A nation wide mission initiated by Abhumka Herbal for preservation, propagation and promotion of our age old tribal traditional herbal knowledge. Come and Join, the mission has begun.
A nation wide mission initiated by Abhumka Herbal for preservation, propagation and promotion of our age old tribal traditional herbal knowledge. Come and Join, the mission has begun.
अगर कठेरिया का भाषण भड़काऊ नहीं तो राजनाथ बताएं भड़काऊ भाषण की परिभाषाः रिहाई मंच
---------------------
यह है समता, स्वतंत्रता, बंधुता और न्याय
------------------------
पूँजीवादी खेती, अकाल और किसानों की आत्महत्याएँ
मुनाफे की व्यवस्था में तबाह होना यही छोटे किसानों की किस्मत
SANSKRITI 3.0 (ANNUAL HINDI MAGAZINE - NIT AGARTALA)Sajal Tiwari
ON THE AUSPICIOUS DAY OF 8th CONVOCATION i.e 14th NOVEMBER, 2015 OF NIT AGARTALA, SANSKRITI 3.0 THE ANNUAL HINDI MAGAZINE OF NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AGARTALA WAS LAUNCHED BY HOURABLE CHIEF GUEST Prof. ANIL D. SHAHASTRABUDDHE (CHAIRMAN-AICTE), Prof. D.B.PHATAK (BOG CHAIRMAN - NIT AGARTALA) AND Prof. GOPAL MUGERAYA (DIRECTOR - NIT AGARTALA). THE MAGAZINE EDITING AND DESIGNING TEAM WAS LEADED BY SAJAL TIWARI (UNDERGRADUATE - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT) AND THE PATRONS OF THIS MAGAZINE WERE Prof. UMESH MISHRA (CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT), Dr. R.N.RAI (PRODUCTION ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT), Dr. R.K.YADAV (PHYSICS DEPARTMENT), Dr. SRIMANTA RAY (CHEMICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT), Dr. VIDYUT DEY (PRODUCTION ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT) AND Dr. SUBRATA GHOSH (MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT).
This document provides notes and syllabus for the BA Programme 3rd Year English course prepared by Sartaz Sir from the University of Delhi. It includes short answer questions, long answer questions, reading comprehension passages, and grammar topics that will be covered. The notes provide sample questions, answers, and passages to help students prepare for exams. The document emphasizes the importance of practicing writing for learning. It also discusses improving the education system by focusing on learning rather than rote memorization and allowing students to pursue subjects they find interesting.
अगर कठेरिया का भाषण भड़काऊ नहीं तो राजनाथ बताएं भड़काऊ भाषण की परिभाषाः रिहाई मंच
---------------------
यह है समता, स्वतंत्रता, बंधुता और न्याय
------------------------
पूँजीवादी खेती, अकाल और किसानों की आत्महत्याएँ
मुनाफे की व्यवस्था में तबाह होना यही छोटे किसानों की किस्मत
SANSKRITI 3.0 (ANNUAL HINDI MAGAZINE - NIT AGARTALA)Sajal Tiwari
ON THE AUSPICIOUS DAY OF 8th CONVOCATION i.e 14th NOVEMBER, 2015 OF NIT AGARTALA, SANSKRITI 3.0 THE ANNUAL HINDI MAGAZINE OF NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AGARTALA WAS LAUNCHED BY HOURABLE CHIEF GUEST Prof. ANIL D. SHAHASTRABUDDHE (CHAIRMAN-AICTE), Prof. D.B.PHATAK (BOG CHAIRMAN - NIT AGARTALA) AND Prof. GOPAL MUGERAYA (DIRECTOR - NIT AGARTALA). THE MAGAZINE EDITING AND DESIGNING TEAM WAS LEADED BY SAJAL TIWARI (UNDERGRADUATE - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT) AND THE PATRONS OF THIS MAGAZINE WERE Prof. UMESH MISHRA (CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT), Dr. R.N.RAI (PRODUCTION ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT), Dr. R.K.YADAV (PHYSICS DEPARTMENT), Dr. SRIMANTA RAY (CHEMICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT), Dr. VIDYUT DEY (PRODUCTION ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT) AND Dr. SUBRATA GHOSH (MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT).
This document provides notes and syllabus for the BA Programme 3rd Year English course prepared by Sartaz Sir from the University of Delhi. It includes short answer questions, long answer questions, reading comprehension passages, and grammar topics that will be covered. The notes provide sample questions, answers, and passages to help students prepare for exams. The document emphasizes the importance of practicing writing for learning. It also discusses improving the education system by focusing on learning rather than rote memorization and allowing students to pursue subjects they find interesting.
This document provides notes and syllabus for the B.A. Programme 2nd Year English course prepared by Sartaz Sir from the University of Delhi. It includes short answer questions, long answer questions, reading comprehension passages, and grammar topics that will be covered. The writing section will involve description, letter writing, and paragraph writing based on topics from the textbook. Overall, the document outlines the plan and content to be covered for the English course.
This document provides summaries of 9 different passages from English literature. It begins by introducing the source of the literature notes and providing background information on the compiler. The summaries then concisely outline the key events and lessons learned in each of the 9 passages in 1-3 sentences per passage. Overall, the document serves to efficiently convey the essential information and themes from multiple literary works.
The document advertises the website TutorialsDuniya.com, which provides free computer science notes, programs, projects, and books for university students of various computer science programs. It encourages sharing the notes with friends and lists many topic areas covered, including programming languages, data science, cybersecurity, and more. Users can download a complete notes PDF file from the website.
