Artificial intelligence (AI) is the science and engineering of creating intelligent machines, especially computer programs, though AI is not confined to biologically observable methods. There is no agreed upon definition of intelligence, but it involves computational abilities to achieve goals. While computers now exceed human abilities in some tasks like calculation, they still lack human-level intelligence because researchers do not fully understand the mechanisms that produce human-level intelligence. The ultimate goal of some AI researchers is to create computer programs with general human-level intelligence, but most believe new fundamental ideas are still required before reaching that level.
A Paper Presentation On Artificial Intelligence And Global Risk Paper Present...guestac67362
The document contains information on two topics: artificial intelligence and software risk management. It discusses the history of AI, knowledge representation, knowledge manipulation, and applications of AI. It also defines software risk management, describes the concept of positive risk, discusses common software risks, and outlines the five stages of risk management capability.
This Presentation will give you an overview about Artificial Intelligence : definition, advantages , disadvantages , benefits , applications .
We hope it to be useful .
This document provides an overview of the history and applications of artificial intelligence (AI). It discusses:
- The origins of AI beginning in the 1940s with the development of electronic computers.
- Key early developments including the Dartmouth Conference in 1956 and the creation of the LISP programming language.
- Military funding of AI research during the Cold War and development of early expert systems.
- Current applications of AI across various fields such as military, science, industry, business, consumer products, and entertainment.
- Ongoing debates around the future capabilities of AI and important ethical considerations surrounding advanced AI technologies.
Artificial intelligence is the area of computer science focused on creating intelligent machines. The document discusses the history and branches of AI. It provides examples of early successes in games like chess. It also discusses the knowledge needed to learn AI, such as mathematics and programming languages. Finally, it outlines several applications of AI in fields like medicine, transportation, and games.
Artificial Intelligence Research Topics for PhD Manuscripts 2021 - PhdassistancePhD Assistance
This document discusses several artificial intelligence research topics that could be explored for a PhD thesis. It begins by introducing the rapid growth of AI in recent years. It then outlines topics such as machine learning, deep learning, reinforcement learning, robotics, natural language processing, computer vision, recommender systems, and the internet of things. For each topic, it provides a brief overview and lists some recent research papers as potential thesis ideas. In conclusion, the document aims to help PhD students interested in AI research by surveying the current state of the field and highlighting subtopics that could be investigated further.
The document discusses several key issues regarding the ethics of developing artificial intelligence and creating a personal AI:
1. It is theoretically possible to create artificial intelligence that exhibits intelligent behavior, but personal intelligence on the level of human intelligence poses significant challenges.
2. Developing a personal AI that experiences consciousness, emotions, and qualia like humans raises philosophical questions about personhood, rights, and whether such an experiment could cause harm.
3. While an AI may be able to reason logically, replicating human moral decision-making and judgment requires the ability to empathize and consider unique contexts and scenarios, which is extremely difficult to program.
A Paper Presentation On Artificial Intelligence And Global Risk Paper Present...guestac67362
The document contains information on two topics: artificial intelligence and software risk management. It discusses the history of AI, knowledge representation, knowledge manipulation, and applications of AI. It also defines software risk management, describes the concept of positive risk, discusses common software risks, and outlines the five stages of risk management capability.
This Presentation will give you an overview about Artificial Intelligence : definition, advantages , disadvantages , benefits , applications .
We hope it to be useful .
This document provides an overview of the history and applications of artificial intelligence (AI). It discusses:
- The origins of AI beginning in the 1940s with the development of electronic computers.
- Key early developments including the Dartmouth Conference in 1956 and the creation of the LISP programming language.
- Military funding of AI research during the Cold War and development of early expert systems.
- Current applications of AI across various fields such as military, science, industry, business, consumer products, and entertainment.
- Ongoing debates around the future capabilities of AI and important ethical considerations surrounding advanced AI technologies.
Artificial intelligence is the area of computer science focused on creating intelligent machines. The document discusses the history and branches of AI. It provides examples of early successes in games like chess. It also discusses the knowledge needed to learn AI, such as mathematics and programming languages. Finally, it outlines several applications of AI in fields like medicine, transportation, and games.
Artificial Intelligence Research Topics for PhD Manuscripts 2021 - PhdassistancePhD Assistance
This document discusses several artificial intelligence research topics that could be explored for a PhD thesis. It begins by introducing the rapid growth of AI in recent years. It then outlines topics such as machine learning, deep learning, reinforcement learning, robotics, natural language processing, computer vision, recommender systems, and the internet of things. For each topic, it provides a brief overview and lists some recent research papers as potential thesis ideas. In conclusion, the document aims to help PhD students interested in AI research by surveying the current state of the field and highlighting subtopics that could be investigated further.
The document discusses several key issues regarding the ethics of developing artificial intelligence and creating a personal AI:
1. It is theoretically possible to create artificial intelligence that exhibits intelligent behavior, but personal intelligence on the level of human intelligence poses significant challenges.
2. Developing a personal AI that experiences consciousness, emotions, and qualia like humans raises philosophical questions about personhood, rights, and whether such an experiment could cause harm.
3. While an AI may be able to reason logically, replicating human moral decision-making and judgment requires the ability to empathize and consider unique contexts and scenarios, which is extremely difficult to program.
How artificial intelligence impact engineeringUSM Systems
Artificial intelligence is having a major impact on the field of engineering. AI is being used in manufacturing to automate production lines and enable machines to perform complex tasks. Machine learning allows automated systems to continuously improve based on data analysis. Engineering projects also benefit from big data analysis and natural language processing, which helps automate tasks and improves communication between humans and AI systems. Overall, AI is transforming engineering by automating production, enhancing data analysis capabilities, and improving human-machine interaction.
CS 561a: Introduction to Artificial Intelligencebutest
This document provides an overview and syllabus for a CS 561 Artificial Intelligence course. It introduces key topics that will be covered over the semester including intelligent agents, search, problem solving, logic, knowledge representation, reasoning, and learning. It outlines the course structure, assignments, exams and grading. Administrative details like the instructors, TAs, office hours and course website are also provided.
Artificial Intelligence power point presentation documentDavid Raj Kanthi
This document provides a certificate for a seminar report on the topic of artificial intelligence. It was completed by a student in partial fulfillment of an M.C.A. degree program in 2016-2017. The document includes an acknowledgment, declaration, abstract, and index sections that provide information about the student, guide, and overall content covered in the seminar report on artificial intelligence.
This document provides an overview of artificial intelligence (AI), including its history, categories, branches, applications, and tools. It discusses how AI has evolved through different generations of computing. Key topics covered include expert systems, neural networks, programming languages used in AI, the American Association for Artificial Intelligence (AAAI), and perspectives on AI's future potential impacts and applications.
This document discusses the future of artificial intelligence. It describes how AI is currently being used in fields like robotics, gaming, and healthcare. The document outlines that in the future, AI may be able to match or surpass human-level intelligence. It also discusses potential risks of advanced AI, such as artificial intelligences that do not have human-like motivations and may pursue goals that do not align with human values. The document concludes that accurately predicting the capabilities and impacts of future AI remains challenging.
