The attached power point presentation shows a visual treat of the Chinese effort and final results of laying a railroad connection to Tibet from Beijing.
Tibet - Journey across the roof of the world.......!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! (Courtesy: Eddy Cheong)
The Other Home is committed to this form of Responsible Tourism...
The attached power point presentation shows a visual treat of the Chinese effort and final results of laying a railroad connection to Tibet from Beijing.
Tibet - Journey across the roof of the world.......!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! (Courtesy: Eddy Cheong)
The Other Home is committed to this form of Responsible Tourism...
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
HEAP SORT ILLUSTRATED WITH HEAPIFY, BUILD HEAP FOR DYNAMIC ARRAYS.
Heap sort is a comparison-based sorting technique based on Binary Heap data structure. It is similar to the selection sort where we first find the minimum element and place the minimum element at the beginning. Repeat the same process for the remaining elements.
Forklift Classes Overview by Intella PartsIntella Parts
Discover the different forklift classes and their specific applications. Learn how to choose the right forklift for your needs to ensure safety, efficiency, and compliance in your operations.
For more technical information, visit our website https://intellaparts.com
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024)ClaraZara1
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024) will provide an excellent international forum for sharing knowledge and results in theory, methodology and applications of on Machine Learning & Applications.
NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER IN CONDENSING HEAT EXCHANGERS...ssuser7dcef0
Power plants release a large amount of water vapor into the
atmosphere through the stack. The flue gas can be a potential
source for obtaining much needed cooling water for a power
plant. If a power plant could recover and reuse a portion of this
moisture, it could reduce its total cooling water intake
requirement. One of the most practical way to recover water
from flue gas is to use a condensing heat exchanger. The power
plant could also recover latent heat due to condensation as well
as sensible heat due to lowering the flue gas exit temperature.
Additionally, harmful acids released from the stack can be
reduced in a condensing heat exchanger by acid condensation. reduced in a condensing heat exchanger by acid condensation.
Condensation of vapors in flue gas is a complicated
phenomenon since heat and mass transfer of water vapor and
various acids simultaneously occur in the presence of noncondensable
gases such as nitrogen and oxygen. Design of a
condenser depends on the knowledge and understanding of the
heat and mass transfer processes. A computer program for
numerical simulations of water (H2O) and sulfuric acid (H2SO4)
condensation in a flue gas condensing heat exchanger was
developed using MATLAB. Governing equations based on
mass and energy balances for the system were derived to
predict variables such as flue gas exit temperature, cooling
water outlet temperature, mole fraction and condensation rates
of water and sulfuric acid vapors. The equations were solved
using an iterative solution technique with calculations of heat
and mass transfer coefficients and physical properties.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
CW RADAR, FMCW RADAR, FMCW ALTIMETER, AND THEIR PARAMETERSveerababupersonal22
It consists of cw radar and fmcw radar ,range measurement,if amplifier and fmcw altimeterThe CW radar operates using continuous wave transmission, while the FMCW radar employs frequency-modulated continuous wave technology. Range measurement is a crucial aspect of radar systems, providing information about the distance to a target. The IF amplifier plays a key role in signal processing, amplifying intermediate frequency signals for further analysis. The FMCW altimeter utilizes frequency-modulated continuous wave technology to accurately measure altitude above a reference point.
1. From Beijing to Lhasa
China’s Railway Across the Roof of the
World
A tribute to the world’s greatest railroad builders.
Author: Eddy Cheong
2. Challenges
Since the founding of the Republic of China by Dr. Sun Yat-sun in 1911, it has
been China’s dream to have a national railway system connecting all provinces of
the nation.
Tibet became the last province to remain unconnected owing to great and
insurmountable obstacles. Since the 1950s, among the many challenges facing
Chinese railway planners, the following were the most significant:-
Formidable mountain barriers
Unstable permafrost & swampy wetlands
A Fragile Ecosystem
3. Kunlun Mountain Range.
This is the legendary “Mother of Thousands of Mountains.” American writer Paul Theroux once prophesied that this “formidable mountain range that divides
Tibet from the rest of China would guarantee that a train to Lhasa - which China has dreamed of since the 1950s – will never be built.”
