Bushfires are recurring phenomena that have been a part of Australian sociocultural life. Avid Australian
writer Eliza Henry-Jones’ second novel Ache (2017) is an itinerary of the devastatingly traumatic life
journey of the protagonist Annie who is constantly haunted by the nightmarish memories of bushfire prone
past. Her life has changed drastically after a bushfire ravages Annie’s mountain community, traumatized
her daughter Pip, killing her grandmother, and leaving her home in wreck-havoc. Annie’s responses to
trauma require scrutiny of her psychological functioning within the social or cultural environment that
may suppress acknowledgement of trauma. The novel depicts traumatic and fragmented memories that
incorporate varied survival behaviours within the characterization of survivors through Annie, her family
and acquaintances. This proposed paper will analyse the impact of bushfire on Indigenous population with
reference to the life of Annie and the events that are taken from the novel Ache by Eliza Henry Jones by
using literary trauma theory.
This column approaches trauma from three perspectives-child and family psychiatry, trauma-informed care, and social psychiatry and philosophy. The tragedy of King Lear is briefly introduced as the framework for understanding tragedy and trauma. In closing, I argue for a nuanced approach to trauma that is selective but responsive to the ruptures that create trauma and tragedy in our lives.
"You do me wrong to take me out o' the grave. Thou art a soul in bliss; but I am bound Upon a wheel of fire, that mine own tears Do scald like molten lead."
- King Lear, Act IV, sc 7
EVE ENSLER’S VISION OF THE BODY IN THE VAGINA MONOLOGUESRam Singh
The paper makes an attempt to analyse and interpret Eve Ensler’s perception and vision of women’s sex and sexuality, centred round the metaphor of the vagina. It seeks to understand the playwright’s unique feminist view point via the issued related to sexual violence, exploitation, and organized crime against women from America and Europe to Asia and Africa, and her own political, social and literary activism, as nuanced in The Good Body (2005), The Vagina Monologues (2008), Insecure At Last (2008), and In the Body of the World (2013). She endeavours to create and shape a female discourse of resistance to the violence and brutality that permeates the world today, threatening women’s existence and identity every now and then. However, it is her vision of women as microcosm of the cosmic energy that makes her different from other feminists. She sensitizes women everywhere to be in harmony with men, nature, society, world, and the universe.
Violence Essay | Essay on Violence for Students and Children in English .... Domestic Violence Essay | Essay on Domestic Violence for Students and .... Reasons Of Violence In Schools - Free Essay Example | PapersOwl.com. Gun Violence Essay - Marc Kirchner ENG 201 18 February 2018 What are We .... Domestic violence essay. Essay on violence in schools - Get Help From Custom College Essay .... Domestic Violence Essay - Explain the 10 common myths about IPV 1 .... Domestic Violence Essay ~ Addictionary. Studio Mouvance - Domestic violence essay outline. 011 Essay Example Schooledviolence On Crime And ~ Thatsnotus. Domestic violence essay | Year 11 HSC - Legal Studies | Thinkswap. Domestic Violence Essay | Legal Studies - Year 12 HSC | Thinkswap. 004 Essay Example On Crime And Violence ~ Thatsnotus.
Motivation Theories Essays. ️ Essay about motivation for college. Free Motiva...Carolyn Wagner
Theories of Motivation - PHDessay.com. Motivation Theories Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays .... A Source of Motivation, and Motivational Theories - 559 Words | Essay .... Summary of theories based on motivation | Download Table. Communication and Motivational Theory - 546 Words | Essay Example.
Academic Essay Writers. A Detailed Guide on How to Write the Best Essay Urge...Michelle Kennelty
7 Qualities of a Professional Essay Writer - Essay writing. Main Characteristics Of A Pro Essay Writer. Academic Essay Examples - 18+ in PDF | Examples.
Abstract: This article attempts to analyze the psychic wounds of the protagonists in Chitra Banerjee Divakaruni’s
The Unknown Errors of Our Lives. It also focuses on the diasporic conflicts encountered by them and traces the
stereotypic pattern of pressure, trauma and relief in a few short stories in this anthology. Divakaruni’s emotional
rendering is very powerful and it helps us to understand the stressful moments the characters come across
throughout their lives.
This column approaches trauma from three perspectives-child and family psychiatry, trauma-informed care, and social psychiatry and philosophy. The tragedy of King Lear is briefly introduced as the framework for understanding tragedy and trauma. In closing, I argue for a nuanced approach to trauma that is selective but responsive to the ruptures that create trauma and tragedy in our lives.
"You do me wrong to take me out o' the grave. Thou art a soul in bliss; but I am bound Upon a wheel of fire, that mine own tears Do scald like molten lead."
- King Lear, Act IV, sc 7
EVE ENSLER’S VISION OF THE BODY IN THE VAGINA MONOLOGUESRam Singh
The paper makes an attempt to analyse and interpret Eve Ensler’s perception and vision of women’s sex and sexuality, centred round the metaphor of the vagina. It seeks to understand the playwright’s unique feminist view point via the issued related to sexual violence, exploitation, and organized crime against women from America and Europe to Asia and Africa, and her own political, social and literary activism, as nuanced in The Good Body (2005), The Vagina Monologues (2008), Insecure At Last (2008), and In the Body of the World (2013). She endeavours to create and shape a female discourse of resistance to the violence and brutality that permeates the world today, threatening women’s existence and identity every now and then. However, it is her vision of women as microcosm of the cosmic energy that makes her different from other feminists. She sensitizes women everywhere to be in harmony with men, nature, society, world, and the universe.
Violence Essay | Essay on Violence for Students and Children in English .... Domestic Violence Essay | Essay on Domestic Violence for Students and .... Reasons Of Violence In Schools - Free Essay Example | PapersOwl.com. Gun Violence Essay - Marc Kirchner ENG 201 18 February 2018 What are We .... Domestic violence essay. Essay on violence in schools - Get Help From Custom College Essay .... Domestic Violence Essay - Explain the 10 common myths about IPV 1 .... Domestic Violence Essay ~ Addictionary. Studio Mouvance - Domestic violence essay outline. 011 Essay Example Schooledviolence On Crime And ~ Thatsnotus. Domestic violence essay | Year 11 HSC - Legal Studies | Thinkswap. Domestic Violence Essay | Legal Studies - Year 12 HSC | Thinkswap. 004 Essay Example On Crime And Violence ~ Thatsnotus.
Motivation Theories Essays. ️ Essay about motivation for college. Free Motiva...Carolyn Wagner
Theories of Motivation - PHDessay.com. Motivation Theories Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays .... A Source of Motivation, and Motivational Theories - 559 Words | Essay .... Summary of theories based on motivation | Download Table. Communication and Motivational Theory - 546 Words | Essay Example.
Academic Essay Writers. A Detailed Guide on How to Write the Best Essay Urge...Michelle Kennelty
7 Qualities of a Professional Essay Writer - Essay writing. Main Characteristics Of A Pro Essay Writer. Academic Essay Examples - 18+ in PDF | Examples.
Abstract: This article attempts to analyze the psychic wounds of the protagonists in Chitra Banerjee Divakaruni’s
The Unknown Errors of Our Lives. It also focuses on the diasporic conflicts encountered by them and traces the
stereotypic pattern of pressure, trauma and relief in a few short stories in this anthology. Divakaruni’s emotional
rendering is very powerful and it helps us to understand the stressful moments the characters come across
throughout their lives.
Theology Today68(1) 8–25! The Author(s) 2011Reprin.docxchristalgrieg
Theology Today
68(1) 8–25
! The Author(s) 2011
Reprints and permissions:
sagepub.co.uk/journalsPermissions.nav
DOI: 10.1177/0040573610394922
ttj.sagepub.com
Article
Bearing the unbearable:
Trauma, gospel and
pastoral care1
Deborah van Deusen Hunsinger
Princeton Theological Seminary
Abstract
This paper examines trauma in light of the gospel of Jesus Christ. Given the profound
and long-lasting suffering caused by trauma, how is it to be borne? Moreover, how do
those in the helping professions bear the vicarious pain of listening empathically to the
cries of the traumatized? Professor Hunsinger first examines trauma and details its
psychological effects. Then she describes a process by which one can break out of
the vicious cycle of trauma’s impact. Finally, she places trauma in theological context,
by claiming that all that is truly unbearable in this world can be borne only because Jesus
Christ has already borne the full weight of sin and death on our behalf and for our sakes.
The anguish of human trauma is endured as we mediate the love of God by providing a
relational home for one another, a place where God’s compassion is attested, prayers of
lament are offered, and the worship of the people of God sustains us in hope.
Keywords
Trauma, pastoral care, healing, PTSD, suffering, cross
Traumatic loss lies at the very heart of the Christian imagination. The souls of
those who call themselves Christian are indelibly stamped with the unbearable
sorrow of this man, Jesus. After raising the hopes of many, Jesus died a shameful
death, indeed an unjust and horrible death. What is more, his friends denied,
betrayed, and abandoned him in his hour of need. He was tortured and executed
as a common criminal, even though he had done nothing to warrant
1. This article served as the inaugural lecture for my appointment to the position of Charlotte W.
Newcombe Professor of Pastoral Theology at Princeton Theological Seminary on September 27,
2010. It is dedicated to my beloved teacher, Professor Ann Belford Ulanov, of Union Theological
Seminary in New York. Studying with her was one of the great blessings of my life.
Corresponding author:
Deborah van Deusen Hunsinger, P.O. Box 821, 64 Mercer St, Princeton, NJ, 08542-0803
Email: [email protected]
condemnation. Jesus Christ drank the cup of bitterness all the way to its dregs, and
descended into the very depths of hell: how can such a terrible story be borne?
Much more than an intellectual puzzle about so-called ‘‘theories of atonement’’ is
at stake here. Believers who have survived trauma stake their very lives on the
power of the gospel to heal.
Trauma: how can we give it the kind of disciplined attention that it deserves?
Holding even a fraction of this suffering steadily in our attention can be challeng-
ing. Is it possible to talk about trauma without causing pain to those already
bearing trauma in their bodies and souls?2 Daily through the media, we are bom-
barded with st ...
