week trial; the program, however, was ultimately edited to a 1-hour episode that suggested the crime remained a “mystery” . . . notwithstanding the jury’s guilty verdict. The next level of distortion of the criminal justice system is the extremely popular “reality-based” crime-fiction television drama. The Law & Order franchise, for example, appears on television several nights a week promoting plots “ripped from the headlines.” It and other television programs pluck an issue suggested by an actual case and weave a story around it. The most popular courtroom dramas— whether actual, edited, or purely fictional—focus on the use of new science and technology in solving crimes. CSI: Crime Scene Investigation has been called the most popular television show in the world. Not only is CSI so popular that it has spawned other versions that dominate the traditional television ratings, it has also The ‘CSI Effect’: Does It Really Exist? by Honorable Donald E. Shelton N I J J o u r n a l / I s s u e N o . 2 5 9 prompted similar forensic dramas, such as Cold Case, Bones, and Numb3rs. According to one 2006 weekly Nielsen rating: ■ 30 million people watched CSI on one night. ■ 70 million watched at least one of the three CSI shows. ■ 40 million watched two other forensic dramas, Without a Trace and Cold Case. Those ratings translated into this fact: five of the top 10 television programs that week were about scientific evid ...
The document discusses the CSI effect, which refers to the phenomenon where jurors have unrealistic expectations of forensic evidence and investigation techniques due to watching CSI television shows. It notes that millions watch these shows, with NCIS being the most popular television program in America in 2012-2013. The document goes on to say that it will clarify more about the CSI effect and discuss how previous crime show viewing habits can influence jurors' perceptions of evidence and justice. It notes that the lack of forensic evidence in trials can lead to more not guilty verdicts, which some argue is unethical if jurors base their decisions on fictional crime show standards.
Question 1Explain using a supply and demand curve the effects of a.docxmakdul
Question 1Explain using a supply and demand curve the effects of an increase in minimum wage. According to U.S. Department of Labor, effective July 24, 2009, the national minium wage was $7.25/hour; therefore, research the current minimum wage rate on the labor market, identify the number of workers in the labor force in July 2009 and October 2014 to illustrate your conclusions.Labor Force Statistics form the Currency Population Surveu Original Data VaueANSWERIf labor market is in equilibrium, the wage rate would be W0 and the quantity of labor demanded would be at Q0.If the government initiatives a minimum wage above the equilibrium wage, we can expect a fall in demandfor labor (from Q0 to Q1) and therefore, there would be excess supply of labor (Q2 – Q2). When there islower employment, the most likely scenario is a negative impact of aggregate demand, as people wouldspend less, leading to lower aggregate demand.The national minimum wage rate was $7.50 in the years 2009 through 2014 and currently remains thesame. The civilian labor force participation rate was at 65.5 percent in January 2009 and actual employedworkers stood at 142,152 (in thousands), and actual employed workers stood at 145,092 in January 2014.There was an increase in labor force participation through these years, but the minimum national wageremained the same throughout.GRAPH BELOW
Question 2In Anywhere, USA, the demand function of a gym membership is Qd = 600-50p+ 0.6Y. Where Qd is quantity demand per month, p is the price of a membership, and Y is the average monthly income in the town. The supply function of gym memberships is Qs =100+20p -20w, where Qs is the number of memberships and w is the average hourly wage of trainers.a. If Y=$5000 and w = $10, use Excel to calculate quantity demanded and quantity supplied for p=5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40. Determine excess shortages or surpluses.Use Excel to illustrate the supply and demand curves.Quantity DemandedQuantity SuppliedPriceShortage335005-3350310010010-3000285020015-2650260030020-2300235040025-1950210050030-1600185060035-1250160070040-900b. Assume Y increases to $6875 and w increases to $15. Use Excel to recalculate quantity demanded and quantity supplied for p=5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40.Illustrate supply and demand curves. Explain the change in equilibrium.Quantity DemandedQuantity SuppliedPrice4475-10054225010397510015372520020347530025322540030297550035272560040
Question 3The marketing department of Acme Inc. has estimated the following demand function for it Febreze Car Vent Clip Air Freshener, 1-count: Q = 200-5p,where Q is the quantity (sold in thousand units) and p is the price for one (1) Febreze Care Vent Clip Air Freshener. Using Excel, calculate the point price elasticity of demand, ε, for price, p = 1, 2, 3....., 20. Describe the pattern of price elasticity of demand that you have calculated along the demand curve.QuantityPriceElasticity (ε)1951Graph as well19020.040.04should be answer18530.0718040. ...
An Experimental Study Examining the Effects of Confessional and Circumstantia...Julia Van Hooser
The study aimed to examine the effects of confessional versus circumstantial evidence on potential jurors. 30 participants were presented with scenarios providing either type of evidence about a hypothetical crime. Those given confessional evidence were more likely to find the defendant guilty and were more certain in their judgement than those given circumstantial evidence. The results support the hypothesis that jurors are more impacted by confessional evidence. However, the study had limitations such as a young student sample and reading scenarios rather than participants reading themselves. Future research could explore differences by age, culture, or presentation format of evidence.
1) Television shows like CSI portray forensic science as glamorous and capable of solving every case quickly using advanced technology, but reality is very different.
2) Real forensic laboratories have large backlogs and limited resources compared to what is shown on television.
3) The popularity of these shows may have led jurors to have unrealistic expectations of the level of evidence in criminal cases, though studies on this "CSI effect" are inconclusive.
RUNNINGHEAD Bias in Criminal Investigations .docxanhlodge
RUNNINGHEAD: Bias in Criminal Investigations 1
Bias in Criminal Investigations
Alkhamis Abdualziz
Tiffin University
Bias in Criminal Investigations
06/09/2016
An Analogue Study of Confirmation Bias in Criminal Investigations
Convicting a suspect being guilty is usually a difficult task more especially to People given the responsibility to carry out the sentence. These individuals include; police officers, district attorneys, judges and jury members. This is widely contributed by risks they may face such as; developing confirmation bias or tunnel vision. These parties may readily become convinced that the suspect is guilty, and may then no longer be open to alternative scenarios in which the suspect is actually innocent
People are biased to test hypotheses by looking for confirmation rather than by searching for falsification. According to Kassin (2005) a research bases on psychology suggests that human beings rarely seek, interpret, and create behavioral data that verify it’ once they have an impression thus they are inclined for bias. In a classic study, Lord, Ross, and Lepper (1979) it was found out that confirmation bias has various definite level owing to the fact personal opinions do defer.
People have the aspects of favoring confirmation as laps testing strategy as illustrated by Wason’s card selection paradigm. They also tend to play a progressive role in producing information; apart from selectively confirming evidence, overweighting confirming evidence they also devise strategies in way that that they are more opportunist driven than falsification. (Snyder and Swann (1978) which used these case study to reach for a decision, the more confirming questions the interviewer asked, and the more likely naïve judges were to perceive the interviewee as an extravert. Hence, by asking confirmatory questions, people can actually create confirmatory behavioral information, even in the eye of the naïve beholder.
Confirmation bias is bound to occur during criminal proceeding due to the following; incidental miscarriages of justice in which confirmation bias on the part of police, public prosecution, and even the judge seems to have play central role. According to (Posthumus, 2005). Public defense and police seems to develop some kind of tunnel vision. Another reason is the structure of criminal proceeding. Judge prompt his verdict by naming the evidence that has led him to be convinced of the suspect’s guilt. Yet the process of justifying information is ignored. Criminal proceedings also affected by confirmation bias as (Meissner and kassim 2002) suggest. I t is difficult for police officer to change their minds if they believe that a suspect is lying. Same case applies to jurors they base their judgments on previous proceedings. Criminal procedure naturally provoke confirmation bias.
Three studies has been developed to help in determining between guilt-co.
The document discusses the "CSI effect" and its impact on jurors' decisions in the courtroom. It defines the CSI effect as unrealistic expectations among jurors of forensic evidence and investigation techniques due to watching crime drama television shows. This has made it harder for prosecutors to get convictions when scientific evidence is absent or irrelevant to a case. Several potential solutions are discussed, such as standardizing forensic tests, separating police and crime scene investigation work, and screening out frequent viewers of crime shows for jury duty. However, the CSI effect may persist as long as popular crime drama television shows continue to depict unrealistic versions of forensic investigation.
The document discusses the concept of the "CSI effect", where exposure to crime TV shows influences how jurors interpret and rely on forensic evidence in criminal trials. Watching these shows can cause pro-defense bias if real evidence does not meet elevated expectations. It can also lead to unnecessary forensic tests, backlogs in labs, and fabricated results. Prosecutors may try to exclude jurors who have watched a lot of crime shows. Additionally, broadcasting how crimes are investigated on TV makes it harder for police to track and trace criminals, as it teaches them how to evade detection.
The ‘CSI Effect’ Does It Really Exist by Honorable Donald E. She.docxchristalgrieg
The ‘CSI Effect’: Does It Really Exist? by Honorable Donald E. Shelton comprises public domain material from the National Institute of Justice Journal, No. 259, Office of Justice Programs, National Institute of Justice, US Department of Justice. UMUC gratefully acknowledges the US Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, National Institute of Justice, for allowing the reproduction of this article from the National Institute of Justice Journal. The opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this article are those of the author and do not necessarily represent the official position or policies of the US Department of Justice. C rime and courtroom proceedings have long been fodder for film and television scriptwriters. In recent years, however, the media’s use of the courtroom as a vehicle for drama has not only proliferated, it has changed focus. In apparent fascination with our criminal justice process, many of today’s courtroom dramas are based on actual cases. Court TV offers live gavel-to-gavel coverage of trials over the Internet for $5.95 a month. Now, that’s “reality television”! Reality and fiction have begun to blur with crime magazine television shows such as 48 Hours Mystery, American Justice, and even, on occasion, Dateline NBC. These programs portray actual cases, but only after extensively editing the content and incorporating narration for dramatic effect. Presenting one 35-year-old cold case, for example, 48 Hours Mystery filmed for months to capture all pretrial hearings as well as the 2-week trial; the program, however, was ultimately edited to a 1-hour episode that suggested the crime remained a “mystery” . . . notwithstanding the jury’s guilty verdict. The next level of distortion of the criminal justice system is the extremely popular “reality-based” crime-fiction television drama. The Law & Order franchise, for example, appears on television several nights a week promoting plots “ripped from the headlines.” It and other television programs pluck an issue suggested by an actual case and weave a story around it. The most popular courtroom dramas— whether actual, edited, or purely fictional—focus on the use of new science and technology in solving crimes. CSI: Crime Scene Investigation has been called the most popular television show in the world. Not only is CSI so popular that it has spawned other versions that dominate the traditional television ratings, it has also The ‘CSI Effect’: Does It Really Exist? by Honorable Donald E. Shelton N I J J o u r n a l / I s s u e N o . 2 5 9 prompted similar forensic dramas, such as Cold Case, Bones, and Numb3rs. According to one 2006 weekly Nielsen rating: ■ 30 million people watched CSI on one night. ■ 70 million watched at least one of the three CSI shows. ■ 40 million watched two other forensic dramas, Without a Trace and Cold Case. Those ratings translated into this fact: five of the top 10 television programs that week were about scientific evid ...
The document discusses the CSI effect, which refers to the phenomenon where jurors have unrealistic expectations of forensic evidence and investigation techniques due to watching CSI television shows. It notes that millions watch these shows, with NCIS being the most popular television program in America in 2012-2013. The document goes on to say that it will clarify more about the CSI effect and discuss how previous crime show viewing habits can influence jurors' perceptions of evidence and justice. It notes that the lack of forensic evidence in trials can lead to more not guilty verdicts, which some argue is unethical if jurors base their decisions on fictional crime show standards.
Question 1Explain using a supply and demand curve the effects of a.docxmakdul
Question 1Explain using a supply and demand curve the effects of an increase in minimum wage. According to U.S. Department of Labor, effective July 24, 2009, the national minium wage was $7.25/hour; therefore, research the current minimum wage rate on the labor market, identify the number of workers in the labor force in July 2009 and October 2014 to illustrate your conclusions.Labor Force Statistics form the Currency Population Surveu Original Data VaueANSWERIf labor market is in equilibrium, the wage rate would be W0 and the quantity of labor demanded would be at Q0.If the government initiatives a minimum wage above the equilibrium wage, we can expect a fall in demandfor labor (from Q0 to Q1) and therefore, there would be excess supply of labor (Q2 – Q2). When there islower employment, the most likely scenario is a negative impact of aggregate demand, as people wouldspend less, leading to lower aggregate demand.The national minimum wage rate was $7.50 in the years 2009 through 2014 and currently remains thesame. The civilian labor force participation rate was at 65.5 percent in January 2009 and actual employedworkers stood at 142,152 (in thousands), and actual employed workers stood at 145,092 in January 2014.There was an increase in labor force participation through these years, but the minimum national wageremained the same throughout.GRAPH BELOW
Question 2In Anywhere, USA, the demand function of a gym membership is Qd = 600-50p+ 0.6Y. Where Qd is quantity demand per month, p is the price of a membership, and Y is the average monthly income in the town. The supply function of gym memberships is Qs =100+20p -20w, where Qs is the number of memberships and w is the average hourly wage of trainers.a. If Y=$5000 and w = $10, use Excel to calculate quantity demanded and quantity supplied for p=5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40. Determine excess shortages or surpluses.Use Excel to illustrate the supply and demand curves.Quantity DemandedQuantity SuppliedPriceShortage335005-3350310010010-3000285020015-2650260030020-2300235040025-1950210050030-1600185060035-1250160070040-900b. Assume Y increases to $6875 and w increases to $15. Use Excel to recalculate quantity demanded and quantity supplied for p=5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40.Illustrate supply and demand curves. Explain the change in equilibrium.Quantity DemandedQuantity SuppliedPrice4475-10054225010397510015372520020347530025322540030297550035272560040
Question 3The marketing department of Acme Inc. has estimated the following demand function for it Febreze Car Vent Clip Air Freshener, 1-count: Q = 200-5p,where Q is the quantity (sold in thousand units) and p is the price for one (1) Febreze Care Vent Clip Air Freshener. Using Excel, calculate the point price elasticity of demand, ε, for price, p = 1, 2, 3....., 20. Describe the pattern of price elasticity of demand that you have calculated along the demand curve.QuantityPriceElasticity (ε)1951Graph as well19020.040.04should be answer18530.0718040. ...
An Experimental Study Examining the Effects of Confessional and Circumstantia...Julia Van Hooser
The study aimed to examine the effects of confessional versus circumstantial evidence on potential jurors. 30 participants were presented with scenarios providing either type of evidence about a hypothetical crime. Those given confessional evidence were more likely to find the defendant guilty and were more certain in their judgement than those given circumstantial evidence. The results support the hypothesis that jurors are more impacted by confessional evidence. However, the study had limitations such as a young student sample and reading scenarios rather than participants reading themselves. Future research could explore differences by age, culture, or presentation format of evidence.
1) Television shows like CSI portray forensic science as glamorous and capable of solving every case quickly using advanced technology, but reality is very different.
2) Real forensic laboratories have large backlogs and limited resources compared to what is shown on television.
3) The popularity of these shows may have led jurors to have unrealistic expectations of the level of evidence in criminal cases, though studies on this "CSI effect" are inconclusive.
RUNNINGHEAD Bias in Criminal Investigations .docxanhlodge
RUNNINGHEAD: Bias in Criminal Investigations 1
Bias in Criminal Investigations
Alkhamis Abdualziz
Tiffin University
Bias in Criminal Investigations
06/09/2016
An Analogue Study of Confirmation Bias in Criminal Investigations
Convicting a suspect being guilty is usually a difficult task more especially to People given the responsibility to carry out the sentence. These individuals include; police officers, district attorneys, judges and jury members. This is widely contributed by risks they may face such as; developing confirmation bias or tunnel vision. These parties may readily become convinced that the suspect is guilty, and may then no longer be open to alternative scenarios in which the suspect is actually innocent
People are biased to test hypotheses by looking for confirmation rather than by searching for falsification. According to Kassin (2005) a research bases on psychology suggests that human beings rarely seek, interpret, and create behavioral data that verify it’ once they have an impression thus they are inclined for bias. In a classic study, Lord, Ross, and Lepper (1979) it was found out that confirmation bias has various definite level owing to the fact personal opinions do defer.
People have the aspects of favoring confirmation as laps testing strategy as illustrated by Wason’s card selection paradigm. They also tend to play a progressive role in producing information; apart from selectively confirming evidence, overweighting confirming evidence they also devise strategies in way that that they are more opportunist driven than falsification. (Snyder and Swann (1978) which used these case study to reach for a decision, the more confirming questions the interviewer asked, and the more likely naïve judges were to perceive the interviewee as an extravert. Hence, by asking confirmatory questions, people can actually create confirmatory behavioral information, even in the eye of the naïve beholder.
Confirmation bias is bound to occur during criminal proceeding due to the following; incidental miscarriages of justice in which confirmation bias on the part of police, public prosecution, and even the judge seems to have play central role. According to (Posthumus, 2005). Public defense and police seems to develop some kind of tunnel vision. Another reason is the structure of criminal proceeding. Judge prompt his verdict by naming the evidence that has led him to be convinced of the suspect’s guilt. Yet the process of justifying information is ignored. Criminal proceedings also affected by confirmation bias as (Meissner and kassim 2002) suggest. I t is difficult for police officer to change their minds if they believe that a suspect is lying. Same case applies to jurors they base their judgments on previous proceedings. Criminal procedure naturally provoke confirmation bias.
Three studies has been developed to help in determining between guilt-co.