About 85 percent of the entire rail track is located in the “Forbidden Zone.“ This is also known as the “Death Zone” because of thin air, harsh and unpredictable
weather, fierce sandstorms and high UV radiation. Annual average temp is minus zero. Temp drops to as low as -45 degree C. Average altitude of rail track
here is 13,500 feet above sea level. The highest point is 16,700 feet making it the world's most elevated track.
When constructing the Fenghuo Mountain Tunnel - 16,000 ft above seal level – workers had to be equipped with oxygen cylinders. An oxygen-producing station
to "feed" the tunnel was built. Seventeen such stations were built along the railway line equipped with high-pressure oxygen cabins for workers to recover.
Question:
How do you build a railway across
these mountains to China’s most remote province,
Tibet?
4. There were 17,000 ft-high mountains to climb, 12 kilometre-wide valleys to bridge,
hundreds of kilometres of perennial ice and slush that could never support tracks and
trains. How could anyone tunnel through rock at -40C, or lay rails when the least exertion
sends you gasping for oxygen in the thin air?
5. Unstable Permafrost
There is a total of 550 km of permafrost along the rail route. Permafrost is soft and wet soil in summer, hard and
expanding in winter - a nightmare for all railroad engineers.
•The most viable solution is the building of stone embankments for the railroad foundation. In some places, engineers
bury ventilation pipes in the ground to allow cold air to circulate underneath the rail-bed.
•In other spots, a pipe called a thermosiphon is sunk 15 feet into the ground and filled at the bottom with ammonia.
The ammonia becomes gas at low temperatures, giving off a vapour that draws heat from the bottom of the tube and
flushes it out the top.
•Building a bridge over the permafrost. This has the least impact on the area, but is also the most expensive. E.g.,
The 11.7km Qingshuihe Bridge is the world-longest bridge built on permafrost.
•A round-the-clock monitoring system has been installed to keep tab on the temperature change along
the 550 km permafrost stretch of the route.
6. Environmental protection of fragile ecosystem:
Some RMB2.54 billion was invested by Chinese authorities in the environmental protection in the project.
•Protection of the ecological environment has been an essential concern in the design. The routes were selected so that they would keep away fro m the major
habitats of wild animals. E.g, the original route was abandoned because it passed through the reserves of black-necked cranes. While in some other places like
the section cutting through the Hohxil, Qumar and Soga nature reserves, the planners minimized disturbance to the nature reserves for endangered Tibetan
antelope and wild ass by building 25 passageways for wild animals based on their migration habit.
•Reducing adverse impact on ecological environment to the minimum during rail construction.
•All the train cars are installed with environment-friendly toilets, wastewater deposit tanks and garbage treatment facilities to protect the environment along the
route.
10. For environmental protection purposes, all trains entering China's Tibet province are equipped with garbage compacters and vacuum toilets.
No garbage are allowed to be left behind after the trains leave. In this photo, you can see workers collecting toilet wastes from a train on the
Qinghai-Tibet Railway utilizing vacuum flush technology at the station in Golmud.
11. The Qinghai-Tibet railway stretches for 1,956 kilometres from Xining, capital of Qinghai Province to Lhasa. It cost the Chinese
Govt approx. USD4.1 billion and was completed in June 2006 – one year ahead of schedule.
12. Protection of the fragile environment is an important priority for China’s rail planners
14. Tibet is China’s most remote province and has been part of China since the time of Emperor Kublai Khan. The Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau is the home of the chiru
– Tibetan Antelope. Chiru is a highly protected animal in China. Four national protected areas have been set aside specifically to safeguard Tibetan Plateau
wildlife species, including chiru populations and habitat: Chang Tang Nature Reserve, Xianza Nature, Kekexili National Reserve, and Arjin Shan Nature Reserve
Despite legal protection of the highest order, the population of chiru is continually on the decline and today the species is extremely endangered. Poaching is the
main threat. It is being slaughtered illegally for its wool which is known in the international market as "shahtoosh" or "king of wool.” Due to remoteness however,
these nature reserves are incapable of effectively protecting the chiru or its habitat.