The family violence saga: from animal to children.Leopoldo Estol
A description of the roots of violence in the civilization and the relationship of human beings and animals, in the context of abuse. The role of the veterinarian in the scope of the veterinary public health and animal welfare duties. Showing how animal abuse is associated with family violence from the more bloody way to the subtler.
Impact of Poverty on the Society - Free Essay Example PapersOwl.com. Population and poverty essay. Over population and poverty. 2022-10-26. Facts About Poverty - Sample Essay. Poverty Essay Social Studies - Level 2 NCEA Thinkswap. 006 Problem Of Poverty Essay Example Lva1 App6892 Thumbnail Thatsnotus. Order Paper Writing Help 24/7 - essay poverty in the world - 2017/10/10. Solutions to the Poverty Question Essay Example Topics and Well .... Aid, Debt Relief, and Trade: an Agenda for Fighting World Poverty Essay .... Poverty Essay 3 Poverty Poverty amp; Homelessness. Essay on Poverty Poverty Poverty amp; Homelessness. World Poverty Research Essay Sample SpeedyPaper.com. Poverty essay. Poverty Outline.docx Welfare Poverty. Poverty affects young people: Essay Example, 1168 words GradesFixer. Sample Essay on Poverty - Blog Ultius. Global Poverty Essay: Poverty And Globalization. PDF Fighting global poverty. Essay global inequality poverty - ghostwritingrates.web.fc2.com. Causes of poverty essay free. Causes Of Poverty Essay. 2022-11-03. Imposing Poverty Essay Thatsnotus. Global poverty Research Paper Example Topics and Well Written Essays .... Business paper: Essay on poverty. Essay on Poverty Poverty Essay for Students and Children in English .... effects.docx - Sign UpSign In Effects Of Poverty Essay 1026 words - 4 .... Essay world poverty - lawwustl.web.fc2.com. Measuring Poverty around the World Princeton University Press. Ending poverty essay. 50 Poverty Essay Topics, Titles amp; Examples In .... PDF On world poverty: Its causes and effects. Business paper: Poverty in the world essay. Global poverty essay. Global poverty essay. 2019-02-05. Essay On Poverty Poverty Poverty amp; Homelessness. Essay on Poverty - GCSE Miscellaneous - Marked by Teachers.com Global Poverty Essay Global Poverty Essay. Ending poverty essay. 50 Poverty Essay Topics, Titles amp; Examples In ...
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
HISTORY AS A DETERMINANT OF MALAWIMOZAMBIQUE RELATIONS: THE CASE OF THE NSANJ...John1Lorcan
Using the Nsanje international inland port saga as a case study, this paper employs the realism theory to
examine the historically difficult relationship between Malawi and Mozambique. Based on data gathered
from interviews and previously published studies, the study's final conclusion is that Malawi’s bilateral
relations with Mozambique are the product and continue to be shaped by history. Because the relationship
between the two states is historically based on the provision of services especially port facilities, the
Nsanje inland port is at loggerheads with Mozambique’s national economic interests as it seeks to put an
end to the historically rooted modus operandi of the relationship. The study recommends mandatory
feasibility studies before starting projects, placing the port project on hold, continuing with the current
foreign policy which to a great extent appeases Mozambique and finding some use for the port structures
which currently constitute a white elephant.
MEASURING INCLUSIVE GROWTH IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA FROM 1996 TO 2019: EVIDENCE ...John1Lorcan
Since inception, the concept of inclusive growth has been defined and measured differently among scholars
and policymakers. This paper measures inclusive growth in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) from 1996 to 2019.
A principal component analysis and weighted mean approaches have been applied following the Eurasian
Economic Commission, and 20 methodologies. The study findings show that the inclusive growth index is
sensitive to the measurement approach used due to different sets of indicators and dimensions. However,
the methodologies provide a basis for comparing country performance. In addition, in both methodologies,
economic performance was found to be a significant contributor to inclusive growth. Countries with higher
economic performance witnessed higher inclusive growth. From the findings, policymakers could rely on
more than one measurement approach to determine inclusive growth. This will enable them develop policy
measures which address various dimensions that each of the SSA countries need to robustly invest and
improve.
THE DIVERSE BEAUTY OF MATHILDENHÖHE: AN INSIGHT INTO AESTHETIC PHILOSOPHY AND...John1Lorcan
This article aims to look at the World Heritage Site from the perspective of curatorial studies and aesthetic
philosophy. The Darmstadt Artists' Colony made an enormous contribution to art and formed a bridge
between the British Arts & Crafts movement and the German Association of Craftsmen, which eventually
led to the Bauhaus movement. The last Grand Duke of Hesse and the Rhine was not only a patron who
founded this Artists' Colony, but also a prominent curator together with the Austrian architect and one of
the founders of the Vienna Secession, Joseph Maria Olbrich. Together they combined economic
development with artistic innovation. The establishment of the Darmstadt Artists' Colony was a sensation
in the art world. Itmarked the beginning of the 20th century, turning everyday life into an aesthetic
experience.
BLACK FUTURES: COLLECTING SOCIOCULTURAL DATA THROUGH MACHINE LEARNINGJohn1Lorcan
Although African American community archives have appeared, there is a lack of incorporation of
information-seeking, behaviour, language transmission, categorization, and community archival datasets
in data collection and machine learning (ML) environments. To address this, as the autoethnographer, I
propose to develop a future body of research targeting the African American community in Texas,
obtaining valuable insights about their engagement with ML. Eun Seo Jo's literature review emphasizes the
roles of community archives in ML environments and the strategies necessary for this space to be
considered a valuable resource in research and information. As the autoethnographer, I use this research
to explore effective strategies for machine learning environments to collaborate with African American
community archives and incorporate user input into ML data collection practices. The aim of the study is
to examine an original body of literature to aid me with my plan of action in creating a research study
about machine learning in African American community archives.
Implementation of Authorized Economic Operator Program in Comesa: Evidence Fr...John1Lorcan
The paper investigates the effect of authorized economic operator program on bilateral trade between Kenya and trading partners in the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa. The augmented gravity model was estimated using 2010-2021 data for 17 cross-sectionals. The Panel Correlated Standard Error method results show thatimplementation of the authorized economic operator by both exporter and importer stimulates Kenya’s bilateral trade volume in the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa. The author recommends full implementation of the authorized economic operator by the remaining 12 Member States to attain the maximum benefits of the program across the region.
Gender Inequiality in Higher Music Educaiton in China: Historical and Contemp...John1Lorcan
Gender inequality is higher music education is a significant issue in China, shaped by both historical and contemporary factors that influence the opportunities available to women in this field. This paper offers a comprehensive analysis of the challenges encountered by women in higher music education in China, examining the impact of traditional Chinese philosophy, Western missionaries, and the Chinese Government on gender relations and opportunities in music education. Drawing upon existing literature and data, this paper addresses three main research areas pertaining to women’s education in China’s higher education: the historical evolution of women’s education in China, from traditional to modern times, in order to examine the progression of educational opportunities for women; the current landscape of opportunities for women’s education and involvement in music practices within China’s higher music education; and the existing employment framing issues that women face in higher music education in China, in comparison to their male counterparts. While acknowledging the increasing educational opportunities available to women in contemporary China, this paper recognizes that societal expectations and gender stereotypes can still impede women’s access to teaching careers and other music-related professions. These challenges have substantial implications for women’s education, music practices, and employability, underscoring the importance for policymakers and educators to actively promote gender equality within higher education.
PSYCHOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF ABUSE IN INTIMATE RELATIONSHIPS AMONG YOUNG WOMEN IN...John1Lorcan
This study aims to investigate the psychological effects of abuse from intimate relationships on young
women. In order to overcome the complexity, challenges, and proposal for the best remedies face by the
sexually abuse victims in the Tangkhul community, both qualitative and quantitative approaches are
adopted. The study covers various aspects of research methodology, including study design, sampling
techniques, data collection tools, and analysis methods. Additionally, the study proposes a collaborative
effort between the state and other entities to enhance care and counseling services for survivors of intimate
partner abuse. The main intension and takeaway from the study is to comprehend the cultural changes
taking place along with the critically examination of the victims and how the community can take up
appropriate initiatives through care and counseling, which is the need of an hour.
AN ANALYSIS OF GENDER AND SWEAR WORDS: A CASE STUDY OF IRANIAN COMMUNITY ON I...John1Lorcan
The relationship between language and gender has been the subject of discussion and investigation for
many years, with the goal of understanding the societal norms and expectations of gender. This article
aims to explore the relationship between gender and the swear words in the comment section of Iranian
celebrities Instagram accounts. This study found that each gender tends to post swear words in comments
of the same gender celebrity. This research also discovered that female users tend to auto-censor strong
swear words and are more likely to body-shame the content creator, while men are more open to posting
strong swear words.
DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION OF SOCIAL WELFARE: EXPLORING INNOVATIONS AND POLICY IM...John1Lorcan
The digital transformation of social welfare systems is an area that is fast developing and has a lot of
potential to improve service delivery and improve outcomes for both people and communities. The goal of
this research paper is to examine the policy changes and innovations brought about by the digital
revolution of social welfare. It investigates the adoption of emerging technologies, such as artificial
intelligence, big data analytics, and blockchain, in various domains of social welfare, including healthcare,
education, employment, and social assistance programs. The paper examines the potential benefits of
digital transformation, including increased efficiency, improved access to services, and personalized
support. It also delves into the challenges and concerns associated with this transformation, such as data
privacy, equity, and the digital divide. By analysing successful case studies and lessons learned from
different countries, the paper highlights key policy considerations for ensuring the effective and equitable
implementation of digital innovations in social welfare. Policy implications discussed include the need for
robust regulatory frameworks to protect data privacy, the importance of ethical guidelines to guide the use
of emerging technologies, and the necessity of capacity building initiatives to equip stakeholders with the
necessary skills and knowledge. The paper emphasizes the importance of creating inclusive, people-centric
social welfare systems that leverage the potential of digital technologies to meet the evolving needs of
individuals and communities.