Police Deception during Interrogation and Its Surprising Influ.docxstilliegeorgiana
Police Deception during Interrogation and Its Surprising Influence on
Jurors’ Perceptions of Confession Evidence
Police deception raises important ethical and legal questions across a variety of
constituents, particularly given several recent and highly publicized miscarriages of
justice that resulted from false confessions, such as those involving Marty Tankleff, John
Kogut, and the suspects in the Central Park Jogger cases (see Friedman, 2010; Innocence
Project, 2010a; Hirschkorn, 2002, 2003, respectively). Inbau and colleagues (2001),
authors of the Criminal Interrogations and Confessions manual, train police officers in
the careful use of trickery and deception. In an additional volume, Jayne and Buckley
(1999) go on to say "the use of trickery and deception is of paramount importance to the
success of an interrogation" (p. 443).
The materials that follow review our recent study of jurors' perceptions and decisions in
cases involving confessions and police deception during interrogation (Woody & Forrest,
2009) and provide additional updates from our ongoing research program. We briefly
review the psychological and legal literature related to police deception in the form of
false-evidence ploys, and then discuss our methodology and findings. We conclude with
a series of concrete recommendations for litigators.
False-Evidence Ploys
One form of deception is the false-evidence ploy, a claim by police to have non-existent
evidence that implicates the suspect (see Leo, 2008). A false-evidence ploy is a common
police strategy, with 92% of over 630 police detectives from the United States and
Canada reporting that they use false-evidence ploys during interrogation (Kassin, et al.,
2007). Many forms of false-evidence ploys exist. Leo (2008) identified testimonial ploys
(i.e., a claim to have eyewitness or video evidence), scientific ploys (i.e., a false claim to
have DNA, footprint, or other scientific evidence), and demeanor ploys (i.e., a false claim
that the suspect's behavior indicates guilt). False-evidence ploys raise particular concerns
in the social science community because false-evidence ploys increase the likelihood of
false confession in laboratory studies (see Kassin & Kiechel, 1996; Nash & Wade, 2009;
Perillo & Kassin, 2010; Redlich & Goodman, 2003; Stewart, Woody, & Pulos, 2010) as
well as within interrogations described in archival data (Gudjonsson, 2003; Leo & Ofshe,
1998). A recent review of the false confession literature concluded that false-evidence
ploys "have been implicated in the vast majority of documented false confession cases"
(Kassin et al., 2010, p. 12).
The U.S. Supreme Court has allowed confessions to be admitted to court after police use
false-evidence ploys to induce suspects to confess (e.g., Frazier v. Cupp, 1969).
Additionally, other courts have evaluated false-evidence ploys in several cases, and with
some exceptions (discussed subsequently) courts ruled that the voluntarin ...
Identifying And Measuring Juror Bias About Forensic Science EvidenceMichael Bromby
The document discusses research measuring juror bias related to forensic science evidence. It outlines development of the Forensic Evidence Evaluation Bias (FEEB) scale to identify when juror bias may affect decisions. Studies found the FEEB scale predicted perceptions of weak DNA evidence strength and willingness to convict. Specifically, the pro-prosecution FEEB subscale positively correlated with perception of DNA evidence and predicted higher probability of guilt assessments. Future research aims to validate the FEEB scale with real jurors and different case types.
This document discusses research on the relative effects of certainty and severity of punishment on deterring criminal behavior. It finds that increasing the certainty of punishment, such as by improving the likelihood of apprehension and conviction, is generally more effective at deterring crime than increasing the severity of punishment. The research reviewed finds little evidence that harsher sentences alone reduce crime rates. Instead, potential criminals appear to be more influenced by changes in the perceived risk of being caught and punished for their actions.
This document discusses sentencing for white-collar fraud offenses in the UK. It argues that prison sentences may not be the most effective approach and explores alternatives like restorative justice. Restorative justice aims to repair the harm done to victims and communities through respectful dialogue. The document examines how restorative principles could be applied in corporate contexts and for individual fraud offenses as an alternative to excessive penalties. It also considers using civil remedies and lower-level sanctions through a regulatory enforcement pyramid approach to deter fraud.
This document discusses the potential effects that crime drama TV shows like CSI have on real-world criminal investigations and court cases. It defines the "CSI effect" as jurors having unrealistic expectations about the type and amount of forensic evidence that should be available. The document discusses how police, attorneys, forensic labs, and jurors may be affected, noting trends like jurors demanding more DNA evidence than is realistic. While CSI shows increase interest in forensics careers, they also portray an inaccurate picture of how long evidence examination takes and what technology and resources actual crime labs have.
Kirk Bloodsworth was the first American sentenced to death row who was later exonerated by DNA evidence, despite already having his sentence commuted to life in prison. Several questions are raised about his wrongful conviction based on eyewitness testimony, including whether police procedures influenced eyewitness identifications and whether pretrial publicity prejudiced the jury. Social psychology can provide insights into how the criminal justice system's underlying psychological assumptions about eyewitness memory and behavior may not always be accurate. Variables like lineup administration procedures, witness characteristics, and event characteristics can impact eyewitness accuracy, and research on these system and estimator variables aims to reduce wrongful convictions.
Research on the reasons behind wrongful convictions in the United States as well as recommendations for decreasing the number of wrongful convictions that occur annually
A Brief Note On Wrongful Conviction And Criminal Justice...Brenda Higgins
This document discusses wrongful convictions and criminal justice reform. It outlines some of the key causes of wrongful convictions, including eyewitness misidentification, false confessions, flawed forensic science, and government misconduct. It also discusses the work of researchers who have studied wrongful convictions like Samuel Gross, Richard Leo, and Barry Scheck and Barry Neufeld. Overall, the document examines the issue of wrongful convictions in the US criminal justice system and argues for reforms to reduce such miscarriages of justice.
The document discusses wrongful convictions and provides several examples. It begins by stating that each year many innocent people are wrongly convicted of crimes and given prison terms. Some of the main causes of wrongful conviction discussed include mistaken eyewitness identification, false confessions due to police misconduct, and unreliable forensic science techniques. The document then provides several case examples to illustrate these issues and their severe impacts on those wrongly convicted.
The document discusses wrongful convictions and provides several examples. It begins by stating that each year many innocent people are wrongly convicted of crimes and given prison terms. Some of the main causes of wrongful conviction discussed include unreliable eyewitness testimony, false confessions, and junk or flawed forensic science. The document then provides more details on specific cases of wrongful conviction and efforts to address this issue.
Book Reference Peak, K. J. (2015). Policing America C.docxAASTHA76
Book Reference
Peak, K. J. (2015). Policing America: Challenges and Best Practices (8th ed). Upper Saddle
River, NJ: Pearson Education, Inc.
(Courtesy mikeledray!Shutterstock.)
5 Criminallnvestigation
The Science of Sleuthing
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
As a result of reading this chapter, the student will be able to:
0 Distinguish between forensic science and criminalistics
f) Understand the origins of criminalistics as well as the types of information
that physical evidence can provide
8 Compare anthropometry and dactylography
0 Explain how Bertillon, Locard, Vollmer, and others contributed to the
development of criminal investigation techniques
0 Describe the kinds of qualities that detectives and undercover officers
need to possess
125
~
0 Delineate the functions of medical examiners and coroners
G Explain the basic functions of the polygraph and its legal status in the
courts
(i) Describe how DNA analysis operates (including a new approach, using
familial DNA) as well as recent developments and some legal and policy
issues concerning its use
f) Explain the contributions of social networking sites to criminal
investigations
41!> Describe the purpose and operation of a cold case squad
4D Clarify whether or not there is a "CSI effect" relating to criminal cases
0 Relate the contributions of dogs to the investigative process
Introduction
The challenges involved with investigating crimes may well be characterized by a quote from Ludwig
Wittgenstein: "How hard I find it to see what is right in front of my eyes I" Investigating crimes has
indeed become a complicated art as well as a science, as will be seen in this chapter.
The art of sleuthing has long fascinated the American public. People appear to be completely enthralled
with anything involving forensics and criminal psychoses (e.g., CSL Dexter, Criminal Minds), as well
as the exploits of detectives as they pursue serial killers (e.g., Silence of the Lambs, Se7en) Nor is this
public interest in sleuthing a recent phenomenon: for decades, Americans have feasted on the exploits
of dozens of fictional masterminds and detectives in books and movies, such as Arthur Conan Doyle's
Sherlock Holmes, Agatha Christie's Hercule Poirot and Miss Marple, and Clint Eastwood's Detective
"Dirty Harry" Callahan, to name a few.
In reality, investigative work is largely misunderstood, often boring, and overrated; it results in arrests
only a fraction of the time; and it relies strongly on the assistance of witnesses and even some luck.
Nonetheless, the related fields of forensic science and criminalistics are the most rapidly developing
areas of policing- and probably in all of criminal justice This is an exciting time to be in the investiga-
tive or forensic disciplines.
This chapter begins by defining forensic science and criminalistics and by looking at their origins;
included is a brief discussion of crime scenes. Then we review the ev ...
The CSI effect at university forensic science students’ telev.docxmehek4
This survey of 135 Australian forensic science students examined their viewing of popular forensic TV shows like CSI and Bones and perceptions of how these shows portray ethics and the profession. Key findings:
- 91% of students had watched forensic TV shows, most frequently NCIS, CSI, and Bones.
- Students recalled ethical issues like evidence contamination and conflict of interest being depicted on the shows. They generally rated how these issues were handled as "poor".
- Students gave median ratings of 1-2 on a scale of 1-5 for the accuracy of how the shows portrayed ethics and forensic science.
- While critical of inaccuracies, some students said the shows sparked interest in the field and exposed them to
Examine Forensic
Examine Forensic Testimony
Name
Class
Date
Professor
Examine Forensic Testimony
Forensic evidence has become more and more important in the court case for proving the guilt or innocence of a criminal defendant. Due to new technology the world of forensics is becoming more and more advanced providing law enforcement with all types of new investigatory tools and ways for the court to prove or disprove guilt. It is essential for law enforcement agencies to have trained forensic personnel with the skills to properly collect the evidence first to ensure the evidence does not become lost, destroyed, or damaged and the forensic evidence is accepted in a court of law.
Improper collection of evidence is only one of many potential challenges associated with forensic evidence but it is an important challenge that must be addressed. Forensic evidence is collected at the crime scene. If the evidence is not properly documented and collected it can be found to be unreliable in the court process. In order for forensic evidence to be accepted in a court of law it must be documented through sketches, photographs, and video tapings and it must be collected using accepted standard forensic collection methods.
If evidence is not properly documented or collected the chain of evidence is broken and the court will exclude the evidence from the court case. The chain of evidence refers to an important aspect of forensic involving the movement of evidence. In order to show the court the evidence was located and collected at the scene and then taken directly to the lab for analysis as well as being stored properly at the lab there needs to be clear documentation. This starts with photographing the evidence located at the scene and clearly documenting each step of the collection and analysis process.
When forensic evidence is presented in court it must be able to meet a specific legal standard before it can be accepted as reliable evidence in a court of law. The legal standard that is applied to testing reliability is either the Frye or Daubert Standard. In the Frye standard forensic evidence must be collected and analyzed employed widely accepted scientific methods. The Daubert standard came after Frye and requires not only that the evidence be collected and analyzed using widely accepted forensic methods, the scientific must be tested using the scientific method, and the evidence must be reliable and relevant. Each state applies a different standard. States with Frye have less of requirement for reliability than states with Daubert.
The CSI Effect is the one of the biggest problem facing courts in the 21st Century. Due to shows, such as CSI, showing a glamorized version of the forensic process, juries expect prosecutors and defense attorneys to present forensic evidence, showing guilt or innocence but most of this burden is put on the state not the defense (Vergano, 2011). The truth is most ca ...
This document summarizes a report on the concept of "risk convergence" in criminal justice. It defines risk convergence as the point at which an ex-offender's risk of reoffending converges with that of the general public. Research finds this point is reached after a certain number of crime-free years, depending on the original offense. However, many policies impose permanent punishments and barriers to reintegration even after risk convergence. This is ineffective and inefficient, as ex-offenders past this point pose no greater risk. The report argues policies should promote reintegration and help ex-offenders become productive citizens once risk convergence is reached.
The CSI effect at university forensic science students’ telev.docxtodd241
The CSI effect at university: forensic science students’ television viewing
and perceptions of ethical issues
Roslyn Weavera*, Yenna Salamonsona, Jane Kocha,b and Glenn Porterc
aUniversity of Western Sydney, Family and Community Health Research Group; bUniversity of
Technology, Sydney, School of Nursing, Midwifery and Health; cUniversity of Western Sydney,
School of Science and Health
(Received 3 January 2012; final version received 3 May 2012)
Although the so-called ‘CSI effect’ has received attention in the literature for the
influence of forensic science television on jurors’ expectations of evidence
admitted into trials, less research explores the influence of such television
programs on university students enrolled in forensic science degrees. This paper
describes the quantitative and qualitative results of a study of forensic science
students regarding the forensic-related television programs they watch, such as
CSI, Bones and Dexter. We asked students to share their impressions of the
accuracy, ethics, professionalism and role models in the programs. The results
show that forensic science students are almost universally disparaging about the
realism of these programs and have mixed impressions of how the programs
portray forensic science professionalism and ethics. Most students believed that
the programs gave an unrealistic representation of the profession to the public;
yet students were also able to identify positive elements for recruitment and
education purposes.
Keywords: forensic science; CSI effect; students; television; education; Australia
Introduction
Popular media have suggested that crime science television programs such as CSI
may influence how lay jurors consider forensic evidence during criminal trials1–8.
This influence has been described as the CSI effect and named after the popular
television drama. It is suggested that jurors confuse the capacity of forensic evidence
with the fictional idealisation of forensic evidence as portrayed on the television
program2. Goodman-Delahunty and Verbrugge4 suggest that, despite the popular
media claims, there is little objective evidence to support the notion that crime scene
dramas such as CSI have a negative impact on jury verdicts. Wise5 indicated that
there are two issues relating to the ‘CSI effect’ proposition, with each affecting either
the prosecution or defence position; (i) the jurors held an inflated value of the
forensic evidence producing guilty verdicts2–5,9, or (ii) in the absence of forensic
evidence or when the evidence failed to reach the juries’ idealised expectations the
juries would acquit2–3,5. Evidence of the influence of the CSI effect, as claimed in the
popular media, has been mixed1–9.
Although the so-called CSI effect has received attention in the literature for the
influence of CSI on jurors’ expectations of forensic evidence admitted into criminal
*Corresponding author. Email: [email protected]
Australian Journal of Forensic Sciences
Vol. 44.
1) The document discusses a study that investigated whether subliminally priming the color of a suspect's shirt can influence eyewitness identification. Participants watched a crime video and later identified a suspect from a lineup. The shirt color of each suspect was primed subliminally with a color word that either matched or didn't match the shirt.
2) Contrary to expectations, participants did not choose suspects more frequently when primed with a matching color. However, over 90% of participants falsely identified a suspect, despite the actual culprit not being in the lineup.
3) This study explored how implicit or subliminal priming could influence eyewitness identification, which has received little attention compared to research on explicit memory
BIODIVERSITY and HEALTHY POPULATIONSECS111 P DR. SE.docxtangyechloe
BIODIVERSITY and HEALTHY
POPULATIONS
ECS111 P
DR. SEALEY
SPRING 2019
FINAL FOOTPRINT: THIS IS 15% OF YOUR GRADE.
Pick your parameters – something you can
document and measure.
Start doing some research on that parameter,
create a bibliography in end note.
EMAIL Dr. SEALEY or MAKE AN APPOINTMENT
if you have questions, want help, need
references or just want to be sure you are on the
right track
Start now, you may have to start over if the first
attempts don’t work out.
EQUILIBRIUM THEORY
Ecosystems are stable environments in
which species interact constantly in well
balanced predator-prey and competitive
relationships.
“Balance of nature” idea derived from this
theory.
BIODIVERSITY IS LINKED TO POPULATIONS
DYNAMICS OF NATURAL
POPULATIONS
• Population growth curves
• Biotic potential versus environmental
resistance
• Density dependence and critical number
POPULATION = BIRTHS – DEATHS -
EMMIGRATION + IMMIGRATION
POPULATION
GROWTH
Exponential vs. Logistical Growth
LIFE HISTORY OR
REPRODUCTIVE STRATEGIES
Many offspring with
low parental care
Few offspring with
high parental careJ-shaped growth curve
S-shaped growth curve
WHICH SPECIES WILL SURVIVE
IN A RAPIDLY CHANGING
ENVIRONMENT?
Panda
Narrow distribution
Small population
Low genetic variation
Large size
Small # of offspring
Limited migration
Mouse
Wide distribution
Large population
High genetic variation
Small size
Large # of offspring
High migration
POPULATION DYNAMICS
Environmental resistance: combination of
biotic and abiotic factors that may limit
population increase.
Biotic potential: combination of biotic and
abiotic factors that enhance population
increase.
YOU TUBE BREAK:
WHAT DETERMINES BIODIVERISTY?
HEALTHY POPULATIONS OF MANY
SPECIES!!!!
HOW CLOSE ARE WE TO
RESURRECTING EXTINCT SPECIES?
HTTPS://WWW.YOUTUBE.COM/WATCH?V
=QA1_MDIDGYK
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qA1_mdiDgyk
ESSAY # 9 : ARE WE READY FOR DE-
EXTINCTION?
DE-EXTINCTION AND RECOVERY OF SPECIES:
Should scientists pursue species recovery of extinct
species?
Give a specific example of one species you believe
should or should not be brought back from
extinction.