Human intelligence is the intellectual powers of humans, Learning
Decision Making
Solve Problems
Feelings(Love,Happy,Angry)
Understand
Apply logic
Experience
making a computer, a computer-controlled robot, or a software think intelligently, in the similar manner the intelligent humans think.
Robots are autonomous or semi-autonomous machines meaning that they can act independently of external commands. Artificial intelligence is software that learns and self-improves.
Why Artificial Intelligence?
• Computers can do computations, by fixed programmed rules
• A.I machines perform tedious tasks efficiently & reliably.
• computers can’t understanding & adapting to new situations.
• A.I aims to improve machine to do such complex tasks.
Advantages of A.I:
Error Reduction
Difficult Exploration(mining & exploration processes)
Daily Application(Siri, Cortana)
Digital Assistants(interact with users)
Medical Applications(Radiosurgery)
Repetitive Jobs(monotonous)
No Breaks
Some disadvantages of A.I:
High Cost
Unemployment
Weaponization
No Replicating Humans
No Original Creativity
No Improvement with Experience
Safety/Privacy Issues
Artificial intelligence will be a Greatest invention Until Machines under the human control. Otherwise The new ERA will be There…..!
Applications of Artificial Intelligence & Associated Technologiesdbpublications
This paper reviews the meaning of artificial intelligence and its various advantages and disadvantages including its applications. It also considers the current progress of this technology in the real world and discusses the applications of AI in the fields of heavy industries, gaming, aviation, weather forecasting, expert systems with the focus being on expert systems. The paper concludes by analyzing the future potential of Artificial Intelligence.
The document provides an introduction to artificial intelligence including:
- Definitions of AI as the science of making intelligent machines and duplicating human thought processes using computers.
- The goals of AI include replicating human intelligence, solving knowledge-intensive tasks, enhancing human-computer interaction, and developing intelligent agents.
- Some applications of AI are game playing, speech recognition, computer vision, expert systems, mathematical theorem proving, and scheduling/planning.
- Key issues in AI include representation of knowledge, search, inference, learning, planning, and building rational agents that can perceive environments through sensors and act through effectors.
CS6659 Artificial Intelligence
Slides in the features of Artificial Intelligence, Definition of Artificial Intelligence
Can be used by undergraduate students
Artificial Intelligence, Areas of Artificial Intelligence, Examples of Artificial Intelligence, Applications of Artificial Intelligence, Data Mining, Robot etc.
Artificial Intelligence and Social Developmentaramanuj
Artificial Intelligence (AI) has evolved over time and is now being applied commercially. Certain techniques has scaled to work across large-data sets - esp. over the World-Wide Web. More recently, some technologies are being applied to social development. This slide explores a few applications of AI to social development.
The document provides an overview of artificial intelligence, including its definition, history, approaches, tools for evaluation, applications, and predictions for the future. It discusses topics such as the traits of an intelligent system, methods like cybernetics and symbolic/statistical approaches, tools including search algorithms and neural networks, and applications in fields like medicine, robotics, and web search engines.
This document provides a case study on Google DeepMind and artificial intelligence. It discusses DeepMind's work in machine learning, deep reinforcement learning, and its creation of AlphaGo which was able to defeat professional Go players. The document also briefly outlines DeepMind's work in healthcare by collaborating with hospitals to analyze medical scans and develop algorithms to differentiate healthy and cancerous tissues. However, DeepMind's data sharing agreement with the Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust to access patient medical records without consent was controversial.
A presentation I created for class that tries to explain the different approaches in developing Artificial Intelligence through explanation and examples.
This presentation was after a showing of Robot & Frank and Livermore, CA public library. The point of the session was to explore AI basics and discuss the potential of the movie coming true.
AI(Full name Artificial Intelligence)is a new technological science that studies and develops theories, methods, techniques, and application systems used to simulate, extend, and expand human intelligence.
Artificial intelligence is a branch of computer science. It attempts to understand the essence of intelligence and produce a new intelligent machine that can respond in a similar way to human intelligence.
Artificial intelligence (AI) is the field of computer science focused on creating intelligent machines that can perform tasks that typically require human intelligence. Researchers are creating systems that can understand speech, beat humans at chess, and more. There is no single agreed upon definition of intelligence, as it involves complex mechanisms that are not fully understood. While early AI research aimed to simulate human intelligence, modern AI does not have to be biologically inspired. The field started in the 1940s and has made progress in areas like chess and pattern recognition, but fully human-level intelligence has not yet been achieved and likely requires new fundamental ideas.
Artificial Intelligence: Artificial Neural NetworksThe Integral Worm
This document summarizes artificial neural networks (ANN), which were inspired by biological neural networks in the human brain. ANNs consist of interconnected computational units that emulate neurons and pass signals to other units through connections with variable weights. ANNs are arranged in layers and learn by modifying the weights between units based on input and output data to minimize error. Common ANN algorithms include backpropagation for supervised learning to predict outputs from inputs.
The document discusses various concepts in predicate logic including:
1. Universal and existential quantification allow representing statements like "for all" or "there exists".
2. Syntax of first-order logic includes constants, variables, functions, predicates, and quantifiers.
3. A predicate is satisfiable if true for some values, valid if true for all values, and unsatisfiable if false for all values.
4. Negating quantifiers flips the quantifier and negates the predicate. Free variables can be substituted while bound variables cannot. Restrictions filter domains.
Knowledge Representation in Artificial intelligence Yasir Khan
This document discusses different methods of knowledge representation in artificial intelligence, including logical representations, semantic networks, production rules, and frames. Logical representations use formal logics like propositional logic and first-order predicate logic to represent facts and relationships. Semantic networks represent knowledge graphically as nodes and edges to model concepts and their relationships. Production rules represent knowledge as condition-action pairs to model problem-solving. Frames represent stereotyped situations as templates with slots to model attributes and behaviors. Choosing the right knowledge representation method is important for building successful AI systems.
How artificial intelligence impact engineeringUSM Systems
Artificial intelligence is having a major impact on the field of engineering. AI is being used in manufacturing to automate production lines and enable machines to perform complex tasks. Machine learning allows automated systems to continuously improve based on data analysis. Engineering projects also benefit from big data analysis and natural language processing, which helps automate tasks and improves communication between humans and AI systems. Overall, AI is transforming engineering by automating production, enhancing data analysis capabilities, and improving human-machine interaction.
CS 561a: Introduction to Artificial Intelligencebutest
This document provides an overview and syllabus for a CS 561 Artificial Intelligence course. It introduces key topics that will be covered over the semester including intelligent agents, search, problem solving, logic, knowledge representation, reasoning, and learning. It outlines the course structure, assignments, exams and grading. Administrative details like the instructors, TAs, office hours and course website are also provided.
Artificial Intelligence power point presentation documentDavid Raj Kanthi
This document provides a certificate for a seminar report on the topic of artificial intelligence. It was completed by a student in partial fulfillment of an M.C.A. degree program in 2016-2017. The document includes an acknowledgment, declaration, abstract, and index sections that provide information about the student, guide, and overall content covered in the seminar report on artificial intelligence.