The document advertises the website TutorialsDuniya.com, which provides free computer science notes, programs, projects, books for university students. A variety of topics are covered, including programming languages like C++, Java, PHP, and databases. Users are encouraged to share the notes with friends and download materials from the listed URL.
The document provides information about computer graphics output primitives like points and lines. It discusses how points and lines are displayed on different output devices like raster and vector systems. It also describes algorithms for drawing lines, including the Digital Differential Analyzer (DDA) algorithm and Bresenham's line drawing algorithm, which uses only incremental integer calculations to determine pixel positions along a line path.
The document advertises the website TutorialsDuniya.com, which provides free computer science notes, programs, projects, and books for university students of various computer science programs. It encourages sharing the notes with friends and lists over 30 subject areas covered, including programming languages, data science topics, and core CS topics. The website at https://www.tutorialsduniya.com is promoted as the source to download the complete notes PDF for free.
The document advertises the website TutorialsDuniya.com, which provides free computer science notes, programs, projects, and books for university students of various computer science programs. It encourages sharing the notes with friends and provides the URL for downloading complete notes PDFs for free. The notes cover a wide range of topics in computer science including programming languages, software engineering, data science, and more.
1. Download DU B.A. Programme Notes & Question
Papers from https://www.tutorialsduniya.com
Please Share these Notes with your Friends as well
Human Rights Notes
TUTORIALSDUNIYA.COM
B.A. Programme - 2nd Year
Prepared By: Sartaz Sir
(University of Delhi)
2. Sartaz Sir Ki Class
Page no. 2
1- oS’ohdj.k D;k gS oS’ohdj.k dk fdlkuks vkSj etnwjks ij izHkko crkb;s
2- ekuokf/kdkj ls vki D;k le>rs gSA vk/kqfud jkT; ds ekuokf/kdkj ds fodkl dk
foospu fdft,
3- Hkkjr esa ekuokf/kdkj vk;ksx dh Hkwfedk ij izdk’k Mkfy;s
4- tkfr fyax okaf’kdrk u`tkfr;rk rFkk oxZ vkfn fo"k;ksa ij ppkZ djsA la;ksftr@ le@
lRkr~
5- fVdkÅ fodkl dh vo/kkj.kk Li"V djks
6- miHkksDr vf/kfu;e 1986
7- Hkwe.Myh; rkiu
8- Hkkjr dh i;kZoj.k laj{k.k uhfr;ka
9- Hkkjrh; efgykvks dh jktuSfrd fLFkfr o lgHkkfxrk
10- Hkkjr es efgyk vkanksyu
11- fir` lÙkk rFkk ukjhokn
iz0 1 oS’ohdj.k D;k gS oS’ohdj.k dk fdlkuks vkSj etnwjks ij izHkko crkb;s
m0 ifjp;%& oS’ohdj.k ;g izfdz;k gS ftlesa ,d ns’k dh vFkZO;oLFkk vU; ns’kks dh
vFkZO;oLFkkvksa ds lkFk ?kqy fey tkrh gS lhekvksa ij yxus okys ’kqYd es Hkkjh deh gksrh
gS ftlds dkj.k Hkkjh ek=k es oLrqvks] lsokvks vkSj ekuoiw¡th dk vknku&iznku fd;k
tkrk gSA oS’ohdj.k us lEiw.kZ fo’o dks ,d xk¡o es ifjofrZr dj fn;k gS
,MoMZ gjeu ds vuqlkj%& oS’ohdj.k lhekvksa ds vkl ikl dEifu;ksa ds foLrkj dh ,d
lfdz; izfdz;k gS rFkk lkFk gh ikj lhek lqfo/kkvksa vkSj vkfFkZd lEcU/kksa dh ,d lajpuk
Hkh gS ftldk fujarj fodkl gks jgk gSA rFkk ;g tSls&tSls vkxs c<+ jgh gS oSls&oSls
ifjofrZr gks jgh gSA
oS’ohdj.k dh fo’ks"krk,%& oS’ohdj.k ds dkj.k cktkjoknh laLd`fr dks c<+kok feyk gS
blds leFkZdks dk ekuuk gS fd blds ek/;e ls jkstxkj dks c<+kok nsdj xjhch dks
lekIr fd;k tk ldrk gS oS’ohdkj.k dh eq[; fo’ks"krk, fu0 fy0 gS
1- oS’ohdj.k ds QyLo:Ik Je cktkj dk fo’oLrj ij fodkl gqvk gSA 1965 es yxHkx 7
djksaM+ 50 yk[k yksx ,d ns’k ls vU; ns’k esa jkstxkj ds fy, igqps orZeku es budh
la[;k yxHkx 14 djksaM+ gks xbZ gSA
2- oS’ohdj.k ds dkj.k lapkj lk/kuksa dk fodkl gqvk gS ftlls yksxks dk vkilh lEidZ
vklku gks x;k gSA dEi;wVj vkSj baVjusV iz.kkyh us blesa dzkafr dkjh ifjorZu fd;k gSA
3- oS’ohdj.k ds vUrxZr cgqjk"Vªh; dEifu;ksa es o`f) gqbZ gS ftlls jkstxkj esa lq/kkj gqvk gS
rFkk oLrqvks dh dherksa esa o`)h vkbZ gSA
4- oS’ohdj.k ds dkj.k fodkl’khy ns’kksa dh laLd`fr;k¡ fodflr ns’kksa dh laLd`fr;ksa ds
vuqlkj ifjofrZr gSA
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TutorialsDuniya.com से DU BA Prog के Notes और Question Papers डाउनलोड करें
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3. Sartaz Sir Ki Class
Page no. 3
5- oS’ohdj.k ds QyLo:Ik mPp ns’kksa dh rduhd dk ykHk fodkl’khy ns’kksa dks Hkh izkIr
gksus yxk gSA
6- oS’ohdj.k ds QyLo:Ik jk"Vªokn rFkk izHkqlÙkk tSlh izo/kkj.kkvksa esa deh vkbZ gS vkSj vy
cgqjk"Vªh; dEifu;ka ljdkj dh uhfr;ksa dks izHkkfor djrh gSA
Jfedksa ij oS’ohdj.k ds izHkko%&
1- oS’ohdj.k dk fofHkUu lkekftd lewgksa ij xgjk izHkko iM+k gS [kklrkSj ij Jfed oxZ
dh fLFkfr vR;ar mPpuh; gks xbZ gSA fo’o dh vFkZO;oLFkk ,dhdj.k gksus ds dkj.k
etnwjksa dh lqj{kk o muds dY;k.k dh Hkkouk izHkkfor gqbZ gS rFkk vc os iw¡thdj.k dh
’krksZa ds v/khu gks x, gSA Jfedksa ds fy, cus dkuwuksa dk Hkh dkbZ egRo ugha jg x;k gS
vkSj oS’ohdj.k dh izfdz;k us Jfedksa dks vlgk; fLFkfr esa yk fn;k gSA
2- Jfedksa ds fgrksa dh j{kk ds fy, varjkZ"Vªh; Je laxBu lekIr dh xbZ gS ijUrq
oS’ohdj.k dh izfdz;k ds dkj.k cktkjksa esa gksus okys ifjorZu dk Jfedksa dh fLFkfr ij
izHkko gSA
3- oS’ohdj.k dh izfdz;k ds QyLo:Ik cMs iSekus ij csjkstxkjh esa o`f) gqbZ gS lkekftd
lqj{kk esa deh gqbZ gSA vkSj budk lcls vf/kd izHkko Jfedksa ij iM+ jgk gSA
4- fodkl’khy ns’kksa us vius ;gka ckgjh iwathfuos’k [kklrkSj ij ^izR;{k fons’kh fuos’k ¼FDI½
dks c<kok nsus ds fy, Jfed dkuwuksa ds egRo dks de dj fn;k gS rFkk Je dk dksbZ
egRo ugha jg x;k gSA jkstxkj lqj{kk ,oa lkekftd lqj{kk ds rF; dh vuns[kh dh xbZ
gSA
5- oS’ohdj.k izfdz;k ds lEcU/k esa ;g nkok fd;k tk jgk Fkk fd blls jkstxkj esa o`f)
gksxh vkSj oLrqvksa dh xq.koRrk esa lq/kkj gksxk ijarq lPpkbZ fcYdqy blds foifjr gS Hkkjr
tSls ns’kksa esa u rks Jfedksa dh vkfFkZd fLFkfr esa lq/kkj gqvk gS vkSj uk gh muds jkstxkj
esa o`f) gqbZ cfYd U;wure etnwjh Hkh bruh de gS fd os viuh ewyHkwr vko’;drkvksa dks