Overall, this research paper provides valuable insights into the digital transformation of social welfare,
offering policymakers and stakeholders a comprehensive understanding of the opportunities, challenges,
and policy considerations involved. By embracing digital innovations thoughtfully and responsibly, social
welfare systems can become more efficient, responsive, and equitable, ultimately improving the lives of
those in need.
THE ENGLISH LEARNING MOTIVATION OF CHINESE STUDENTS: CROSS-GRADE SURVEY ANALYSISJohn1Lorcan
Existing literature indicates that motivation is the most powerful determining factor that influences the rate
and success of second language learning [1][2][3][4][5][6][7]. Currently, there is a growing body of
empirical research indicating the changes in second language learning motivation in different grades at
the same or different schools [8][9][10][11][12]. The findings of previous studies have mostly shown that
student second language learning motivation increases with increasing school levels. Do¨rnyei (2000)
suggested that concentrating on the time dimension of second language motivation is crucial for
comprehending the second language motivation of students. However, the temporal variations of second
language motivation, particularly motivational changes at different Chinese school levels, have not been
sufficiently emphasized by second language motivation researchers, therefore, this quantitative research
investigated the changes in Chinese students’ English learning motivation from primary to high school. An
English learning motivation questionnaire was used and administered to 3000 students from Grades 1 - 12
in public primary, junior high, and high schools across Mainland China, and employed the reliability
analysis and analysis of variance to analyze quantitative data. The statistical results revealed that high
school students ranked highest in English learning motivation, followed by junior high and primary school
students. Furthermore, the college entrance examination had a positive impact on high school students'
motivation to learn English.
SHEIKH MUJIBUR RAHMAN: CHARISMATIC LEADER OF BANGLADESHJohn1Lorcan
Sheikh Mujibur Rahman is one of the most charismatic leaders of the Third World in the twentieth century.
We know that Charismatic leaders are the gifts and mercy from God. They are torch bearers of knowledge
and revolution. Every nation in one way or the other has been and is endowed with leaders and same is the
case of Bangladesh nation which was fortunate enough to have a leader like Sheikh Mujibur Rahman who
guided them in the times of freedom struggle, and trusted them into the region which dawned tranquility of
mind and unshackled boundaries. It is in fact an old saying that good leaders build good nations which is
equally true with the Bangladesh nation for which sheikh Mujibur Rahman sacrificed every breath and
blood of his life and mapped a new nation in the world. The paper discusses the main achievements of the
leader and particularly the independence of Bangladesh of which Mujib was the pivotal figure. The result
revealed that Sheikh Mujib was stimulated people by his charismatic leadership capability and huge
political knowledge. From his early life he was demonstrated two key leadership qualities which make him
unquestionable leader of the Bangladesh. One key quality was proactive social consciousness and
paramount dedication for politics. Sheikh Mujib has so many leadership skills that recognized him as a
leader of general people. His aspiration and sacrifice for nation made him an icon of the country.
Therefore, it can be concluded that his leadership trait made himself as a father of the nation. The people
of Bangladesh had dreamt of an independent nation and that dream was finally implemented in really on
16Th December 1971 under the leadership of a true Patriot Sheikh Mujibur Rahman. Bangladesh and its
people were blessed with God‟s will of sending the Greatest Bengali Soul of all time on the soil of
Tungipara. That greatest soul was nobody else but it is our “Father of the Nation” – Bangabandhu -
Sheikh Mujibur Rahman. He was the greatest politician, philosopher and tourism lover the world has ever
produced. He was the kindest person the world has ever noticed, he loved everyone more than he loved his
own family and children. This study was carried out by descriptive analysis through the literature review of
existing paper
WOMEN AND AGRICULTURE IN RURAL KENYA: ROLE IN AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTIONJohn1Lorcan
Women play a very significant role in agricultural production in Kenya. However, they are accorded little
attention. The lack of inadequate information on the level of women participation in agricultural
production has helped to underestimate their importance in agricultural production and hence led to their
neglect in sector development. This paper sought to examine the role of women in Agricultural production
in Kenya to give them an impetus upon which they can voice their concern in agricultural related issues. To
improve women visibility in agricultural production, the author suggests that women contribution to
agricultural production should be understood based on their contribution to food security in household and
community rather than their contribution to commercialised agriculture which is dominated by men. With
this, the author hopes to persuade policymakers to re-examine their perception of rural women involved in
agricultural production for prompt policy action.
THE ENGLISH LEARNING MOTIVATION OF CHINESE STUDENTS: CROSS-GRADE SURVEY ANALYSISJohn1Lorcan
Existing literature indicates that motivation is the most powerful determining factor that influences the rate
and success of second language learning [1][2][3][4][5][6][7]. Currently, there is a growing body of
empirical research indicating the changes in second language learning motivation in different grades at
the same or different schools [8][9][10][11][12]. The findings of previous studies have mostly shown that
student second language learning motivation increases with increasing school levels. Do¨rnyei (2000)
suggested that concentrating on the time dimension of second language motivation is crucial for
comprehending the second language motivation of students. However, the temporal variations of second
language motivation, particularly motivational changes at different Chinese school levels, have not been
sufficiently emphasized by second language motivation researchers, therefore, this quantitative research
investigated the changes in Chinese students’ English learning motivation from primary to high school. An
English learning motivation questionnaire was used and administered to 3000 students from Grades 1 - 12
in public primary, junior high, and high schools across Mainland China, and employed the reliability
analysis and analysis of variance to analyze quantitative data. The statistical results revealed that high
school students ranked highest in English learning motivation, followed by junior high and primary school
students. Furthermore, the college entrance examination had a positive impact on high school students'
motivation to learn English.
LAND OWNERSHIP RIGHTS AND ACCESS TO FARMLANDS BY FARMERS AND HERDERS IN THE K...John1Lorcan
Land is seen in societies as a vital natural asset, and the worth of this resource to human through time and
space cannot be underestimated. The purpose of this research was to examine land ownership rights and
access to farmlands by farmers and herders in the Kwahu East District (KED) in the Eastern Region of
Ghana. Qualitatively, the study adopted a descriptive case study research design. This research was based
on two objectives: to examine land ownership rights in the Kwahu East District, and determine how
farmers and herders get access to farmlands. The study population involved residents of three communities
in the Kwahu East District, namely, Yaw Tenkorang, Kwaku Sarfo and Bebua. The purposive sampling
technique was used to select 4 traditional leaders, 10 farmers, 10 herdsmen and cattle owners, 3 Assembly
members, the District Chief Executive, the District Commander of Police, and the District Land Officer.
The study concluded that, land ownership rights in KED were based on the allodia and usufruct systems,
which vest land ownership rights in the hands of traditional authorities and family heads. Again, the study
showed that, indigenous farmers lay claim to greater rights over the lands compared to herders who are
considered as aliens, without any land ownerswhip rights. The study revealed measures initiated to find
lasting solution to this conflict. It is recommended that; the Municipal Assembly must concentrate more
effort in establishiing adequate fodder banks for cattle. Again, the practice of ranching must be
encouraged amongst cattle owners and herders to prevent unwanted competition over land use.
More Related Content
Similar to BEARING WITNESS TO BUSHFIRES: TRAUMA, MEMORY AND RECOVERY IN ELIZA HENRY JONES’ ACHE
Theology Today68(1) 8–25! The Author(s) 2011Reprin.docxchristalgrieg
Theology Today
68(1) 8–25
! The Author(s) 2011
Reprints and permissions:
sagepub.co.uk/journalsPermissions.nav
DOI: 10.1177/0040573610394922
ttj.sagepub.com
Article
Bearing the unbearable:
Trauma, gospel and
pastoral care1
Deborah van Deusen Hunsinger
Princeton Theological Seminary
Abstract
This paper examines trauma in light of the gospel of Jesus Christ. Given the profound
and long-lasting suffering caused by trauma, how is it to be borne? Moreover, how do
those in the helping professions bear the vicarious pain of listening empathically to the
cries of the traumatized? Professor Hunsinger first examines trauma and details its
psychological effects. Then she describes a process by which one can break out of
the vicious cycle of trauma’s impact. Finally, she places trauma in theological context,
by claiming that all that is truly unbearable in this world can be borne only because Jesus
Christ has already borne the full weight of sin and death on our behalf and for our sakes.
The anguish of human trauma is endured as we mediate the love of God by providing a
relational home for one another, a place where God’s compassion is attested, prayers of
lament are offered, and the worship of the people of God sustains us in hope.
Keywords
Trauma, pastoral care, healing, PTSD, suffering, cross
Traumatic loss lies at the very heart of the Christian imagination. The souls of
those who call themselves Christian are indelibly stamped with the unbearable
sorrow of this man, Jesus. After raising the hopes of many, Jesus died a shameful
death, indeed an unjust and horrible death. What is more, his friends denied,
betrayed, and abandoned him in his hour of need. He was tortured and executed
as a common criminal, even though he had done nothing to warrant
1. This article served as the inaugural lecture for my appointment to the position of Charlotte W.
Newcombe Professor of Pastoral Theology at Princeton Theological Seminary on September 27,
2010. It is dedicated to my beloved teacher, Professor Ann Belford Ulanov, of Union Theological
Seminary in New York. Studying with her was one of the great blessings of my life.
Corresponding author:
Deborah van Deusen Hunsinger, P.O. Box 821, 64 Mercer St, Princeton, NJ, 08542-0803
Email: [email protected]
condemnation. Jesus Christ drank the cup of bitterness all the way to its dregs, and
descended into the very depths of hell: how can such a terrible story be borne?
Much more than an intellectual puzzle about so-called ‘‘theories of atonement’’ is
at stake here. Believers who have survived trauma stake their very lives on the
power of the gospel to heal.
Trauma: how can we give it the kind of disciplined attention that it deserves?
Holding even a fraction of this suffering steadily in our attention can be challeng-
ing. Is it possible to talk about trauma without causing pain to those already
bearing trauma in their bodies and souls?2 Daily through the media, we are bom-
barded with st ...