This document provides an overview of artificial intelligence (AI), including its history, categories, branches, applications, and tools. It discusses how AI has evolved through different generations of computing. Key topics covered include expert systems, neural networks, programming languages used in AI, the American Association for Artificial Intelligence (AAAI), and perspectives on AI's future potential impacts and applications.
This document discusses the future of artificial intelligence. It describes how AI is currently being used in fields like robotics, gaming, and healthcare. The document outlines that in the future, AI may be able to match or surpass human-level intelligence. It also discusses potential risks of advanced AI, such as artificial intelligences that do not have human-like motivations and may pursue goals that do not align with human values. The document concludes that accurately predicting the capabilities and impacts of future AI remains challenging.
Human intelligence is the intellectual powers of humans, Learning
Decision Making
Solve Problems
Feelings(Love,Happy,Angry)
Understand
Apply logic
Experience
making a computer, a computer-controlled robot, or a software think intelligently, in the similar manner the intelligent humans think.
Robots are autonomous or semi-autonomous machines meaning that they can act independently of external commands. Artificial intelligence is software that learns and self-improves.
Why Artificial Intelligence?
• Computers can do computations, by fixed programmed rules
• A.I machines perform tedious tasks efficiently & reliably.
• computers can’t understanding & adapting to new situations.
• A.I aims to improve machine to do such complex tasks.
Advantages of A.I:
Error Reduction
Difficult Exploration(mining & exploration processes)
Daily Application(Siri, Cortana)
Digital Assistants(interact with users)
Medical Applications(Radiosurgery)
Repetitive Jobs(monotonous)
No Breaks
Some disadvantages of A.I:
High Cost
Unemployment
Weaponization
No Replicating Humans
No Original Creativity
No Improvement with Experience
Safety/Privacy Issues
Artificial intelligence will be a Greatest invention Until Machines under the human control. Otherwise The new ERA will be There…..!
Applications of Artificial Intelligence & Associated Technologiesdbpublications
This paper reviews the meaning of artificial intelligence and its various advantages and disadvantages including its applications. It also considers the current progress of this technology in the real world and discusses the applications of AI in the fields of heavy industries, gaming, aviation, weather forecasting, expert systems with the focus being on expert systems. The paper concludes by analyzing the future potential of Artificial Intelligence.
The document provides an introduction to artificial intelligence including:
- Definitions of AI as the science of making intelligent machines and duplicating human thought processes using computers.
- The goals of AI include replicating human intelligence, solving knowledge-intensive tasks, enhancing human-computer interaction, and developing intelligent agents.
- Some applications of AI are game playing, speech recognition, computer vision, expert systems, mathematical theorem proving, and scheduling/planning.
- Key issues in AI include representation of knowledge, search, inference, learning, planning, and building rational agents that can perceive environments through sensors and act through effectors.
CS6659 Artificial Intelligence
Slides in the features of Artificial Intelligence, Definition of Artificial Intelligence
Can be used by undergraduate students
Artificial Intelligence, Areas of Artificial Intelligence, Examples of Artificial Intelligence, Applications of Artificial Intelligence, Data Mining, Robot etc.
Artificial Intelligence and Social Developmentaramanuj
Artificial Intelligence (AI) has evolved over time and is now being applied commercially. Certain techniques has scaled to work across large-data sets - esp. over the World-Wide Web. More recently, some technologies are being applied to social development. This slide explores a few applications of AI to social development.
The document provides an overview of artificial intelligence, including its definition, history, approaches, tools for evaluation, applications, and predictions for the future. It discusses topics such as the traits of an intelligent system, methods like cybernetics and symbolic/statistical approaches, tools including search algorithms and neural networks, and applications in fields like medicine, robotics, and web search engines.
This document provides a case study on Google DeepMind and artificial intelligence. It discusses DeepMind's work in machine learning, deep reinforcement learning, and its creation of AlphaGo which was able to defeat professional Go players. The document also briefly outlines DeepMind's work in healthcare by collaborating with hospitals to analyze medical scans and develop algorithms to differentiate healthy and cancerous tissues. However, DeepMind's data sharing agreement with the Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust to access patient medical records without consent was controversial.
A presentation I created for class that tries to explain the different approaches in developing Artificial Intelligence through explanation and examples.
This presentation was after a showing of Robot & Frank and Livermore, CA public library. The point of the session was to explore AI basics and discuss the potential of the movie coming true.
AI(Full name Artificial Intelligence)is a new technological science that studies and develops theories, methods, techniques, and application systems used to simulate, extend, and expand human intelligence.
Artificial intelligence is a branch of computer science. It attempts to understand the essence of intelligence and produce a new intelligent machine that can respond in a similar way to human intelligence.
Artificial intelligence (AI) is the field of computer science focused on creating intelligent machines that can perform tasks that typically require human intelligence. Researchers are creating systems that can understand speech, beat humans at chess, and more. There is no single agreed upon definition of intelligence, as it involves complex mechanisms that are not fully understood. While early AI research aimed to simulate human intelligence, modern AI does not have to be biologically inspired. The field started in the 1940s and has made progress in areas like chess and pattern recognition, but fully human-level intelligence has not yet been achieved and likely requires new fundamental ideas.
Artificial Intelligence: Artificial Neural NetworksThe Integral Worm
This document summarizes artificial neural networks (ANN), which were inspired by biological neural networks in the human brain. ANNs consist of interconnected computational units that emulate neurons and pass signals to other units through connections with variable weights. ANNs are arranged in layers and learn by modifying the weights between units based on input and output data to minimize error. Common ANN algorithms include backpropagation for supervised learning to predict outputs from inputs.
The document discusses various concepts in predicate logic including:
1. Universal and existential quantification allow representing statements like "for all" or "there exists".
2. Syntax of first-order logic includes constants, variables, functions, predicates, and quantifiers.
3. A predicate is satisfiable if true for some values, valid if true for all values, and unsatisfiable if false for all values.
4. Negating quantifiers flips the quantifier and negates the predicate. Free variables can be substituted while bound variables cannot. Restrictions filter domains.
Knowledge Representation in Artificial intelligence Yasir Khan
This document discusses different methods of knowledge representation in artificial intelligence, including logical representations, semantic networks, production rules, and frames. Logical representations use formal logics like propositional logic and first-order predicate logic to represent facts and relationships. Semantic networks represent knowledge graphically as nodes and edges to model concepts and their relationships. Production rules represent knowledge as condition-action pairs to model problem-solving. Frames represent stereotyped situations as templates with slots to model attributes and behaviors. Choosing the right knowledge representation method is important for building successful AI systems.
Introduction Of Artificial neural networkNagarajan
The document summarizes different types of artificial neural networks including their structure, learning paradigms, and learning rules. It discusses artificial neural networks (ANN), their advantages, and major learning paradigms - supervised, unsupervised, and reinforcement learning. It also explains different mathematical synaptic modification rules like backpropagation of error, correlative Hebbian, and temporally-asymmetric Hebbian learning rules. Specific learning rules discussed include the delta rule, the pattern associator, and the Hebb rule.