Write a persuasive essay to discuss the ecological,
economic and ethical ramifications of re-creating the
genome of an extinct species, re-creating
populations, and then releasing these animals into
the wild.
Mammal Population Losses and the Extinction Crisis
Gerardo Ceballos and Paul R. Ehrlich
The disappearance of populations is a prelude to species
extinction. No geographically explicit estimates have been
made of current population losses of major indicator taxa.
Here we compare historic and present distributions of 173
declining mammal species from six continents. These
species have collectively lost over 50% of their historic
range area, mostly where human activ.
BIOC 405 Assignment 1 Dr Moore Due Friday March 1st, .docxtangyechloe
BIOC 405 Assignment 1: Dr Moore
Due Friday March 1st, 2019 before 16:00 in Room 3D30.8 HSc
1. (a)In your handout for protein kinase A, there is a table of known substrate
sequences, in other words sequences of peptides phosphorylated by PKA. Please do your
best to align the substrate sequences provided, and from the alignment, predict what a good
consensus substrate for PKA will be. To present your alignment, please use an equal width
font for the protein sequences (Courier or Courier New work well). Highlight the P(0)
residue, P(-1) etc.
(b)The regulatory subunit (R) of protein kinase A has a short sequence
(RRRRGAISA that is critical for inhibiting the activity of the kinase catalytic subunit. This
short sequence of the R-subunit actually sits in the active site cleft of PKA in the
crystallographically-determined structure of the inhibited RC complex. Can you deduce
what the function of this sequence is? Using the answer to part (a) as a guide, please align
the inhibitory sequence with the known substrate sequences to deduce how this sequence
likely functions to inhibit PKA. Furthermore, using your class notes, can you make a guess
at which residues on PKA might interact with specific residues from the R-inhibitory
peptide?
2. For a regularly spaced 1-Dimensional array of atoms (spacing =13 Å) calculate the
total number of diffraction maxima and their scattering angles (for perfect in phase
scattering from the atoms in the 1-D array) between scattering angles of zero and ninety
degrees Use a wavelength of d=1.25 Å. Please include a drawing to explain the diffraction
condition and show your calculations.
3. Using site specific mutagenesis to change residues in the substrate binding cleft of
PKA (not residues involved in catalytic roles), how would you alter PKA’s substrate
specificity at P-3, and P-2 to Glu and P+1 to Asn? By this, I mean how would you
specifically make mutations in the PKA enzyme amino acid sequence (not the substrate
sequence) that would select for binding and phosphorylation of a peptide sequence that
would clearly differ from the known substrate sequence preferred by PKA as outlined
above. Be sure to clearly highlight exactly what residues in the PKA sequence you would
have to change (and to what amino acid) to achieve this.
4. The following lines of data describe the atomic coordinates for an arginine residue in
a protein molecule in PDB (protein data bank) format. Since proteins are three-dimensional
objects, the position of each atom is specified in space by its X, Y and Z coordinates. On each
line of a PDB formatted file, the atom number is given, the atom type is next (e.g. N-
backbone nitrogen, backbone carbonyl oxygen etc), the residue name (here ARG 431 in chain
D; in this instance the protein crystal contains four independent copies of the polypeptide
chain, labelled A through D), then the X-coordinate for that atom, the Y-coordinate for that
atom and the Z-coo.
BIO34 Human Heredity and Evolution EXTRA CREDIT Paper Prompt .docxtangyechloe
BIO34: Human Heredity and Evolution EXTRA CREDIT Paper Prompt
Roughly 10-years have passed since The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks was published. With regard to legal rights and property claims, there has been some progress towards laws and guidelines regarding using patients’ tissues for research and commercial endeavors. However, there are still many areas of ambiguity in the laws and regulations towards using patients’ cells and/or tissues.
Find a recent example in the news that relates to issues of informed consent, property rights, and patients’ rights that were discussed in The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks. A “recent” example can include ANY stories and/or events that have occurred after the publishing of The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks in 2009, after which the public became more aware of the issues presented in the book.
Please write a 3-page (double-spaced) paper in which you:
1. Summarize the selected example, providing the Appropriate Citation of the news article(s) in which you learned about the event and/or case being reported on.
2. Provide an analysis in which you compare-and-contrast how the ethical problems were addressed in a manner differently OR similarly than the case with HeLa cells.
3. Provide a concluding argument about whether you think adequate improvements are in the progress of being made towards the issues of consent and/or property rights regarding the use of patient’s tissues, or if there are still notable deficiencies in how we deal with these matters.
You must cite AT LEAST one article that brings up the “recent” example, so you can compare it to The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks. The source can be primary or secondary, but must be from a legitimate source (i.e., not just Wikipedia, you need the actual link). If you use additional articles or sources to support your paper, also cite them as needed at the end of the paper.
PLEASE NOTE: citations do NOT count to the 3-page limit (i.e., do not give me a 2-page reference list attached to a 1-page paper).
.
BIO120Concepts of BiologyUnit 2 Lecture Part One Cel.docxtangyechloe
BIO120
Concepts of Biology
Unit 2 Lecture
Part One: Cell Biology
Microscopy
Cell Structure
Osmosis & Diffusion
In 1665, Robert Hooke was the first person to describe a cell,
because no one ever had a lens powerful enough to see one.
His first specimen was a piece of cork, the cells reminded him of
little rooms (cella). Hence the name.
Discovering Cells
Microscopy
Discovering Cells
Discovering Microbes
Modern Light
Microscopes
Cell Image
Electron Microscope
Size of Cells
Cell Structure
Osmosis & Diffusion
Although Hooke was the first person to see a cell,
Leeuwenhoek described the most cells in about 1683. He
was first to see bacteria and other microbes, because his lens
was 10 times more powerful than Hooke’s.
Discovering Microbes
Microscopy
Discovering Cells
Discovering Microbes
Modern Light
Microscopes
Cell Image
Electron Microscope
Size of Cells
Cell Structure
Osmosis & Diffusion
Most modern light microscopes can magnify objects up
to 400 or 1,000 times the size of what you can see with
the naked eye. Some light microscopes are dissecting
microscopes, which have a lower magnification, but allow
biologist to examine larger objects.
Modern Light Microscopes
Bright Field MicroscopeDissecting Microscope
Microscopy
Discovering Cells
Discovering Microbes
Modern Light
Microscopes
Cell Image
Electron Microscope
Size of Cells
Cell Structure
Osmosis & Diffusion
This image shows uterine cervix cells, viewed through
a light microscope. The cells were obtained from a Pap
smear during a gynecological exam. The cells on the left
are normal. The cells on the right are infected with human
papillomavirus, which can cause cervical cancer. These
potential cancerous cells are bigger and appear to be
dividing. The cells are blue, because they have been stained
to help see them better.
Cell Image
Microscopy
Discovering Cells
Discovering Microbes
Modern Light
Microscopes
Cell Image
Electron Microscope
Size of Cells
Cell Structure
Osmosis & Diffusion
Even more powerful than a light microscope is an electron
microscope. Electron microscope uses electrons instead of
light to form images and can magnify images 100,000 x.
The top images shows the amazing details on an ant head.
The lower image shows Salmonella infecting human cells.
Electron Microscope
Microscopy
Discovering Cells
Discovering Microbes
Modern Light
Microscopes
Cell Image
Electron Microscope
Size of Cells
Cell Structure
Osmosis & Diffusion
This image summarizes the sizes of cells and their
components and what can be seen by the naked eye, light
microscope, and electron microscope.
Size of Cells
Microscopy
Discovering Cells
Discovering Microbes
Modern Light
Microscopes
Cell Image
Electron Microscope
Size of Cells
Cell Structure
Osmosis & Diffusion
Cells can be classified as either prokaryotes or eukaryotes
depending on whether a nucleus is present or absent.
Prokaryotes are .
Bio-Assignment02 week two Term 2019 SummerAssignment 2Na.docxtangyechloe
This document contains a biology midterm exam with multiple choice and short answer questions about various biology topics like photosynthesis, digestion, the Krebs cycle, limiting nutrients, caffeine toxicity, drug deaths, and pharmacological terms. The exam is assessing the student's understanding of key course concepts through questions that require recalling, explaining, and applying biological knowledge.
Bio 105- Please answer 50-60 words each.1.Human Exponential Po.docxtangyechloe
Bio 105- Please answer 50-60 words each.
1.
Human Exponential Population Growth
Prior to 1950, the death rate was high, which kept the numbers of humans from increasing rapidly. In the 19th Century, the agricultural revolution increased food production. The industrial revolution improved methods of transporting food and other good. In the 20th Century, advances in medicine, sanitation and
nutrition
have decreased the death rates further. These factors combined to produce the rapid growth of the human population in the 20th century. Explain 4 factors (
inventions
or public health measures) that decrease the death rates of infants and small children that lead to our exponential population growth.
2.
Population Growth Problem
“The world is characterized by scarcity and competition for limited resources. Further growth of
either
human populations or standard of
living will
be disastrous.”
Think about this statement and decide if you agree or disagree with it and why. Note the
either
clause in the statement.
What would be worse population growth or increases in the average standard of living?
.
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Police Deception during Interrogation and Its Surprising Influence on
Jurors’ Perceptions of Confession Evidence
Police deception raises important ethical and legal questions across a variety of
constituents, particularly given several recent and highly publicized miscarriages of
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Kogut, and the suspects in the Central Park Jogger cases (see Friedman, 2010; Innocence
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The materials that follow review our recent study of jurors' perceptions and decisions in
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One form of deception is the false-evidence ploy, a claim by police to have non-existent
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Perillo & Kassin, 2010; Redlich & Goodman, 2003; Stewart, Woody, & Pulos, 2010) as
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(Kassin et al., 2010, p. 12).
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This document discusses research on the relative effects of certainty and severity of punishment on deterring criminal behavior. It finds that increasing the certainty of punishment, such as by improving the likelihood of apprehension and conviction, is generally more effective at deterring crime than increasing the severity of punishment. The research reviewed finds little evidence that harsher sentences alone reduce crime rates. Instead, potential criminals appear to be more influenced by changes in the perceived risk of being caught and punished for their actions.
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This document discusses the potential effects that crime drama TV shows like CSI have on real-world criminal investigations and court cases. It defines the "CSI effect" as jurors having unrealistic expectations about the type and amount of forensic evidence that should be available. The document discusses how police, attorneys, forensic labs, and jurors may be affected, noting trends like jurors demanding more DNA evidence than is realistic. While CSI shows increase interest in forensics careers, they also portray an inaccurate picture of how long evidence examination takes and what technology and resources actual crime labs have.
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The document discusses wrongful convictions and provides several examples. It begins by stating that each year many innocent people are wrongly convicted of crimes and given prison terms. Some of the main causes of wrongful conviction discussed include unreliable eyewitness testimony, false confessions, and junk or flawed forensic science. The document then provides more details on specific cases of wrongful conviction and efforts to address this issue.
Book Reference Peak, K. J. (2015). Policing America C.docxAASTHA76
Book Reference
Peak, K. J. (2015). Policing America: Challenges and Best Practices (8th ed). Upper Saddle
River, NJ: Pearson Education, Inc.
(Courtesy mikeledray!Shutterstock.)
5 Criminallnvestigation
The Science of Sleuthing
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
As a result of reading this chapter, the student will be able to:
0 Distinguish between forensic science and criminalistics
f) Understand the origins of criminalistics as well as the types of information
that physical evidence can provide
8 Compare anthropometry and dactylography
0 Explain how Bertillon, Locard, Vollmer, and others contributed to the
development of criminal investigation techniques
0 Describe the kinds of qualities that detectives and undercover officers
need to possess
125
~
0 Delineate the functions of medical examiners and coroners
G Explain the basic functions of the polygraph and its legal status in the
courts
(i) Describe how DNA analysis operates (including a new approach, using
familial DNA) as well as recent developments and some legal and policy
issues concerning its use
f) Explain the contributions of social networking sites to criminal
investigations
41!> Describe the purpose and operation of a cold case squad
4D Clarify whether or not there is a "CSI effect" relating to criminal cases
0 Relate the contributions of dogs to the investigative process
Introduction
The challenges involved with investigating crimes may well be characterized by a quote from Ludwig
Wittgenstein: "How hard I find it to see what is right in front of my eyes I" Investigating crimes has
indeed become a complicated art as well as a science, as will be seen in this chapter.
The art of sleuthing has long fascinated the American public. People appear to be completely enthralled
with anything involving forensics and criminal psychoses (e.g., CSL Dexter, Criminal Minds), as well
as the exploits of detectives as they pursue serial killers (e.g., Silence of the Lambs, Se7en) Nor is this
public interest in sleuthing a recent phenomenon: for decades, Americans have feasted on the exploits
of dozens of fictional masterminds and detectives in books and movies, such as Arthur Conan Doyle's
Sherlock Holmes, Agatha Christie's Hercule Poirot and Miss Marple, and Clint Eastwood's Detective
"Dirty Harry" Callahan, to name a few.
In reality, investigative work is largely misunderstood, often boring, and overrated; it results in arrests
only a fraction of the time; and it relies strongly on the assistance of witnesses and even some luck.
Nonetheless, the related fields of forensic science and criminalistics are the most rapidly developing
areas of policing- and probably in all of criminal justice This is an exciting time to be in the investiga-
tive or forensic disciplines.
This chapter begins by defining forensic science and criminalistics and by looking at their origins;
included is a brief discussion of crime scenes. Then we review the ev ...
The CSI effect at university forensic science students’ telev.docxmehek4
This survey of 135 Australian forensic science students examined their viewing of popular forensic TV shows like CSI and Bones and perceptions of how these shows portray ethics and the profession. Key findings:
- 91% of students had watched forensic TV shows, most frequently NCIS, CSI, and Bones.
- Students recalled ethical issues like evidence contamination and conflict of interest being depicted on the shows. They generally rated how these issues were handled as "poor".
- Students gave median ratings of 1-2 on a scale of 1-5 for the accuracy of how the shows portrayed ethics and forensic science.
- While critical of inaccuracies, some students said the shows sparked interest in the field and exposed them to
Examine Forensic
Examine Forensic Testimony
Name
Class
Date
Professor
Examine Forensic Testimony
Forensic evidence has become more and more important in the court case for proving the guilt or innocence of a criminal defendant. Due to new technology the world of forensics is becoming more and more advanced providing law enforcement with all types of new investigatory tools and ways for the court to prove or disprove guilt. It is essential for law enforcement agencies to have trained forensic personnel with the skills to properly collect the evidence first to ensure the evidence does not become lost, destroyed, or damaged and the forensic evidence is accepted in a court of law.
Improper collection of evidence is only one of many potential challenges associated with forensic evidence but it is an important challenge that must be addressed. Forensic evidence is collected at the crime scene. If the evidence is not properly documented and collected it can be found to be unreliable in the court process. In order for forensic evidence to be accepted in a court of law it must be documented through sketches, photographs, and video tapings and it must be collected using accepted standard forensic collection methods.
If evidence is not properly documented or collected the chain of evidence is broken and the court will exclude the evidence from the court case. The chain of evidence refers to an important aspect of forensic involving the movement of evidence. In order to show the court the evidence was located and collected at the scene and then taken directly to the lab for analysis as well as being stored properly at the lab there needs to be clear documentation. This starts with photographing the evidence located at the scene and clearly documenting each step of the collection and analysis process.
When forensic evidence is presented in court it must be able to meet a specific legal standard before it can be accepted as reliable evidence in a court of law. The legal standard that is applied to testing reliability is either the Frye or Daubert Standard. In the Frye standard forensic evidence must be collected and analyzed employed widely accepted scientific methods. The Daubert standard came after Frye and requires not only that the evidence be collected and analyzed using widely accepted forensic methods, the scientific must be tested using the scientific method, and the evidence must be reliable and relevant. Each state applies a different standard. States with Frye have less of requirement for reliability than states with Daubert.
The CSI Effect is the one of the biggest problem facing courts in the 21st Century. Due to shows, such as CSI, showing a glamorized version of the forensic process, juries expect prosecutors and defense attorneys to present forensic evidence, showing guilt or innocence but most of this burden is put on the state not the defense (Vergano, 2011). The truth is most ca ...
This document summarizes a report on the concept of "risk convergence" in criminal justice. It defines risk convergence as the point at which an ex-offender's risk of reoffending converges with that of the general public. Research finds this point is reached after a certain number of crime-free years, depending on the original offense. However, many policies impose permanent punishments and barriers to reintegration even after risk convergence. This is ineffective and inefficient, as ex-offenders past this point pose no greater risk. The report argues policies should promote reintegration and help ex-offenders become productive citizens once risk convergence is reached.
The CSI effect at university forensic science students’ telev.docxtodd241
The CSI effect at university: forensic science students’ television viewing
and perceptions of ethical issues
Roslyn Weavera*, Yenna Salamonsona, Jane Kocha,b and Glenn Porterc
aUniversity of Western Sydney, Family and Community Health Research Group; bUniversity of
Technology, Sydney, School of Nursing, Midwifery and Health; cUniversity of Western Sydney,
School of Science and Health
(Received 3 January 2012; final version received 3 May 2012)
Although the so-called ‘CSI effect’ has received attention in the literature for the
influence of forensic science television on jurors’ expectations of evidence
admitted into trials, less research explores the influence of such television
programs on university students enrolled in forensic science degrees. This paper
describes the quantitative and qualitative results of a study of forensic science
students regarding the forensic-related television programs they watch, such as
CSI, Bones and Dexter. We asked students to share their impressions of the
accuracy, ethics, professionalism and role models in the programs. The results
show that forensic science students are almost universally disparaging about the
realism of these programs and have mixed impressions of how the programs
portray forensic science professionalism and ethics. Most students believed that
the programs gave an unrealistic representation of the profession to the public;
yet students were also able to identify positive elements for recruitment and
education purposes.