Shahtoosh is considered to be one of the finest animal fibres in the world and shahtoosh shawls and scarves have become high fashion status symbols in the
West, selling for as much as $10,000 each. Wool is smuggled from Tibet mainly to Kashmir where it is woven into an extremely fine fabric from which the
shawls and scarves are woven. Although the chiru is protected in China, it is still legal to weave shahtoosh in India..
16. Service on the train is excellent. Friendly staff provides daily refreshments of fruits, snacks and drinks with a
17. Passengers do not suffer high altitude sickness because the carriages are all fully air-conditioned and pressurised like an airplane.
Oxygen masks are also available in your sleeping cabins as well as throughout the train corridors and washrooms if ever required.
19. Targeting environmental issues of the Tibet Plateau high-altitude eco-system, authorities budgeted some 8% of the total construction cost -
at least RMB2.54 billion (US$180 million ) - for ecological conservation, the biggest amount of all China's railway construction projects.
Since most livestock and wild-life are free-grazing, the railroad has been elevated in most places. If not, it utilizes fencing and tunnels cut
under the tracks. to
21. •Building
Building a bridge over the permafrost. This has the least impact on the area, but is also the most expensive. The 11.7km Qingshuihe
Bridge is the world-longest bridge built on permafrost
25. Wherever possible, the rail line is elevated to allow passage to migratory species (e.g.,
wild antelopes) and to minimize any other adverse impact on the natural environment.
28. The train ascends to an altitude above 5,000 meters – more than 16,000 feet.
29. The total length of Qingzang railway is 1956 km. The line includes the Tanggula Pass, at 5,072 m (16,640 feet) above sea level the
world's highest rail track. The 1,338 m Fenghuoshan tunnel is the highest rail tunnel in the world, at 4,905 m above sea level. The
3,345-m Yangbajing tunnel is the longest tunnel on the line.
30. Stopping by to take a photo with a glacier as the backdrop
31. Our train passes glaciers and snow-capped mountains on the way to Lhasa
32.
33. Right from the start, related departments of railway design and construction paid close attention to
environment protection . Measures included setting aside of passage ways for migrating Tibetan antelopes.
34. Other wild life such as bears and wild donkeys have now successfully adapted to the presence of the rail line.
38. Our train passes by Patola Monastery on the way to Lhasa Railway Station
39. With the opening of the Qinghai-Tibet Railway and the new Nyingchi airport,
tourists flood into Tibet and the numbers exceeded 4 million last year, an increase of 60 percent.
43. Lhasa Station - looking more like a 1st
-Class airport terminal than a railway station.
According to my local Tibetan Tourist guide when I was in Lhasa, she told me that Tibet’s economy has never been self-sufficient enough to give its people
a meaningful life. Every year, Tibet suffers from a perennial budget shortfall and therefore, relies heavily and wholly on federal funding from the central
Govt. Thanks to Beijing, development and prosperity has finally arrived in this remote Chinese province. I saw miles after miles of impressive roads,
expressways, bridges, railways and other top-notch infrastructure.
The Central Govt poured more than USD$4 billion into the construction of this railway system alone – the most costly in the world.
44. Tibet is China’s most remote province. It has been part of China since the Yuan Dynasty (1279 – 1368 AD). The Nationalist Kuomintang Govt under Chiang Kai-
Shek was too poor to look after itself - let alone a distant mountainous province such as Tibet. Contrary to western propaganda however, Tibet under the Dalai
Lama was a slave society where the privilege lamas owned everything. Tibetans were indoctrinated by Lama Buddhism to accept their lives as servants and
slaves to the powerful and wealthy lamas who lived a life of luxury. Chairman Mao changed all that when he established effective control and administration after
he defeated Chiang and proclaimed the founding of the People’s Republic of China in October, 1949.
With the covert backing of the CIA, the Dalai Lama fled to India in 1950 with a handful of followers. The Dalai Lama has publicly admitted that till today, he is still
under the payroll and patronage of the Americans. The US puppet lives in self-exile in India today where his group of die-hard supporters continue to receive
arms, training and funding from the US Administration.
45. A new bridge across the Tsangpo river to the railway station
47. THE END
Lhasa River Bridge connects downtown Lhasa with the new railway station..
Copyright reserved:
E. Cheong
New Huaren Federation
16 February 2011