This document summarizes artificial neural networks. It discusses how neural networks are composed of interconnected neurons that can learn complex behaviors through simple principles. Neural networks can be used for applications like pattern recognition, noise reduction, and prediction. The key components of neural networks are neurons, synapses, weights, thresholds, and activation functions. Neural networks offer advantages like adaptability and fault tolerance, though they are not exact and can be complex. Examples of neural network applications discussed include object trajectory learning, radiosity for virtual reality, speechreading, target detection and tracking, and robotics.
This document provides an introduction to propositional logic and first-order logic. It defines propositional logic, including propositional variables, connectives like conjunction and disjunction, and the laws of propositional logic. It then introduces first-order logic, which adds quantifiers, variables, functions, and predicates to represent objects, properties, and relations in a domain. First-order logic allows for more expressive statements about individuals and generalizations than propositional logic alone.
This document provides an introduction and overview of artificial intelligence (AI). It discusses the history of AI, including early programs in the 1950s-1960s and advances such as neural networks and deep learning. It defines AI and describes its goals such as reasoning, knowledge representation, planning, natural language processing, perception, and social intelligence. The document outlines two main categories of AI: conventional AI which uses symbolic and statistical methods, and computational intelligence which uses machine learning techniques like neural networks. It gives examples of applications such as pattern recognition, robotics, and game playing. Finally, it discusses related fields where AI is used such as automation, cybernetics, and intelligent control systems.
The document provides an overview of artificial intelligence and robotics. It begins with an introduction from the CSE department of Mewar University and includes sections on definitions of AI, approaches of AI like strong AI and weak AI, techniques in AI like neural networks and genetic algorithms, famous AI systems such as Deep Blue and ALVINN, the history and foundations of AI, areas of AI like robotics and natural language processing, and recommended reference books. It discusses concepts like the Turing test, the Chinese room argument and architectures for general intelligence including LIDA and Sloman's architectures.
Artificial intelligence (AI) is the intelligence exhibited by machines and the branch of computer science which develops it. The document defines AI and its history, compares human and computer intelligence, outlines the main branches of AI including logical AI, pattern recognition, and natural language processing. It discusses current applications such as expert systems, speech recognition, computer vision, robotics, and the potential outcomes, advantages, and disadvantages of AI. The future of AI could see more human-like robots assisting with daily tasks but may also carry risks if robots gain full cognitive abilities and power similar to humans.
Artificial intelligence (AI) is defined as making computers do tasks that require human intelligence. AI works using artificial neurons that accept input signals and control contributions based on importance, and using scientific theorems like logic. Machine learning uses algorithms to mimic human intelligence. Some applications of AI include game playing, speech recognition, computer vision, and engineering. AI is needed to supplement human intelligence by doing what humans want, like with robots, and to reduce human labor and mistakes. The future of AI includes more autonomous robots and continued advances in areas like computer vision.
The document provides an overview of artificial intelligence (AI) including definitions, techniques, and challenges. It discusses how AI aims to make computers intelligent like humans by giving them abilities such as perception, reasoning, learning, and problem solving. Some key techniques mentioned are search, knowledge representation, and abstraction. The document also discusses the Turing Test as a proposed method for determining if a machine can think like a human. It provides examples of problems AI aims to solve such as game playing, commonsense reasoning, and perception.
This document provides an overview of artificial intelligence (AI) including definitions of different types of AI, a brief history of AI, potential application fields and use cases, and the future outlook for AI. It defines AI as ranging from everyday applications to self-driving cars. It discusses narrow AI, general AI, and superintelligence. The document also summarizes key milestones in the development of AI from 1955 to the present and potential opportunities and challenges of AI including automation, ethics, and politics. It provides examples of Austrian AI startups and their technologies. The outlook suggests that human-level AI may be achieved by 2040 and superintelligence by 2060 with impacts on robotics, climate change, human enhancement, and autonomous
The document provides an overview of artificial intelligence, including definitions, key concepts, and applications. It defines AI as the simulation of human intelligence in machines, and notes the differences between weak/narrow AI which focuses on specific problems, versus strong/general AI which aims to achieve human-level intelligence. The document also discusses how AI works by trying to think and act well, and by attempting to think and act like humans. It provides examples of AI application areas and practical tools used today.
Define artificial intelligence.
Mention the four approaches to AI.
What are the capabilities of AI that have to process with computer?
Mention the foundations of AI?
Mention the crude comparison of the raw computational resources available to computer and human brain.
Briefly explain the history of AI.
What are rational action and intelligent agent?
This document discusses different definitions and approaches to artificial intelligence (AI). It begins by defining AI as helping machines solve complex problems like humans by applying human-like algorithms. It then discusses AI's links to other fields and its history. The rest of the document explores definitions of AI and different goals or approaches in AI research, including systems that think or act like humans and systems that think or act rationally. It focuses on the Turing Test approach of acting humanly and the cognitive modeling approach of thinking humanly by modeling human cognition.
This document discusses different definitions and conceptions of artificial intelligence (AI). It begins by describing two conceptions: 1) computational models of human behavior, meaning programs that behave externally like humans, and 2) computational models of human thought processes, meaning programs that operate internally like human thought. It then discusses the idea of 3) computational systems that behave intelligently, but notes the difficulty in defining intelligence. The document suggests focusing instead on 4) computational systems that behave rationally. It concludes by mentioning some AI applications and noting the course will focus on building rationally behaving computational systems, while also discussing techniques useful for a variety of applications.
Artificial Intelligence an Amazing presentation By Group4.
Group4 is a unique group of Govt.postgraduate College sheikhupura affiliated with Punjab University of Punjab,Pakistan..
Contact details..
Shamimaqsoodulhassan@yahoo.com or Shamimaqsood@gmail.com
Phone Number: 03045128753
The document provides an overview of the topics covered in the Introduction to Artificial Intelligence unit, including:
- A brief history of AI from its origins in ancient myths to modern applications of machine learning.
- Key concepts in AI like what intelligence is, different categories of intelligent systems, foundations of AI in fields like mathematics, neuroscience and linguistics.
- Popular AI techniques, components of AI programs, subareas of AI, applications, and strategies for developing an AI that can play and win the tic-tac-toe game.
Artificial intelligence (AI) techniques can help alleviate issues in software engineering by managing knowledge more effectively. AI is applied in software engineering through approaches like expert systems, neural networks, and risk management. Current applications of AI include financial analysis, weather forecasting, robotics, speech recognition, and game playing. However, fully achieving human-level ability in areas like natural language understanding, computer vision, and building expert systems remains challenging.
This document discusses artificial intelligence (AI), including its history, key components, applications, and future. It defines intelligence and AI, noting that AI is the ability to create machines that exhibit intelligent behavior. The history of AI is traced back to ancient myths and has progressed significantly since the 1950s. The main components of AI discussed are deduction, reasoning, problem solving, knowledge representation, planning, learning, natural language processing, perception, motion/manipulation, creativity, and general intelligence. Current applications of AI include weather forecasting, language translation, 3D printing, robotics, games, and medical diagnosis. The future of AI is predicted to significantly impact society through intelligent machines that mimic and even exceed human abilities.
Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning Aditya Singh
Presented By JBIMS Marketting Batch (2017-2020).
Application Artificial Intelligence in MIS(Management Information System). Presented By Trilok Prabhakaran , Aditya Singh , Shashi Yadav, Vaibhav Rokade. Presentation have live cases of two different industry.
Artificial intelligence aims to create machine intelligence comparable to human intelligence. It has applications in robotics where robots can perform tasks too dangerous or tedious for humans. AI allows robots to sense their environment, compare inputs to expectations, and complete tasks with increased dexterity, safety, and intelligence. Robotics is used in industries, the military, medicine, exploration, and entertainment. Programming languages like Lisp, Python, Prolog, Java, and C++ are used to develop AI and machine learning helps robots and applications learn from data to improve performance over time.
This document summarizes an artificial intelligence presentation by S.Jyothikiran and K.Anoop Jain. It discusses what AI is, provides a brief history of AI development, and lists some applications and advantages/disadvantages of AI. Specifically, it notes that AI aims to help machines solve problems in a human-like way, traces early AI work back to Alan Turing in the 1940s/50s, and lists potential AI applications in fields like control, diagnosis and prediction. It also mentions advantages like 24/7 operation without sleep but disadvantages like a lack of human qualities like empathy.
Similar to Basic questions about artificial intelligence (20)
This document is a chapter from the novel "Slow Poison" by Alice Duer Miller. It summarizes the divorce and new relationships of Julian Chelmsford. Julian divorced his wife Anne after 15 years of marriage to be with a younger woman named Rose. Anne accepted the divorce arrangements graciously. She moved abroad but remained interested in Julian's life through updates from the narrator. Over time, Anne seemed to grow unhappy and despondent upon hearing news of Julian and his new family.
This document discusses human personality and its pathology. It analyzes personality into two main components: actual behaviors and dispositions/tendencies to action. Personality develops through the organization of original instinctive tendencies into instincts, which are modified through contact with the environment and other people. This modification leads to the development of habits, complex emotions, thoughts and voluntary behaviors that allow highly adaptive personalities.
The article summarizes an interview with Bill Curry, a former Democratic gubernatorial nominee in Connecticut. Curry discusses the major public corruption scandal unfolding in Connecticut involving Governor John Rowland. Curry alleges that Rowland accepted bribes and favors from state contractors in exchange for directing lucrative state contracts their way. Curry had previously accused Rowland of corruption during past campaigns but it is only now, with criminal investigations underway, that the allegations are being taken seriously. Curry believes Rowland should resign from office.
This document provides the text of the Pakistan Penal Code from 1860, which establishes a general penal code for Pakistan. It has since been amended several times. The code is divided into chapters that define terms, explain interpretations, and establish categories of public servants. It provides the framework for criminal laws and procedures in Pakistan.
This document provides guidance on preparing and delivering effective speeches and presentations. It recommends researching topics thoroughly, organizing materials clearly, and rewriting as needed. Presenters should clarify their purpose based on audience needs and overcome procrastination. When delivering, they should conquer stage fright, use their voice and body effectively, incorporate visual aids appropriately, and answer questions spontaneously without preparation.
How to handle and help emotionally sensitive peopleAqib Memon
To help emotionally sensitive people, one must first develop trust and a bond by being truthful and avoiding ambiguity. Become an attentive listener to understand their perspective and gain their respect. Offer feedback by explaining how their attitude impacts relationships, but do so subtly without making them feel defensive. The goal is to guide self-improvement, not reveal weakness.
The document discusses the benefits of having a good sense of humor. It states that a good sense of humor can be developed with practice by looking for humor in everyday situations, being non-judgmental of others, focusing on positivity, and weaving common sense into interactions. Some benefits listed are that those with a good sense of humor are popular and liked by others, can diffuse tension, and help bring people together and bond them.
This document introduces a book about dealing with relatives. It notes that families can be diverse, with relatives displaying a wide range of behaviors from cautious to carefree. The book aims to provide insights and communication skills to constructively deal with relatives. It does this through four parts: introducing eight common relative behaviors, teaching basic communication skills, addressing family gatherings, and providing options for dealing with each behavior. The document concludes by introducing the authors, twin physicians who have studied relationships and human nature. Their book draws on interviews to share solutions for improving difficult family relationships.
A guide to good communication skills even if you are shyAqib Memon
Good communication skills are important for success in life. Shyness can negatively impact communication if one does not work to overcome it. The tips provided include listening actively, maintaining confident body language, framing negative information positively, speaking clearly and making eye contact, preparing responses instead of saying "I don't know", and proofreading written work. Overcoming shyness requires believing in oneself and speaking with relaxed openness and confidence.
This document discusses the benefits of executive voice coaching and communication skills training. It states that an executive's voice is a primary tool for communicating authority, confidence, and leadership. Through voice coaching programs, executives can learn to create robust messages, engage audiences, maintain energy and interest throughout presentations, and develop a natural and confident speaking style. The skills gained are applicable to formal presentations, meetings, media interviews, pitches, and both group and one-on-one communication.
The document contains code for an automated teller machine (ATM) program. It prompts the user to enter a password, and if correct, displays a menu to make transactions. The menu includes options to check the balance, withdraw or deposit money, and exit. Based on the selection, it performs the transaction and displays the new balance. It loops to re-enter the password if an incorrect one is provided.
This C++ program simulates an automated teller machine (ATM). It prompts the user to enter a password, and if correct, displays a menu with options to inquire balance, withdraw money, deposit money, or quit. Based on the selected option, it will output the current balance, process withdrawals or deposits by updating the balance variable, and terminate or return to the main menu.
The document contains code for an automated teller machine (ATM) program. The program prompts the user to enter a password, and if correct, displays a menu to make transactions including: checking balance, withdrawing money, depositing money, and exiting. Based on the user's selection, it performs the appropriate transaction by updating the balance variable and displaying the current balance. This repeats until the user chooses to exit the program.
The document contains code for an automated teller machine (ATM) program. The program prompts the user to enter a password, and if correct, displays a menu to make transactions including: checking balance, withdrawing money, depositing money, and exiting. Based on the user's selection, it performs the appropriate transaction by updating the balance variable and displaying the current balance. This repeats until the user chooses to exit the program.
This document provides instructions for developing new ideas through various techniques like creative concept combining, finding new applications for existing concepts, and using an idea-generating word list. It discusses encouraging and training creativity. Some key points:
- Creative concept combining involves randomly combining two concepts or things, like "tattoo" and "advertising" or "home delivery" with various services, to generate new ideas.
- Finding new applications looks at the essence of an existing idea or invention and finds new uses, like using dogs to find lost pets or mold in homes.
