BOP Components: Current Account, Capital Account and Reserve Account; Disequilibrium of BOP; Factors Affecting BOP and Methods of Correcting BOP Disequilibrium
A fantastic PPT on balance of payments. The PPT includes a complete of the meaning and various concepts of balance of payments. It also discusses about the type of transactions recorded in BOP and various types of accounts.
Trends and challenges of BOP of India,Balance Of Payments Position in India,Balance Of Payments – Introduction
Components Of A BOP Statement
Balance Of Payment in India
Bop Crisis In India
Developments In India’s Bop During April-June 2014
Measures of Correcting Balance of Payment
BOP Components: Current Account, Capital Account and Reserve Account; Disequilibrium of BOP; Factors Affecting BOP and Methods of Correcting BOP Disequilibrium
A fantastic PPT on balance of payments. The PPT includes a complete of the meaning and various concepts of balance of payments. It also discusses about the type of transactions recorded in BOP and various types of accounts.
Trends and challenges of BOP of India,Balance Of Payments Position in India,Balance Of Payments – Introduction
Components Of A BOP Statement
Balance Of Payment in India
Bop Crisis In India
Developments In India’s Bop During April-June 2014
Measures of Correcting Balance of Payment
Exploring Abhay Bhutada’s Views After Poonawalla Fincorp’s Collaboration With...beulahfernandes8
The financial landscape in India has witnessed a significant development with the recent collaboration between Poonawalla Fincorp and IndusInd Bank.
The launch of the co-branded credit card, the IndusInd Bank Poonawalla Fincorp eLITE RuPay Platinum Credit Card, marks a major milestone for both entities.
This strategic move aims to redefine and elevate the banking experience for customers.
how can i use my minded pi coins I need some funds.DOT TECH
If you are interested in selling your pi coins, i have a verified pi merchant, who buys pi coins and resell them to exchanges looking forward to hold till mainnet launch.
Because the core team has announced that pi network will not be doing any pre-sale. The only way exchanges like huobi, bitmart and hotbit can get pi is by buying from miners.
Now a merchant stands in between these exchanges and the miners. As a link to make transactions smooth. Because right now in the enclosed mainnet you can't sell pi coins your self. You need the help of a merchant,
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@Pi_vendor_247
If you are looking for a pi coin investor. Then look no further because I have the right one he is a pi vendor (he buy and resell to whales in China). I met him on a crypto conference and ever since I and my friends have sold more than 10k pi coins to him And he bought all and still want more. I will drop his telegram handle below just send him a message.
@Pi_vendor_247
how to sell pi coins in all Africa Countries.DOT TECH
Yes. You can sell your pi network for other cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin, usdt , Ethereum and other currencies And this is done easily with the help from a pi merchant.
What is a pi merchant ?
Since pi is not launched yet in any exchange. The only way you can sell right now is through merchants.
A verified Pi merchant is someone who buys pi network coins from miners and resell them to investors looking forward to hold massive quantities of pi coins before mainnet launch in 2026.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant to trade with.
@Pi_vendor_247
where can I find a legit pi merchant onlineDOT TECH
Yes. This is very easy what you need is a recommendation from someone who has successfully traded pi coins before with a merchant.
Who is a pi merchant?
A pi merchant is someone who buys pi network coins and resell them to Investors looking forward to hold thousands of pi coins before the open mainnet.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant to trade with
@Pi_vendor_247
Falcon stands out as a top-tier P2P Invoice Discounting platform in India, bridging esteemed blue-chip companies and eager investors. Our goal is to transform the investment landscape in India by establishing a comprehensive destination for borrowers and investors with diverse profiles and needs, all while minimizing risk. What sets Falcon apart is the elimination of intermediaries such as commercial banks and depository institutions, allowing investors to enjoy higher yields.
Poonawalla Fincorp and IndusInd Bank Introduce New Co-Branded Credit Cardnickysharmasucks
The unveiling of the IndusInd Bank Poonawalla Fincorp eLITE RuPay Platinum Credit Card marks a notable milestone in the Indian financial landscape, showcasing a successful partnership between two leading institutions, Poonawalla Fincorp and IndusInd Bank. This co-branded credit card not only offers users a plethora of benefits but also reflects a commitment to innovation and adaptation. With a focus on providing value-driven and customer-centric solutions, this launch represents more than just a new product—it signifies a step towards redefining the banking experience for millions. Promising convenience, rewards, and a touch of luxury in everyday financial transactions, this collaboration aims to cater to the evolving needs of customers and set new standards in the industry.
What website can I sell pi coins securely.DOT TECH
Currently there are no website or exchange that allow buying or selling of pi coins..
But you can still easily sell pi coins, by reselling it to exchanges/crypto whales interested in holding thousands of pi coins before the mainnet launch.
Who is a pi merchant?
A pi merchant is someone who buys pi coins from miners and resell to these crypto whales and holders of pi..