Hkh iwjk ugha dj ikrs vkSj xjhch js[kk ds uhps thou fcrk jgs gSaA
oS’ohdj.k dk fdlkuksa ij izHkko%& oS’ohdj.k dh izfdz;k ds QyLo:Ik fdlkuksa ds thou
ij xgjk izHkko iM+k gSA Hkkjr tSls ns’kksa esa tgka d`f"k vk/kkfjr vFkZO;oLFkk ikbZ tkrh gSA
oS’ohdj.k dk fojks/k fd;k tk jgk gSA fdlkuksa ij iM+us okys oS’ohdj.k ds izHkkoksa dks
ge fu0 fy0 fcUnqvksa ds ek/;e ls le> ldrs gSA
[kkn~ ladV esa o`f)%& oS’ohdj.k ds QyLo:Ik vc d`f"k esa udnh Qlyksa ij cy fn;k
tkus yxk gSA ftlls [kkn~; oLrqvksa ds mRiknu esa deh vkbZ gS QyLo:Ik Hkq[kejh dh
leL;k us tUe ys fy;k gSA
d`"kdksa dh vkfFkZd fo"kerkvksa esa o`f)%& oS’ohdj.k ds QyLo:Ik d`f"k dk Hkh vk/qkfudj.k
gks x;k gS rFkk vc ubZ rduhd vkSj oSKkfud midj.kksa ds }kjk d`f"k dh tkrh gS ijarq
bldk iz;ksx dsoy /kuh fdlku djrs gS vkSj mUgsa vf/kd ykHk izkIr gksrk gSA QyLo:Ik
o fu/kZu fdlku ds chp vkfFkZd vlekurk esa o`f) gqbZ gSA
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TutorialsDuniya.com से DU BA Prog के Notes और Question Papers डाउनलोड करें
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4. Sartaz Sir Ki Class
Page no. 4
d`"kd vkUnksyu dk tUe%& oS’ohdj.k ds dkj.k vusd d`"kd vkUnksyuksa dk tUe gqvk gS
rFkk Hkkjr esa fdlku ^oSf’od xzke* ¼Global Village½ rFkk SEZ ¼Special Economic Zone½
tSlh uhfr;ksa dk tedj fojks/k dj jgs gS D;ksafd buds dkj.k fdlkuksa ds Hkwfeghu gks
tkus dk [krjk mRiUu gks jgk gSA bu vkanksyuksa ds dkj.k ljdkj vkSj fdlkuksa ds chp
Vdjko dh fLFkfr Hkh mRiUu gks jgh gS Hkkjr esa flaxqj vkSj uanhxzke blh fojks/k dk ,d
mnkgj.k gSA
Hkwfe vf/kxzg.k%& oS’ohdj.k ds vUrxZr fdlkuksa ls mudh Hkwfe;ka ysdj cM+s&cM+s
m|ksxifr;ksa vkSj iawthifr;ks dks miyC/k djkbZ tk jgh gS dgh tcju rks dgh ykyp
nsdj ftlls fdlku Hkwfeghu gksrs tk jgs gS viuk ewy O;olk; NksM+djA
oS’ohdj.k dk nfyrks ij izHkko%&
1- nfyrks dh lkekftd fLFkfr%& nfyr Hkkjrh; lekt dk og oxZ gS tks lkekftd] vkfFkZd
,oa ’kS{kf.kd :Ik ls vR;ar fiNM+k gqvk gS vkSj lfn;ks ls budk ’kks"k.k gksrk jgk gS ,slk
le>k tkrk gS fd oS’fodj.k ds dkj.k jkstxkj ds volj c<+s gS ftlls nfyrks dks
Qk;nk gks jgk gS ijarq vc Hkh lkekftd] vkfFkZd o jktuSfrd iz.kkyh ij Å¡ph tkfr;ksa
dk gh opZLo LFkkfir gSA
2- lekurk dh LFkkiuk%& oS’ohdkj.k ds leFkZdksa dk ekuuk gS fd bl izfdz;k ds dkj.k /keZ]
tkfr] oxZ o fyax laEcaf/k vlekurkvksa esa deh vkbZ gS rFkk lekurk dh LFkkiuk gqbZ gS
D;ksafd fofHkUu cgqjk"Vªh; dEifu;k¡ vius deZpkfj;ksa dks ,d leku :Ik ls Hkkstu] ’j.k
vkSj ifjogu tSlh lqfo/kk,a miyC/k djkrh gS rFkk yksxksa dk dk;Z ijLij lg;ksx ij
vk/kkfjr gksrk gSA
3- nfyrks dh vkfFkZd fLFkfr esa lq/kkj%& oS’ohdj.k dh izfdz;k ds leFkZdksa dk ekuuk gS fd
bl izfdz;k es jkstxkj ds volj c<+s gS ftlls nfyrks o fiNM+s yksxks dks Hkh /ku dekus
ds volj izkIr gq, gS ftlds dkj.k mudh vkfFkZd fLFkfr es dkQh lq/kkj gqvk gS rFkk
lkekftd lEeku Hkh izkIr gqvk gSA
4- n;uh; thou%& oS’ohdj.k ds vkykspdks dk ekuuk gS nfyr vkt Hkh gkfl;s ij gS cgqr
lkjs nfyr Hkwfeghu etnwjks dh ftanxh th jgs gSA dY;k.kdkjh Hkkjr esa mudh fLFkfr
lq/kkjus ds fy, vkj{k.k dh O;oLFkk dh xbZ gSA
iz0 2 ekuokf/kdkj ls vki D;k le>rs gS vk/kqfud jkT; esa ekuokf/kdkj ds fodkl dk
foospu dhft,
m0 ekuokf/kdkj dk fl)kUr izkphu dky ls ysdj orZeku le; rd cgl dk fo"k; jgk gS
vkSj le; ds lkFk&lkFk ekuo vf/kdkjksa dh ekax c<+rh tk jgh gS D;ksafd ekuo vf/kdkjksa
ds }kjk gh dksbZ O;fDr viuh ;ksX;rk dk iz;ksx djds viuk iw.kZ fodkl dj ldrk gSA
vU; ’kCnksa esa ekuo vf/kdkj ,d izdkj ds os vf/kdkj gS ftuds vHkko esa dksbZ Hkh O;fDr
vius O;fDrRo dk laiw.kZ fodkl ugha dj ldrk gSA
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TutorialsDuniya.com से DU BA Prog के Notes और Question Papers डाउनलोड करें
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5. Sartaz Sir Ki Class
Page no. 5
la;qDr jk"Vª la?k us ekuo vf/kdkjksa ds lEcU/k esa vusd varjkZ"Vªh; ?kks"k.kkvksa]
ladYiksa rFkk flQkfj’kksa dks Lohdkj fd;k gSA UNO esa 10 Dec. 1948 dks ekuokvf/kdkjksa
dh lkoZHkkSfed ?kks"k.kk dh gS rFkk jkT;ksa dks bu vf/kdkjksa dk ikyu djus ds fy, izsfjr
djrk gSA
ekuokf/kdkjksa dk bfrgkl%& ekuokf/kdkjksa dk bfrgkl gtkjksa o"kZ iqjkuk gS ftls fu0 fy0
izdkj ls le>k tk ldrk gS%&
1- 539 bZlk iwoZ Qkjl ds ’kkld lkbjl egku us czsfoyksfu;k dks thrus ds Ik’pkr~ ,d
?kks"k.kk i= tkjh fd;kA
2- 622 bZ0 esa eqgEen lkgc us enhuk okyksa ds fy, ,d lafo/kku dk fuekZ.k fd;k FkkA
3- if’peh bfrgkl esa 1215 dk eSXuk dkVkZ vR;ar egRoiw.kZ gS tks vkt Hkh varjkZ"Vªh;
dkuwuksa esa yksdfiz; gSA
4- 18oha lnh esa vesfjdh dzkafr rFkk Qzkalhlh dzkafr us dqN fuf’pr vf/kdkjksa dh LFkkiuk ds
fy, la;qDr jkT; Lor=rk ?kks"k.kki= rFkk O;fDr;ksa ds vf/kdkj gsrq Qzkalhlh ?kks"k.kki=
ykxw fd;s x,A
5- 18oha rFkk 19oha ’krkCnh esa VkWel isu] tkWu LVqvVZ fey rFkk gstsy us ekuokf/kdkjksa ds
fodkl esa egRoiw.kZ ;ksxnku fn;kA
6- nks egk;q)ksa ds nkSjku Hkjh tu /ku dh gkfu us ekuokf/kdkjksa ds fo"k; esa fo’o dks
xaHkhjrk ls lkspus ds fy, foo’k fd;k gSA
la;qDr jk"Vª ekuokf/kdkj vk;ksx%& la;qDr jk"Vª ekuokf/kdkj vk;ksx ds vkfFkZd ,oa
lkekftd ifj"kn~ esa 53 lnL; jk"Vª gSA ;g vk;ksx ekuokf/kdkjksa ds ekeys dk v/;;u
djrk gS rFkk blds fy, mfpr rjhdksa dh [kkst djrk gS bl vk;ksx dks ?kks"k.kki= ds
izk:Ik dks rS;kj djus dh ’kfDr izkIr gSA
ekuo vf/kdkj laca/kh la;qDr jk"Vª vk;ksx%& ekuokf/kdkj laca/kh la;qDr jk"Vª vk;ksx ,d
egRoiw.kZ vkSj dk;Zdkjh vk;ksx gSA ;g la;qDr jk"Vª ds vkfFkZd ,oa lkekftd ifj"kn~ dh
,d lgk;d bdkbZ gSA
foFkuk ?kks"k.kk%& foFkuk ?kks"k.kk esa vkrad okn ls fuiVus ds fy, vUrjkZ"Vªh; lnL; cukus
dk vkokgu fd;k x;k D;ksafd vkradokn vkSj rLdjh jk"Vªksa dh {ks=h; v[k.Mrk ds fy,
[krjk mRiUu djrk gSA foFkuk ?kks"k.kk esa dgk x;k gS fd ekuokf/kdkjksa dks c<kok nsuk
lHkh jk"Vªksa dh ftEesnkjh gSA
iz0 3 ekuo vf/kdkjksa dh ladYiuk ij fVIi.kh djsa
m0 ekuo vf/kdkjksa ls vfHkizk; gS O;fDr dks feyus okys mu fo’k"k vf/kdkjksa ls gS ftuds
fcuk dksbZ Hkh O;fDr vius O;fDrRo dk lEiw.kZ fodkl ugha dj ldrk vkSj uk gh lekt