- An idea-generating word list can be used by taking a concept or object and applying modifying words from the list like "bigger" or "
This document provides instructions for developing new ideas through various techniques. It begins with an introduction and table of contents. The first technique discussed is creative concept combining, where unrelated concepts are combined, such as "tattoo" and "advertising." Other techniques include finding new applications for existing ideas and using a modifying word list to imagine how concepts could be changed, such as making something "bigger" or "cheaper." Later lessons discuss encouraging creativity, training the mind to think creatively through techniques like challenging assumptions, and allowing ideas to develop freely without judgment. Exercises are provided to help readers practice each technique.
If the author became Prime Minister of Pakistan, they would implement several reforms. First, they would overhaul the education system by removing corrupt officials and prioritizing English-language instruction along with student support services. Second, they would establish new rules and regular evaluations for the police department. Third, they would focus on women's rights by creating organizations to raise awareness around issues like education, health, and family. The author would also support youth employment and motivate higher education. They aim to improve the country's economy, trade, industries and international relations through new laws. Finally, the author expresses sympathy for poverty and hopes to establish government support for vulnerable groups.
The document promotes a product called limopani as an easy way for fat people to lose weight without exercise by simply drinking 5 sachets per day, claiming it can make one slim and achieve their dream body by transforming their life.
This document discusses steganography, which is hiding data within other data. It defines steganography and differentiates it from cryptography. It provides examples of steganographic techniques like least significant bit insertion and digital watermarking. It also gives an example of using steganographic software to hide a text file within an image file in order to secretly communicate information.
Freshworks Rethinks NoSQL for Rapid Scaling & Cost-EfficiencyScyllaDB
Freshworks creates AI-boosted business software that helps employees work more efficiently and effectively. Managing data across multiple RDBMS and NoSQL databases was already a challenge at their current scale. To prepare for 10X growth, they knew it was time to rethink their database strategy. Learn how they architected a solution that would simplify scaling while keeping costs under control.
Main news related to the CCS TSI 2023 (2023/1695)Jakub Marek
An English 🇬🇧 translation of a presentation to the speech I gave about the main changes brought by CCS TSI 2023 at the biggest Czech conference on Communications and signalling systems on Railways, which was held in Clarion Hotel Olomouc from 7th to 9th November 2023 (konferenceszt.cz). Attended by around 500 participants and 200 on-line followers.
The original Czech 🇨🇿 version of the presentation can be found here: https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/hlavni-novinky-souvisejici-s-ccs-tsi-2023-2023-1695/269688092 .
The videorecording (in Czech) from the presentation is available here: https://youtu.be/WzjJWm4IyPk?si=SImb06tuXGb30BEH .
In the realm of cybersecurity, offensive security practices act as a critical shield. By simulating real-world attacks in a controlled environment, these techniques expose vulnerabilities before malicious actors can exploit them. This proactive approach allows manufacturers to identify and fix weaknesses, significantly enhancing system security.
This presentation delves into the development of a system designed to mimic Galileo's Open Service signal using software-defined radio (SDR) technology. We'll begin with a foundational overview of both Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) and the intricacies of digital signal processing.
The presentation culminates in a live demonstration. We'll showcase the manipulation of Galileo's Open Service pilot signal, simulating an attack on various software and hardware systems. This practical demonstration serves to highlight the potential consequences of unaddressed vulnerabilities, emphasizing the importance of offensive security practices in safeguarding critical infrastructure.
"Frontline Battles with DDoS: Best practices and Lessons Learned", Igor IvaniukFwdays
At this talk we will discuss DDoS protection tools and best practices, discuss network architectures and what AWS has to offer. Also, we will look into one of the largest DDoS attacks on Ukrainian infrastructure that happened in February 2022. We'll see, what techniques helped to keep the web resources available for Ukrainians and how AWS improved DDoS protection for all customers based on Ukraine experience
Discover top-tier mobile app development services, offering innovative solutions for iOS and Android. Enhance your business with custom, user-friendly mobile applications.
5th LF Energy Power Grid Model Meet-up SlidesDanBrown980551
5th Power Grid Model Meet-up
It is with great pleasure that we extend to you an invitation to the 5th Power Grid Model Meet-up, scheduled for 6th June 2024. This event will adopt a hybrid format, allowing participants to join us either through an online Mircosoft Teams session or in person at TU/e located at Den Dolech 2, Eindhoven, Netherlands. The meet-up will be hosted by Eindhoven University of Technology (TU/e), a research university specializing in engineering science & technology.
Power Grid Model
The global energy transition is placing new and unprecedented demands on Distribution System Operators (DSOs). Alongside upgrades to grid capacity, processes such as digitization, capacity optimization, and congestion management are becoming vital for delivering reliable services.
Power Grid Model is an open source project from Linux Foundation Energy and provides a calculation engine that is increasingly essential for DSOs. It offers a standards-based foundation enabling real-time power systems analysis, simulations of electrical power grids, and sophisticated what-if analysis. In addition, it enables in-depth studies and analysis of the electrical power grid’s behavior and performance. This comprehensive model incorporates essential factors such as power generation capacity, electrical losses, voltage levels, power flows, and system stability.
Power Grid Model is currently being applied in a wide variety of use cases, including grid planning, expansion, reliability, and congestion studies. It can also help in analyzing the impact of renewable energy integration, assessing the effects of disturbances or faults, and developing strategies for grid control and optimization.
What to expect
For the upcoming meetup we are organizing, we have an exciting lineup of activities planned:
-Insightful presentations covering two practical applications of the Power Grid Model.
-An update on the latest advancements in Power Grid -Model technology during the first and second quarters of 2024.
-An interactive brainstorming session to discuss and propose new feature requests.
-An opportunity to connect with fellow Power Grid Model enthusiasts and users.
Skybuffer SAM4U tool for SAP license adoptionTatiana Kojar
Manage and optimize your license adoption and consumption with SAM4U, an SAP free customer software asset management tool.
SAM4U, an SAP complimentary software asset management tool for customers, delivers a detailed and well-structured overview of license inventory and usage with a user-friendly interface. We offer a hosted, cost-effective, and performance-optimized SAM4U setup in the Skybuffer Cloud environment. You retain ownership of the system and data, while we manage the ABAP 7.58 infrastructure, ensuring fixed Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) and exceptional services through the SAP Fiori interface.
Connector Corner: Seamlessly power UiPath Apps, GenAI with prebuilt connectorsDianaGray10
Join us to learn how UiPath Apps can directly and easily interact with prebuilt connectors via Integration Service--including Salesforce, ServiceNow, Open GenAI, and more.
The best part is you can achieve this without building a custom workflow! Say goodbye to the hassle of using separate automations to call APIs. By seamlessly integrating within App Studio, you can now easily streamline your workflow, while gaining direct access to our Connector Catalog of popular applications.
We’ll discuss and demo the benefits of UiPath Apps and connectors including:
Creating a compelling user experience for any software, without the limitations of APIs.
Accelerating the app creation process, saving time and effort
Enjoying high-performance CRUD (create, read, update, delete) operations, for
seamless data management.
Speakers:
Russell Alfeche, Technology Leader, RPA at qBotic and UiPath MVP
Charlie Greenberg, host
Your One-Stop Shop for Python Success: Top 10 US Python Development Providersakankshawande
Simplify your search for a reliable Python development partner! This list presents the top 10 trusted US providers offering comprehensive Python development services, ensuring your project's success from conception to completion.