This is because pi network is not doing any pre-sale. The only way exchanges can get pi is by buying from miners and pi merchants stands in between the miners and the exchanges.
How can I sell my pi coins?
Selling pi coins is really easy, but first you need to migrate to mainnet wallet before you can do that. I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant to trade with.
Tele-gram.
@Pi_vendor_247
The secret way to sell pi coins effortlessly.DOT TECH
Well as we all know pi isn't launched yet. But you can still sell your pi coins effortlessly because some whales in China are interested in holding massive pi coins. And they are willing to pay good money for it. If you are interested in selling I will leave a contact for you. Just telegram this number below. I sold about 3000 pi coins to him and he paid me immediately.
Telegram: @Pi_vendor_247
how to sell pi coins in South Korea profitably.DOT TECH
Yes. You can sell your pi network coins in South Korea or any other country, by finding a verified pi merchant
What is a verified pi merchant?
Since pi network is not launched yet on any exchange, the only way you can sell pi coins is by selling to a verified pi merchant, and this is because pi network is not launched yet on any exchange and no pre-sale or ico offerings Is done on pi.
Since there is no pre-sale, the only way exchanges can get pi is by buying from miners. So a pi merchant facilitates these transactions by acting as a bridge for both transactions.
How can i find a pi vendor/merchant?
Well for those who haven't traded with a pi merchant or who don't already have one. I will leave the telegram id of my personal pi merchant who i trade pi with.
Tele gram: @Pi_vendor_247
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how to sell pi coins on Bitmart crypto exchangeDOT TECH
Yes. Pi network coins can be exchanged but not on bitmart exchange. Because pi network is still in the enclosed mainnet. The only way pioneers are able to trade pi coins is by reselling the pi coins to pi verified merchants.
A verified merchant is someone who buys pi network coins and resell it to exchanges looking forward to hold till mainnet launch.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant to trade with.
@Pi_vendor_247
1. Balance of payments
“The balance of payment is a statistical statement for a
given period showing
a) Transaction in goods and services and income
between an economy and the rest of the world
b) Changes of ownership and other changes in that
country’s monetary gold, SDRs and claims and
liabilities to the rest of the world ,and
c) Unrequited transfers and counterpart entries that
are needed to balance, in the accounting sense,
any entries for the foregoing transactions and
changes which are not mutually offsetting.”
- The IMF publication, “Balance of
Payments Manual.”
2. Balance of Payments
A record of international
transactions between residents of
one country and the rest of the
world
International transactions include
exchanges of goods, services or
assets
“Residents” means businesses,
individuals and government
agencies, including citizens
temporarily living abroad but
excluding local subsidiaries of
3. Double-entry Accounting in the
BOP
All transactions are either debit or
credit transactions
Credit transactions result in receipt of
payment from foreigners
◦ Merchandise exports (valued f.o.b.)
◦ Transportation and travel receipts
◦ Income received from investments abroad
◦ Gifts received from foreign residents
◦ Aid received from foreign governments
4. Double-entry Accounting (Cont’d)
Debit transactions involve to payments to
foreigners
◦ Merchandise imports
◦ Transportation and travel expenditures
◦ Income paid on investments of foreigners
◦ Gifts to foreign residents
◦ Aid given by home government
◦ Overseas investments by home country
residents
Each credit transaction has a balancing
debit transaction, and vice versa, so the
overall balance of payments is always in
balance.
5. Components of BoP
Current account: - Merchandise exports and imports
- Invisible exports and Imports
Capital account: - Short-term
- Long term
Unilateral Transfer Account: - Gifts
- Remittances
Official reserves account:- Gold
-convertible foreign exchange
Balance of payment disequilibrium
either a surplus
or a deficit
6. Accounts Overview (Level 1)
Current Account (all real transfers)
◦ Merchandise trade
◦ Service trade
◦ Transfers
Capital and Financial Account (transfers of
ownership and financial assets and liabilities)
◦ Changes in private assets
◦ Changes in holdings of official international
reserves
◦ Statistical Discrepancy
7. Current Account
The current account is that balance of
payments account in which all short-
term flows of payments are listed:
◦ Goods and services balance (exports –
imports)
Merchandise trade balance (exports – imports)
Services balance (exports – imports)
◦ Net Investment income
◦ Unilateral transfers
Private transfer payments
Governmental transfers
8. What are Services?
Travel and tourism
Trade transportation
Insurance
Education
Financial, technical, and marketing
services
Telecommunication
Use of property rights (royalties)
Other professional and consulting
services
9. What is Investment Income?
Payment to holders of foreign financial
assets, including:
◦ Interest on bonds and loans
◦ Dividends and other claims on profits by
owners of foreign businesses
◦ Payments made to temporary (nonresident)
workers
10. Unilateral Transfers
Official government grants in aid to
foreign governments
Charitable giving (e.g., famine relief)
Migrant workers transfers to families in
their home countries
11. Capital Account
The capital and financial account is that
balance of payments account in which all
cross-border transactions involving financial
assets are listed. This includes transactions
between foreign and domestic residents, and
foreign and domestic governments.