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6. Sartaz Sir Ki Class
Page no. 6
izxfr dj ldrk gS izR;sd ns’k vius ukxfjdksa ds fodkl ds fy, mUgs dqN vf/kdkj
iznku djrk gS tSls er nsus dk vf/kdkj dkuwu ds le{k lekurk dk vf/kdkj] dke ikus
o lEifÙk vftZr djus dk vf/kdkj gSA
ifjHkk"kk%& ykLdh ds vuqlkj vf/kdkj ekuo thou dh os ifjfLFkfr;k¡ gS ftuds vHkko es
dksbZ Hkh O;fDr vius thou dk lEiw.kZ fodkl ugha dj ldrkA
vf/kdkjksa dh rhu ihf<+;k¡%&
1- vf/kdkjksa dh izFke ih<+h%& ekuo vf/kdkjksa dh izFke ih<+h dk lEcU/k ukxfjd rFkk
jktuSfrd vf/kdkjks ls gS vkSj budk mís’; ewyr% O;fDr dks jkT; dh euekuh ls cpkuk
gS blds vUrxZr O;fDr dks vusd vf/kdkj fn;s x, gS tSls thou dk vf/kdkj] Lora=rk
dk vf/kdkj] dkuwu ds le{k lekurk dk vf/kdkj] /keZ ekuus rFkk fopkj izdV djus
vkfn dk vf/kdkjA
2- vf/kdkjksa dh nwljh ih<+h%& vf/kdkjksa dh nwljh Ikh<+h dk lEcU/k lekurk ls gS bu
vf/kdkjksa dk lEcU/k 1917 dh :lh dzkfUr ls gS bl dzkfUr ds Ik’pkr~ Jfedks ds dY;k.k
ds fy, vusd vf/kdkj iznku fd;s x, tSls lkekftd lqj{kk dk vf/kdkj] dke dk
vf/kdkj] vkjke rFkk euksjatu dk vf/kdkj vkfnA
3- vf/kdkjksa dh rhljh ih<+h%& vf/kdkjksa dh rhljh ih<+h esa vUrjkZ"Vªh; Hkkbpkjs ij cy fn;k
tkrk gS bles dbZ rjg ds vf/kdkj fufgr gS lewg cukus dk vf/kdkj vkRe fu’p; dk
vf/kdkj] vkfFkZd rFkk lkekftd fodkl dk vf/kdkj LoLFk i;kZoj.k rFkk izkd`frd
lk/kuksa ds iz;ksx djus dk vf/kdkj vkfnA
ekuo vf/kdkjksa dk bfrgkl
1- ekuokf/kdkjksa dk bfrgkl gtkjksa o"kZ iqjkuk gS if’peh dkuwu ds bfrgkl esa 1215 dk
eSXuk dkVkZ ,d egRoiw.kZ dkuwu gS ftlus ekuokf/kdkjksa dh uho j[khA
2- 1776 dh vesfjdh dzkafr rFkk 1789 dh Qzk¡lhlh dzkafr us Hkh ekuokf/kdkjksa ds fodkl es
egRoiw.kZ ;ksxnku fn;kA Lora=rk] lekurk rFkk ca/kqrk dh Hkkouk Qzk¡lhlh dzkafr dh nsu
gSA
3- 18oha rFkk 19oha ’krkCnh esa VkWel isu] tkWu LVqvVZ fey rFkk gstsy us ekuokf/kdkjksa ds
fodkl es ;ksxnku fn;k ekuokf/kdkj ’kCn dh mRifÙk Hkh VkWel isu dh jpuk ^njkbVªl
vkWQ eSu* ls gqbZ gSA
4- nks egk;q)ksa esa gqbZ Hkkjh tu /ku dh gkfu us ekuo dks ekuo vf/kdkjksa dh fn’kk esa dk;Z
djus ds fy, izsfjrA
5- ekuokf/kdkjksa vf/kdkjksa ds fuekZ.k vkSj budh fo’oR; ?kks"k.kk esa UNO us viuk egRoiw.kZ
UNO ;ksxnku fn;k gSA us 10 Dec 1948 dks ekuokf/kdkjksa ds lafo/kkuksa dh ?kks"k.kk dh gSA
la;qDr jk"Vª la?k ds pkVZ us ekuo vf/kdkjksa dh ?kks"k.kk es dqy 30 vuqPNsn gS ftuesa ik¡p
rjg ds vf/kdkjksa dk o.kZu gSA
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7. Sartaz Sir Ki Class
Page no. 7
1- ukxfjd vf/kdkj%& ukxfjd vf/kdkjksaa ds vUrxZr lHkh O;fDr tUe ls leku gS lcdks
vius thou] Lora=rk rFkk ’kjhj dh j{kk djus dk vf/kdkj gS ukxfjd vf/kdkjksa ds
vUrxZr yksxks ds xqyke dh rjg [kjhn o fcdzh ij jksd gSA
2- jktuhfrd vf/kdkj%& jktuhfrd vf/kdkjksa ds vUrxZr ns’k ds ’kklu esa Hkkx ysus]
ukSdfj;k ikus] jktuhfrd xfrfof/k;ksa es Hkkx ysus dk vf/kdkj gS jktfufrd vf/kdkjk
lHkh ukxfjdks dks leku :Ik ls iznku fd;s tk,saxsA
3- vkfFkZd vf/kdkj%& vkfFkZd vf/kdkjksa ds vUrxZr lEifÙk j[kus dk vf/kdkj] dke djus dk
vf/kdkj] leku dke ds fy, leku osru ikus dk vf/kdkj rFkk Je laxBu cukus ds
vf/kdkj vkfn gSA
4- lkaLd`frd vf/kdkj%& lkaLd`frd vf/kdkjksa ds vUrxZr fookg djus vkSj ?kj clkus dk
vf/kdkj] f’k{kk dk vf/kdkj] dyk rFkk oSKkfud izxfr ds Qk;nks es fgLlk ikus dk
vf/kdkj vkfn vkrs gSA izR;sd O;fDr viuh laLd`fr ds vuqlkj viuk lkekftd vkfFkZd
fodkl dj ldrk gSA
5- ekuo vf/kdkjksa dk egRo%&
¼d½ ekuo vf/kdkj fdlh Hkh jk"Vª dk vanq:uh ekeyk ugh gSA
¼[k½ lalkj ds vusd lafo/kku ekuo vf/kdkjksa dh iqf"V djrs gSA
¼x½ ekuo vf/kdkjksa ls lacaf/kr egRoiw.kZ ?kks"k.kk,¡ laf/k;k¡ gSA
ekuo vf/kdkjksa dh lkoZHkkSfed ?kks"k.kk%&
Qzkafllh dzkafr ds Ik’pkr~ Qzkal dh jk"Vªh; lHkk us 12 vxLr 1789 dks euq"; ds vf/kdkjksa
dh ?kks"k.kk dhA bl ?kks"k.kk dk vaxszth es vuqokn djrs le; ^VkWel is* us loZizFke
^ekuo vf/kdkjksa* ’kCn dk iz;ksx fd;k FkkA
nksuks fo’o ;q)ks ds nkSjku vusd ns’kks us yksdra=h; iz.kkyh dks NksM+dj rkuk’kkgh
dks viuk;k rFkk ekuokf/kdkjksa dk csjgeh ls neu fd;k x;k QyLo:Ik 10 Dec 1948
dks la;qDr jk"Vª la?k us ekuokf/kdkj dh lkoZHkkSfed ?kks"k.kk dh blds Ik’pkr~ UNO us
ekuokf/kdkjksa dh lqj{kk dk Hkkj vkSipkfjd :Ik ls vius da/kks ij ys fy;kA
fu"d"kZ%& vf/kdkj izR;sd euq"; ds fy, vR;f/kd egRoiw.kZ gS D;ksafd buds vHkko es dksbZ
O;fDr vius O;fDrRo dk lEiw.kZ fodkl ugha dj lds QyLo:Ik 10 Dec 1948 dks UNO
us ekuokf/kdkjksa dh lkoZHkkSfed ?kks"k.kk dh ijUrq ekuokf/kdkjksa dk mYya?ku orZeku esa Hkh
,d xaHkhj eqn~nk cuk gqvk gSA phu rFkk ikfdLrku esa ekuokf/kdkjksa dh f’kdk;rs yxkrkj
lqUkus dks feyrh jgrh gS blh izdkj nf{k.k vQzhdk es [kqysvke bl dh fuafc dk
vuqlj.k fd;k tk jgk FkkA
ekuo vf/kdkjksa dks ;fn fBd izdkj ls ykxw djuk gS rks UNO dks l[r fu;e
cukus gksaxs rFkk jk"Vª dh ljdkjksa dks o vUrjkZ"Vªh; fcjknjh dks ;g ftEesnkjh laHkkyuh
gksxhA
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8. Sartaz Sir Ki Class
Page no. 8
iz0 4 Hkkjr esa ekuokf/kdkj vk;ksx dh Hkwfedk ij izdk’k Mkfy,
m0 ekuokf/kdkjksa ds fo"k; esa Hkkjr ,d tkx:d ns’k gS rFkk Hkkjr esa UNO }kjk
ekuokf/kdkj ds fy, pyk, tk jgs vkanksyuksa us ladh.kZ :Ik ys fy;k gSA Hkkjr esa 1993 esa
jk"Vªh; ekuokf/kdkj vk;ksx dk xBu fd;k x;k gS ;g vk;ksx ekuokf/kdkjksa ds mYya?ku
lEcU/kh vijk/kksa dh lquokbZ djkus esa lgk;rk iznku djrk gSA
Hkkjr esa ekuokf/kdkj lqj{kk ds fy, vusd ekuo vf/kdkj U;k;y;ksa dk fuekZ.k
fd;k x;k gS blds vykok vusd NGO Hkh bl lEcU/k esa egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkk jgs gSA
;s xSjljdkjh laxBu nfyrksa] efgykvksa vkSj vkfnokfl;ksa ds fy, gd dh yMkbZ yMrs gSA
jk"Vªh; ekuokf/kdkj dh lajpuk%& jk"Vªh; ekuokf/kdkj vk;ksx esa ,d v/;{k rFkk pkj
vU; lnL; gksrs gSaA ftlds fy, dqN ;ksX;rk,a fuf’pr dh xbZ gS%&
1- vk;ksx dk v/;{k mlh O;fDr dks cuk;k tkrk gS tks loksZPp U;k;ky; dk iwoZ U;k;k/kh’k
jgk gSA