The family violence saga: from animal to children.Leopoldo Estol
A description of the roots of violence in the civilization and the relationship of human beings and animals, in the context of abuse. The role of the veterinarian in the scope of the veterinary public health and animal welfare duties. Showing how animal abuse is associated with family violence from the more bloody way to the subtler.
Impact of Poverty on the Society - Free Essay Example PapersOwl.com. Population and poverty essay. Over population and poverty. 2022-10-26. Facts About Poverty - Sample Essay. Poverty Essay Social Studies - Level 2 NCEA Thinkswap. 006 Problem Of Poverty Essay Example Lva1 App6892 Thumbnail Thatsnotus. Order Paper Writing Help 24/7 - essay poverty in the world - 2017/10/10. Solutions to the Poverty Question Essay Example Topics and Well .... Aid, Debt Relief, and Trade: an Agenda for Fighting World Poverty Essay .... Poverty Essay 3 Poverty Poverty amp; Homelessness. Essay on Poverty Poverty Poverty amp; Homelessness. World Poverty Research Essay Sample SpeedyPaper.com. Poverty essay. Poverty Outline.docx Welfare Poverty. Poverty affects young people: Essay Example, 1168 words GradesFixer. Sample Essay on Poverty - Blog Ultius. Global Poverty Essay: Poverty And Globalization. PDF Fighting global poverty. Essay global inequality poverty - ghostwritingrates.web.fc2.com. Causes of poverty essay free. Causes Of Poverty Essay. 2022-11-03. Imposing Poverty Essay Thatsnotus. Global poverty Research Paper Example Topics and Well Written Essays .... Business paper: Essay on poverty. Essay on Poverty Poverty Essay for Students and Children in English .... effects.docx - Sign UpSign In Effects Of Poverty Essay 1026 words - 4 .... Essay world poverty - lawwustl.web.fc2.com. Measuring Poverty around the World Princeton University Press. Ending poverty essay. 50 Poverty Essay Topics, Titles amp; Examples In .... PDF On world poverty: Its causes and effects. Business paper: Poverty in the world essay. Global poverty essay. Global poverty essay. 2019-02-05. Essay On Poverty Poverty Poverty amp; Homelessness. Essay on Poverty - GCSE Miscellaneous - Marked by Teachers.com Global Poverty Essay Global Poverty Essay. Ending poverty essay. 50 Poverty Essay Topics, Titles amp; Examples In ...
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
HISTORY AS A DETERMINANT OF MALAWIMOZAMBIQUE RELATIONS: THE CASE OF THE NSANJ...John1Lorcan
Using the Nsanje international inland port saga as a case study, this paper employs the realism theory to
examine the historically difficult relationship between Malawi and Mozambique. Based on data gathered
from interviews and previously published studies, the study's final conclusion is that Malawi’s bilateral
relations with Mozambique are the product and continue to be shaped by history. Because the relationship
between the two states is historically based on the provision of services especially port facilities, the
Nsanje inland port is at loggerheads with Mozambique’s national economic interests as it seeks to put an
end to the historically rooted modus operandi of the relationship. The study recommends mandatory
feasibility studies before starting projects, placing the port project on hold, continuing with the current
foreign policy which to a great extent appeases Mozambique and finding some use for the port structures
which currently constitute a white elephant.
MEASURING INCLUSIVE GROWTH IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA FROM 1996 TO 2019: EVIDENCE ...John1Lorcan
Since inception, the concept of inclusive growth has been defined and measured differently among scholars
and policymakers. This paper measures inclusive growth in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) from 1996 to 2019.
A principal component analysis and weighted mean approaches have been applied following the Eurasian
Economic Commission, and 20 methodologies. The study findings show that the inclusive growth index is
sensitive to the measurement approach used due to different sets of indicators and dimensions. However,
the methodologies provide a basis for comparing country performance. In addition, in both methodologies,
economic performance was found to be a significant contributor to inclusive growth. Countries with higher
economic performance witnessed higher inclusive growth. From the findings, policymakers could rely on
more than one measurement approach to determine inclusive growth. This will enable them develop policy
measures which address various dimensions that each of the SSA countries need to robustly invest and
improve.
THE DIVERSE BEAUTY OF MATHILDENHÖHE: AN INSIGHT INTO AESTHETIC PHILOSOPHY AND...John1Lorcan
This article aims to look at the World Heritage Site from the perspective of curatorial studies and aesthetic
philosophy. The Darmstadt Artists' Colony made an enormous contribution to art and formed a bridge
between the British Arts & Crafts movement and the German Association of Craftsmen, which eventually
led to the Bauhaus movement. The last Grand Duke of Hesse and the Rhine was not only a patron who
founded this Artists' Colony, but also a prominent curator together with the Austrian architect and one of
the founders of the Vienna Secession, Joseph Maria Olbrich. Together they combined economic
development with artistic innovation. The establishment of the Darmstadt Artists' Colony was a sensation
in the art world. Itmarked the beginning of the 20th century, turning everyday life into an aesthetic
experience.
BLACK FUTURES: COLLECTING SOCIOCULTURAL DATA THROUGH MACHINE LEARNINGJohn1Lorcan
Although African American community archives have appeared, there is a lack of incorporation of
information-seeking, behaviour, language transmission, categorization, and community archival datasets
in data collection and machine learning (ML) environments. To address this, as the autoethnographer, I
propose to develop a future body of research targeting the African American community in Texas,
obtaining valuable insights about their engagement with ML. Eun Seo Jo's literature review emphasizes the
roles of community archives in ML environments and the strategies necessary for this space to be
considered a valuable resource in research and information. As the autoethnographer, I use this research
to explore effective strategies for machine learning environments to collaborate with African American
community archives and incorporate user input into ML data collection practices. The aim of the study is
to examine an original body of literature to aid me with my plan of action in creating a research study
about machine learning in African American community archives.
Implementation of Authorized Economic Operator Program in Comesa: Evidence Fr...John1Lorcan
The paper investigates the effect of authorized economic operator program on bilateral trade between Kenya and trading partners in the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa. The augmented gravity model was estimated using 2010-2021 data for 17 cross-sectionals. The Panel Correlated Standard Error method results show thatimplementation of the authorized economic operator by both exporter and importer stimulates Kenya’s bilateral trade volume in the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa. The author recommends full implementation of the authorized economic operator by the remaining 12 Member States to attain the maximum benefits of the program across the region.
Gender Inequiality in Higher Music Educaiton in China: Historical and Contemp...John1Lorcan
Gender inequality is higher music education is a significant issue in China, shaped by both historical and contemporary factors that influence the opportunities available to women in this field. This paper offers a comprehensive analysis of the challenges encountered by women in higher music education in China, examining the impact of traditional Chinese philosophy, Western missionaries, and the Chinese Government on gender relations and opportunities in music education. Drawing upon existing literature and data, this paper addresses three main research areas pertaining to women’s education in China’s higher education: the historical evolution of women’s education in China, from traditional to modern times, in order to examine the progression of educational opportunities for women; the current landscape of opportunities for women’s education and involvement in music practices within China’s higher music education; and the existing employment framing issues that women face in higher music education in China, in comparison to their male counterparts. While acknowledging the increasing educational opportunities available to women in contemporary China, this paper recognizes that societal expectations and gender stereotypes can still impede women’s access to teaching careers and other music-related professions. These challenges have substantial implications for women’s education, music practices, and employability, underscoring the importance for policymakers and educators to actively promote gender equality within higher education.
PSYCHOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF ABUSE IN INTIMATE RELATIONSHIPS AMONG YOUNG WOMEN IN...John1Lorcan
This study aims to investigate the psychological effects of abuse from intimate relationships on young
women. In order to overcome the complexity, challenges, and proposal for the best remedies face by the
sexually abuse victims in the Tangkhul community, both qualitative and quantitative approaches are
adopted. The study covers various aspects of research methodology, including study design, sampling
techniques, data collection tools, and analysis methods. Additionally, the study proposes a collaborative
effort between the state and other entities to enhance care and counseling services for survivors of intimate
partner abuse. The main intension and takeaway from the study is to comprehend the cultural changes
taking place along with the critically examination of the victims and how the community can take up
appropriate initiatives through care and counseling, which is the need of an hour.
AN ANALYSIS OF GENDER AND SWEAR WORDS: A CASE STUDY OF IRANIAN COMMUNITY ON I...John1Lorcan
The relationship between language and gender has been the subject of discussion and investigation for
many years, with the goal of understanding the societal norms and expectations of gender. This article
aims to explore the relationship between gender and the swear words in the comment section of Iranian
celebrities Instagram accounts. This study found that each gender tends to post swear words in comments
of the same gender celebrity. This research also discovered that female users tend to auto-censor strong
swear words and are more likely to body-shame the content creator, while men are more open to posting
strong swear words.
DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION OF SOCIAL WELFARE: EXPLORING INNOVATIONS AND POLICY IM...John1Lorcan
The digital transformation of social welfare systems is an area that is fast developing and has a lot of
potential to improve service delivery and improve outcomes for both people and communities. The goal of
this research paper is to examine the policy changes and innovations brought about by the digital
revolution of social welfare. It investigates the adoption of emerging technologies, such as artificial
intelligence, big data analytics, and blockchain, in various domains of social welfare, including healthcare,
education, employment, and social assistance programs. The paper examines the potential benefits of
digital transformation, including increased efficiency, improved access to services, and personalized
support. It also delves into the challenges and concerns associated with this transformation, such as data
privacy, equity, and the digital divide. By analysing successful case studies and lessons learned from
different countries, the paper highlights key policy considerations for ensuring the effective and equitable
implementation of digital innovations in social welfare. Policy implications discussed include the need for
robust regulatory frameworks to protect data privacy, the importance of ethical guidelines to guide the use
of emerging technologies, and the necessity of capacity building initiatives to equip stakeholders with the
necessary skills and knowledge. The paper emphasizes the importance of creating inclusive, people-centric
social welfare systems that leverage the potential of digital technologies to meet the evolving needs of
individuals and communities.