Keywords: forensic science; CSI effect; students; television; education; Australia
Introduction
Popular media have suggested that crime science television programs such as CSI
may influence how lay jurors consider forensic evidence during criminal trials1–8.
This influence has been described as the CSI effect and named after the popular
television drama. It is suggested that jurors confuse the capacity of forensic evidence
with the fictional idealisation of forensic evidence as portrayed on the television
program2. Goodman-Delahunty and Verbrugge4 suggest that, despite the popular
media claims, there is little objective evidence to support the notion that crime scene
dramas such as CSI have a negative impact on jury verdicts. Wise5 indicated that
there are two issues relating to the ‘CSI effect’ proposition, with each affecting either
the prosecution or defence position; (i) the jurors held an inflated value of the
forensic evidence producing guilty verdicts2–5,9, or (ii) in the absence of forensic
evidence or when the evidence failed to reach the juries’ idealised expectations the
juries would acquit2–3,5. Evidence of the influence of the CSI effect, as claimed in the
popular media, has been mixed1–9.
Although the so-called CSI effect has received attention in the literature for the
influence of CSI on jurors’ expectations of forensic evidence admitted into criminal
*Corresponding author. Email: [email protected]
Australian Journal of Forensic Sciences
Vol. 44.
1) The document discusses a study that investigated whether subliminally priming the color of a suspect's shirt can influence eyewitness identification. Participants watched a crime video and later identified a suspect from a lineup. The shirt color of each suspect was primed subliminally with a color word that either matched or didn't match the shirt.
2) Contrary to expectations, participants did not choose suspects more frequently when primed with a matching color. However, over 90% of participants falsely identified a suspect, despite the actual culprit not being in the lineup.
3) This study explored how implicit or subliminal priming could influence eyewitness identification, which has received little attention compared to research on explicit memory
Similar to Beyond Frequency Perceived Realism and the CSI EffectEvelyn M. .docx (16)
BIODIVERSITY and HEALTHY POPULATIONSECS111 P DR. SE.docxtangyechloe
BIODIVERSITY and HEALTHY
POPULATIONS
ECS111 P
DR. SEALEY
SPRING 2019
FINAL FOOTPRINT: THIS IS 15% OF YOUR GRADE.
Pick your parameters – something you can
document and measure.
Start doing some research on that parameter,
create a bibliography in end note.
EMAIL Dr. SEALEY or MAKE AN APPOINTMENT
if you have questions, want help, need
references or just want to be sure you are on the
right track
Start now, you may have to start over if the first
attempts don’t work out.
EQUILIBRIUM THEORY
Ecosystems are stable environments in
which species interact constantly in well
balanced predator-prey and competitive
relationships.
“Balance of nature” idea derived from this
theory.
BIODIVERSITY IS LINKED TO POPULATIONS
DYNAMICS OF NATURAL
POPULATIONS
• Population growth curves
• Biotic potential versus environmental
resistance
• Density dependence and critical number
POPULATION = BIRTHS – DEATHS -
EMMIGRATION + IMMIGRATION
POPULATION
GROWTH
Exponential vs. Logistical Growth
LIFE HISTORY OR
REPRODUCTIVE STRATEGIES
Many offspring with
low parental care
Few offspring with
high parental careJ-shaped growth curve
S-shaped growth curve
WHICH SPECIES WILL SURVIVE
IN A RAPIDLY CHANGING
ENVIRONMENT?
Panda
Narrow distribution
Small population
Low genetic variation
Large size
Small # of offspring
Limited migration
Mouse
Wide distribution
Large population
High genetic variation
Small size
Large # of offspring
High migration
POPULATION DYNAMICS
Environmental resistance: combination of
biotic and abiotic factors that may limit
population increase.
Biotic potential: combination of biotic and
abiotic factors that enhance population
increase.
YOU TUBE BREAK:
WHAT DETERMINES BIODIVERISTY?
HEALTHY POPULATIONS OF MANY
SPECIES!!!!
HOW CLOSE ARE WE TO
RESURRECTING EXTINCT SPECIES?
HTTPS://WWW.YOUTUBE.COM/WATCH?V
=QA1_MDIDGYK
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qA1_mdiDgyk
ESSAY # 9 : ARE WE READY FOR DE-
EXTINCTION?
DE-EXTINCTION AND RECOVERY OF SPECIES:
Should scientists pursue species recovery of extinct
species?
Give a specific example of one species you believe
should or should not be brought back from
extinction.
Write a persuasive essay to discuss the ecological,
economic and ethical ramifications of re-creating the
genome of an extinct species, re-creating
populations, and then releasing these animals into
the wild.
Mammal Population Losses and the Extinction Crisis
Gerardo Ceballos and Paul R. Ehrlich
The disappearance of populations is a prelude to species
extinction. No geographically explicit estimates have been
made of current population losses of major indicator taxa.
Here we compare historic and present distributions of 173
declining mammal species from six continents. These
species have collectively lost over 50% of their historic
range area, mostly where human activ.
BIOC 405 Assignment 1 Dr Moore Due Friday March 1st, .docxtangyechloe
BIOC 405 Assignment 1: Dr Moore
Due Friday March 1st, 2019 before 16:00 in Room 3D30.8 HSc
1. (a)In your handout for protein kinase A, there is a table of known substrate
sequences, in other words sequences of peptides phosphorylated by PKA. Please do your
best to align the substrate sequences provided, and from the alignment, predict what a good
consensus substrate for PKA will be. To present your alignment, please use an equal width
font for the protein sequences (Courier or Courier New work well). Highlight the P(0)
residue, P(-1) etc.
(b)The regulatory subunit (R) of protein kinase A has a short sequence
(RRRRGAISA that is critical for inhibiting the activity of the kinase catalytic subunit. This
short sequence of the R-subunit actually sits in the active site cleft of PKA in the
crystallographically-determined structure of the inhibited RC complex. Can you deduce
what the function of this sequence is? Using the answer to part (a) as a guide, please align
the inhibitory sequence with the known substrate sequences to deduce how this sequence
likely functions to inhibit PKA. Furthermore, using your class notes, can you make a guess
at which residues on PKA might interact with specific residues from the R-inhibitory
peptide?
2. For a regularly spaced 1-Dimensional array of atoms (spacing =13 Å) calculate the
total number of diffraction maxima and their scattering angles (for perfect in phase
scattering from the atoms in the 1-D array) between scattering angles of zero and ninety
degrees Use a wavelength of d=1.25 Å. Please include a drawing to explain the diffraction
condition and show your calculations.
3. Using site specific mutagenesis to change residues in the substrate binding cleft of
PKA (not residues involved in catalytic roles), how would you alter PKA’s substrate
specificity at P-3, and P-2 to Glu and P+1 to Asn? By this, I mean how would you
specifically make mutations in the PKA enzyme amino acid sequence (not the substrate
sequence) that would select for binding and phosphorylation of a peptide sequence that
would clearly differ from the known substrate sequence preferred by PKA as outlined
above. Be sure to clearly highlight exactly what residues in the PKA sequence you would
have to change (and to what amino acid) to achieve this.
4. The following lines of data describe the atomic coordinates for an arginine residue in
a protein molecule in PDB (protein data bank) format. Since proteins are three-dimensional
objects, the position of each atom is specified in space by its X, Y and Z coordinates. On each
line of a PDB formatted file, the atom number is given, the atom type is next (e.g. N-
backbone nitrogen, backbone carbonyl oxygen etc), the residue name (here ARG 431 in chain
D; in this instance the protein crystal contains four independent copies of the polypeptide
chain, labelled A through D), then the X-coordinate for that atom, the Y-coordinate for that
atom and the Z-coo.
BIO34 Human Heredity and Evolution EXTRA CREDIT Paper Prompt .docxtangyechloe
BIO34: Human Heredity and Evolution EXTRA CREDIT Paper Prompt
Roughly 10-years have passed since The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks was published. With regard to legal rights and property claims, there has been some progress towards laws and guidelines regarding using patients’ tissues for research and commercial endeavors. However, there are still many areas of ambiguity in the laws and regulations towards using patients’ cells and/or tissues.
Find a recent example in the news that relates to issues of informed consent, property rights, and patients’ rights that were discussed in The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks. A “recent” example can include ANY stories and/or events that have occurred after the publishing of The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks in 2009, after which the public became more aware of the issues presented in the book.
Please write a 3-page (double-spaced) paper in which you:
1. Summarize the selected example, providing the Appropriate Citation of the news article(s) in which you learned about the event and/or case being reported on.
2. Provide an analysis in which you compare-and-contrast how the ethical problems were addressed in a manner differently OR similarly than the case with HeLa cells.
3. Provide a concluding argument about whether you think adequate improvements are in the progress of being made towards the issues of consent and/or property rights regarding the use of patient’s tissues, or if there are still notable deficiencies in how we deal with these matters.
You must cite AT LEAST one article that brings up the “recent” example, so you can compare it to The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks. The source can be primary or secondary, but must be from a legitimate source (i.e., not just Wikipedia, you need the actual link). If you use additional articles or sources to support your paper, also cite them as needed at the end of the paper.
PLEASE NOTE: citations do NOT count to the 3-page limit (i.e., do not give me a 2-page reference list attached to a 1-page paper).
.
BIO120Concepts of BiologyUnit 2 Lecture Part One Cel.docxtangyechloe
BIO120
Concepts of Biology
Unit 2 Lecture
Part One: Cell Biology
Microscopy
Cell Structure
Osmosis & Diffusion
In 1665, Robert Hooke was the first person to describe a cell,
because no one ever had a lens powerful enough to see one.
His first specimen was a piece of cork, the cells reminded him of
little rooms (cella). Hence the name.
Discovering Cells
Microscopy
Discovering Cells
Discovering Microbes
Modern Light
Microscopes
Cell Image
Electron Microscope
Size of Cells
Cell Structure
Osmosis & Diffusion
Although Hooke was the first person to see a cell,
Leeuwenhoek described the most cells in about 1683. He
was first to see bacteria and other microbes, because his lens
was 10 times more powerful than Hooke’s.
Discovering Microbes
Microscopy
Discovering Cells
Discovering Microbes
Modern Light
Microscopes
Cell Image
Electron Microscope
Size of Cells
Cell Structure
Osmosis & Diffusion
Most modern light microscopes can magnify objects up
to 400 or 1,000 times the size of what you can see with
the naked eye. Some light microscopes are dissecting
microscopes, which have a lower magnification, but allow
biologist to examine larger objects.
Modern Light Microscopes
Bright Field MicroscopeDissecting Microscope
Microscopy
Discovering Cells
Discovering Microbes
Modern Light
Microscopes
Cell Image
Electron Microscope
Size of Cells
Cell Structure
Osmosis & Diffusion
This image shows uterine cervix cells, viewed through
a light microscope. The cells were obtained from a Pap
smear during a gynecological exam. The cells on the left
are normal. The cells on the right are infected with human
papillomavirus, which can cause cervical cancer. These
potential cancerous cells are bigger and appear to be
dividing. The cells are blue, because they have been stained
to help see them better.
Cell Image
Microscopy
Discovering Cells
Discovering Microbes
Modern Light
Microscopes
Cell Image
Electron Microscope
Size of Cells
Cell Structure
Osmosis & Diffusion
Even more powerful than a light microscope is an electron
microscope. Electron microscope uses electrons instead of
light to form images and can magnify images 100,000 x.
The top images shows the amazing details on an ant head.
The lower image shows Salmonella infecting human cells.
Electron Microscope
Microscopy
Discovering Cells
Discovering Microbes
Modern Light
Microscopes
Cell Image
Electron Microscope
Size of Cells
Cell Structure
Osmosis & Diffusion
This image summarizes the sizes of cells and their
components and what can be seen by the naked eye, light
microscope, and electron microscope.
Size of Cells
Microscopy
Discovering Cells
Discovering Microbes
Modern Light
Microscopes
Cell Image
Electron Microscope
Size of Cells
Cell Structure
Osmosis & Diffusion
Cells can be classified as either prokaryotes or eukaryotes
depending on whether a nucleus is present or absent.
Prokaryotes are .
Bio-Assignment02 week two Term 2019 SummerAssignment 2Na.docxtangyechloe
This document contains a biology midterm exam with multiple choice and short answer questions about various biology topics like photosynthesis, digestion, the Krebs cycle, limiting nutrients, caffeine toxicity, drug deaths, and pharmacological terms. The exam is assessing the student's understanding of key course concepts through questions that require recalling, explaining, and applying biological knowledge.
Bio 105- Please answer 50-60 words each.1.Human Exponential Po.docxtangyechloe
Bio 105- Please answer 50-60 words each.
1.
Human Exponential Population Growth
Prior to 1950, the death rate was high, which kept the numbers of humans from increasing rapidly. In the 19th Century, the agricultural revolution increased food production. The industrial revolution improved methods of transporting food and other good. In the 20th Century, advances in medicine, sanitation and
nutrition
have decreased the death rates further. These factors combined to produce the rapid growth of the human population in the 20th century. Explain 4 factors (
inventions
or public health measures) that decrease the death rates of infants and small children that lead to our exponential population growth.
2.
Population Growth Problem
“The world is characterized by scarcity and competition for limited resources. Further growth of
either
human populations or standard of
living will
be disastrous.”
Think about this statement and decide if you agree or disagree with it and why. Note the
either
clause in the statement.
What would be worse population growth or increases in the average standard of living?
.
Bill is a young professional who comes to you for help. He earns a v.docxtangyechloe
Bill is a young professional who comes to you for help. He earns a very good salary (+$100,000) and is trying to figure out what to do with all his money. He has a checking and a savings account and no debt. He comes to you for help on how to handle his finances.
How would you apply the principles outlined in Modules One through Three to help Bill with his finances?
Paper needs to be based on the items attached to this assignment.
Please do not request to do this paper without understanding the requirements.
.
Bio 209, Dr. Fernandez.Name1.Your ability to .docxtangyechloe
Bio 209, Dr. Fernandez.
Name:
1.
Your ability to roll your tongue is controlled by two alleles that segregate according to Mendel’s segregation principle. The allele for being able to roll your tongue (R) is dominant. The allele for not being able to roll your tongue (r) is recessive. In a cross between two parents who are both heterozygous for the tongue-rolling trait, what will the phenotypic ratio of the offspring be?
2.
Large Kings (W) is a dominant trait in dragons. Small Kings (w) is recessive. If both parents are heterozygous for wing size, what is the probability that an offspring will have small wings?
3.
In a gene for cystic fibrosis, CF+ represents the dominant healthy allele and CF- the recessive disease allele. Human eye color is usually inherited as if the allele for brown eyes (B) is dominant and the allele for blue eyes (b) is recessive. In a cross in which both parents are heterozygous for cystic fibrosis and eye color, what would the phenotypic ratio for the offspring be if the alleles sorted independently?
4.
Red eyes (R) is dominant trait in dragons; green eyes (r) is recessive. Large wings (W) is a dominant trait; small wings (w) is recessive. If the alleles for eye color sort independently, what phenotypic ratio of offspring will be produce by this cross?
5.
For each of the individuals with
genotypes below list all the
different
(and only different) possible gametes. Do not use unneeded lines.
a) AABb
______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______
b) aaBbtt
______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______
c) DdEeGg
______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______
d) MmNNRrYy
______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______
6.
You have two bean plants from true
‐
breeding stocks. One plant has red flowers and is short. The other has white flowers and is very tall. Using the letter "R" (both upper and lower case) for flower color, and "T" (upper and lower case) for tallness, write out the genotype of the two parent plants and the genotype and phenotype of the
F1
offspring.
a) If red is dominant to white, and tall is dominant to short.
Parent 1:
Parent 2:
F1:
b) If red is incompletely dominant to white. In this case a plant heterozygous for the R genes will be pink. Tall is still dominant.
Parent 1:
Parent 2:
F1:
c) Do a Punnett square showing the genotypes and phenotypes for the F2 generation from b).
7.
Joe is genotype Ee for an enzyme found in blood. He is phenotypically normal. However, chemical analysis of Joe’s blood shows that he has less of the enzyme than Vincent, who is genotype EE and is also phenotypically normal. Is the production of this enzyme a trait that shows complete or incomplete dominance? Explain your answer
8.
Recall that widow’s peak and free earlobes are dominant traits. Latoya has a widow’s peak and free earlobes. Dennis has a widow’s peak and attached earlobes. They .
BIO 299 PathologyMicrobial-Environmental Interactions Paper.docxtangyechloe
BIO 299 Pathology/Microbial-Environmental Interactions Paper
You will pick a microorganism for your paper on pathology or microbe-environment interactions. The organism cannot be one of the ones your instructor goes over during lecture listed in the syllabus. Select a pathogen/microbe from current events that is an emerging or reemerging concern to you or people in your area. Provide local epidemiological data/statistics for the organism.
Note this cannot be covid-19, Ebola, flu, clostridium botulinum, Hepatitis C, Anthrax, MRSA. These has been discussed already. Choose something in Africa or the US.
Your paper must include:
Introduction to the organism (structure, cell type, morphology, metabolic requirements, natural reservoir, history, etc.)