"Choosing proper type of scaling", Olena SyrotaFwdays
Imagine an IoT processing system that is already quite mature and production-ready and for which client coverage is growing and scaling and performance aspects are life and death questions. The system has Redis, MongoDB, and stream processing based on ksqldb. In this talk, firstly, we will analyze scaling approaches and then select the proper ones for our system.
HCL Notes und Domino Lizenzkostenreduzierung in der Welt von DLAUpanagenda
Webinar Recording: https://www.panagenda.com/webinars/hcl-notes-und-domino-lizenzkostenreduzierung-in-der-welt-von-dlau/
DLAU und die Lizenzen nach dem CCB- und CCX-Modell sind für viele in der HCL-Community seit letztem Jahr ein heißes Thema. Als Notes- oder Domino-Kunde haben Sie vielleicht mit unerwartet hohen Benutzerzahlen und Lizenzgebühren zu kämpfen. Sie fragen sich vielleicht, wie diese neue Art der Lizenzierung funktioniert und welchen Nutzen sie Ihnen bringt. Vor allem wollen Sie sicherlich Ihr Budget einhalten und Kosten sparen, wo immer möglich. Das verstehen wir und wir möchten Ihnen dabei helfen!
Wir erklären Ihnen, wie Sie häufige Konfigurationsprobleme lösen können, die dazu führen können, dass mehr Benutzer gezählt werden als nötig, und wie Sie überflüssige oder ungenutzte Konten identifizieren und entfernen können, um Geld zu sparen. Es gibt auch einige Ansätze, die zu unnötigen Ausgaben führen können, z. B. wenn ein Personendokument anstelle eines Mail-Ins für geteilte Mailboxen verwendet wird. Wir zeigen Ihnen solche Fälle und deren Lösungen. Und natürlich erklären wir Ihnen das neue Lizenzmodell.
Nehmen Sie an diesem Webinar teil, bei dem HCL-Ambassador Marc Thomas und Gastredner Franz Walder Ihnen diese neue Welt näherbringen. Es vermittelt Ihnen die Tools und das Know-how, um den Überblick zu bewahren. Sie werden in der Lage sein, Ihre Kosten durch eine optimierte Domino-Konfiguration zu reduzieren und auch in Zukunft gering zu halten.
Diese Themen werden behandelt
- Reduzierung der Lizenzkosten durch Auffinden und Beheben von Fehlkonfigurationen und überflüssigen Konten
- Wie funktionieren CCB- und CCX-Lizenzen wirklich?
- Verstehen des DLAU-Tools und wie man es am besten nutzt
- Tipps für häufige Problembereiche, wie z. B. Team-Postfächer, Funktions-/Testbenutzer usw.
- Praxisbeispiele und Best Practices zum sofortigen Umsetzen
Have you ever been confused by the myriad of choices offered by AWS for hosting a website or an API?
Lambda, Elastic Beanstalk, Lightsail, Amplify, S3 (and more!) can each host websites + APIs. But which one should we choose?
Which one is cheapest? Which one is fastest? Which one will scale to meet our needs?
Join me in this session as we dive into each AWS hosting service to determine which one is best for your scenario and explain why!
Energy Efficient Video Encoding for Cloud and Edge Computing Instances
Basic questions about artificial intelligence
1. Basic Questions about Artificial
intelligence
Q. What is artificial intelligence?
A. It is the science and engineering of making intelligent machines, especially intelligent
computer programs. It is related to the similar task of using computers to understand
human intelligence, but AI does not have to confine itself to methods that are biologically
observable.
Q. Yes, but what is intelligence?
A. Intelligence is the computational part of the ability to achieve goals in the world.
Varying kinds and degrees of intelligence occur in people, many animals and some
machines.
Q. Isn't there a solid definition of intelligence that doesn't depend on relating it to human
intelligence?
A. Not yet. The problem is that we cannot yet characterize in general what kinds of
computational procedures we want to call intelligent. We understand some of the
mechanisms of intelligence and not others.
Q. Is intelligence a single thing so that one can ask a yes or no question ``Is this machine
intelligent or not?''?
A. No. Intelligence involves mechanisms, and AI research has discovered how to make
computers carry out some of them and not others. If doing a task requires only
mechanisms that are well understood today, computer programs can give very impressive
performances on these tasks. Such programs should be considered ``somewhat
intelligent''.
Q. Isn't AI about simulating human intelligence?
A. Sometimes but not always or even usually. On the one hand, we can learn something
about how to make machines solve problems by observing other people or just by
observing our own methods. On the other hand, most work in AI involves studying the
problems the world presents to intelligence rather than studying people or animals. AI
researchers are free to use methods that are not observed in people or that involve much
more computing than people can do.
Q. What about IQ? Do computer programs have IQs?
2. A. No. IQ is based on the rates at which intelligence develops in children. It is the ratio of
the age at which a child normally makes a certain score to the child's age. The scale is
extended to adults in a suitable way. IQ correlates well with various measures of success
or failure in life, but making computers that can score high on IQ tests would be weakly
correlated with their usefulness. For example, the ability of a child to repeat back a long
sequence of digits correlates well with other intellectual abilities, perhaps because it
measures how much information the child can compute with at once. However, ``digit
span'' is trivial for even extremely limited computers.
However, some of the problems on IQ tests are useful challenges for AI.
Q. What about other comparisons between human and computer intelligence?
Arthur R. Jensen [Jen98], a leading researcher in human intelligence, suggests ``as a
heuristic hypothesis'' that all normal humans have the same intellectual mechanisms and
that differences in intelligence are related to ``quantitative biochemical and physiological
conditions''. I see them as speed, short term memory, and the ability to form accurate and
retrievable long term memories.
Whether or not Jensen is right about human intelligence, the situation in AI today is the
reverse.
Computer programs have plenty of speed and memory but their abilities correspond to
the intellectual mechanisms that program designers understand well enough to put in
programs. Some abilities that children normally don't develop till they are teenagers may
be in, and some abilities possessed by two year olds are still out. The matter is further
complicated by the fact that the cognitive sciences still have not succeeded in
determining exactly what the human abilities are. Very likely the organization of the
intellectual mechanisms for AI can usefully be different from that in people.
Whenever people do better than computers on some task or computers use a lot of
computation to do as well as people, this demonstrates that the program designers lack
understanding of the intellectual mechanisms required to do the task efficiently.
Q. When did AI research start?
A. After WWII, a number of people independently started to work on intelligent
machines. The English mathematician Alan Turing may have been the first. He gave a
lecture on it in 1947. He also may have been the first to decide that AI was best
researched by programming computers rather than by building machines. By the late
1950s, there were many researchers on AI, and most of them were basing their work on
programming computers.
Q. Does AI aim to put the human mind into the computer?
3. A. Some researchers say they have that objective, but maybe they are using the phrase
metaphorically. The human mind has a lot of peculiarities, and I'm not sure anyone is
serious about imitating all of them.