Overall, this research paper provides valuable insights into the digital transformation of social welfare,
offering policymakers and stakeholders a comprehensive understanding of the opportunities, challenges,
and policy considerations involved. By embracing digital innovations thoughtfully and responsibly, social
welfare systems can become more efficient, responsive, and equitable, ultimately improving the lives of
those in need.
THE ENGLISH LEARNING MOTIVATION OF CHINESE STUDENTS: CROSS-GRADE SURVEY ANALYSISJohn1Lorcan
Existing literature indicates that motivation is the most powerful determining factor that influences the rate
and success of second language learning [1][2][3][4][5][6][7]. Currently, there is a growing body of
empirical research indicating the changes in second language learning motivation in different grades at
the same or different schools [8][9][10][11][12]. The findings of previous studies have mostly shown that
student second language learning motivation increases with increasing school levels. Do¨rnyei (2000)
suggested that concentrating on the time dimension of second language motivation is crucial for
comprehending the second language motivation of students. However, the temporal variations of second
language motivation, particularly motivational changes at different Chinese school levels, have not been
sufficiently emphasized by second language motivation researchers, therefore, this quantitative research
investigated the changes in Chinese students’ English learning motivation from primary to high school. An
English learning motivation questionnaire was used and administered to 3000 students from Grades 1 - 12
in public primary, junior high, and high schools across Mainland China, and employed the reliability
analysis and analysis of variance to analyze quantitative data. The statistical results revealed that high
school students ranked highest in English learning motivation, followed by junior high and primary school
students. Furthermore, the college entrance examination had a positive impact on high school students'
motivation to learn English.
SHEIKH MUJIBUR RAHMAN: CHARISMATIC LEADER OF BANGLADESHJohn1Lorcan
Sheikh Mujibur Rahman is one of the most charismatic leaders of the Third World in the twentieth century.
We know that Charismatic leaders are the gifts and mercy from God. They are torch bearers of knowledge
and revolution. Every nation in one way or the other has been and is endowed with leaders and same is the
case of Bangladesh nation which was fortunate enough to have a leader like Sheikh Mujibur Rahman who
guided them in the times of freedom struggle, and trusted them into the region which dawned tranquility of
mind and unshackled boundaries. It is in fact an old saying that good leaders build good nations which is
equally true with the Bangladesh nation for which sheikh Mujibur Rahman sacrificed every breath and
blood of his life and mapped a new nation in the world. The paper discusses the main achievements of the
leader and particularly the independence of Bangladesh of which Mujib was the pivotal figure. The result
revealed that Sheikh Mujib was stimulated people by his charismatic leadership capability and huge
political knowledge. From his early life he was demonstrated two key leadership qualities which make him
unquestionable leader of the Bangladesh. One key quality was proactive social consciousness and
paramount dedication for politics. Sheikh Mujib has so many leadership skills that recognized him as a
leader of general people. His aspiration and sacrifice for nation made him an icon of the country.
Therefore, it can be concluded that his leadership trait made himself as a father of the nation. The people
of Bangladesh had dreamt of an independent nation and that dream was finally implemented in really on
16Th December 1971 under the leadership of a true Patriot Sheikh Mujibur Rahman. Bangladesh and its
people were blessed with God‟s will of sending the Greatest Bengali Soul of all time on the soil of
Tungipara. That greatest soul was nobody else but it is our “Father of the Nation” – Bangabandhu -
Sheikh Mujibur Rahman. He was the greatest politician, philosopher and tourism lover the world has ever
produced. He was the kindest person the world has ever noticed, he loved everyone more than he loved his
own family and children. This study was carried out by descriptive analysis through the literature review of
existing paper
WOMEN AND AGRICULTURE IN RURAL KENYA: ROLE IN AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTIONJohn1Lorcan
Women play a very significant role in agricultural production in Kenya. However, they are accorded little
attention. The lack of inadequate information on the level of women participation in agricultural
production has helped to underestimate their importance in agricultural production and hence led to their
neglect in sector development. This paper sought to examine the role of women in Agricultural production
in Kenya to give them an impetus upon which they can voice their concern in agricultural related issues. To
improve women visibility in agricultural production, the author suggests that women contribution to
agricultural production should be understood based on their contribution to food security in household and
community rather than their contribution to commercialised agriculture which is dominated by men. With
this, the author hopes to persuade policymakers to re-examine their perception of rural women involved in
agricultural production for prompt policy action.
THE ENGLISH LEARNING MOTIVATION OF CHINESE STUDENTS: CROSS-GRADE SURVEY ANALYSISJohn1Lorcan
Existing literature indicates that motivation is the most powerful determining factor that influences the rate
and success of second language learning [1][2][3][4][5][6][7]. Currently, there is a growing body of
empirical research indicating the changes in second language learning motivation in different grades at
the same or different schools [8][9][10][11][12]. The findings of previous studies have mostly shown that
student second language learning motivation increases with increasing school levels. Do¨rnyei (2000)
suggested that concentrating on the time dimension of second language motivation is crucial for
comprehending the second language motivation of students. However, the temporal variations of second
language motivation, particularly motivational changes at different Chinese school levels, have not been
sufficiently emphasized by second language motivation researchers, therefore, this quantitative research
investigated the changes in Chinese students’ English learning motivation from primary to high school. An
English learning motivation questionnaire was used and administered to 3000 students from Grades 1 - 12
in public primary, junior high, and high schools across Mainland China, and employed the reliability
analysis and analysis of variance to analyze quantitative data. The statistical results revealed that high
school students ranked highest in English learning motivation, followed by junior high and primary school
students. Furthermore, the college entrance examination had a positive impact on high school students'
motivation to learn English.
LAND OWNERSHIP RIGHTS AND ACCESS TO FARMLANDS BY FARMERS AND HERDERS IN THE K...John1Lorcan
Land is seen in societies as a vital natural asset, and the worth of this resource to human through time and
space cannot be underestimated. The purpose of this research was to examine land ownership rights and
access to farmlands by farmers and herders in the Kwahu East District (KED) in the Eastern Region of
Ghana. Qualitatively, the study adopted a descriptive case study research design. This research was based
on two objectives: to examine land ownership rights in the Kwahu East District, and determine how
farmers and herders get access to farmlands. The study population involved residents of three communities
in the Kwahu East District, namely, Yaw Tenkorang, Kwaku Sarfo and Bebua. The purposive sampling
technique was used to select 4 traditional leaders, 10 farmers, 10 herdsmen and cattle owners, 3 Assembly
members, the District Chief Executive, the District Commander of Police, and the District Land Officer.
The study concluded that, land ownership rights in KED were based on the allodia and usufruct systems,
which vest land ownership rights in the hands of traditional authorities and family heads. Again, the study
showed that, indigenous farmers lay claim to greater rights over the lands compared to herders who are
considered as aliens, without any land ownerswhip rights. The study revealed measures initiated to find
lasting solution to this conflict. It is recommended that; the Municipal Assembly must concentrate more
effort in establishiing adequate fodder banks for cattle. Again, the practice of ranching must be
encouraged amongst cattle owners and herders to prevent unwanted competition over land use.
International Journal of Humanities, Art and Social Studies (IJHAS) John1Lorcan
International Journal of Humanities, Art and Social Studies is an open access peer-reviewed journal that publishes articles which contribute new results in all areas of humanities, art and social science. The journal focuses aims to promote interdisciplinary studies in humanities and social science and become the leading journal in humanities and social science in the world. The goal of this journal is to bring together researchers and practitioners from academia and industry to focus on areas of literary and social studies for a cross cultural exploration and subsequent innovation of subjects concerned and establishing new collaborations in these areas. Authors are solicited to contribute to this journal by submitting articles for the development of humanities and social science fields.
DEMOCRACY OR LIBERAL AUTOCRACY; THE CASE OF AFRICAJohn1Lorcan
The state of democracy in Africa continues to be one of the most controversial and difficult questions facing
the continent today. While African regimes are more liberal than their authoritarian predecessors, they
have a profound flaw. The African governments have increasingly adopted important aspects of
constitutional liberalism necessary for democracy to flourish and includes rule of law, private property
rights, separation of powers and free speech and assembly. However, the results of such democratic
initiatives have not bored the intended fruits as the continent continue to witness outright reversals of
democracy. For instance, elections are becoming a means of power preservation and a large number of
countries have very low levels of democratic quality. This paper, therefore, seeks to examine this dire state
of democracy in Africa to inform discussions on why African governments should be regarded as a Liberal
Autocracies and not democratic.
CIVIC EDUCATION AND IT’S IMPERATIVE TOWARDS NATION BUILDING: THE NIGERIAN EXA...John1Lorcan
Most countries of the world today originated as a result of the activities of colonialists and imperialists
who merged previously independent nations together for the sole reason of domination and exploitation.
Following the end of colonial era and the resulting freedom of previously colonized people, many countries
have been struggling to live together as the nation which their erstwhile colonial masters made them. This
has often resulted to conflicts and crises, the worst of it being the Rwandan genocide of 1994. Due to these
incidences, social researchers have intensified efforts in designing programs that will facilitate the very act
of nation-building/or prevent a devastating effect that may result from a failure thereof. This paper,
therefore, attempts to suggest Civic Education as one of the models that can help facilitate nation-building
project especially in countries affected by the effects of colonization. The work employed the normative
method of philosophy, while also not leaving behind the evaluative and analytical side of the method.
SLEUTHING WOMEN:GENDER IN THE ART OF JAPANESE DETECTIVE FICTION AND FILMJohn1Lorcan
Although it remains one of the most popular genres worldwide, detective fiction is usually regarded as a
purely commercial form. Because of this, detective novels, short stories, and films are rarely subjected to
the same critical scrutiny and attention as other, more respected modes of writing and representation.