Introduction to the disease(s) caused by the organism (epidemiology, signs, symptoms, etc.) OR introduction to the environmental impact of the organism
List and describe factors employed by the organism to assist in its growth, reproduction, culture conditions, host/pathogen interactions and/or virulence. (e.g., nitrogen fixation, symbiotic interactions etc.) Categorize virulence factors by mechanisms of action (Immunity Avoidance, Tissue/Cell Lysis, Colonization/Spread)
Discussion of treatment/prevention options for the disease(s) caused by the organism (Antibiotics or other chemotherapeutics given as part of treatment and their mechanisms of action, Vaccines available and type)
The paper should be a minimum of 5 pages of relevant and informative material that covers all of the content and requirements listed below and in the rubric. The 5 pages does not include the title and reference pages. The paper should thoroughly inform the reader.
APA format. This includes citations and references.
Title page must have a title, student name, instructor name, course title, and date.
No direct quotes; put information into your own words or paraphrase.
Minimum of three (3) primary and at least two (2) secondary scholarly sources, plus any other references used. You also must include in-text citations.
1-inch margins
Double-spaced
12 point, Times New Roman
After uploading to Turnitin, your paper will be scored for similarity. Anything above 18% similarity should be worked on further and uploaded again before the due date.
Over 18 % similarity and/or no references will result in an automatic zero on the paper.
.
Bio 211A. Student The allelopathic effects of the .docxtangyechloe
Bio 211 A. Student
The allelopathic effects of the Pinus Rigada on Raphanus Sativus
A. Student
October 22, 2015
Georgia Military College
Introduction
In a garden, Raphanus sativus were planted near other vegetables that were considered “companion plants”, but the R. sativus plantwas not exhibiting any real growth. Overhead Eastern pitch pine trees (Pinus Rigida) were growing and knowing that pine trees typically exhibit allelopathic tendencies, determining whether P. rigida was to blame or whether there was another contributing factor was important in getting to the root of the problem. To discover if the P. rigida were possibly inhibiting the growth, a study was done to determine if there was any connection between the stunted growth of the R. sativusand the P.rigida. The primary goal of this study was to gather and analyze data on the effects of the P. rigida on the growth of R. sativus. This was done to determine whether P. rigida exhibited allelopathic traits towards the seeds of R. sativus.
The R. sativus is a cultigen, meaning it has been altered by humans and is the result of artificial selection. They belong to the Brassicaceae family, which includes turnips (Brassica rapa), cabbage and relatives (Brassica oleracea) and horseradish (Armoracia rusticana). The name Raphanus refers to the radishes ability to rapidly germinate and is derived from the greek language: ra, meaning quickly and phainomai, meaning to appear. (Plants & Fungi)
Allelopathy is the secretion of chemical substances by plants that inhibit the growth of a competing species. (Allelopathy) A study was done on Pinus halepinsus and the possible allelopathic effects of its needles. In growth chambers, plastic pots consisting of 6(g), 8(g), and 12(g) of pine needle tissue and screened perlite were used to perform this study. Three different physiological stages of pine needles were collected from the P. halepinsus; fresh, senesced, and decaying. The pots containing the pine needle tissue were then seeded with tall fescue, Bermuda grass, or oat at 20, 20, and 3 seeds per pot. The needles tissue of the P. halepinsus in the perlite substrate reduced growth and development of the tall fescue and Bermuda grass. This suggests that toxic chemicals were excreted through the pine needle tissue. Growth inhibition was dependent on the type of pine and the amount incorporated into the pot. From the results, it was concluded that inhibitory compounds were within the pine needle tissue and were more apparent in fresh needles than senesced and decaying needles. (Nektarios, 2005)
The Eastern P. rigidia is from the same family of trees as P. halepinsus called Pinaceae. Being from the same family, it is possible that they exhibit the same allelopathic traits. The inhibited growth of the R. sativus may be caused from possible allelopathic effects of the pine needles from the P. rigidia. If radish (R. sativus) seeds are exposed to extracts from the pitch pine tree (P. rigidi.
Bill of RightsWhen the Constitution was completed in the summer of.docxtangyechloe
Bill of Rights
When the Constitution was completed in the summer of 1787, approval by representatives from nine of the thirteen states was needed for it to become the nation’s law. The issue of individual rights was managed—though this, too, created conflict among the Framers—with the addition of the Bill of Rights. Change was written into the supreme law of the land; since then, legal institutionalization of changes has occurred. Since the Constitution’s adoption, change has taken place through the amendment process identified in the Constitution. Change has also occurred under the direction of the branches of government established in the Constitution: the executive, the legislature, and the judiciary.
Research
The Bill of Rights is the first ten amendments to the U.S. Constitution. Review the Bill of Rights in your textbook and select one of the first ten amendments to research more thoroughly. Using the Argosy University online library resources, select at least three peer-reviewed articles about the amendment you have selected. Look specifically for articles that focus on current events or controversies related to the amendment and be prepared to summarize the content of each article.
Annotated Bibliography
Prepare an annotated bibliography of your research. Please read
Annotated Bibliography.pdf
for an overview on annotated bibiographies. Click
here
for an example of what an annotated bibliography looks like. Include the following:
For each article, write details such as the article title, author name, journal title, and publication date.
Write a summary of each article in 200–250 words.
Write the conclusions you have drawn from research and your opinion in 1–2 paragraphs.
Write a reference list of the selected articles in APA style.
Write a 2–3-page annotated bibliography in Word format. Apply APA standards for writing style to your work
.
BIO 10 Can Eating Insects Save the WorldDue Monday, Dec 10, .docxtangyechloe
BIO 10
Can Eating Insects Save the World?
Due: Monday, Dec 10, 2018, 11:59pm
(10 points)
Instructions:
· Watch the documentary (59 min): https://youtu.be/Acxbx-DUkL4
· Answer the 6 questions below. Copy and paste the entire section, including questions onto Canvas for submission.
Short answer questions:
Keep your answers to a few sentences each. #4 can be a little longer.
1) List and discuss the health benefits of eating insects.
2) List and discuss the benefit(s) to the environment.
3) List and discuss the impact(s) on the planet and the human population.
4) Can you think of some disadvantages of eating insects? Do a bit of research to verify your claim either way. Briefly present your evidence in support of your answer.
5) Are spiders insects? Explain.
Running head: THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN DATA AND INFORMATION
Alajmi
1
THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN DATA AND INFORMATION
Alajmi
2
The Difference between Data and Information
Jassim Alajmi
Dr. Qudrat
The Difference between Data and Information
Introduction
Most of the individuals have the belief that the term information and data are interchangeable and have the same meaning. Nevertheless, there exists a unique difference between the two terms. Data can refer to any character, word, text, or number and if it is not placed into context, doesn't mean anything or means very little to humans. Information may be in its context a data which is formatted in such a way allowing it to be used by people in certain vital situations. Understanding the differences between data and information is essential because it helps to eradicate the apparent confusion brought about by the application of the two terms in organizations and other relevant professions.
Data
Data refers to the grouping of details and facts such as figures, texts, symbols, observations, or merely descriptions of certain things, entities or events collected with the aim of creating inferences. It represents the raw facts which require processing to obtain the information which needed for action to be taken upon a given situation (Silverman, 2018). It is mostly known to entail such things as characters and statements, as well as numbers before undergoing refining by the individual involved in its extraction who in this case is known as the researcher.
The word data is derived from the Latin word called datum which means something given. Data is therefore offered and provided by individuals involved in the survey process. Its concept is thus linked to the scientific research which included a collection of data and analysis before interpreting it to come up with the exact information regarding a given situation (Silverman, 2018). It is often gathered by several organizations, institutions, government departments as well as non-governmental agencies and bodies for various distinct reasons. Data exists in two major forms namely primary and secondary data.
Primary data is that data which is gathered by researchers from .
billy rich and Michael million are two very wealthy, elderly men. si.docxtangyechloe
billy rich and Michael million are two very wealthy, elderly men. since neither of them have any heirs, they decide to give away all but $1 of their fortune before they die. billy Rich has $1,340,000 and is giving 1/3 of his remaining money away each year. Micheal Million has $980,000 and is giving away 1/4 of his money away each year. who will get down to their final dollar first: Billy or Micheal? how many years will it take each of them to give away their fortune?
.
Billau ! 1Alessandro Billau Dr. Daniel Cicenia C.docxtangyechloe
Billau ! 1
Alessandro Billau
Dr. Daniel Cicenia
CPO-2001
26 February 2019
Term Paper Proposal
After carefully examining the syllabus and textbook the country of my choice in which I
would enjoy conducting thorough research on is the nation of Turkey. The recent tensions flaring
up in Syria, President Donald Trump is withdrawing U.S troops after he threatens to “devastate”
Turkey’s economy if they attack Kurdish forces; leaving Turkey to worried the future of their
national security. In such a country where religion and political turmoil merge it is close to
impossible to predict the future of their actions. These events have sparked my interest in
learning more about the political, economic, and social relations in Turkey.
Istanbul is the largest city in Turkey which was once ruled by both Christian and Muslim
empires. After World War 1, the Ottoman Empire sits defeated which led to the Turkish War of
Independence in 1919 — leading to the overthrow and downfall of Sultan Mehmet VI Vahdettin.
Next, the Republic of Turkey is founded by Kemal Ataturk, a national hero, later named as the
first President of Turkey. On October 29, 1923, a new Turkish constitution replaced the
constitution of the Ottoman Empire, forever marking the independence of the nation.
In addition, using library databases from the State College of Florida will allow me to
find books, magazines, and academic articles regarding the political sanctions enforced in
Turkey. One of the things I would hope to learn during research assignment is not only how
politics is done in Turkey but its relationships in regards to other countries. Finally, achieving
approval for this paper will allow me to learn more about the political structure in Turkey.
Billau ! 2
Outline
I. Turkey
A. How have social, economic, and political sanctions changed over time in Turkey?
B. The purpose of this research paper is to learn more about the political, economic, and
social relations in Turkey.
II. Politics in Turkey
A. Democratic parliamentary republic system
B. Branches
1. Executive
2. Legislative
3. Judicial
III. Political Situation
A. Independence of Turkey
B. Kemal Ataturk
C. Justice and Development Party
D. Foreign and domestic policy
IV. Economic Situation
A. Fiscal policy
B. Globalization
C. Debt
D. Low and middle class
V. Political Socialization
A. Education
B. Mass media
C. Democratic future
VI. Sources
A. Santa Fe College Library databases
1. JSTOR
a) Academic journals
.
BIG DATA
Prepared By
Muhammad Abrar Uddin
Introduction
· Big Data may well be the Next Big Thing in the IT world.
· Big data burst upon the scene in the first decade of the 21st century.
· The first organizations to embrace it were online and startup firms. Firms like Google, eBay, LinkedIn, and Facebook were built around big data from the beginning.
· Like many new information technologies, big data can bring about dramatic cost reductions, substantial improvements in the time required to perform a computing task, or new product and service offerings.
What is BIG DATA?
· ‘Big Data’ is similar to ‘small data’, but bigger in
size
· but having data bigger it requires different approaches:
– Techniques, tools and architecture
· an aim to solve new problems or old problems in a better way
· Big Data generates value from the storage and processing of very large quantities of digital information that cannot be analyzed with traditional computing techniques.
What is BIG DATA
· Walmart handles more than 1 million customer transactions every hour.
· Facebook handles 40 billion photos from its user base.
· Decoding the human genome originally took 10years to process; now it can be achieved in one week.
Three Characteristics of Big Data V3s
(
Volume
Data
quantity
) (
Velocity
Data
Speed
) (
Variety
Data
Types
)
1st Character of Big Data
Volume
· A typical PC might have had 10 gigabytes of storage in 2000.
· Today, Facebook ingests 500 terabytes of new data every day.
· Boeing 737 will generate 240 terabytes of flight data during a single
flight across the US.
· The smart phones, the data they create and consume; sensors embedded into everyday objects will soon result in billions of new, constantly-updated data feeds containing environmental, location, and other information, including video.
2nd Character of Big Data
Velocity
· Clickstreams and ad impressions capture user behavior at millions of events per second
· high-frequency stock trading algorithms reflect market changes within microseconds
· machine to machine processes exchange data between billions of devices
· infrastructure and sensors generate massive log data in real- time
· on-line gaming systems support millions of concurrent users, each producing multiple inputs per second.
3rd Character of Big Data
Variety
· Big Data isn't just numbers, dates, and strings. Big Data is also geospatial data, 3D data, audio and video, and unstructured text, including log files and social media.
· Traditional database systems were designed to address smaller volumes of structured data, fewer updates or a predictable, consistent data structure.
· Big Data analysis includes different types of data
Storing Big Data
· Analyzing your data characteristics
· Selecting data sources for analysis
· Eliminating redundant data
· Establishing the role of NoSQL
· Overview of Big Data stores
· Data models: key value, graph, document, column-family
· Hadoop Distributed File System
· H.
Big Five Personality Short FormThis is an example of an indivi.docxtangyechloe
Big Five Personality Short Form
This is an example of an individual self-assessment of personal styles. The sample questions below allow you to indicate your personal style on each of five global trait dimensions. There is no “right” or “wrong” or “good” or “bad” side to these dimensions; rather they help you identify your stylistic disposition and potential strengths. This is similar to finding out if you are left- or right-handed. Below each global trait is an example of personal style and three related questions with some on each of the poles.
Openness
Openness is the level of a person’s receptiveness to novel ideas, change, innovation, and new learning. On the continuum, this can be seen as preference for change on one end of the spectrum and preference for stability on the other.
Preference for Change
You value new learning, change, and innovation and find motivation in novelty, variety, and possibilities for improvement. New tasks and new learning are stimulating and attractive to you.
Answer each of the questions listed below by marking the selection that best describes your present agreement or disagreement with each statement.
Preference for Stability
You value familiarity, predictability, and precedent, and find comfort in stability, routine, and tradition. New tasks and new learning may be uninteresting or demanding for you.
1. The idea of lifelong learning appeals to me.
Strongly Agree
x
Agree
Neutral
Disagree
Strongly Disagree
2. I find it fun to learn and develop new hobbies
Strongly Agree
Agree
x
Neutral
Disagree
Strongly Disagree
Strongly Disagree
Disagree
x
Neutral
Agree
Strongly Agree
3. I have difficulty understanding abstract ideas.
Conscientiousness
Conscientiousness is the factor related to one’s reliability, dependability, trustworthiness, and the inclination to follow norms and rules.
Structured
Orderly, organized, and predictable, you strive to work according to plan and obey the rules, and you expect others to do the same. Comfortable with established procedures and policies, you appreciate reliability and conscientiousness in those around you.
Answer each of the questions listed below by marking the selection that best describes your present agreement or disagreement with each statement.
Flexible
Spontaneous, flexible, and adaptable, you strive to get results, by unconventional means if necessary, and feel restricted by rules and regulations. Comfortable with ambiguity, you appreciate originality and nonconformity in those around you.
1. I am very dependable and reliable in everything I do
Strongly Agree
x
Agree
Neutral
Disagree
Strongly Disagree
2. I like to keep everything I own in its proper place.
Strongly Agree
Agree
x
Neutral
Disagree
Strongly Disagree
Strongly Disagree
x
Disagree
Neutral
Agree
Strongly Agree
3. It is hard for me to keep my bedroom neat and clean.
Extroversion
Extroversion is a tendency to be outgoing, social, expressive, an.
BIG IOT AND SOCIAL NETWORKING DATA FOR SMART CITIES Alg.docxtangyechloe
BIG IOT AND SOCIAL NETWORKING DATA FOR SMART
CITIES:
Algorithmic improvements on Big Data Analysis in the context of RADICAL city
applications
Evangelos Psomakelis12,Fotis Aisopos1, Antonios Litke1, Konstantinos Tserpes21, Magdalini
Kardara1 and Pablo Martínez Campo3
1Distributed Knowledge and Media Systems Group, National Technical University of Athens, Zografou Campus, Athens,
Greece
2Informatics and Telematics Dept, Harokopio University of Athens, Greece
3Communications Engineering department, University of Cantabria, Santander, Spain
{fotais, litke, nkardara, tserpes, vpsomak}@mail.ntua.gr,[email protected]
Keywords: Internet of Things, Social Networking, Big Data Aggregation and Analysis, Smart City applications,
Sentiment Analysis, Machine Learning
Abstract: In this paper we present a SOA (Service Oriented Architecture)-based platform, enabling the retrieval and
analysis of big datasets stemming from social networking (SN) sites and Internet of Things (IoT) devices,
collected by smart city applications and socially-aware data aggregation services. A large set of city
applications in the areas of Participating Urbanism, Augmented Reality and Sound-Mapping throughout
participating cities is being applied, resulting into produced sets of millions of user-generated events and
online SN reports fed into the RADICAL platform. Moreover, we study the application of data analytics such
as sentiment analysis to the combined IoT and SN data saved into an SQL database, further investigating
algorithmic and configurations to minimize delays in dataset processing and results retrieval.
1 INTRODUCTION
Modern cities are increasingly turning towards
ICT technology for confronting pressures associated
with demographic changes, urbanization, climate
change (Romero Lankao, 2008) and globalization.
Therefore, most cities have undertaken significant
investments during the last decade in ICT
infrastructure including computers, broadband
connectivity and recently sensing infrastructures.
These infrastructures have empowered a number of
innovative services in areas such as participatory
sensing, urban logistics and ambient assisted living.
Such services have been extensively deployed in
several cities, thereby demonstrating the potential
benefits of ICT infrastructures for businesses and the
citizens themselves. During the last few years we
have also witnessed an explosion of sensor
deployments and social networking services, along
with the emergence of social networking (Conti et al.,
2011) and internet‐of‐things technologies (Perera et
al., 2013; Sundmaeker et al., 2010) Social and sensor
networks can be combined in order to offer a variety
of added‐value services for smart cities, as has
already been demonstrated by various early internet‐
of‐things applications (such as WikiCity(Calabrese et
al., 2007), CitySense(Murty et al., 2007),
GoogleLatitude(Page and Kobsa, 2010)), as.
