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Basic Chemical Processing of the Basic Chemicals
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- 2. CHEMICAL PROCESS Chemical process is combinationof unit processes and Unit operation
- 3. UNIT OPERATIONS involves the physical separationof the products obtained during various unit processes
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- 5. UNIT PROCESSES involves principle chemical conversionsleading to synthesis of various useful product and provide basic information regarding the reaction temperature and pressure, extent of chemical conversions and yield of product of reaction nature of reaction whether endothermic or exothermic, type of catalyst used
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- 7. BATCH PROCESS can be measuredmost concisely small quantities of chemicals are usually made lower unit investment lower operating cost more uniform quality
- 8. CONTINUOU S PROCESS used for massproduction requires far smaller and less expensive equipment have much less material in process – hence, less chance to ruin large quantities of material have more uniform operating conditions and products requires more concise control of flows and conditions and would be impossible without quality instrumentation
- 9. PILOT PLANT stepbetween the laboratory and the industrial plant small-scale units designed to allow experiments that obtain design data for larger plants and sometimes to produce significant quantities of a new product to permit user evaluation o fit makes use of statistical analysis of the procedures necessary to determine the data required for design should be constructed with equipment identical in material with that to be used by the commercial plant in order to ascertain the effects of corrosion cheaper to correct errors in judgment by experimentation in the pilot plant
- 10. PLANT LOCATION availability of rawmaterials, energy, transportation and markets choice depends on environmental constraints, water supply, availability of efficient labor, cost of land, and waste disposal facilities
- 11. CONTROL SYSTEMS instead ofmeasuring and attempting to maintain rigid temperatures, pressure and general conditions adjust system variables so that the output is satisfactory even though the inputs vary widely and are not fixed analyzing and optimizing systems
- 12. INSTRUMENTATION takes over therunning of complex chemical processing systems optimize plant conditions to meet changing feed conditions should not be chosen simply to record process variables function is to assure consistent quality, usually by sensing, controlling, recording and maintaining desired operating conditions essential tool for modern processing
- 13. FLOWCHART show material andenergy balances show details as fire lines, instruments and control systems, air lines, drains, etc. indicate the point of entrance for raw materials and the points of removal of the product and by- products
- 14. PROCESS FLOW DIAGRAM (PFD) or PROCESS FLOW SHEET data presented ina sequential manner with symbolic representation of equipment schematic illustration of the system shows relationships between the major components in the system tabulates the process design values for the components
- 16. PIPING & INSTRUMENTATIO N DIAGRAM (P&ID) sequential presentation of flow, piping with instrumentation and controls that are required for smooth operation of the process schematic illustration of functional relationship of piping, instrumentation, and system equipment components shows all the piping including the physical sequence of branches, fittings, equipment, instrumentation and control interlocks
- 20. RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMEN T NEW ANDIMPROVED PROCESS LOWER COSTS AND LOWER PRICES OF PRODUCTS SERVICES AND PRODUCTS NEVER BEFORE KNOWN CHANGE OF RARITIES TO COMMON COMMERCIAL SUPPLIES OF PRACTICAL USEFULNESS ADEQUATE SUPPLY OF MATERIALS PREVIOUSLY OBTAINED ONLY AS BY-PRODUCTS FREEDOM FROM DOMINATION BY FOREIGN CONTROL STABILIZATION OF BUSINESS AND INDUSTRIAL EMPLOYMENT PRODUCTS OF IMPROVED QUALITY