Nevertheless, because of its attention to the character of everyday life, detective fiction is a perfect case
study for determining national attitudes towards gender. Generally speaking, women perform three
different functions in Japanese detective fiction. They are either hapless victims, minor plot devices, or (on
rare occasions) agents of detection themselves. This paper surveys several works of detective fiction,
ranging from the early- to mid-twentieth century, to demonstrate the evolving function that women have
played, both in the genre and in the society that the genre reflects
International Journal of Humanities, Art and Social Studies (IJHAS)John1Lorcan
International Journal of Humanities, Art and Social Studies is an open access peer-reviewed journal that publishes articles which contribute new results in all areas of humanities, art and social science. The journal focuses aims to promote interdisciplinary studies in humanities and social science and become the leading journal in humanities and social science in the world. The goal of this journal is to bring together researchers and practitioners from academia and industry to focus on areas of literary and social studies for a cross cultural exploration and subsequent innovation of subjects concerned and establishing new collaborations in these areas. Authors are solicited to contribute to this journal by submitting articles for the development of humanities and social science fields.
CREATIVE EDUCATION, MUSIC PRACTICES, AND GENDER DIFFERENCES AMONG YOUNG CHINE...John1Lorcan
Over the last two decades, China has placed more emphasis on learning and practice in the process of
fostering creativity in school education. Music inflames the mind and is the key to creativity. Music
practices have drawn the attention of many scholars fascinated with their creative properties in both
musical and non-musical domains. With particular reference to Shijiazhuang (the capital and largest city
in northern China’s Hebei Province), this study aimed to examine the under-researched connection
between gender, education, and creative music practices (broadly described as music as a culture of
imagination and real-time practice in the learning of diverse music styles and in the participation of music
activities in formal and informal learning contexts) as perceived by young Chinese students. The study
employed a self-reported survey questionnaire distributed to a sample of students aged eight to 17
attending Grade 4 through Grade 9 in 10 schools located in the city of Shijiazhuang (N = 2,015) conducted
between 2019 and 2020. Generally speaking, girls were more positive regarding the value of creativity in
school music education, as well as the music practices of diverse music cultures and music activities. This
paper will conclude with a debate on the ways that “gender” is comprehended, carried out, and discerned
in response to the students’ influential sources and their preferred school subjects in learning creativity,
their preferred music styles, and their preferred participation in music activities in both school music
lessons and extracurricular activities in learning creativity in the Chinese context.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
NO1 Uk best vashikaran specialist in delhi vashikaran baba near me online vas...Amil Baba Dawood bangali
Contact with Dawood Bhai Just call on +92322-6382012 and we'll help you. We'll solve all your problems within 12 to 24 hours and with 101% guarantee and with astrology systematic. If you want to take any personal or professional advice then also you can call us on +92322-6382012 , ONLINE LOVE PROBLEM & Other all types of Daily Life Problem's.Then CALL or WHATSAPP us on +92322-6382012 and Get all these problems solutions here by Amil Baba DAWOOD BANGALI
#vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore#blackmagicformarriage #aamilbaba #kalajadu #kalailam #taweez #wazifaexpert #jadumantar #vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore #blackmagicforlove #blackmagicformarriage #aamilbaba #kalajadu #kalailam #taweez #wazifaexpert #jadumantar #vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore #Amilbabainuk #amilbabainspain #amilbabaindubai #Amilbabainnorway #amilbabainkrachi #amilbabainlahore #amilbabaingujranwalan #amilbabainislamabad
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
BEARING WITNESS TO BUSHFIRES: TRAUMA, MEMORY AND RECOVERY IN ELIZA HENRY JONES’ ACHE
1. International Journal of Humanities, Art and Social Studies (IJHAS), Vol. 7, No.1/2, May 2022
15
BEARING WITNESS TO BUSHFIRES:
TRAUMA, MEMORY AND RECOVERY IN ELIZA
HENRY JONES’ ACHE
Muhsina N
Research Assistant at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, USA.
ABSTRACT
Bushfires are recurring phenomena that have been a part of Australian sociocultural life. Avid Australian
writer Eliza Henry-Jones’ second novel Ache (2017) is an itinerary of the devastatingly traumatic life
journey of the protagonist Annie who is constantly haunted by the nightmarish memories of bushfire prone
past. Her life has changed drastically after a bushfire ravages Annie’s mountain community, traumatized
her daughter Pip, killing her grandmother, and leaving her home in wreck-havoc. Annie’s responses to
trauma require scrutiny of her psychological functioning within the social or cultural environment that
may suppress acknowledgement of trauma. The novel depicts traumatic and fragmented memories that
incorporate varied survival behaviours within the characterization of survivors through Annie, her family
and acquaintances. This proposed paper will analyse the impact of bushfire on Indigenous population with
reference to the life of Annie and the events that are taken from the novel Ache by Eliza Henry Jones by
using literary trauma theory.
KEYWORDS
Trauma, isolation, trans-generational trauma, memory, women, healing, PTSD
1. INTRODUCTION
Bushfires have always been the worst of Australia's natural disasters and as the climate warms,
the intensity and the fear have escalated. The carnage wreaked along the way after each natural
disaster, the victims particularly the survivors, encompass significant losses of home, family
members and belongings. The contagious trauma subsides the mental health of the victims and in
majority cases, puts them into the pit of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD).
The nightmarish phenomenon of Bushfires have been crucial in shaping the nature, life, culture,
economy and polity of Australia. The catastrophic bushfires of 1939 Black Friday and 2019
Black Saturday along with the 2019-2020 summer fires stood out as the worst ecological
disasters causing the most severe fatalities for human and non-human world. The emotional
distress caused to thousands of people who were impacted directly or indirectly were seldom
addressed by the literature till recently. The persons and communities affected by bushfire can
experience a range of thoughts, intense feelings and weird behaviours induced by the memories
and on-going anxiety in their psyche. People who are socially isolated, specifically the
indigenous communities, are at higher risk of developing mental health disorders due to their
tragic losses and segregation. The physical and mental damages of women can result in the ordeal
of an entire family and hence, the community.
Eliza Henry Jones’ second novel Ache (2017) explores the concepts of grief and shared loss
caused all through the bushfires by appositely placing it into a mystical life of Annie. This
2. International Journal of Humanities, Art and Social Studies (IJHAS), Vol. 7, No.1/2, May 2022
16
Melbourne based novelist turned researcher has degrees in English, Psychology and Grief, Loss
and Trauma Counselling and completed an Honors thesis on the bushfire trauma in fiction.
Eliza’s other books include In the Quiet (2015), P is for Pearl 2018) and How to Grow a Family
Tree (2020). The storyline of Ache is simple and relevant, but underneath that simplicity is a
pileup of booming conflicts, ear-piercing catastrophes, and exhilarating regeneration tightly knit
in an empathetic way of narration.
Preliminary concepts on trauma were developed as a part of the studies on shock and hysteria by
Jean Martin Charcot, Sigmund Freud, Joseph Breuer, WHR Rivers and Siegfried Sassoon in the
20th
century. Trauma Studies hibernated for some time and it was rejuvenated during the Second
World War, Holocaust and later with the Vietnam War. Trauma is not completely curable for it
can return to haunt the survivor again at anytime due to the traumatic impressions sustain in the
psyche. Cathy Caruth in her book Unclaimed Experience: Trauma, Narrative and History( 2016)
indicates that trauma “is a wound that cries out, that addresses us in an attempt to tell us of a
reality or truth that is otherwise not available”[Caruth, Cathy. (2016). Unclaimed Experience:
Trauma, Narrative and History. Johns Hopkins UP] She describes the story of trauma as “the
narrative of a belated experience, far from telling of an escape from reality—the escape from a
death, or from its referential force—rather attests to its endless impact on a life” (Caruth). The
study of Ache as a bushfire narrative that records the mental agony deals with the trauma,
memory and recovery of Annie, her family and her community.
2. DEVISING TRAUMA: SPLINTERED SELVES
In her book Trauma and Survival in Contemporary Fiction (2002), Laurie Vickroy explain
strauma narratives as “fictional narratives that help readers to access traumatic experience”
[Vickroy, Laurie. (2002) Trauma and Survival in Contemporary Fiction. U of Virginia P]
Trauma narratives illustrate an unspeakable event that is inscribed in the consciousness of an
individual or a community that is splintered by it. Ache is about a generous and tight-knit family
dealing with the aftermath of a ruinous bushfire. It is a poignant exploration of three generations
of women and the different ways in which they cope with the bushfire on the mountains. It is also
about their relationship to the landscape and the attachment with nature in its totality.
Even after one year of the bushfire, the family in crisis continues to struggle with the
repercussions of the calamity. Their indigenous community lost a lot of lives-both animals and
humans- and many were damned as they got nothing left to live on. Eliza Henry-Jones traverses
the dark terrors and horrors of bushfires but also the backwash as those who have escaped
struggle to re-establish their lives. The author doesn’t provide us with much details of the bush
fire which has traumatized Annie, her daughter Pip, her mother Susan and the town of Quilly. It
was an unexpected fire that knocked down the entire town and its residents by testing their
overall robustness and resilience.
The narrative style of the novel itself reveals the inability of the protagonist to tell her life story.
The novel is written in a third person point of view and at times, the guilt and regret of Annie is
revealed through her own words in a disjointed manner. On telling a life history, the self is both
the teller of tales and that about whom tales are told. The individual with a lucid sense of self-
identity is the one who triumphs in integrating these tales and perspectives into a meaningful life
history. When the story of a life can only be told from the perspective of the others, then the self
is a victim and sufferer who has lost control over her existence. Since traumatic events are
experienced in fragmentary ways, memory is disarrayed and the events are not incorporated into
a comprehensible rational narrative. Nonetheless, when the survivors attempt to accumulate and
refurbish the fragments of memory into a story, trauma resists representation.
3. International Journal of Humanities, Art and Social Studies (IJHAS), Vol. 7, No.1/2, May 2022
17
Trauma questions the identity of a victim for a change in identity that is inevitable after a
traumatic event. According to Laurie Vickroy “trauma and its concurrent shame, doubt or guilt,
destroys important beliefs: in one’s own safety or competence to act or live in the world, one’s
perception of the world as meaningful and orderly, and one’s own view of oneself as strong and
autonomous” (Vickroy). As a veterinarian, Annie used to enjoy her profession. But, after the
bushfires she seldom enjoys her career as she cannot engage in her work with much concentration
or enthusiasm. Annie did love animals especially, cats, dogs, birds and rabbits till the symptoms
of trauma haunts her. She doubts her abilities as the confidence drained off and subsequently,
she became pessimistic in nature.