Big Data Risks and Rewards (good length and at least 3-4 references .docxtangyechloe
Big Data Risks and Rewards (good length and at least 3-4 references everything in APA 7 format)
When you wake in the morning, you may reach for your cell phone to reply to a few text or email messages that you missed overnight. On your drive to work, you may stop to refuel your car. Upon your arrival, you might swipe a key card at the door to gain entrance to the facility. And before finally reaching your workstation, you may stop by the cafeteria to purchase a coffee.
From the moment you wake, you are in fact a data-generation machine. Each use of your phone, every transaction you make using a debit or credit card, even your entrance to your place of work, creates data. It begs the question: How much data do you generate each day? Many studies have been conducted on this, and the numbers are staggering: Estimates suggest that nearly 1 million bytes of data are generated every second for every person on earth.
As the volume of data increases, information professionals have looked for ways to use big data—large, complex sets of data that require specialized approaches to use effectively. Big data has the potential for significant rewards—and significant risks—to healthcare. In this Discussion, you will consider these risks and rewards.
To Prepare:
Review the Resources and reflect on the web article
Big Data Means Big Potential, Challenges for Nurse Execs
.
Reflect on your own experience with complex health information access and management and consider potential challenges and risks you may have experienced or observed.
By Day 3 of Week 5
Post
a description of at least one potential benefit of using big data as part of a clinical system and explain why. Then, describe at least one potential challenge or risk of using big data as part of a clinical system and explain why. Propose at least one strategy you have experienced, observed, or researched that may effectively mitigate the challenges or risks of using big data you described. Be specific and provide examples.
By Day 6 of Week 5
Respond
to at least
two
of your colleagues
* on two different days
, by offering one or more additional mitigation strategies or further insight into your colleagues’ assessment of big data opportunities and risks.
Click on the
Reply
button below to reveal the textbox for entering your message. Then click on the
Submit
button to post your message.
*Note:
Throughout this program, your fellow students are referred to as colleagues.
Michea Discussion ( in APA 7 format and at least 2-3 references)
With the fast growing pace of technological advancement in the health care sector, daily operations of the institution helps generate millions of data that over time needs proper channels of transmission, storage, processing, assimilation and utilization. Following from the vast amount of data generated, some of its benefits includes but is not limited to functioning as a pattern discovery aid with relation to the amount of variance or similarity in .
biblioteca ciencias estudiantes
examen laboratorio profesora
1. Yo estudio las como la física y la química.
2. Mi de español es la señora Hernández.
3. En mi clase de historia hay veinte .
4. Normalmente tenemos clase de química en el .
5. Guillermo siempre estudia en la .
6. Hoy tengo un muy difícil.
• número
• casa
• cuarto
• seis
• curso
• periodismo
• estadio
• reloj
• biblioteca
• pluma
• libro
• semana
• prueba
• tiza
• examen
• mochila
• pizarra
• tiza
• especialización
• librería
• profesor
• borrador
• silla
• estudiante
• hora
• reloj
• papelera
• pluma
• puerta
• programa
• mujer
• ventana
• • inglés
• matemáticas
• borrador
• sociología
• • mesa
• física
• escritorio
• silla
• • papel
• pluma
• puerta
• cuaderno
• • librería
• biblioteca
• residencia
• mochila
• • ventana
• curso
• clase
• materia
• Marissa toma (is taking) ____ en la universidad.
• español, psicología, economía y música
• historia, inglés, sociología y periodismo
• español, historia, literatura y geografía
• El profesor Morales enseña (teaches) ____.
• química
• matemáticas
• historia
• Juan Carlos toma química ____.
• los miércoles, jueves y viernes
• los lunes, miércoles y viernes
• los lunes, martes y jueves
• Miguel necesita ir a (needs to go to) ____.
• la biblioteca
• la residencia estudiantil
• la librería
1. Juan Carlos toma y computación porque le gusta .
2. Cuando Marissa está en clase, le gusta estar de la ventana.
3. Cuando Felipe está en clase, le gusta estar el reloj y .
4. Cuando están al teléfono, la mamá de Maru mientras ella .
5. Antes de ir a la biblioteca, Maru y Miguel van a .
6. La librería está de la biblioteca.
• Students in Spanish-speaking countries must pay large amounts of money toward their college tuition.
• cierto
• falso
• Carrera refers to any undergraduate or graduate program that students enroll in to obtain a professional degree.
• cierto
• falso
• After studying at a colegio, students receive their bachillerato.
• cierto
• falso
• Undergraduates study at a colegio or an universidad.
• cierto
• falso
• In Latin America and Spain, students usually choose their majors in their second year at the university.
• cierto
• falso
• The polimodal system helps students choose their university major.
• cierto
• falso
• In Mexico, the bachillerato involves specialized study.
• cierto
• falso
• In Spain, majors depend on entrance exam scores.
• cierto
• falso
• Venezuelans complete a licenciatura in five years.
• cierto
• falso
• According to statistics, Colombians constitute the third-largest Latin American group studying at U.S. universities.
• cierto
• falso
• The University of Salamanca was established in the year ____.
• 1812
• 1968
• 1218
• A ____ .
Big data in media and digital PlatformsResearch Paper Format.docxtangyechloe
Big data in media and digital Platforms
Research Paper Format
1. Cover Page
2. Abstract
3. Table of content
4. Discussion- Main Content
5. Justification and Explanation
6. Conclusion
7. Citation/ References
APA format
No plagarism
7-8 Pages
.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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Andreas Schleicher presents PISA 2022 Volume III - Creative Thinking - 18 Jun...EduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher, Director of Education and Skills at the OECD presents at the launch of PISA 2022 Volume III - Creative Minds, Creative Schools on 18 June 2024.
Temple of Asclepius in Thrace. Excavation resultsKrassimira Luka
The temple and the sanctuary around were dedicated to Asklepios Zmidrenus. This name has been known since 1875 when an inscription dedicated to him was discovered in Rome. The inscription is dated in 227 AD and was left by soldiers originating from the city of Philippopolis (modern Plovdiv).
How Barcodes Can Be Leveraged Within Odoo 17Celine George
In this presentation, we will explore how barcodes can be leveraged within Odoo 17 to streamline our manufacturing processes. We will cover the configuration steps, how to utilize barcodes in different manufacturing scenarios, and the overall benefits of implementing this technology.
This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
Beyond Frequency Perceived Realism and the CSI EffectEvelyn M. .docx
1. Beyond Frequency: Perceived Realism and the CSI Effect
Evelyn M. Maeder* and Richard Corbett
Carleton University
Bien que policiers, avocats, juges, voire certains membres de la
communauté, croient que les émissions télévisées de type CSI
ont eu un impact important sur le système de justice pénale
(impact nommé « l’effet CSI »), des recherches empiriques
n’ont pas démontré de lien entre l’écoute d’émissions policières
et les verdicts. La littérature a néanmoins établi que de hauts
taux d’écoute d’émis- sions policières sont liés à de plus
grandes attentes concernant les preuves, différentes attitudes
face aux types de preuves et différents niveaux (rapportés par
les personnes elles-mêmes) de compréhension des preuves
scientifiques. Cette étude tente d’élargir notre compréhension de
l’influence de ce type d’émissions sur les attitudes, les attentes
et les verdicts en examinant l’influence du réalisme apparent
(c.-à-d. le degré auquel les émissions de télévision sont perçues
comme étant des représentations réalistes et exactes du domaine
dépeint) dans ce contexte, étant donné que certaines études ont
identifié le réalisme apparent comme étant un modérateur des
effets de la télévision sur les attitudes. Les participants durent
jouer le rôle de faux jurés et lire la transcrip- tion d’un procès
où la Couronne présentait des preuves génétiques. Les
participants devaient aussi indiquer la fréquence à laquelle ils
regardaient des émissions policières (fréquence) ainsi que le
taux de réalisme dont ils croyaient que ces émissions faisaient
preuve (réalisme apparent). Les résultats ont révélé plusieurs
effets intéressants directs et indirects tant de la fréquence
d’écoute que du réalisme apparent sur le traitement des
renseignements, les attitudes et les prises de décision du faux
juré. Ceci semble indiquer que, afin de bien comprendre l’effet
que les émissions policières peuvent avoir sur des jurés
3. the Crown presented DNA evidence. Participants also indicated
the frequency with which they watched crime television
programs (frequency), as well as the degree to which they felt
these programs were accurate and realistic depictions of the
criminal justice system (perceived realism). Results revealed a
number of interesting direct and indirect effects of both
frequency of viewing and perceived realism on mock juror
information processing, attitudes, and decision making,
suggesting that in order to truly understand the effect that crime
television may have on potential jurors, their frequency of
watching must be considered in combination with the degree to
which they perceive these programs as realistic depictions of
the justice system.
Keywords: jury decision making, CSI effect, perceptions of
forensic evidence, perceptions of eyewitness testimony,
perceived realism
With an ever-increasing number of crime television programs in
which forensic tests are used to solve a case in the course of a
single episode, many criminal justice officials have begun to
worry that the public may believe that forensic evidence is easy
to obtain, quick to test, and free of potential flaws. These
misperceptions would have their largest impact in the criminal
courtroom, where members of the public serve as jurors, and
thus, mistaken beliefs about availability, efficiency, and efficacy
of forensic evidence could result in flawed verdict decisions.
The CSI effect refers to the perception commonly held by
lawyers, judges, police officers, and even the general public
that, due to the apparent availability of forensic evidence on
crime television shows such as CSI, jurors may be either
unwilling to convict in the absence of such evidence or overly
reliant on it when it is presented (e.g., Heinrick2006;
Lawson2009). Thus far, most research has failed to establish a
link between watching crime television and verdict decisions in
4. simulated criminal trials. Specifically, most studies have not
revealed an effect of mock jurors’ crime television consumption
frequency on the willingness to convict in the presence or
absence of forensic evidence. The present
Beyond Frequency: Perceived Realism and the CSI Effect 85
study sought to examine the effect of perceived realism (i.e., the
degree to which an individual perceives the show to be realistic)
of these pro- grams, with the assumption that, even among those
who watch crime television frequently, there may be important
differences between in- dividuals who believe that the
television shows are realistic and accurate and those who do
not. Specifically, we were interested in whether a CSI effect
may result for those who find these shows to be accurate
depictions of the criminal justice system, as opposed to for
those who watch them purely for entertainment purposes, with
an understanding of their unrealistic nature. Given the literature
that suggests that perceived realism may influence the effect of
television on attitudes (e.g., Busselle2001; Taylor 2005), we
sought to examine whether attitudes toward evidence and
verdicts would vary as a function of the perceived realism of
crime television.
We hypothesized that frequency of crime television
consumption would be unrelated to major trial decisions, given
that most studies have found no relationship between frequency
of watching crime television and verdict decisions (e.g.,
HolmgrenandFordham2011; Shelton,Kim,andBarak 2006), or at
best have found an indirect relationship via percep- tions of
circumstantial evidence (Kim,Barak,andShelton2009). How-
ever, we suspected that those who believe that crime television
shows offer a realistic depiction of the criminal justice system
would be more likely to convict in a case involving DNA
evidence, more likely to have positive attitudes toward DNA
evidence, and more likely to perceive the DNA evidence as
5. influential on their decision.
The CSI effect defined
As described by Kruse(2010), a typical episode of CSI begins
with the discovery of a dead body, often a victim of murder, and
finishes with the confession and arrest of a suspect. The central
focus of the CSI series is on forensic science, as opposed to
other aspects of the criminal justice system. This television
series also suggests that forensic evidence is the only valid
authority in criminal investigations (Kruse 2010), while witness
testimonies are deemed unreliable and are not considered
credible sources of evidence (Mann2005). The science depicted
in CSI is idealized and provides a definite, unquestioned
resolution to every case (Kruse2010).
Ley,Jankowski,andBrewer(2012:62)argue that CSI portrays
DNA testing as “common, swift, reliable, and instrumental in
solving cases.” These misleading depictions have led some to
believe that the overemphasis on forensic evidence and the
portrayal of the
86 Canadian Journal of Criminology and Criminal Justice
January 2015
limitless availability of such evidence in CSI have the potential
to distort a juror’s perception of reality.
Specifically, the CSI effect hypothesizes that, as a result of
unrealistic depictions of forensic evidence on crime television
shows (such as CSI), jurors may be overly influenced by
forensic evidence in the courtroom, leading to two distinct
possibilities: 1) when no forensic evidence is present, jurors
will acquit, and 2) when forensic evidence is present, jurors will
convict, even if it is flawed or countered by other important
evidence (e.g., Heinrick2006; Lawson2009). The central
perception is that these crime television shows create unrealistic
expectations in those who watch them. In Canada, section 649
6. of the Criminal Code precludes jurors from speaking about their
experiences during trials, and so we are unable to directly test
whether a CSI effect exists by questioning jurors about their
expectations and the potential influence of crime television
post-trial. However, a great deal of survey and experimental
research has tested for a CSI effect among a number of different
groups.
The CSI effect: Perceptions within and outside of the criminal
justice system
According to Houck(2006), the media first began to report about
a CSI effect in 2003, mostly on the basis of anecdotes from
police officers and prosecutors. Since then, perceptions of this
effect have been found to be pervasive among those involved in
the criminal justice system.
Lawyers
Heinrick(2006)argues that the CSI effect poses a threat to both
prose- cution and defence lawyers. If forensic evidence in not
available, jurors may deem other evidence as insufficient to
render a guilty verdict, resulting in an increase in acquittals. On
the other hand, if DNA evidence is available for the
prosecution, jurors may be overly reliant on this information
and ignore relevant exonerating evidence. According to
Lawson(2009), prosecutors and defence lawyers are under the
impres- sion that the CSI series affects the ability of jurors to
remain impartial at every stage of the trial process.
ColeandDioso-Villa(2009)conducted a review of surveys that
focused on legal actors’ perceptions of a potential CSI effect.
The analysis revealed that prosecutors and defence lawyers
believe that juries are heavily influenced by CSI-type television
programs.
Beyond Frequency: Perceived Realism and the CSI Effect 87
7. The belief in a negative impact caused by CSI-type shows has
also been demonstrated through the study of 102 prosecutors by
the MaricopaCountyAttorney’sOffice(2005)– 74% of the
prosecutors indicated that they had tried a case in which jurors
expected scientific evidence, and 45% felt that jurors focused on
forensic evidence to the point of ignoring other types of
evidence. Importantly, prosecutors reported suspicion that
jurors who watch crime television shows such as CSI may be
overly influential in jury deliberations due to a perception of
expertise in 72% of cases. As a result of these beliefs, lawyers
have begun to change the way they present cases (Houck2006;
Maricopa County 2005). Therefore, it is clear that lawyers are
concerned that jurors are influenced by CSI-type shows.
Police officers
Police officers may share this concern. The results of a
qualitative study by Huey(2010)indicate that most police
officers feel that they experience the CSI effect through public
queries about the conduct of investigations. The study revealed
that police officers are concerned that the inaccurate depictions
of police work in CSI-type shows have created a new standard
of judgement in the public eye that real life police work cannot
meet. According to the majority of officers interviewed, there is
a potential for public trust in the reliability of police forces to
decrease due to unrealistic expectations created by CSI-type
shows. This decrease in trust and reliance has been shown in the
results of Stevens’s (2008) study on the CSI effect and legal
actors. It was found that police reports and non-forensic
evidence collected by the police have had a reduced effect on
guiding prosecution strategies in recent years. According to the
results, currently, lawyers are generally more concerned with
presenting forensic evidence as opposed to police testimony
because they feel that jurors will respond more favourably to
8. forensic evidence. Finally, research has shown that some police
officers have changed the manner in which they interact with the
public in light of their perceptions of the CSI effect (Stinson,
Patry, and Smith2007).
Judges
A small body of research suggests that judges are also very
likely to believe that the CSI effect has an influence on jurors’
decisions. A poll taken at a conference of Louisiana judges
(Toobin2007) found that every judge at the conference believed
CSI has had major impacts on the trial process. Judges, like
prosecutors and police, believe that the CSI effect
88 Revue canadienne de criminologie et de justice pénale
janvier 2015
has led to an increasing number of wrongful acquittals of
defendants on the grounds of insufficient forensic evidence
(Shelton,Kim,andBarak2006). Specifically,
HughesandMagers(2007)conducted a survey of 58 circuit court
judges and found that 58.1% of judges responded agree or
strongly agree to an item indicating that CSI-type television
shows have had an impact on the administration of justice in
their courtrooms. Fewer judges (53.4%) indicated that CSI-type
shows have made it harder to convict defendants in their court,
but three-quarters (75.7%) strongly agreed or agreed that CSI-
type programs have increased jurors’ expec- tations for forensic
evidence. A year later, Robbers(2008)surveyed 89 judges and
reported that 61% of judges felt that CSI-type shows had led to
unreasonable expectations surrounding forensic evidence and
only 1 judge indicated that the CSI effect is exaggerated.
Community members
9. One study has attempted to determine whether the community at
large is concerned about the existence of a CSI effect.
HayesandLevett(2013) surveyed community participants with
regard to their crime television watching habits and asked them
whether they had heard of the CSI effect. Overall, participants
in this study were not aware of the effect (70% indicated that
they had never heard of it), although, when provided with a
definition, they tended to agree that it did exist and represented
an unrealistic expectation of evidence. Notably, those
individuals who were heavier consumers of crime television
were more likely to have heard of the CSI effect and were more
likely to report that shows such as CSI help to educate the
public about investigative and evidentiary procedures.