◦ All purchases or sales of assets, including:
Direct investment
Securities (debt)
Bank claims and liabilities
Official reserves transactions
When U.S. citizens buy foreign securities or when foreigners
buy U.S. securities, they are listed here as outflows and
inflows, respectively.
12. Foreign Direct Investment
(FDI)
Any flow of lending to, or purchases of ownership in, a
foreign enterprise that is largely owned by residents of
the investing country.
◦ Securities (stocks and bonds)
◦ Loans
◦ Bank deposits
◦ Minority ownership positions
FDI is the purchase of assets to establish financial
control of a foreign entity. Generally ownership of 10%
or more of a company’s outstanding stock is considered
FDI.
Portfolio investment involves little management control
or interest, and is solely for financial gain.
13. Official Reserve Assets
Early on in this century, this was
primarily gold
Now primarily financial assets
denominated in a foreign currency that is
widely accepted in international
transactions:
◦ Euro assets (heavily used by U.S.)
◦ Yen assets (heavily used by U.S.)
◦ U.S. dollar assets (key currency worldwide)
◦ Reserve positions in IMF
◦ SDRs (created by IMF)
14. Official Reserves Transactions
Governments can influence exchange rates by
buying and selling official reserves.
The buying and selling of official reserves is
recorded in the “official transactions” account.
◦ Also referred to as “changes in holdings of official
international reserves” or “official settlements
balance”.
It is the part of the balance of payments
accounts that records the amount of its own
currency or foreign currencies that a nation
buys or sells.
15. Statistical Discrepancy?
It is the net result of errors and
omissions on both the credit and debit
sides.
Where do these errors come from?
◦ Under-reporting merchandise imports
◦ Under-reporting investment incomes
◦ Under-reporting capital exports
◦ Basically, people succeed in hiding their
imports, foreign investment incomes,
capital flight from their governments for
tax and other purposes.
16. Account Overview (Level 2)
Current Account
Merchandise trade
exports
imports
Trade Balance
Services
military trans. (net)
other services, net
Service Balance
Balance on goods & services
Investment income, net
Unilateral transfers
US government grants
US govt pensions, and
other transfers
Private remittances and
other transfers
All transfers, net
Balance on current account
Capital Account
Changes in US assets abroad, net
other US govt assets
US private assets
All changes, net
Changes in foreign assets in the US,
net foreign private assets
All changes, net
Changes in holdings of official
international reserves, net
Statistical discrepancy
Balance on capital account
17. Meaning of Overall Balance
The current account and the capital account
measure the private and non-U.S. government
supply of and demand for dollars.
Official Settlements Balance:
B = CA + KA
Because the balance of payments must sum to
zero, any imbalance in the official settlements
balance must be financed (paid for) by official
reserves flows:
B + OR = 0
18. BOP Surplus and Deficit
The Official Settlements Balance (B ) is
sometimes referred to as the net sum of the
items above the line or autonomous
transactions, and
The Official Reserves Transactions (OR ) are
referred to as the sum of the items below the
line, also called nonautonomous or
accommodating transactions.
◦ When B = 0, there is said to be a BOP equilibrium,
and if B 0, a BOP disequilibrium.
◦ When B > 0, there is said to be a BOP surplus.
◦ When B < 0, there is said to be a BOP deficit.
19. BOP Surplus and Deficit (Continued)
In terms of the supply and demand
of a nation’s currency, there is:
◦ A balance of payments surplus if quantity
demanded for a currency exceeds quantity
supplied, putting upward pressure on the
value of the nation’s currency.
◦ A balance of payments deficit if quantity
supplied of a currency exceeds quantity
demanded, putting downward pressure on
the value of the nation’s currency.
20. Official Transactions Account
Because they are an accounting identity,
the current, capital, and official
transactions accounts must sum to
zero—in total, the balance of payments
balances.
The supply of currency, including
government’s, must equal the demand
for currency, including government’s.
21. Factors causing Disequilibrium
1]. Economic factors
Development disequilibrium
Cyclical disequilibrium Lawrence W. Towle “Depression always
brings about a drastic shrinkage in world trade, while prosperity
stimulates it.”
Secular disequilibrium
Structural disequilibrium
2]. Political factors
political instability
wars
change in world trade routes
3]. Social factors
changes in tastes preferences, fashion, etc.
22. Correction of Disequilibrium
Automatic Corrections
Deliberate Measures
Monetary
measures
1) Monetary
contraction /
expansions
2) Devaluation/
Revaluation
3) Exchange control
Trade measures Miscellaneous
measures
1. Foreign loans
2. Incentives for
foreign investments
3. Tourism
development
4. Incentives for
inward remittances
5. Import substitutions
Export Promotion
1. Abolition of export
duties
2. Export subsidies
3. Incentives
Import control
1. Import duties
2. Import quota
3. Import
prohibition