2- vU; 4 lnL;ksa esa Hkh mudh fu;qfDr dh tkrh gS U;kf;d {ks= ls tqM+s gks buesa ls Hkh ,d
loksZPp U;k;ky; dk U;k;/kh’k gksuk pkfg,A
3- vk;ksx esa nks ,sls lnL;ksa dh fu;qfDr dh tkfy gS ftUgsa ekuokf/kdkj ds lEcU/k esa iw.kZ
Kku gksA
4- vYila[;dksa] efgykvksa rFkk vuqlwfpr tkfr rFkk vuqlwfpr tu tkfr ls lacaf/kr vk;ksx
ds v/;{kksa dh fu;qfDr dh tkrh gSA
5- vk;ksx esa ,d egklfpo gksrk gS tks tk¡p dks fu"i{k rFkk fcuk HksnHkko ds djkus esa
egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkrk gSA
vk;ksx ds lnL;ksa dh fu;qfDr%& ekuokf/kdkj vk;ksx ds lnL;ksa dh fu;qfDr iz/kku ea=h
rFkk laln dh lykg ij jk"Vªifr }kjk dh tkrh gS blds vykok vU; dbZ lnL;
fu;qfDr ds laca/k esa flQkfj’k djrs gSA
1- yksd lHkk v/;{k
2- Hkkjr ljdkj dk xzg ea=h
3- yksd lHkk esa foi{k dk usrk
4- jkT; lHkk esa fu"i{k dk usrk
5- jkT; lHkk dh milHkk ikVhZ
dk;Zdky%& vk;ksx dk dk;Zdky 5 o"kZ fuf’pr fd;k tkrk gSA vk;ksx fu"i{krk ls dk;Z
dj lds blfy, blds lnL;ksa dks gjkus dh izfdz;k tfVy gSA blds lnL;ksa dks
jk"Vªifr loksZPp U;k;ky; dh tk¡p ds ckn gh gVk ldrs gSA
jk"Vªh; ekuokf/kdkj vk;ksx dk dk;Z%& ns’k esa ekuokf/kdkjksa dh j{kk ds fy, jk"Vªh;
ekuokf/kdkj vk;ksx fu0fy0 dk;Z djrk gS%&
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9. Sartaz Sir Ki Class
Page no. 9
1- fdlh ihfM+r ;k ihfM+r ds i{k esa vU; fdlh O;fDr }kjk f’kdk;r ntZ djus ij ekeys
dh tk¡p djukA
2- ekufld vLirkyksa esa ejhtksa vkSj tsyksa esa dSfn;ksa dh fLFkfr dh tk¡p djuk rFkk bl
ckr dh fuxjkuh djuk fd mUgsa fuf’pr dh xbZ lqfo/kk,¡ miyC/k gS vFkok ughaA
3- Hkkjr esa ekuokf/kdkjksa dks c<+kok nsus ds fy, ekuokf/kdkjska ds {ks= esa ’kks/k djukA
4- lekt ds fofHkUu oxksZa esa ekuokf/kdkjksa ds izfr tkx:drk c<+kus ds fy, izdk’ku]
ehfM;k] lsfeukj rFkk vU; ek/;eksa ds ekuokf/kdkjksa dk izpkj djukA
5- Hkkjrh; lafo/kku esa ekuokf/kdkjksa ls lajf{kr dkuwuksa dh leh{kk djuk rFkk lacaf/kr
izko/kkuksa dks izHkkoiw.kZ ykxw djus dh f’kQkfj’k djukA
6- ,sls xSj ljdkjh laxBuksa dks c<+kok nsuk tks ekuokf/kdkj dks c<+kok nsus ds fy, iz;kl
dj jgs gksA
7- ekuokf/kdkjksa ds mYya?ku laca/kh ekeyksa dh tk¡p Lora=rk rFkk fu"i{k <ax ls djkus esa
lg;ksx djukA
jk"Vªh; ekuokf/kdkj vk;ksx dh miyfC/k;k¡%& jk"Vªh; ekuo vf/kdkj vk;ksx dh LFkkiuk
1993 es gqbZ Fkh rc ls orZeku le; rd bl vk;ksx us vR;ar egRoiw.kZ miyfC/k;k izkIr
dh gSA
1- jk"Vªh; ekuokf/kdkj vk;ksx us lekt ds fofHkUu oxksZ es ekuokf/kdkjksa ds izfr tkx:drk
iSnk djus es egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk vnk dh gSA
2- jk"Vªh; ekuokf/kdkj vk;ksx us ekuokf/kdkjksa dh j{kk ds fy, dk;Z djus okyh xSj ljdkjh
laFkkkvksa dks izksRlkgu iznku fd;k gSA
3- jk"Vªh; ekuokf/kdkj vk;ksx us cky Je] ca/kqvk eatnwjh] cky eatnwjh] ’;ko`fr vkSj
efgykvksa ij gks jgs vR;kpkjks dks jksdus ds fy, ljdkj dk /;ku bl vksj vkdf"kZr
fd;k gS ftlls ljdkj us bu cqjkbZ;ks ds fo:) dM+s dkuwuks dk fuekZ.k fd;k gSA
4- jk"Vªh; ekuokf/kdkj vk;ksx det+ksj oxZ ds yksxksa ds vf/kdkjks dh j{kk ds fy,
le;≤ ij vkokt mBkbZ gS ftles mls dkQh lQyrk,a Hkh izkIr gqbZ gS tSls tsyksas esa
dSfn;ksa dh fLFkfr es lq/kkj gqvk gSA eSyk <+ksus dh izFkk dk vUewyu gqvk gS] cky etnwjh
ij jksd yxh gS vkfnA
5- jk"Vªh; ekuokf/kdkj vk;ksx nfyrks] fiNM+s oxksZ] ,M~l jksfx;ksa ,oa lSDl odZjksa ds
ekuokf/kdkj rFkk xjhek dh j{kk ds fy, lfdz; :Ik ls Hkwfedk fuHkkrk gSA
vkykspuk%& jk"Vªh; ekuokf/kdkj vk;ksx us vius yacs dk;Zdky esa vusd dk;Z fd;s gS
ijUrq blds dk;Z esa vusd ck/kk,¡ gS ftlls blds izHkko esa deh vkrh gSA tSls
¼d½ lSfud cyksa }kjk fd, x, mYy?ku dh tkap dk vf/kdkj vk;ksx ugh gS bldk uqDlku
;g gS fd ljdkjs jkT;ksa es vius fojksf/k;ksa dks nckus ds fy, lSfud cyksa dk gh iz;ksx
djrh gSA
¼[k½ ;g vk;ksx dsoy lykg ns ldrk gS ekuuk u ekuuk foHkkx ds vf/kdkfj;ksa ds gkFk esa gS
ftlls bldh dk;Z {kerk esa deh vkfr gS vf/kdrj ljdkjh foHkkx bldh f’kQkfj’kksa LoZ
ugh djrs tks fpUrk tud gSA
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10. TutorialsDuniya.com
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11. Sartaz Sir Ki Class
Page no. 10
¼x½ dsUnz ’kkflr izns’kks es vk;ksxksa dk xBu ugh fd;k x;k gS tks ,d fpark dk fo"k; gSA
iz0 5 tkfr fyax] okaf’kdrk ¼u`tkrh;rk½ rFkk oxZ vkfn fo"k;ks ij ppkZ djsa
m0 Hkkjrh; lekt ,d fofo/krkvksa ls Hkjk gqvk lekt gS ftlesa fHkUu tkfr;ksa fyax
u`tkfr;rk ,oa oxksZ dk vfLrRo jgk gSA tkfr O;oLFkk Hkkjrh; lekt dh ,d egRoiw.kZ
fo’ks"krk gSA ,slk ekuk tkrk gS fd tks tkrh; O;oLFkk Hkkjrh; lektks es ns[kus dks
feyrh gS og nqfu;k ds vU; ns’kks vkSj lektks esa ns[kus dks ugh feyrhA Hkkjr es tkfr]
fyax] okaf’kdrk&lkekftd] vkfFkZd jktuSfrd ifjfLFkfr;ksa dks izHkkfor djrh gSA Hkkjrh;
lekt vkSj tkfr] fyax] u`tkfr;rk rFkk oxZ vkfn ds vkilh laca/kks dks ge fu0 fy0
fcUnqvksa ds ek/;e ls le> ldrs gS%&
tkfr O;oLFkk%& tkfr O;oLFkk Hkkjrh; lekt dh eq[; O;oLFkk gS fiNyh dbZ lfn;ksa ls
Hkkjrh; lekt dbZ tkfr;ksa ,oa mi tkfr;ksa es cVk gqvk gS Hkkjrh; tkfr O;oLFkk euq ds
’kklu dky esa mRiUu gqbZ gS rFkk lekt es NksVh tkfr o cM+h tkfr fu;e gSA fo’ks"k
:Ik ls fgUnq lekt esa dqN tkfr;ksa dk opZLo ik;k tkrk gSA Hkkjrh; lekt es tkfr;ksa
ds chp mPp vkSj vf/kuLFk dk lEca/k gS mls fu0 fy0 izdkj ls le>k tk ldrk gS%&
1- igys Lrj ij os yksx vkrs gS tks lkekftd n`f"V ls lcls mij le>s tkrs gS vkSj buds
ikl dqN fo’ks"k vf/kdkj gksrs gSA
2- e/; Lrj ij os yksx vkrs gS ftudh igpku muds dk;Z ls gksrh gS bUgs vU; fiNM+k oxZ
¼OBC½ ekuk tkrk gSA
3- fupys Lrj ij os yksx vkrs gS ftudh lkekftd fLFkfr vPNh ugh gS rFkk ;s n;uh;
thou thus ds fy, etcwj gS orZeku jktuhfr esa bUgs nfyr ekuk tkrk gSA nfyr
tkfr;ksa dk mPp tkfr;ksa }kjk ’kks"k.k Hkkjrh; lekt dh ,d cM+h leL;k gSA
tkfr O;oLFkk ds izHkko%&
1- Hkkjr es O;kIr tkfr O;oLFkk Hkkjrh; lekt es Vdjko vkSj lekt ds fo[ka.Mu dk eq[;
dkj.k gS rFkk ;g fofHkUu tkfr;ksa ds yksxks ds vkilh laca/kks esa lq/kkj ds ekxZ es ck/kk
mRiUu djrh gSA
2- Hkkjrh; tkfr O;oLFkk es czká.k ,oa {kf=; mPp oxZ esa vkrs gS rFkk nfyr lcls uhps