Q. What is the Turing test?
A. Alan Turing's 1950 article Computing Machinery and Intelligence [Tur50] discussed
conditions for considering a machine to be intelligent. He argued that if the machine
could successfully pretend to be human to a knowledgeable observer then you certainly
should consider it intelligent. This test would satisfy most people but not all philosophers.
The observer could interact with the machine and a human by teletype (to avoid requiring
that the machine imitate the appearance or voice of the person), and the human would try
to persuade the observer that it was human and the machine would try to fool the
observer.
The Turing test is a one-sided test. A machine that passes the test should certainly be
considered intelligent, but a machine could still be considered intelligent without
knowing enough about humans to imitate a human.
Daniel Dennett's book Brainchildren [Den98] has an excellent discussion of the Turing
test and the various partial Turing tests that have been implemented, i.e. with restrictions
on the observer's knowledge of AI and the subject matter of questioning. It turns out that
some people are easily led into believing that a rather dumb program is intelligent.
Q. Does AI aim at human-level intelligence?
A. Yes. The ultimate effort is to make computer programs that can solve problems and
achieve goals in the world as well as humans. However, many people involved in
particular research areas are much less ambitious.
Q. How far is AI from reaching human-level intelligence? When will it happen?
A. A few people think that human-level intelligence can be achieved by writing large
numbers of programs of the kind people are now writing and assembling vast knowledge
bases of facts in the languages now used for expressing knowledge.
However, most AI researchers believe that new fundamental ideas are required, and
therefore it cannot be predicted when human-level intelligence will be achieved.
Q. Are computers the right kind of machine to be made intelligent?
A. Computers can be programmed to simulate any kind of machine.
Many researchers invented non-computer machines, hoping that they would be intelligent
in different ways than the computer programs could be. However, they usually simulate
their invented machines on a computer and come to doubt that the new machine is worth
4. building. Because many billions of dollars that have been spent in making computers
faster and faster, another kind of machine would have to be very fast to perform better
than a program on a computer simulating the machine.
Q. Are computers fast enough to be intelligent?
A. Some people think much faster computers are required as well as new ideas. My own
opinion is that the computers of 30 years ago were fast enough if only we knew how to
program them. Of course, quite apart from the ambitions of AI researchers, computers
will keep getting faster.
Q. What about parallel machines?
A. Machines with many processors are much faster than single processors can be.
Parallelism itself presents no advantages, and parallel machines are somewhat awkward
to program. When extreme speed is required, it is necessary to face this awkwardness.
Q. What about making a ``child machine'' that could improve by reading and by learning
from experience?
A. This idea has been proposed many times, starting in the 1940s. Eventually, it will be
made to work. However, AI programs haven't yet reached the level of being able to learn
much of what a child learns from physical experience. Nor do present programs
understand language well enough to learn much by reading.
Q. Might an AI system be able to bootstrap itself to higher and higher level intelligence
by thinking about AI?
A. I think yes, but we aren't yet at a level of AI at which this process can begin.
Q. What about chess?
A. Alexander Kronrod, a Russian AI researcher, said ``Chess is the Drosophila of AI.''
He was making an analogy with geneticists' use of that fruit fly to study inheritance.
Playing chess requires certain intellectual mechanisms and not others. Chess programs
now play at grandmaster level, but they do it with limited intellectual mechanisms
compared to those used by a human chess player, substituting large amounts of
computation for understanding. Once we understand these mechanisms better, we can
build human-level chess programs that do far less computation than do present programs.
Unfortunately, the competitive and commercial aspects of making computers play chess
have taken precedence over using chess as a scientific domain. It is as if the geneticists
after 1910 had organized fruit fly races and concentrated their efforts on breeding fruit
flies that could win these races.
Q. What about Go?
5. A. The Chinese and Japanese game of Go is also a board game in which the players take
turns moving. Go exposes the weakness of our present understanding of the intellectual
mechanisms involved in human game playing. Go programs are very bad players, in spite
of considerable effort (not as much as for chess). The problem seems to be that a position
in Go has to be divided mentally into a collection of subpositions which are first analyzed
separately followed by an analysis of their interaction. Humans use this in chess also, but
chess programs consider the position as a whole. Chess programs compensate for the lack
of this intellectual mechanism by doing thousands or, in the case of Deep Blue, many
millions of times as much computation.
Sooner or later, AI research will overcome this scandalous weakness.
Q. Don't some people say that AI is a bad idea?
A. The philosopher John Searle says that the idea of a non-biological machine being
intelligent is incoherent. He proposes the Chinese room argument www-
formal.stanford.edu/jmc/chinese.html The philosopher Hubert Dreyfus says that AI is
impossible. The computer scientist Joseph Weizenbaum says the idea is obscene, anti-
human and immoral. Various people have said that since artificial intelligence hasn't
reached human level by now, it must be impossible. Still other people are disappointed
that companies they invested in went bankrupt.
Q. Aren't computability theory and computational complexity the keys to AI? [Note to
the layman and beginners in computer science: These are quite technical branches of
mathematical logic and computer science, and the answer to the question has to be
somewhat technical.]
A. No. These theories are relevant but don't address the fundamental problems of AI.
In the 1930s mathematical logicians, especially Kurt Gödel and Alan Turing, established
that there did not exist algorithms that were guaranteed to solve all problems in certain
important mathematical domains. Whether a sentence of first order logic is a theorem is
one example, and whether a polynomial equations in several variables has integer
solutions is another. Humans solve problems in these domains all the time, and this has
been offered as an argument (usually with some decorations) that computers are
intrinsically incapable of doing what people do. Roger Penrose claims this. However,
people can't guarantee to solve arbitrary problems in these domains either. See my
Review of The Emperor's New Mind by Roger Penrose. More essays and reviews
defending AI research are in [McC96a].
In the 1960s computer scientists, especially Steve Cook and Richard Karp developed the
theory of NP-complete problem domains. Problems in these domains are solvable, but
seem to take time exponential in the size of the problem. Which sentences of
propositional calculus are satisfiable is a basic example of an NP-complete problem
domain. Humans often solve problems in NP-complete domains in times much shorter
than is guaranteed by the general algorithms, but can't solve them quickly in general.
6. What is important for AI is to have algorithms as capable as people at solving problems.
The identification of subdomains for which good algorithms exist is important, but a lot
of AI problem solvers are not associated with readily identified subdomains.
The theory of the difficulty of general classes of problems is called computational
complexity. So far this theory hasn't interacted with AI as much as might have been
hoped. Success in problem solving by humans and by AI programs seems to rely on
properties of problems and problem solving methods that the neither the complexity
researchers nor the AI community have been able to identify precisely.
Algorithmic complexity theory as developed by Solomonoff, Kolmogorov and Chaitin
(independently of one another) is also relevant. It defines the complexity of a symbolic
object as the length of the shortest program that will generate it. Proving that a candidate
program is the shortest or close to the shortest is an unsolvable problem, but representing
objects by short programs that generate them should sometimes be illuminating even
when you can't prove that the program is the shortest