Trauma can also disrupt a person’s relationship to her body, destroys the victim’s sense of control
over her own self and obstructs her ability to develop an ongoing narrative of herself. Such a
formulation reveals both the essential vulnerability and resiliency of the self, as well as its
fundamental dependency on others. Annie behaves abnormally by stuffing her oversized handbag
with small pieces of branches and frames and even dragged home a branch to the extent that Tom
states, “You’re nuts, Annie”[Jones, Eliza Henry. (2017). Ache. Harper Collins] . Later, these
same words were echoed by Rose when Annie had delusions of hearing sirens at 4am. Annie
always wanted to depend upon Tom as she emotionally breaks down often. Susan also did crazy
things like always baking cakes and forcing others to have it. She dressed her up in wizard
costumes, got drunk, and climbed up on the tables.
Myriad traumas emanating from the natural disasters include immediate physical afflictions to
oneself or others. Albeit the wounds of the body heal, the long-term impact of trauma produces
physiological, cognitive, behavioral and affective wounds. In some people, traumatic memory
fastens them far more tightly to their physical self, while for others dissociation generates a
splitting of mind from body. After the bushfires, Annie got her sleep cycle derailed and began to
draw pictures in her sleep. In the case of Pip, she often talks in sleep, “‘Bananas!’ Pip yells, still
sleeping. She’s been talking in her sleep a lot this past year. The therapist says it’s related to
trauma, but Pip never says anything about the fires”(Jones). Also, she wets the bed often due to
the emotional stress and anxiety caused by the traumatic events of the bushfires.
Annie’s body was silenced towards many of the romantic impulses induced by her husband and
she could not reciprocate or verbalize her love towards him. Her body always underwent several
aches and pains. It was paralyzed to express bodily affections towards anyone or to engage in
sexual intercourse. She always wonders “how many other people who went through the fires can
no longer orgasm” (Jones). Her thoughts reveal the collective or shared experiences of her
indigenous community. Erikson, one of the pioneers to theorize collective or shared trauma,
states in his book A New Species of Trouble: The Human Experience of Modern Disasters that
when feelings of hurt move to the centre of people’s being and make them feel “marked, maybe
cursed, maybe even dead… this sense of difference can draw people to others similarly marked,
and in this way can serve as a source of community just as a common language or a common
cultural background can” [Erikson, Kai. (1994). A New Species of Trouble: The Human
Experience of Modern Disasters. W.W. Norton]
According to Erikson, Trauma has centripetal as well as centrifugal tendencies; it is not by
definition coherent in cause and effect. It can negatively affect individuals and communities,
forcing open fault lines that “once ran silently through the structure of the larger community,
dividing it into divisive fragments” (Erikson). Following the bushfires, there rouse a conflict that
stirred up the natives of Quilly. The indifference of these people galvanized Annie to stay away
from the mountains for a short period. Still trauma can also positively affect individuals and
communities by consolidating a sense of belonging, of kinship and mutual trust. These two
tendencies, however opposite in effect, are widely observed and can occur “either alone or in
4. International Journal of Humanities, Art and Social Studies (IJHAS), Vol. 7, No.1/2, May 2022
18
combination,” as Erikson remarks (Erikson). While living in the city, Annie always wanted to go
home, but she no longer knew how to find it. “She misses Tom, but not the city. And mostly she
misses the mountain that exists in her dreaming”(Jones). She has experienced feelings of
alienation and hopelessness.
The vulnerability to trauma often motivates a victim to alter her relationship to her body and
mind. Although Annie was not physically injured, her mental status was disrupted. Any sudden
changes in her heartbeat could trigger a panic attack, even something as simple as being touched
on forehead by her partner Tom or the sound of a basketball hitting the ground. She can sit and
stare at things for long tracts of time, without being bored. She neglected the external world and
became cold-hearted towards Tom. She has to punish Tom over and over for things he has not
done and each time regrets of it hits her like something solid. Her guilty feeling rips her apart
often and she doubts whether Tom gets frustrated with her uncanny behaviour. Susan constantly
felt that she is being isolated and nobody loves her including her siblings and children.
3. TRANS-GENERATIONAL TRACES OF TRAUMA
Sensory flashbacks like the ones Annie experienced are common in trauma survivors. They are
physiological incarnations of mental and emotional vandalism instilled by trauma while
memories getting lodged into the physical body. Extreme disaster involves the loss of control
over what happens during the traumatic event, but the subsequent post-traumatic effects also
impoverish the survivor of control. Cathy Caruth in her edited work Trauma: Explorations in
Memory (1995) opines that through compulsory repetitions, “the experience of a trauma repeats
itself, exactly and unremittingly, through the unknowing acts of the survivor and against his/her
very will” [ Caruth, Cathy. (1995). Ed. Trauma: Explorations in Memory. Johns Hopkins UP]
Annie lost her grandmother during the bushfires and the memories of Gladys prompted her to
imitate the lost art of whittling. Also, she gradually developed a fear for winds which she used to
adore a lot. “Gladys died in the wind. The howling northerly killed her grandmother. Or the tree
that fell on the house killed Gladys. Or the section of roof that landed on her...”(Jones). Annie
often forgets important aspects of her life due to her amnesia and remains uninterested in her
hobbies. She faces an exaggerated Acoustic Startle Reflex (ASR) which is long lasting and more
intense in nature which can get triggered by unexpected stimuli like a random touch of her
partner.
Caruth records that “trauma is never simply one’s own” (Caruth). Although the novel aims to
create connections between the traumatized individual, society, and the historical past, this
position rests upon the sacred assumption that trauma is inherently dissociative. The dissociative
model of trauma here further supports the claim that “one’s own trauma is tied up with the trauma
of another” which forwards the notion of trans-historical trauma (Caruth). The transfer of
disturbing memories from one generation to another along with the witnessing of bushfires as an
annual occurrence strengthens the fear of Pip. The claim that trauma “is not known in the first
instance” and that trauma “returns to haunt the survivor later on” narrowly conceptualizes the
psychological dimensions of trauma and the range of traumatic experience and responses. The
trauma of Pip turns her as an “abnormal’ child and as a survivor she frequently asks her mother
out of anxiety that at what time will the fires come back.
Psychological research indicates that amnesia, dissociation, or repression may be responses to
trauma but they are not exclusive responses. What were previously voluntary responses, such as
recalling events of one’s past to conscious awareness, become, through nightmares and
flashbacks, the involuntary re-experiencing of the traumatic event. As a result, Susan Brison in
5. International Journal of Humanities, Art and Social Studies (IJHAS), Vol. 7, No.1/2, May 2022
19
her article titled “Outliving Oneself: Trauma, Memory, and Personal Identity” (1997) points out,
not only does trauma alter what one can do, but it also alters what one wants to do.
Annie has never been the sort of person to have nightmares. But since the fires on the mountain,
her dreams have changed. They have developed a pattern, as though the fire changed the
landscape of everything inside her…Since the fires, since leaving her nana on the mountain,
Annie has dreamt of ash. [Brison, Susan J. (1997). “Outliving Oneself: Trauma, Memory, and
Personal Identity.” Feminists Rethink the Self, edited by Diana Tietjens Meyers, Westview]
Similarly, in an attempt to stave off panic attacks, Annie avoided many activities she had
previously enjoyed, including driving, exercise, and sexual intimacy. Her agency was
increasingly inhibited, and her self-esteem diminished. She hides herself away from social
gatherings, stopped trying new things and avoid any difficult situations.
Annie and her family underwent emotional outbursts and became isolated badly. Living with low
self-esteem harms her mental health and lead to severe issues like depression and anxiety. These
are very real things that can occur when someone is dealing with trauma. But, this can backfire
because it reinforces their doubts and fears. They have to shut the doors towards the world and
can only sleep with earplugs on. The recovery of their lives being hampered by the vested
interests of a television group intent on mining the trauma for ratings. People got angry and they
became resentful of interlopers. But the trauma of bushfire manifests through the different
generations of a family- an irrefutable story of Trans-generational bushfire trauma.
4. LIVING TESTIMONIALS : THE SURVIVOR STORIES
Survival stories can appear fragmented, or disjointed, and this is typical of those who have
undergone traumatic experiences. Yet the stories also speak of recovery and resiliency as the
victims struggle to rebuild and go ahead with their damaged lives. In the wake of the fires, Pip
and Annie were captured on film and became the public face or symbol of the town’s trauma.
It was the headlines, she thinks, more than the photos. MOTHER OF THE YEAR. HERO
MOTHER. WOMAN SAVES DAUGHTER. RIDE OF A LIFETIME...The photo of her and
Pip riding her old horse, Luna, out of the fires. Pip’s head buried in Annie’s arm. Luna’s
burnt legs, her flared nostrils, the blood from being scratched by long-fingered branches
as they galloped out of the smoke and the dark and the noise. That photo. It changed
everything with Tom too…(Jones)
To those living on the mountain Annie is an interloper and the animosity from the locals towards
her was evident in many instances. But, Annie’s heart remains at her childhood home she isn’t
sure where she belongs. Although it is painfully familiar, in some ways she feels like she no
longer knows the mountain, that the place has ‘moved on without her’.
Annie often reminisces on her happy childhood days at mountains. “She liked the trees, the
forests…liked to climb up into branches that had been here longer than people, longer than the
house… liked how endless the trees felt”(Jones). Annie has flown her childhood home in Quilly
to live in the city. She is a woman who really is in a quandary in her personal life. She at times
feels disconnected from her childhood home, but in the same instance, she is yet to develop an
attachment to her city home. When her beloved Uncle Len calls her out of the blue to request her
help back home, Annie feels the emotional tug of home and leaves her fractured marriage in the
city for the solace of the familiar. She believes the bushfires made her harder and stronger while
it damaged her mentally.