QyLo:i Å¡ph tkfr;ksa ds }kjk nfyrks dk ’kks"k.k fd;k tkrk gSA
3- tkfr O;oLFkk ,d ,slk ljy midj.k gS ftlds ek/;e ls mPp tkfr viuk opZLo
cuk;s j[krh gS mPp tkfr ds yksxks es pkgs ;ksx;rk xq.k gks ;k u gks os mPp tkfr ds
gksus ds dkj.k lEeku ds gdnkj gSA
4- tkfr O;oLFkk ds dkj.k gh nfyrks ds lkFk izkphu Hkkrh; lekt es cgqr cqjk crkZo fd;k
x;k rFkk os lekt dh vU; tkfr;ksa dh rjg fodkl ugh dj ldsA
5- NksVh tkfr ds yksxks ds lkFk Nqvk Nwr] vifo=rk rFkk muds dk;ksZ ds fy, HksnHkko fd;k
tkrk Fkk bUgs vU; yksxks ds lkFk ?kqyus feyus] f’k{kk izkIr djus] lkoZtfud LFkyksa ij
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12. Sartaz Sir Ki Class
Page no. 11
tkus ls jksd Fkh ;fn os bu fu;eksa dk ikyu ugh djrs Fks rks mUgs blds fy, n.M Hkh
fn;k tkrk FkkA
fyax jpuk%& fyax ,d egRoiw.kZ lkekftd jpuk gS] ftldk lkekt ij xgjk izHkko gSA
fyax og midj.k gS ftlds }kjk lekt dh vk/kh vkcknh dk ’kks"k.k gksrk gSA ukjhoknh
fopkjd lfn;ksa ls pys vk jgs efgykvksa ds ’kks"k.k ds fo:) vkokt mBk jgs gSa rFkk
mudk ekuuk gS fd efgyk fdlh Hkh izdkj ls iq:"kksa ls de ugha gS vkSj lekt esa
efgykvksa dks iq:"kksa ds cjkcj gh lEeku feyuk pkfg,A Simonde Beauvier ds vuqlkj
dksbZ efgyk ds :Ik esa iSnk ugha gksrk mls efgyk cuk fn;k tkrk gSA
Hkkjr esa fyax laca/kh eqÌs%&oSfnd dky esa efgykvksa dh fLFkfr cgqr vPNh Fkh rFkk mUgsa
iq:"kksa ds cjkcj gh vf/kdkj izkIr Fks ijarq tSls vusd cnyko vk;s gSA
e/;dkyhu Hkkjr esa efgykvksa dh fLFkfr vR;ar n;uh; Fkh rFkk vusd izFkk,a
efgykvksa ds fo:) Fkh tSls lrh izFkk] inkZ izFkk] cky fookg] ngst izFkk ftlds dkj.k
Hkkjrh; lekt esa efgykvksa dk fodkl ugha gks ldkA
Lora=rk izkfIr ds Ik’pkr~ ljdkjh laLFkkvksa ,oa uhfr;ksa ds dkj.k efgykvksa dh
fLFkfr esa lq/kkj gqvk gS rFkk mUgsa Hkh lEekutud thou thus ds vf/kdkj izkIr gq, gSA
ljdkj us dkuwu cukdj Hkzw.k gR;k] ngst izFkk] fyax ifj{k.k vkfn cqjkbZ;ksa dks
lekIr fd;k gS rFkk efgykvksa dks f’k{kk] LokLFk; o jkstxkj ds {ks= esa izxfr ds volj
fn;s gSA efgyk,a orZeku le; esa jktuhfr] Ik;kZoj.k lkekftd vkanksyuksa esa lfdz;
Hkwfedk fuHkk jgh gSA
u`tkrh;rk ¼okaf’kdrk½%& Hkkjr esa tkfr] fyax rFkk oxZ vkfn dh rjg gh u`tkrh;rk dk
Hkh cMk egRo jgk gS Hkkjr es /keZ ij vk/kkfjr u`tkrh lekt esa lEiznkf;drk dk vf/kd
fodkl gqvk gS ijUrq vf/kdrj ’kkafriw.kZ jgk gSA
Hkkjr esa vf/kdrj jkT;ksa dk xBu Hkk"kk ds vk/kkj ij fd;k x;k gSA nf{k.k Hkkjr
ds yksx fgUnh ¼jk"VªHkk"kk½ dk fojks/k djrs gSA ftlls Hkk"kkbZ Vdjko dh fLFkfr mRiUu
gksrh gSA u`tkrh;rk esa Hkkjrh; jktuhfrKksa us jktuhfrd ykHk ds fy, eqÌk cuk;kA
bldk Hkjiwj iz;ksx fd;k gS vkSj ,d LokFkZiw.kZ jktuhfr dks tUe fn;k gSA
oxZ%& Hkkjrh; lekt esa eq[;rk rhu oxZ ik;s tkrs gSA mPp] e/;e o fuEu oxZ dh
/kkj.kk dk tUe ekDlZ ds fopkjksa ls gqvk gSA ekDlZ us crk;k Fkk fd lekt ds eq[; :Ik
esa ges’kk ls nks oxZ ik;s tkrs gSa orZeku esa iwathifr vkSj etnwj oxZ gS tks ijLij fojks/kh
gS D;ksafd lekt ds vkfFkZd lalk/kuksa ij iw¡thifr;ksa dk vf/kdkj gksrk gS vkSj ;g
iw¡thifr oxZ etnwj oxZ dk ’kks"k.k djrk gSA
ekDlZ us oxZ la?k"kZ dh /kkj.kk dks Li"V djus ds fy, bfrgkl dh vkfFkZd O;k[;k
dh vkSj mlus crk;k dh lekt esa oxZ dk tUe ^nkl izFkk ;qx* ls gqvk gS vkSj orZeku
le; esa etnwj bl oxZ dks lekIr djus ds fy, dzkafr djsaxk vkSj ,d jkT; foghu oxZ
foghu lekt dh LFkkiuk djsxkA ijarq ;g vHkh rd lEHko ugha gks ldk gSA
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13. Sartaz Sir Ki Class
Page no. 12
iz0 6 fVdkÅ ¼leiks"k.kh; lrr~ lafodkl½ ij ppkZ djsa
m0 lrr~ vFkok laiks"k.kh; dk vFkZ gS izd`fr dks gkfu igqpk, fcuk gh fodkl djukA izks0
R.S. Patni ds vuqlkj ^^fcuk fouk’k fd, fodkl djuk gh laiks"k.kh; fodkl dgykrk gS**
ljy ’kCnksa esa laiks"k.kh; fodkl dk rkRi;Z ;g gS fd ekuo dh orZeku vko’;rkvksa dh
iwfrZ ds vfrfjDr Hkfo"; ds fy, Hkh vk/kkj izLrqr dj lds lEiks"k.kh; fodkl dgkykrk
gSA
1- lUrqfyr fodkl%& ;g ,slh fodkl O;oLFkk gS ftlesa Ik;kZoj.k dks {kfr igqpk, fcuk
lekt ds izR;sd lnL; ds fy, U;wure lqfo/kk dk izcU/k gksA orZeku fodkl izfdz;k
,slh gS ftlesa fodkl dk ykHk lHkh dks ,d leku :Ik ls ugha feyrkA fodflr ns’kksa
dk thou Lrj] LokLFk; ds lalk/ku] jkstxkj vkfn mPp Lrj ds gS ogha fodkl’khy ns’k
dh tula[;k viuh ekSfyd vko’;drkvksa dks Hkh tqVkus esa vleFkZ gSA D;ksafd bu ns’kksa
esa xjhch csjkstxkjh vf/kd gSA
2- Bksl ;k fVdkÅ fodkl%& Bksl ;k fVdkÅ fodkl dh vo/kkj.kk orZeku ds lkFk&lkFk
Hkfo"; dks Hkh /;ku esa j[krh gS bldk vFkZ ;g gS fd fodkl ,slk gks ftlesa orZeku dh
vko’;drkvksa dks iwjk fd;k tk;s ijUrq Hkfo"; ds fy, Hkh lalk/ku lqjf{kr jgs rkfd Hkkoh
ih<+h Hkh lalk/kuksa dk iz;ksx dj ldsA
3- lefUor ;k lexz fodkl%& ,slk fodkl tks Ik;kZoj.k dks /;ku esa j[kdj fd;k tkrk gS]
lefUor fodkl dgykrk gSA i;kZoj.k dks [krjksa ls cpkus ds fy, fofHkUu izdkj dh
uhfr;ksa dk fuekZ.k fd;k tkrk gSA fo’o esa gksus okys Ik;kZoj.kh; ifjorZu fouk’k dk
dkj.k cu ldrs gs blfy, lHkh i{kksa dks ,d lkFk j[kdj fodkl dh uhfr dk fuekZ.k
djuk pkfg,A vr% leqfpr fodkl ladYiuk dk ;g i{k bl ckr ij tksj nsrk gS
fodkl vkSj Ik;kZoj.k ds chp larqyu cuk jguk pkfg,A
lafodkl dh fof/k;ka
1- vtSo lalk/kuksa dk laj{k.k%& ty o feV~Vh Ik;kZoj.k ds ,sls vtSo ?kVd gS tks fodkl ds
fy, vk/kkj dk fuekZ.k djrs gSA e`nk vijnu rFkk iznw"k.k ds dkj.k bu rÙoksa dh
xq.koÙkk lekIr gks x;h gSA vr% buds laj{k.k ds mik; fd;s tkrs gSaA
2- fofHkUu iztkfr;ksa dk fVdkÅ mi;ksx%& fVdkÅ fodkl ds fy, ;g vko’;d gS fdlh
ikfjrU= dh tSo iztkfr;ksa dk mi;ksx nh?kZdky rFkk vYidky n`f"V ls fd;k tk, ftl
ikfjrU= esa ftruh vf/kd fo"kerk mlesa fdlh ,d lalk/ku ij mruh gh fuHkZjrk de
gksxhA LFkkfeRo dh n`f"V ls fVdkÅ mi;ksx gh izR;sd lekt ds fy, okafNr gSA
3- iz’kklfud tkx:drk%& Ik;kZoj.k ds fodkl ds fy, dkuwu ,d fu;eksa dks l[rh ls ykxw
djuk vko’;d gSA blds fy, U;kf;d vkSj iz’kklfud rU= dks tkx:d cukuk pkfg,A
tSo fofo/krk cuk, j[kuk%& i;kZoj.k ds fodkl ds fy, ouLifr;ksa dk laj{k.k vko’;d