Therefore, it is apparent that – at least for lawyers, judges, and
the police, and even for some members of the general public –
the so-called CSI effect is a source of concern that, as an effect
of crime television, trials are not being adjudicated objectively
by jurors. The next section will discuss whether empirical
research supports this concern.
The CSI effect: Empirical research
Several studies have attempted to determine the relationship
between crime television viewing and decision making in cases
with and without forensic physical evidence in order to
establish the existence of the CSI effect. Much of this research
supports the notion that jurors may have differing expectations
as a result of watching CSI-type shows; however,
Beyond Frequency: Perceived Realism and the CSI Effect 89
most of this research was unable to confirm a direct link
between crime television and verdict outcomes.
Expectations for evidence
10. Numerous studies that have assessed mock jurors’ expectations
of evidence have found that increased viewing of CSI and
related shows is positively correlated with expectations for the
presentation of scien- tific evidence during trials (Brewer and
Ley 2010; Shelton et al. 2006; Smith, Patry, and Stinson 2007).
Shelton et al. (2006) assessed evidence expectations of potential
jurors in seven different case types. Findings suggested that
participants generally had high expectations with respect to
scientific evidence (including DNA, fingerprint, and ballistic
evidence), irrespective of CSI viewing frequency. In addition,
the specific comparison of CSI viewers to non-CSI viewers also
revealed that frequent CSI watchers had consistently higher
expectations with reference to each type of evidence – including
non-scientific evidence, such as victim or witness testimony –
compared to non-CSI watchers. These results were replicated in
a later study by Shelton, Barak, andKim(2009).
In a content analysis of the first two seasons of CSI and CSI:
Miami, conducted by Patry, Stinson, and Smith (2008), the two
most often portrayed types of evidence were DNA (shown in
18.9% of episodes) and fingerprint evidence (shown in 12% of
episodes). Therefore, it is not surprising that those who watch
these shows may believe that this evidence is readily available.
Knowledge about forensic evidence
Schweitzer and Saks (2007) studied self-perceptions of
knowledge regarding forensic evidence as a function of
watching crime television in a group of 48 student mock
jurors. Participants indicated how much they watched forensic-
science-based shows (e.g., CSI) or general-crime- based shows
(e.g., Law and Order). For both types of shows, those with
increased viewing habits indicated that they had a better
understanding of the tasks performed by forensic scientists.
Those who watched more forensic-science-based shows were
11. also more sceptical of the scientific evidence presented in a
mock trial; this was not true for those who watched general-
crime-based shows. Similarly, Brewer and Ley (2010) reported
that participants who watched more crime television rated
themselves as having a better understanding of DNA evidence.
90 Canadian Journal of Criminology and Criminal Justice
January 2015
Perceptions of forensic evidence
Smith et al. (2007) found that watching crime television was
significantly associated with higher reliability and accuracy
ratings of DNA evidence (and marginally associated with these
ratings of ballistics evidence). Similarly, Brewer and Ley
(2010) found that participants who watched more crime
television reported higher reliability ratings for DNA evi-
dence. However, a study by Lieberman, Carrell, Miethe, and
Krauss(2008) found that perceptions of DNA evidence did not
vary as a function of crime-television consumption frequency.
Verdicts
Empirical literature that has specifically studied the verdict
outcomes of frequent CSI viewers has generally found limited
or no support for the CSI effect on the juror decision-making
process (BrewerandLey2010; Podlas2006).
Sheltonetal.(2006)assessed the potential for the increased
evidence expectations of CSI viewers to translate into verdict
decisions. The results of the study found no significant
difference between the verdict outcomes for CSI viewers and
those for non-viewers. Therefore, the higher expectations with
respect to scientific evidence reported by CSI viewers did not
affect the juror decision-making process in terms of verdict
decisions. These results were replicated in another study, con-
ducted by Kim, Barak, and Shelton (2009), which found that
12. frequent exposure to CSI-type shows had no direct influence on
verdict outcomes for mock jurors. However, this study did
indicate that frequent exposure to CSI had an indirect effect in
cases involving only circumstantial evidence. Increased
exposure to crime television resulted in an increase in
expectations with respect to scientific evidence (suggesting a
decrease in the perception of the value of circumstantial
evidence), which, in turn, led to a reduction in the willingness
to convict in cases involving only circumstantial evidence.
Lieberman et al. (2008) found that conviction rates in a case
involving DNA evidence for the prosecution did not vary as a
function of crime- television consumption frequency.
Schweitzer and Saks (2007) also indicated a lack of effects on
verdicts – though forensic science television viewers were less
likely to convict in cases without forensic evidence, this
difference did not reach statistical significance.
A recent study on the CSI effect with Canadian mock jurors and
Australian jurors (Holmgren and Fordham 2011) found no
support for
Beyond Frequency: Perceived Realism and the CSI Effect 91
the notion that increased viewing of CSI is related to an
increase in acquittals. As found in previous research, there was
a relationship between frequency of viewing and the treatment
of scientific evidence; however, this reported increase in
reliance did not translate into verdict outcomes.
The one exception, thus far, is a study conducted by
BaskinandSommers(2010), who asked participants via a
telephone survey with responses rated on a scale from 1 = very
likely to 4 = not at all likely how likely they would be to
convict an individual accused of rape and murder in the absence
of scientific evidence. Their results indicated that the number of
13. hours participants spent watching crime dramas was directly
related to their willingness to convict in the absence of
scientific evidence. Specifi- cally, individuals who watched
three or more hours per week of crime television reported a
lower likelihood to convict without scientific evidence than did
those who watched between zero and two hours. However,
results from this study should be interpreted with caution.
Participants did not evaluate case facts and evidence in a
simulated trial; they were simply asked about their willingness
to convict. This repre- sents an attitudinal measure as opposed
to a behavioural one, and in light of the research discussed
above, it may not translate into actual verdict decisions.
In sum, empirical literature acknowledges the potential for CSI
viewers to have higher expectations with respect to forensic
evidence, percep- tions of the value of that evidence, and self-
reported understanding of that evidence, as compared to non-
viewers. However, to date, there have been very few indications
of the effects of these differences on verdict outcomes.
Therefore, the theoretical concept of the CSI effect has yet to
find substantial empirical support.
However, it is possible that the CSI effect has yet to be
empirically established due to the way in which it has
traditionally been operation- ally defined in the research
literature. The overwhelming majority of research has tested for
the effects of crime-television viewing frequency. We argue that
it may be important to consider the perceived realism of crime
television – that is, the degree to which individuals who watch
these programs deem them to be realistic and accurate
portrayals of the justice system. We suspect that perceived
realism will be related to attitudes toward different types of
evidence and the perceived influence of those evidence types in
a criminal trial, potentially exerting a direct or indirect
influence on verdict decisions.
14. 92 Revue canadienne de criminologie et de justice pénale
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Whether framed in terms of frequency or perceived realism, the
CSI effect relies on the assumption that watching television can
influence an individual’s attitudes, an assumption that has been
tested in other areas. The next section will describe theoretical
support for the effect of television on attitudes.
The influence of television on attitudes
Cultivation theory
Originally proposed by Gerbner (Gerbner and Gross 1976;
Gerbner,Gross, Morgan, and Signorielli 1986, 1994; Gerbner,
Gross, Morgan,Signorielli,andShanahan2002), cultivation
theory suggests that televi- sion cultivates the public’s
perception of reality. Therefore, people’s perceptions of how
things work in the real world are heavily influenced by the
depictions of television. For example, Kahlor and Eastin(2011)
hypothesized that television may be one influence in the
existence of a culture of violence toward women, and
questioned a large sample with regards to their television
viewing habits and acceptance of rape myths. Their results
supported their predictions, indicating that daily television
viewing was associated with greater endorsement of rape myths.
In addition,
Dudo,Brossard,Shanahan,Scheufele,Morgan,andSignorielli(2011
) conducted a follow-up study to Gerbner, Gross, Morgan,
andSignorielli’s(1985)investigation of the effects of television
viewing on perceptions of science, which had demonstrated that
heavy television viewers had a less favourable perception of
science than those who watched less television. The results of
Dudoetal.(2011)demonstrated that depictions of science have
changed over time and that, consequent- ly, the influence of
television on attitudes toward science has changed as well.
These authors found no direct influence of television viewing on
attitudes toward science, hypothesizing that this lack of an
15. effect may stem from the fact that scientists are now generally
portrayed in a positive light. However, they did observe an
indirect effect, such that heavier television consumption was
associated with lower levels of knowledge about science, which
was, in turn, associated with more positive attitudes toward
science. Thus, while the cultivation theory was developed when
television viewing was quite different from the present, more
recent research demonstrates that television is still quite
influential in the formation and maintenance of attitudes. The
following sections will discuss cultivation research
investigating frequency of exposure and perceived realism on
attitude change, laying the foundation for the present study.
Beyond Frequency: Perceived Realism and the CSI Effect 93
Frequency of exposure
HolmesandJohnson(2009)assessed the potential influence of
frequency of viewing television programs that supported
stereotypical gender roles in relationships. The results found a
positive correlation between frequency of viewing and attitudes
consistent with those advocated on the programs, indicating the
potential influence of television on atti- tudes. The researchers
hypothesized that these findings may have been due to the
susceptibility of the target audience. Another study on the
effects of viewing frequency and subsequent influence
(Schiappa,Gregg,andHewes2006) found that individuals who
frequently watched Will & Grace also reported positive
attitudes toward gays and lesbians. It was also noted that
causation could not be inferred, due to non-random sampling
and the potential for participants to have previously formed
attitudes toward the gay and lesbian community. An analysis of
para- normal television shows and their viewers
(SparksandMiller2001) has indicated that the majority of the
viewers that frequently watched paranormal programs also held
paranormal beliefs. However, it was also found that this effect
was contingent on the viewer’s previous experience with the
16. paranormal. This contingency supports the argu- ment that
frequency of viewing popular television does not necessarily
imply influence; certain individuals (i.e., those who hold pre-
existing beliefs regarding the subject matter) may be more
susceptible than others. Although it does appear that frequency
of exposure to television programs has the potential to influence
attitudes and beliefs, the un- certainties noted above suggest
that it cannot necessarily be assumed that increased viewing
frequency alone will result in altered attitudes or perceptions.
Perceived realism
The influence of television on viewer beliefs may not have to do
with frequency of exposure; rather, the influence may be
contingent on the viewers’ perception of the realism of the
content. Research has demon- strated that information that is
perceived to be real, as opposed to fictional, is more easily
accessed later on (see Prentice and Gerrig1999, for a review).
Potter (1986) suggests that perceived realism may moderate the
effect of television on social judgement. This implies that
perceived realism may be more relevant than frequency of
exposure when considering the effects of television on attitudes.
94 Canadian Journal of Criminology and Criminal Justice
January 2015
Taylor(2005)found that individuals who viewed a television
excerpt of sexually permissive content and perceived the
content as realistic held permissive attitudes on sexuality. The
results indicate the potential for perceived realism of television
to influence viewer attitudes. The results of another study on
perceived realism of television content (Busselle2001) suggest
that perceived realism may increase the accessibility of
presented content in recall. The study also suggested that an
increase in the accessibility of such content caused the content
17. to be used in the evaluation of similar information. Conversely,
NellisandSavage(2012) found that, while increased exposure to
television news was related to higher levels of fear of terrorism,
the perceived credibility of these news reports had no influence.
However, the distinction between perceived credibility of news
reports and perceived realism of fictional television shows must
be noted.
This research demonstrates that perceived realism may be an
important consideration in the effects of crime television on
attitudes, expectations, and decision making in criminal cases.
The possibility for television to selectively influence the beliefs
and attitudes of individuals, based on their perceptions of the
reality of programming content, has implications for the CSI
effect. Thus, we sought to investigate the role of perceived
realism in this context.
Method
Participants
Participants in this study were 119 (36 [30%] men, 83 [70%]
women) undergraduate students from a Canadian university,
who ranged in age from 18 to 51 years old (M = 20.69).
Participants were recruited via the psychology department’s
electronic system and received course credit as compensation.
Materials
Trial transcript
Participants read a 12-page trial transcript involving a second-
degree murder charge. This transcript was adapted from one
used by Lieber-man,Carrell,Miethe,andKrauss(2008); we
modified the case somewhat by including eyewitness testimony
18. for the defence and adjusted it to a Canadian context. In the
trial, the Crown presented DNA evidence, and
Beyond Frequency: Perceived Realism and the CSI Effect 95
the defence presented an eyewitness, who testified that the
defendant was not the man he saw at the scene of the crime.
Both the Crown and the defence provided opening and closing
arguments. Jury instructions with regards to the presumption of
innocence, burden of proof, and second- degree murder charge
were also provided.
Juror questionnaire
Participants first provided a verdict for the second-degree
murder charge, as well as a corresponding confidence rating,
scored on a scale from 0 (not at all confident) to 10 (very
confident). They then answered a series of questions about each
piece of evidence (how compelling, influential, etc. they
believed the DNA and eyewitness evidence to be), each witness
(the degree to which the witness was honest, unbiased, etc.),
and the defendant (their impressions of the defendant’s
character, including characteristics such as likeable, aggressive,
and trustworthy), each scored on 1–9 scales (see Appendix A
for a list of these questions). The scores for impressions of the
defendant’s character were reverse- coded when appropriate,
such that higher scores reflected more positive impressions.
Finally, participants answered questions (adapted from
Liebermanetal.2008) about their attitudes toward DNA evidence
and questions about eyewitness memory (Narby and Cutler
1994). For the attitudes-toward-DNA-evidence scale (see
Liebermanetal.2008, for the complete scale), participants rated
their agreement with statements such as “DNA is the most
reliable type of physical evidence we have today” and “[i]f a
defendant’s DNA matches DNA left at the crime scene, then the
19. defendant is guilty,” on a scale from 1 (very strongly disagree)
to 10 (very strongly agree). For the attitudes-toward-eyewitness
scale (see NarbyandCutler1994, for the complete scale),
participants rated their agreement with statements such as “[t]he
strongest evidence is provided by eyewitnesses” and
“[e]yewitnesses generally give accurate testimony in trials,” on
the same scale.
TV questionnaire
Participants indicated their frequency of watching certain
television shows, including CSI: Las Vegas, CSI: Miami, Law
and Order, and Law and Order: SVU. They were also asked a
series of questions about their perceptions of these shows,
including the degree to which they are realistic, informative,
and accurate (scored on 1–9 scales; see Appendix A for a list of
these questions for one program [CSI: Las Vegas] – the same
questions were asked for all four programs).
96 Revue canadienne de criminologie et de justice pénale
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Procedure
Participants completed the study in the laboratory. After
providing informed consent, they read the trial transcript and
completed the juror questionnaire, followed by the TV
questionnaire. They were then de- briefed and compensated for
their participation. All participants were treated according to
Research Ethics Board guidelines.
Measures
20. Several measures were created by combining scale items into a
single score:
Continuous verdict measure. A continuous verdict variable was
created by multiplying verdict (−1 = not guilty, +1 = guilty) by
confidence rating (1 = not at all confident, 10 = very confident),
resulting in a scale from −10 (very confident that the defendant
is not guilty) to +10 (very confident that the defendant is
guilty).
Perceived influence of eyewitness testimony. Participants’
ratings of the degree to which the eyewitness testimony was
compelling, influenced their verdict, and was credible (see
Appendix A, question
3) were combined into a single score with strong reliability (α
= .87).
Perceived influence of DNA evidence. Participants’ ratings of
the degree to which the DNA expert’s testimony was
compelling, influ- enced their verdict, and was credible (see
Appendix A, question 4) were combined into a single score with
adequate reliability (α = .66).
Perceptions of the eyewitness. Participants’ ratings of the
eyewitness (see Appendix A, question 5) were combined into a
single score with strong reliability (α = .83).
Perceptions of the expert presenting DNA evidence.
Participants’ ratings of the DNA expert (see Appendix A,
question 6) were combined into a single score with strong
reliability (α = .87).
Defendant impressions. After reverse-coding when necessary to
ensure that higher scores represented more positive evaluations,
participants’ ratings of the defendant’s character (see Appendix
A, question 7) were combined into a single score with strong
reliability (α = .89).
Attitudes toward eyewitness memory. Participants’ scores from
the NarbyandCutler(1994)measure were combined into a single
score reflecting attitudes toward eyewitness memory (α = .80).
21. Beyond Frequency: Perceived Realism and the CSI Effect 97
Attitudes toward DNA evidence. Participants’ scores from the
Lieber-manetal.(2008)measure were combined into a single
score reflecting attitudes toward DNA evidence (α = .60).
Crime TV frequency. Items tapping participants’ reported
frequency of watching the four crime television shows were
combined into a single scale of overall frequency of watching
crime television. This was done by transforming their responses
from the frequency question (see Appendix A, question 8) into a
numerical score for each program (from 0 = “I have never seen
this show” to 4 = “I watch this show every week that it airs”),
and summing the scores from the four programs.
Crime TV realism. A scale of the perceived realism of crime
television programs was created by combining participants’
mean ratings of the four television shows’ realism, accuracy,
and informational value (see Appendix A, question 9) into a
single score with very strong reliability (α = .97).