6. International Journal of Humanities, Art and Social Studies (IJHAS), Vol. 7, No.1/2, May 2022
20
Abraham and Torok assert in their book The Shell and the Kernel that traumatic loss tends to be
silenced and cut off from the world. Commonly, the lost person or object is taken into a crypt
inside the self that remains sealed off from consciousness and the outside world.[Abraham,
Nicholas & Maria Torok. (1994). The Shell and the Kernel: Renewals of Psychoanalysis. Vol. 1.
Edited and translated by Nicholas T. Rand. U of Chicago P] The very occurrence and devastating
emotional consequences of trauma become entombed and consigned to internal silence by the
sufferers. Susan found isolation too difficult and decided to accept all those animals dropped in
by Len. Annie was so close to Gladys and her death benumbed the faculties of both Annie and
Susan. Henry-Jones shows a deep understanding of the paraphernalia of grief, like the food in
Tupperware containers that Annie couldn’t stomach: it ‘tasted like grief’ (Jones). Their grief
became like bottles of liquor clutched in underage hands. They hid it in public and opened it in
private, where things were dark and quiet. And after, they slept badly. They rose feeling ill. And
the cycle of it repeated itself (Jones).
Annie was put into a period of dormancy as her overwhelmed mind is incapable of putting her
experiences across in words and was unable to absorb the quantum of the extremity. Language
cannot express the reality which she has in her mind. At the same time, in a different sense one
might say that the quality of being unspeakable positively reigns during the period of dormancy,
as the trauma-to-be “gestates” in the psyche of the one-in-process-of-being traumatized. The real
life causes of the trauma-in-progress are never so inaccessible to consciousness,
conceptualization, and linguistic expression as during this period.
Julie Rea Harper, a semiotician who happens herself to be a survivor of major trauma, shows in
her article titled “PTSD: A Situated Look at the Semiotic Process and Role of Individual
Umwelts in Human Existence/Function”(2005), how untenable such an implication would be
when she writes of Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD):
In any PTSD sufferer lie the altered images of particular pictures and sounds, and
emotional responses, which were associated through the traumatic experience(s). It is
central to our discussion here to consider PTSD as a condition that causes hyper and
irrational responses to situations or “signs”—responses, which seem unmerited in a given
context—as the normative population would experience it. [Harper, Julie Rea. (2005).
“PTSD: A Situated Look at the Semiotic Process and Role of Individual Umwelts in
Human Existence/Function.” Semiotica, Vol.15, No.7, pp 377–385]
The extreme experiences impact upon the nervous system through signification, resulting, in
cases diagnosed as PTSD, in a pathogenic “alteration of prior reactions to signs.” Understanding
and acknowledging symptoms related to PTSD as defined in the Diagnostic and Statistical
Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV-TR; American Psychiatric Association 2000) provides a
framework for analysis. Symptoms of these bushfire victims are recognizable in the three DSM
symptom clusters listed below:
1. Re-experiencing symptoms: intense psychological distress, physiological reactivity, and
exposure to internal or external cues that symbolize or resemble aspects of traumatic event
(fear of wind, lack of permanence, loss of feelings of security)
2. Avoidant symptoms: marked diminished interest or participation in significant activities;
feelings of detachment or estrangement from others (her damaged relationship with Tom);
restricted range of affect (unable to experience loving feelings towards Tom); sense of
foreshortened future (not expecting to have a career or normal lifespan)
3. Hyper-arousal symptoms: difficulty falling or staying asleep; irritability or outbursts of
anger; exaggerated startle response; difficulty concentrating; or hyper-vigilance. [American
7. International Journal of Humanities, Art and Social Studies (IJHAS), Vol. 7, No.1/2, May 2022
21
Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. 4th
ed. APA]
The novel embodies many of the symptoms that are mentioned above in a natural and heart
touching manner. The ordeals of escaping the bushfires and in the aftermath, as they attempted to
recover their lives are depicted in the novel in an empathetic narrative style. As survivors, Annie
and her family members try to unburden the memories of the bushfire to adapt to their daily
activities and social engagements. The testimonials of the victims remind us of the vulnerability
and helplessness of human beings in front of disasters.
5. MOURNING AND HEALING
Nature, the bush and its life also appear as the major characters in the novel Ache. When Annie
was young, she felt the trees spoke to her, and she still likes the feeling of the wood ‘alive’ in her
hands as she whittles. She and her uncle Len had passion for native environment and domestic
life. They used to go after lyrebirds and animals in the forests.
Annie and Len (both veterinarians) and Susan adopt everything from chickens to pigs to bees in
order to connect with nature. It was their peculiar way of merging with the natural world. After
the bushfires, an overwhelming sense of nostalgia has passed through the lives of Annie and
Susan. Annie always cherished her childhood with Gladys, Len and Susan.Childhood memories
of the mountains made her hopeful and delighted.
There is always a city-countryside binary operating in the novel. It is from the therapy of city, she
tries to overcome the bruises her mountains caused to her. With each panic attack, she believed
that she was having a heart attack, and if not that, she was surely going crazy. Only after
extensive cognitive therapy did her anxiety and panic attacks subside. The novel delineates the
gradual healing of the victims or the survivor by gathering time and space to breathe out their
guilt and fear to overcome their grief. Healing of Luna, the spirited special horse and little Pip
who was almost like a wild beast at the beginning of the novel and underwent transformation -
both of them played an integral role in Annie’s recovery. Annie stands as a perfect account of a
woman on the edge who moves towards peace with her love for life.
The coming back of trees lost in bushfire regenerates the lives of people. there’s a sense of
movement. Forests start growing back with lush greenery. Wildlife starts returning. Zeal and
optimism emerge and people start healing. Undoubtedly, Annie and Pip’s emotional journey and
recovery is very much reflected in the mountain and its inhabitants. At the same time, it was
absolutely painful for Annie to return to the place of so much devastation and wreckage. The
regeneration of Quilly becomes an important part in the mending process for Annie and her
family.
The collective trauma of the people of Quilly also needed healing just like Annie’s family.
Vickroy opines that “the meaning that a society ascribes to a particular traumatic event is
significant in how it will be defined and resolved for the individual and the group” (Vickroy).
Quilly’s healing took place when the people came together to rebuild the ruined land and forest to
restore the mountains. The gradual recovery of the indigenous community reveals the luminous
story of renewal and resurrection.
8. International Journal of Humanities, Art and Social Studies (IJHAS), Vol. 7, No.1/2, May 2022
22
6. CONCLUSION
Ache is a riveting and sympathetic novel which addresses the matters such as family, community,
loss, survival, regeneration and courage, meticulously written by the accomplished Australian
author Eliza Henry Jones. The novel as a trauma fiction constructs of the experiences with
imagined situations and symptoms, metaphoric dreams and images of bushfires. It has vivid
narrative styles that mimic such real life experiences of fragmented thoughts and dissociative
outlook.
The novel shows how trauma cross-examines a victim for a change in her identity that is
unpreventable after a traumatic event even by putting the congruence of her customary actions
into question. Trauma can also interfere in a person’s relationship to her own body, destroys the
victim’s sense of control over her own self and obstructs her reality by getting in the way of
creating her personal chronicles. It will result in the loss of mind and body coordination and leave
behind mere splintered selves.
The trans-generational trauma experienced by Annie and her family members makes them
alienated as well as isolated even in the crowd as they are facing severe mental depression and
anxiety. The frequent emotional release and sudden agitations of Annie, her mother and her
daughter are very real things of stress disorder in them. The bushfire has triggered self-
destructive behaviours, and loss of interest or pleasure in everyday routine in them. Readers
experience the intensity of bushfires through the different generations of a family and their trans-
generational trauma. Their healing is the healing of an entire society as these women hold the
power of emotional connection of people to their land.
The Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) of the survivors are portrayed through the women
characters who are bound to live as the living dead. The speechless terror of the bushfire can be
read through the split psyche of these characters as they are sealed off from their consciousness
and detached from their physiques. As survivors, they were not free from nightmares of the
traumatic event and they struggled for actual survival to restart their lives.
Ache has enigmatically captured the less discussed topic of Australian bushfires which is
deliberately forgotten even by the mainstream writers. She has poignantly recounted the bushfires
from the point of view of the witnesses or victims of this catastrophe and delineated how the
resultant trauma affected not just Annie but the entire land of Quilly and its people as they
struggled through it and finally learned to accept the trauma as part of their past. She has
enlightened the readers of this disastrous event that still lingers on as a traumatic memory in the
public memory of Australia.
REFERENCES
[1] Abraham, Nicholas & Maria Torok. (1994). The Shell and the Kernel: Renewals of Psychoanalysis.
Vol. 1. Edited and translated by Nicholas T. Rand. U of Chicago P.
[2] American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders.
4th ed. APA.
[3] Brison, Susan J. (1997). “Outliving Oneself: Trauma, Memory, and Personal Identity.” Feminists
Rethink the Self, edited by Diana Tietjens Meyers, Westview
[4] Caruth, Cathy. (1995). Ed. Trauma: Explorations in Memory. Johns Hopkins UP.
[5] Caruth, Cathy. (2016). Unclaimed Experience: Trauma, Narrative and History. Johns Hopkins UP.
[6] Erikson, Kai. (1994). A New Species of Trouble: The Human Experience of Modern Disasters. W.W.
Norton.
9. International Journal of Humanities, Art and Social Studies (IJHAS), Vol. 7, No.1/2, May 2022
23
[7] Harper, Julie Rea. (2005). “PTSD: A Situated Look at the Semiotic Process and Role of Individual
Umwelts in Human Existence/Function.” Semiotica, Vol.15, No.7, pp 377–385
[8] Jones, Eliza Henry. (2017). Ache. Harper Collins
[9] Vickroy, Laurie.(2002) Trauma and Survival in Contemporary Fiction. U of Virginia P
AUTHOR
Muhsina N is a researcher and bilingual poet hailing from Trivandrum, Kerala, India. She
works as a Research Assistant at University of Wisconsin-Madison, USA. She completed
her M.Phil and M.A in English Language and Literature from the Institute of English,
University of Kerala. She has several poems, journal articles and book chapters to her
credit