gSA tSo fofo/krk ds lqjf{kr jgus ij gh Hkfo"; esa vko’drk iM+us ij d`f"k Qlyksa ds u;s
mUur’khy cht fodflr fd;s tk ldrs gSA
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14. Sartaz Sir Ki Class
Page no. 13
ubZ rduhd dk fodkl%& fVdkÅ fodkl rHkh fd;k tk ldrk gS tc uohu rduhdksa
dk fujarj fodkl gS rFkk mUur rduhd dk iz;ksx gSA ty iznw"k.k rFkk ok;q izn"k.k dks
de djus ds fy, fofHkUu iz;kl fd;s tk jgs gSaA iz;ksx ds ckn cps inkFkksZa dk iquZpdj.k
djds muls ykHk izkIr fd;k tkus yxk gS vof’k"Vksa ds iquZpdj.k esa vesfjdk] fczVsu]
fLoV~tjyS.M] teZuh vkfn ns’kksa us vf/kd lQyrk izkIr dj yh gSA
lafodkl ¼fVdkÅ fodkl ds mÌs’;½%&
1- vkfFkZd fodkl djuk rFkk mRiknu dk forj.k bl izdkj djuk dh lekt ds izR;sd oxZ
dks bldk ykHk izkIr gksA
2- lHkh oxksZa ds yksxksa ds fy, jkstxkj] [kkn~; inkFkZ] mtkZ] is;&ty ,oa LFkkLFk lsokvksa dh
vkiwfrZ djukA
3- c<+rh tula[;k ij fu;a=.k djuk rFkk lHkh ds Hkj.k iks"k.k dh O;oLFkk djukA
4- izkd`frd lalk/kuksa dh j{kk djuk rFkk lekI; lalk/kuksa ds fodYi <wa<uk rkfd Hkkoh ih<h
ds fy, Hkh lalk/ku cps jg ldsA
lafodkl ds fl)kUr%&
1- ,d ,slh jktuSfrd O;oLFkk dk fuekZ.k djuk tks i;kZoj.k dh lqj{kk esa vke ukxfjdksa
dks Hkkxhnkjh dks lqfuf’pr djs D;ksafd tulg;ksx ds fcuk ikfjra= ij iM+us okys
dqizHkkoksa dks ugha jksdk tk ldrkA
2- ,d ,sls vkfFkZd ra= dk fuekZ.k djuk tks fodkl dh xfr dks cuk, j[ks ijarq Ik;kZoj.k
dk âkl dks de ls de j[ksA
3- ,d ,slh lkekftd ra= dk fuekZ.k djuk tks lkekftd vlekurkvksa dks nwj dj lds
rFkk fodkl ls gksus okys ykHk LkHkh dks izkIr gks ldsA
4- ,d ,sls rduhdh ra= dk fuekZ.k fd;k tk, tks lrr~ fodkl ds ekxZ esa vkus okyh
leL;kvksa dks gy dj ldsA
iz0 7 miHkksDrk vf/kdkj ls vki D;k le>rs gSa
vFkok
miHkksDrk ds vf/kdkj vkSj mÙkj nkf;Ro D;k gS
m0 lkekU;r% miHkksDrk ml O;fDr dks dgk tkrk gS tks miHkksx djus gsrw dqN fuf’pr
oLrqvksa ;k lsokvksa dks dqN Hkqxrku djds [kjhnrs gSA ,d miHkksDrk esa rhu ckrksa dk
gksuk vko’;d gS%&
1- ,d miHkksDrk dks ,d [kjhnkj gksuk vko’;d gS] nwljs ds }kjk oLrq izkIr djus okyk
miHkksDrk ugha gSA
2- oLrq ;k lsok dh izkfIr dk fu/kkZj.k rc ekuk tk,xk tc miHkksDrk ds }kjk dz; djds
;g fu/kkZfjr fd;k tk, dh og vc oLrq dk Lokeh gSA
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15. Sartaz Sir Ki Class
Page no. 14
3- oLrq ;k lsok dks [kjhnus ds ckn iz;ksx djus okyk gh miHkksDrk gS u fd og tks bls
vkxs csps ;k O;kikj djus ds mÌs’; ls [kjhnxkA
miHkksDrk laj{k.k vf/kfu;e 1986 esa miHkksDrk dh ifjHkk"kk crkus ds lkFk&lkFk miHkksDrk
ds vf/kdkjksa dk Hkh o.kZu fd;k x;k gS tks fu0 fy0 gS%&
miHkksDrk laj{k.k vf/kfu;e 1986 esa vf/kdkj%& miHkksDrk ds vf/kdkjksa dks dkuwuh ekU;rk
nsus ds fy, 1986 esa ,d miHkksDrk laj{k.k vf/kfu;e ykxw fd;k x;kA
?kkrd oLrqvksa ds fo:) lqj{kk dk vf/kdkj%& miHkksDrk dk izFke vf/kdkj lqj{kk dk
vf/kdkj gS mls ,slh oLrqvksa vkSj lsokvksa ls lqj{kk izkIr djus dk vf/kdkj gS ftuls
mlds ’kjhj vFkok lEifÙk vFkok lEifÙk dks gkfu igq¡prh gSA ;fn dksbZ mRiknd [kjkc
mRikn csprk gS rks mlds fo:) dkuwuh dk;Zokgh dh tk ldrh gSA
lwpuk ikus dk vf/kdkj%& lwpuk ds vf/kdkj ds ykxw gksus ls igys Hkh viHkksdrk laj{k.k
vf/kfu;e 1986 ds rgr miHkksDrk dh oLrqvks vkSj lsokvks dh xq.koÙkk] ’kq)rk o dher
dh tkudkjh ikus dk vf/kdkj Fkk ;fn dksbZ mRiknd bl laca/k es xyr tkudkjh nsrk
gS rks ;g n.Muh; vijk/k gSA
pquko ;k ilan dk vf/kdkj%& miHkksDrk vf/kfu;e 1986 ds vUrxZr izR;sd O;fDr dks
;g vf/kdkj izkIr gS fd og fofHkUu fuekZrkvks }kjk fufeZr fofHkUu czkaM] fdLe] xq.k] :i]
jax rFkk ewY; dh oLrqvksa es ls fdlh Hkh oLrq dk pquko dj ldrk gSA
lquokbZ ;k vihyh; vf/kdkj%& miHkksDrk fdlh leL;k ds le; viuh ckrksa dks
miHkksDrk vf/kdkj laj{k.k lfefr ds lkeus j[k ldrk gS rFkk og ljdkj dks vius
vf/kdkjksa dh j{kk ds fy, uhfr;k fuekZ.k djkus ds fy, ck/; dj ldrk gS rFkk vius
miHkksDrk vf/kdkjks dh j{kk dj ldrk gSA
mipkj dk vf/kdkj%& ;g vf/kdkj miHkksDrk dks ;g vk’oklu iznku djrk gS fd dz;
dh xbZ oLrq ;k lsok mfpr ,oa larks"ktud <+ax ls mi;ksx es ugh yk;h tk ldsxh rks
mls mldh mfpr {kfriwfrZ izkIr djus dk vf/kdkj gksrk gSA
miHkksDrk f’k{kk dk vf/kdkj%& miHkksDrk dks mu lc ckrksa dh f’k{kk ;k tkudkjh izkIr
djus dk vf/kdkj gS tks miHkksDrk ds fy, vko’;d gksrh gS miHkksDrk dks ;g f’k{kk Hkh
iznku dh tkuh pkfg, fd fdlh Hkh mRikn ds [kjhnus ds Ik’pkr~ ;fn mls yxrk gS fd
mlds lkFk ukbalkQh dh xbZ gS rks og dgk¡ rFkk fdl izdkj vihy dj ldrk gSA
miHkksDrk laj{k.k vf/kfu;e] 1986 dh lQyrk ds fy, miHkksDrk f’k{kk dk vf/kdkj
vR;kf/kd egRoiw.kZ gSA
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16. Sartaz Sir Ki Class
Page no. 15
miHkksDrk ds laoS/kkfud vf/kdkj%& miHkksDrk ewyr% ns’k dk ukxfjd Hkh gksrk gS blfy,
mlds vf/kdkjks dh j{kk ds fy, lafo/kku esa vusd izko/kku fd;s x, gS tSls%&
1- lafo/kku ds vuqPNsn 21 ds vUrxZr O;fDr;ksa dks thou laj{k.k rFkk O;fDrxr Lora=rk
dk vf/kdkj izkIr gS bl vf/kdkj ds dkj.k ftu oLrqvksa ;k lsokvksa ds miHkksx ds dkj.k
ukxfjd ds thou dks [krjk mRiUu gks mu ij ljdkj }kjk dk;Zokgh dh tkuh pkfg,A
2- U;k;ky; dk vkns’k gS fd fdlh Hkh oLrq dh tkudkjh ml oLrq ds lkFk izkIr gksuh
pkfg, rkfd miHkksDrk blds xq.kks o voxq.kks dks le> lds tSls u’khys inkFkksZ ij
fprkouh fy[kh jgrh gSA
3- oLrq ij ;g fy[kuk vko’;d gS fd mRikn es dkSu&dkSu ls ?kVd ’kkfey gS rFkk ;s
fdruh ek=k es ’kkfey gSA
1986 v/khfu;e ds vUrxZr f’kdk;rs%& bl fu;e ds vUrxZr dksbZ Hkh miHkksDrk vFkok
laxBu Hkh f’kdk;r ntZ dj ldrs gS vf/kfu;e ds vuqlkj f’kdk;r nks o"kZ ds vanj ntZ
djkuk vko’;d gS dksbZ Hkh miHkksDrk oLrq ds nks"kiw.kZ gksus dh f’kdk;r ntZ djk ldrk
gS f’kdk;r drkZ ftl {ks= ls lacaf/kr gksrk gS mldh lquokbZ Hkh mlh {ks= ds vUrxZr
dh tkrh gS orZeku le; es miHkksDrk vnkyr lquokbZ tYnh fuiVkus ds fy, fo’ks"k
izko/kku fd;s rFkk lquokbZ 2 ls rhu fnu ds Hkhrj QSlyk feydj ysrs gSA
fu"d"kZ%& bl izdkj Li"V gS fd vke miHkksDrkvksa dks O;kid lqj{kk iznku djus es 1986
dk miHkksDrk laj{k.k vf/kfu;e vR;ar egRo gS ;g vf/kfu;e ykyph vkSj /kwez mRikndksa