Results
To test whether crime-television viewing frequency and
perceived realism would interact to influence verdict decisions,
we conducted a 2 × 2 ANOVA with frequency of watching
crime television (median split1into low, high) and perceived
realism of crime television (median split into low, high) as the
independent variables and continuous verdict as the dependent
variable. This analysis revealed no main effects or interaction,
suggesting that there are no direct effects of crime television
consumption or perceived realism on verdicts.2
TV and attitudes
We conducted correlational analyses to investigate the
relationship between frequency of viewing and perceived
realism of crime shows and attitudes toward the two evidence
types included in this study (eyewitness testimony and DNA
22. evidence). We observed significant relationships between
perceived realism and both attitudes toward DNA (r = 0.26, p <
.001) and attitudes toward eyewitness testimony (r = 0.21, p <
.01). The frequency of watching crime television, however, was
unrelated to these attitudes (p’s < .05).
98 Canadian Journal of Criminology and Criminal Justice
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Path analysis
Because we observed relationships between perceived realism
and attitudes toward evidence types, we wanted to examine how
frequency of watching crime television and perceived realism of
crime television might indirectly influence verdict via attitudes
toward evidence and perceptions of witnesses presented with
such evidence. To do this, we conducted a path analysis, testing
a fully saturated model. The first step included crime television
consumption (frequency) and perceived real- ism as predictors,
and attitudes toward DNA evidence and attitudes toward
eyewitness evidence as criterion variables (see Table 1). The
second step used perceptions of the expert presenting DNA and
percep- tions of the eyewitness as criterion variables, and all
aforementioned variables as predictors (see Table 2). The third
step used perceived influence of the DNA evidence, perceived
influence of the eyewitness testimony, and defendant
impressions as criterion variables, with all
Table 1: Summary of regression analyses for step 1 (N = 99)
Attitudes toward DNA Evidence
Attitudes toward Eyewitness Memory
23. Criterion variable
B SE B
β
B SE B
β
Crime TV Frequency
.03 .07
.03
.06 .07
.08
Crime TV Realism
.32 .07
.42**
.14 .07
.19*
R2 .18 .04
*p < .05.
**p < .01.
Table 2: Summary of regression analyses for step 2 (N = 99)
Perceptions of Expert Presenting DNA Evidence
Perceptions of Eyewitness
Criterion variable B SE Bβ B SE Bβ
Crime TV Frequency .01 .07 .01 −.05 .06 −.07
Crime TV Realism −.11 .08 −.15 .04 .07 .06
Attitudes toward DNA Evidence .45 .10 .47** −.26
.09 −.29**
Attitudes toward Eyewitness Memory −.16 .10 −.16†
24. .20 .09 .21*
R2 .22 .13
p < .10.
*p < .05.
†
**p < .01.
Beyond Frequency: Perceived Realism and the CSI Effect 99
aforementioned variables as predictors (see Table 3). The fourth
and final step used continuous verdict as the criterion variable,
and all other variables as predictors (see Table 4). This analysis
demonstrated a number of significant direct and indirect effects.
See Figure 1 for the complete model and significant paths.
Table 3: Summary of regression analyses for step 3 (N = 99)
Perceived Influence of DNA Evidence
Perceived Influ- ence of Eyewit- ness Testimony
Defendant Impressions
Criterion variable
B
SE B
β
B
SE B
β
B
SE B
β
Crime TV Frequency
27. .51
.10
.37**
.21
.08
.23*
R2 .25
.61
.32
†p < .10.
*
p < .05.
**
p < .01.
Table 4: Summary of regression analysis for step 4 (N = 99)
Continuous Verdict
Criterion variable
B
SE B
β
Crime TV Frequency
−.63
.24
−.18*
Crime TV Realism
.05
.26
28. .01
Attitudes toward DNA Evidence
.71
.40
.15†
Attitudes toward Eyewitness Memory
.07
.40
.01
Perceptions of Expert Presenting DNA Evidence
.87
.40
.18*
Perceptions of Eyewitness
−.62
.43
−.12
Perceived Influence of DNA Evidence
.47
.21
.16*
Perceived Influence of Eyewitness Testimony
−1.07
.39
−.28*
Defendant Impressions
−1.70
.46
−.29**
R2 .64
†p < .10.
*
p < .05.
**
p < .01.
29. 100 Revue canadienne de criminologie et de justice pénale
janvier 2015
Figure 1: Continuous verdict model
Overall, our predictors significantly affected continuous verdict,
explaining 60% of the variance in mock jurors’ guilt certainty.
As depicted in Figure1 and detailed in Table 4, continuous
verdict was directly predicted by the perceived influence of the
DNA evidence presented by the Crown (those who perceived the
DNA evidence as more influential were more certain of the
defendant’s guilt), perceptions of the expert presenting the DNA
evidence (those who rated the expert more favourably were
more certain of the defendant’s guilt), perceived influence of
the eyewitness evidence presented by the defence (those who
perceived the eyewitness testimony as more influential were less
certain of the defendant’s guilt), defendant impressions (those
who rated the defendant more favourably were less certain of
his guilt), and frequency of crime television viewing (those who
reported higher frequency of viewing crime television were
more certain of the defendant’s guilt). Attitudes toward DNA
evidence also predicted continuous verdict at the marginally
significant level (p < .10), such that those with more positive
attitudes toward DNA evidence were more certain of the
defendant’s guilt.
Table 3 displays that perceived influence of the DNA evidence
presented by the Crown was significantly predicted by perceived
realism of crime television (those who perceive crime television
as more realistic rated the DNA evidence as more influential)
and perceptions of the expert
Beyond Frequency: Perceived Realism and the CSI Effect
101
30. presenting DNA evidence (those who rated the expert more
favourably were more influenced by the evidence he presented)
and was marginally significantly predicted by attitudes toward
eyewitness memory (those with more positive attitudes toward
eyewitness memory were less influenced by the DNA evidence).
Perceived influence of the eyewitness evidence presented by the
defence was significantly predicted by perceptions of the expert
presenting DNA evidence (those who rated the expert more
favourably rated the eyewit- ness evidence as less influential),
attitudes toward eyewitness memory (those with more positive
attitudes toward eyewitness memory were more influenced by its
presentation), perceptions of the eyewitness (those who rated
the eyewitness more favourably were more influenced by his
evidence), and frequency of crime television viewing (those
who reported higher frequency of viewing crime television rated
the de- fence’s eyewitness evidence as less influential). See
Table 3 for details.
Defendant impressions (i.e., ratings of the defendant’s
character) were significantly predicted by perceptions of the
eyewitness (those who rated the defence’s eyewitness more
favourably also rated the defendant more favourably) and
attitudes toward DNA (those with more positive attitudes
toward DNA evidence rated the defendant less favourably). See
Table 3 for details.
Perceptions of the Crown’s expert, who presented the DNA
evidence, were significantly predicted by attitudes toward DNA
evidence (those with more positive attitudes toward DNA rated
the DNA expert more favourably) and marginally significantly
predicted by attitudes toward eyewitness memory (those with
more positive attitudes toward eyewit- ness memory rated the
DNA expert less favourably). See Table 2 for details.
Perceptions of the defence’s eyewitness were significantly
31. predicted by attitudes toward DNA evidence (those with more
positive attitudes toward DNA rated the eyewitness less
favourably) and attitudes toward eyewitness memory (those
with more positive attitudes toward eyewitness memory rated
the eyewitness more favourably). See Table 2 for details.
Finally, attitudes toward DNA and attitudes toward eyewitness
mem- ory were both significantly predicted by perceived realism
of crime television, such that those who rated crime television
as more realistic had more positive attitudes toward both types
of evidence. However,
102 Canadian Journal of Criminology and Criminal Justice
January 2015
frequency of crime television viewing was unrelated to both of
our evidence attitude measures. See Table 1 for details.
In general, the model depicted in Figure 1 demonstrates that
both frequency of watching crime television and perceived
realism of the shows’ content have a number of direct and
indirect effects on trial decision making. Perceived realism of
crime TV was associated with more positive attitudes toward
DNA evidence and eyewitness memory, as well as with the
weight given to DNA evidence in the trial itself. Frequency of
crime TV consumption had a direct effect on verdict, such that
those who watched more crime TV were more certain of the
defendant’s guilt. Frequency was also related to perceived
influence of the eyewitness testimony, which was evidence for
the defence in this case. Given the strong observed relationships
between attitudes toward evidence, perceptions of witnesses,
weight given to the evidence in the trial, and continuous
verdict, it is clear that both frequency of watching crime
television and the perceived realism of these shows influenced
mock juror decision making in this study.
Discussion
32. This study represents a departure from earlier work
investigating the CSI effect, in that we examined perceived
realism in conjunction with frequency of viewing, and our
findings also deviate from prior results. Although our
comparisons of low versus high frequency viewers of crime
television did not yield any direct effects on verdict (similar to
most prior research; see e.g., HolmgrenandFordham2011;
Sheltonetal.2006), our path analyses revealed a number of
interesting direct and indirect effects of both the frequency of
watching crime television and perceptions of its realism on
mock juror decision-making processes and guilt certainty. As
hypothesized, those who perceived crime television as more
realistic had more positive attitudes toward DNA evidence and
were more influenced by its presentation in the trial. However,
contrary to hypotheses, continuous frequency of watching crime
television was also directly related to guilt certainty in this case
involving DNA evidence presented by the prosecution.
Interestingly, those who watched more crime television were
actually less certain of the defen- dant’s guilt. This may reflect
a higher level of scepticism toward the evidence, as suggested
by Schweitzer and Saks(2007).
We did not find a direct relationship between continuous
perceived realism of crime television and guilt certainty, but we
did observe a
Beyond Frequency: Perceived Realism and the CSI Effect
103
number of indirect effects via attitudes toward DNA evidence
and eyewitness memory and perceived influence of the DNA
evidence. This suggests that perceived realism is an important
factor when consider- ing the effects of crime television on
jurors’ expectations and decisions, reflecting earlier work on the
impact of perceived realism on attitudes and expectations (e.g.,
Busselle2001; Taylor2005). Indeed, it is logical to suppose that
33. the effect of fictional television shows on attitudes will vary as
a function of whether the viewer believes that the shows
provide a realistic portrayal. A potential juror who watches a
great deal of crime television and believes it to be a realistic
depiction of the criminal justice system may have a completely
different set of attitudes toward forensic scientific evidence than
one who watches no crime television or watches strictly for
entertainment purposes, with an awareness that these shows are
not realistic. The results of this study support this notion,
suggesting that frequency of consumption and perceived realism
should be considered together when evaluating the potential of a
CSI effect on jurors.
The findings with regard to frequency and perceived realism
also may accord with earlier results reported by Schweitzer and
Saks (2007). In their study, participants who watched forensic
science television rated themselves as having a greater
understanding of forensic science, resulting in a more critical
evaluation of the forensic science (i.e., hair analysis) presented
in that study’s mock trial. This suggests that those mock jurors
substituted their own knowledge of forensic science, ob- tained
from watching crime television, for the evidence that was pre-
sented to them in the mock trial. Our findings could be viewed
as a parallel – in our study, mock jurors’ attitudes toward
various types of evidence and the degree to which forensic
evidence influenced their decision were related to the degree to
which they perceived crime television programs as realistic.
However, unlike the hair analysis in Schweitzer and Saks’s
(2007) mock trial, our mock trial’s forensic evi- dence consisted
of DNA evidence, a type of forensic evidence that meets jurors’
high standards (Liebermanetal.2008). Consequently, perceived
realism of crime television was positively related to the
influence of forensic evidence. Schweitzer and Saks’s (2007)
sample used their understanding of forensic science (gleaned
from watching crime televi- sion) to devalue hair analysis; our
sample used their perceptions of the realism of crime television
to attach value to DNA evidence. Future research could further
34. explore the combined influence of perceived realism and
frequency of watching on verdicts in trials involving
104 Revue canadienne de criminologie et de justice pénale
janvier 2015
different types of forensic evidence in order to determine
whether scepticism or valuation of evidence is related to these
factors.
Limitations
One potential limitation of the present study was the use of a
trial transcript in lieu of a more ecologically valid mode of
presentation. Though the use of transcripts does not necessarily
represent the real world trial process, a review of jury research
(Bornstein1999) that has investigated the differences between
different modalities of presentation has discovered little
difference between research using trial transcripts and studies
using other modes of presentation (e.g., audiotaped trials,
video, live presentation). In addition, a study testing the effects
of modality of presentation in trials involving expert testimony
found no interaction between the expert testimony conditions
and modality (Pezdek, Avila-Mora, and Sperry 2010),
suggesting that our use of a transcript does not justify
dismissing our findings.
Further, some may criticize the use of a student sample, arguing
that it is not representative of the population at large (e.g.,
Sears1986). However, the review of jury research just discussed
(Bornstein1999) also demon- strated that, within the domain of
jury decision making, there are few differences between student
samples and community samples. Other jury research comparing
student and community samples with regards to levels of
understanding has similarly demonstrated a lack of discrep-
35. ancy (e.g., Rose and Ogloff2001).
Finally, this study employed a jury-eligible sample and a trial
simula- tion, whereas a more realistic test of the effects of
perceived realism and frequency of watching crime television
may be elicited by interviewing jurors after trials in which
forensic evidence was presented and asking them about their
television viewing habits. However, section 649 of the Canadian
Criminal Code precludes jurors from speaking about court
proceedings post-trial. Given these restrictions, it can be argued
that using jury-eligible participants, as the present simulation
did, is the best way of conducting this type of research. In
addition, jurors may not be aware of the effects that their
attitudes may have on their verdict decisions (e.g., Schuller,
Kazoleas, and Kawakami 2009), and so this quasi-experimental
examination of the relationship between perceived realism,
frequency of watching, and verdict decisions may be superior to
reliance on jurors’ self-awareness of the effects of CSI-type
programs on their decision making.
Beyond Frequency: Perceived Realism and the CSI Effect
105
Future directions
This study was the first attempt to investigate the effects of the
perceived realism of crime television on perceptions of
evidence in a criminal trial (i.e., a new way of looking at a
potential CSI effect). We demonstrated that attitudes,
expectations, and decision making were influenced by frequency
of exposure and perceived realism of crime television in a case
where the prosecution presented DNA evidence. The next step is
to look at other aspects of the CSI effect, including whether
perceived realism will be associated with a lower likelihood of
conviction in cases in which no forensic evidence is presented.
36. We have already begun working on this in our lab.
In sum, while comparing low versus high frequency viewing and
perceived realism yielded no effects of crime television on
verdict decisions, the present study did find a number of
interesting effects of crime television (including both frequency
of viewing and perceptions of its realism) on decision making in
a criminal trial involving forensic scientific evidence. Future
investigations of the CSI effect should con- tinue to consider
perceived realism as well as frequency of consumption in this
context.
Notes
1 Analyses using quartile splits (highest quartile compared to
lowest quartile) revealed equivalent results.
2 Analyses of dichotomous verdict decision (guilty, not guilty)
using logistic regression revealed similar findings (effects of
both frequency and perceived realism were non-significant).
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Appendix A: Juror Questionnaire
INSTRUCTIONS: Please respond to the following items with
regards to the 2nd degree murder charge against the defendant.
1. How do you find the defendant, Steven Murphy?
GUILTY ——
NOT GUILTY ——
2. How confident do you feel in your verdict?
0 1 2
3
4
5 6
7
8
9
10
not at all confident
45. somewhat confident
very confident
The next set of questions will address specific evidence
presented at the trial.
3. Consider the following questions regarding the Eyewitness
Testimony provided by John Ryan in regards to his account of
the events that unfolded in the park:
a. How compelling was this evidence?
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Not at all compelling
Somewhat compelling
Very compelling
b. To what extent did this evidence influence your verdict?
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
46. 9
Not at all
Somewhat
Very much
c. How credible was this evidence?
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Not at all
Somewhat
Very much
112 Revue canadienne de criminologie et de justice pénale
janvier 2015
47. 4. Consider the following questions with regards to the DNA
evidence provided by the expert witness with regards to the
blood samples taken from the crime scene:
a. How compelling was this evidence?
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Not at all compelling
Somewhat compelling
Very compelling
b. To what extent did this evidence influence your verdict?
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Not at all
Somewhat
Very much
48. c. How credible was this evidence?
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Not at all
Somewhat
Very much
The next set of questions will address specific people who
testified at the trial.
5. To what extent did the eyewitness, John Ryan:
Not at All
Some-what
Very Much
50. 6
7
8
9
6. To what extent did the Expert Witness, Frank Miller:
Not at All Some-what Very Much
Provide honest testimony 1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Provide a fair/unbiased picture of Benjamin Smith 1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Deliberately omit facts 1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
51. Exaggerate or sugarcoat the truth 1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Beyond Frequency: Perceived Realism and the CSI Effect
113
7. Using the following scale, please indicate the extent to which
the defendant, Steven Murphy, is:
Not at All
Somewhat
Very Much
Likeable
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Aggressive
55. 9
Cruel
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
TV Attitudes Questionnaire
We would like to ask you a series of questions about your
television viewing habits. Please answer the following questions
honestly.
8. How often do you watch CSI: Las Vegas?
a. I watch the show every week that it airs
b. I watch the show as often as I can, but not quite every week
c. I watch the show occasionally, when I get the chance
d. I rarely watch the show
e. I have never seen this show
If you answered e, please skip to question 2.
a. How realistic are the events portrayed on this show?
1 2
3
4
5
6
7
8
56. 9 10
Not at all realistic
Very realistic
114 Canadian Journal of Criminology and Criminal Justice
January 2015
How informative is this show?
1 2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9 10
Not at all realistic
Very realistic
How accurate is this show’s depiction of forensic investigation?
1 2
3
57. 4
5
6
7
8
9 10
Not at all realistic
Very realistic
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