ls miHkksDrk dks gksus okys uqDlku dks de fd;k gS rFkk miHkksDrk dks lLrh vPNh oLrq,s
miyC/k gksus es lgk;rk feyrh gSA
gkaykdh ;g vf/kfu;e 10 o"kZ ls vf/kd dke dj jgk gS fQj Hkh ns’k es
miHkksDrkvksa ds vf/kdkjksa dh Bhd izdkj ls lqj{kk ugha gks ik jgh gSA blds fy, bl
vf/kfu;e dks dqN lq/kkjks ds lkFk l[rh ls ykxw fd, tk, rFkk le; le; ij bldk
ewY;kadu fd;k tkuk pkfg, tSls bl vf/kfu;e ds vUrxZr dqN egRoiw.kZ bZdkbZ;ksa dh
LFkkiuk gksuh Fkh tks vHkh rd ugh gks ikbZ gSA
iz0 8 Hkwe.Myh; rkiu ¼Xykscy okfeZx½ D;k gS blds izHkko dh O;k[;k djsa
m0 fiNys dqN n’kdksa es gekjs thou Lrj es lq/kkj gqvk gS vkSj foykflrk esa cgqr o`f) gqbZ
gS fQzt] A.C ]dkj] ckbZd vkfn vU; nwljh e’khuksa dk iz;ksx vR;kf/kd c<+ x;k gS
ifj.kke Lo:Ik Ik;kZoj.k es gkfudkjd xSlks dh ek=k esa o`f) gqbZ gS blls lw;Z dh ?kkrd
ijkcSaxuh fdj.kksa ls lqj{kk djus okyh vkstksu ijr esa Nan gks x;k gS vkSj i`Foh fnu ij
fnu xeZ gksrh pyh tk jgh gSA
i`Foh dk viuh lekU; nj ls vf/kd xeZ gksuk gh ^Xykscy okfeZx ;k HkweaMyh;
rkiu* dgykrk gSA
Xykscy okfeZx ds dkj.k%&
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17. Sartaz Sir Ki Class
Page no. 16
1- vkS|ksfxd fodkl ds pyrs ok;qe.My esa gkfudkjj xSlks es o`f) gqbZ gSA bu gkfudkjd
xSlks es eq[; :Ik ls CO2 30% ehFksu 100% ukbVªl vkDlkbM 1-5% c<+h gS blls
ok;qe.My es rki es o`f) gqbZ gSA
2- d`f"k ds le; moZjd ds :Ik es lcls vf/kd ;qfj;k dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS ;g Hkkjh
ek=k es dcZu MkbZvkDlkbM dk mRlZtu djrk gS tks Hkwe.Myh; rki c<+kus ds fy,
ftEesnkj gSA
3- fodkl’khy ns’kks es tula[;k dk ,d cM+k Hkkx bZa/ku ds :Ik es ydfM;ksa dk iz;ksx
djrk gS blls ou lekIr gks jgs gS rFkk Xykscy okfeZx c<+ jgh gSA
XykscyokfeZx ds izHkko
vxyh vk/kh lnh esa lkjs fo’o dk rkieku 1-5 ls 4-5 fMxzh lsUVhxzsM rd c<+ tk,xk
ftlls i;kZoj.k cqjh rjg izHkkfor gksxk Hk;adj vkink;sa vk,axh le`) dk ty Lrj c<sxk
vkSj ekSle pdz izHkkfor gksxk Xykscy okfeZx ds izHkkoks dks ge fu0fy0 fcUnqvks ds }kjk
le> ldrs gS%&
1- tyok;q ifjorZu%& ekuo dh fofHkUu xfrfof/k;ka tSls vkS|ksfxdj.k] ’kgjhdj.k] c<+rs
okgu] ijek.kq fctyh ?kj vkfn ds dkj.k i`Fkoh ds rkieku esa o`f) gks jgh gS ftldk
izHkko ekSle pdz ij iM+ jgk gS tSls lnhZ es xehZ rFkk xeZ ekSle es BaM ns[kus dks
feyrh gSA
i;kZoj.k v/;;u ls laEca/k j[kus okyh vusd ,stsafl;k psrkouh ns jgh gS fd
ekSle es vkus okys bl ifjorZu ls ,f’k;k] vQzhdk mrjh vesfjdk] vkLVªsfy;k dks Hk;adj
idj.kke Hkwxrus gksaxs tSls%&
d½ dqN egkf}iks esa ikuh dh deh gksxh rks dqN es cak<+ dk ladV mRiUu gks tk,xkA
[k½ Hkwfe /khjs&/khjs catj gksus yxsxhA
x½ vusd tho tarqvks dh iztkfr;k yqIr gks tk,xhA
2- d`f"k ij izHkko%& izksQslj V.L Chopra ds vuqlkj ;fn rkieku blh nj ls c<+rk jgk rks
Hkfo"; esa flpkbZ ds fy, ikuh izkIr ugha gks ldsxk QyLo:Ik Qlyksa dk mRiknu ?kVsxkA
pkoy dh Qly 15 ls 42 izfr’kr rFkk xsgw¡ dh Qly esa 34 izfr’kr fxjkoV vk ldrh
gS ftlls [kk|kUu ladV iSnk gks ldrk gSA mRiknu 1-8 ls 3-8 izfr’kr rd fxj ldrk
gSA
3- tSo fofo/krk dh gkfu%& ,d vuqeku ds vuqlkj ;fn rkieku esa 1-50
C ls 2-70
C rd o`f)
gskrh gS rks iks/kksa rFkk thoksa dh djhc 20 ls 30 Qhlnh iztkfr;k¡ ges’kk ds fy, u"V gks
tk,xhA
vUrZjk"Vªh; if=dk ^uspj* ds vuqlkj 2050 rd vkLVªsfy;k esa ik, tkus okys
taxyh Mªsxu] ;qjksi ds eSXekbZ] nf{k.k vfQzdk ds jk"Vªh; iq"i] fdax izkWVh vkSj buls tqMh
vU; iztkfr;ka u"V gks tk,xhA blds vykok vU; cgqr lh tSo iztkfr;ka gesa Hkfo"; esa
ns[kus dks ugha izkIr gksxhA
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18. Sartaz Sir Ki Class
Page no. 17
4- ekuo LokLFk ij izHkko%& rkieku esa o`f) ls vusd fcekfj;k¡ c<sxh tSls ;d`r’kks/k]
iksfy;ks] gStk] isfp’k vkfn vusd ekuo ds lg;ksxh tho u"V gksus yxsaxsA leqUnzksa dk
ty Lrj c<+ tk,xk tks ck< dk dkj.k cusxk vusd LFkkuksa ij lw[kk iMs+xkA la;qDr jk"Vª
ekuo fodkl dh fjiksVZ ¼2007½ ds vuqlkj Xykscy okWfeZax ds dkj.k xjhc yksx eysf’k;k
rFkk Mk;fj;k tSlh fcekfj;ksa ds vf/kd f’kdkj gksaxsA
5- Xysf’k;j dk fi?kyuk rFkk ty ladV%& Xykscy okfeZax ds dkj.k Xysf’k;jksa dh cQZ
yxkrkj fi?ky jgh gS ftlls ,d vksj c<+rh rks nwljh vksj tc ladV iSnk gks jgk gSA
Xykscy okfeZax ds dkj.k gh vaVkdZfVdk bykds dk 1200 oxZ ehy dk cQhZyk fgLlk
fgeky; ds eaxks=h Xysf’k;j] osustq,yk ds fgeu fi?ky x, gSA
,f’k;u MsoyiesaV cSad ds vuqlkj c<rs rkieku ds dkj.k Hkkjr ds leqUnz rVh;
esa ty Lrj ,d ehVj c< tk,sxkA 5]76]400 gsDVs;j Hkwfe Mwc tk,xh ftlls 1-7
feyh;u yksx cs?kj gks tk,axsA lkFk gh lkFk tho tarq rFkk izkd`frd lEink Hkh u"V gks
tk,xhA
Xykscy okfeZax ls cpko%&
1- Xykscy okfeZax ls cpus ds fy, la;qDr jk"Vªla?k dh igy ij o"kZ 1992 fj;ks lEesyu dk
vk;kstu fd;k x;k ftlesa Xykscy okfeZax ds fy, ftEesnkj xSlksa dh dVkSrh dk y{;
j[kk x;kA
2- 1997 esa tkiku ds ’kgj D;ksVks esa Ik;kZoj.k ls tqMs D;ksVksa izksVksdky dks Lohdkj fd;k
x;kA blesa 2008 ds 2012 rd dkcZu xSlksa esa 5 izfr’kr deh ykus dk y{; j[kk x;k
FkkA
3- Xykscy okfeZax dks de djus ds fy, turk dh Hkkxhnkjh vko’;d gS blfy, varjkZ"Vªh;
Lrj ij Ik;kZoj.k ds ykHk vkSj gkfu ls turk dks voxr djk;k tk jgk gSA
4- rsth ls c<+rs vkS|ksfxdj.k] tula[;k] iznw"k.k vkfn ij jksd yxkus ds vusd iz;kl fd;s
tk jgs gSA
5- f’k{kk ds ikB~;dzeksa esa Ik;kZoj.k ls lacaf/kr fo"k;ksa dks tksM+dj fo|kfFk;ksa dks Hkh tkx:d
djus ds iz;kl fd, x, gSA
iz0 9 Hkkjr dh i;kZoj.k laj{k.k uhfr ij fVIi.kh djsa
m0 Hkkjr esa Ikz;kZoj.k laj{k.k dk bfrgkl cgqr iqjkuk gS rFkk Hkkjrh; /keksZ dk Hkh izd`fr ds
lkFk fudV laca/k gS tSls fgUnq /keZ es vusd o`{kksa tSls ihiy] cjxn] dsyk] rqylh vkfn
dh iwtk dh tkfr gS vkSj bu o`{kks dks laj{k.k iznku fd;k tkrk gSA blh izdkj dbZ
ufn;k¡ gS ftUgs fgUnq /keZ o laLd`fr ds vuqlkj ifo= ekuk x;k gS ijUrq Lora= Hkkjr esa
c<+rs vkS|ksfxdj.k rFkk tula[;k foLQksV ds ifj.kke Loi:Ik Ik;kZoj.k dk âkl gqvk gSA
Lora= Hkkjr esa Ik;kZoj.k uhfr;k¡ rFkk dkuwu%& lu~ 1972 ds LVkWd gkse lEesyu us Hkkjr
ljdkj dk /;ku Ik;kZoj.k dh vksj [khapk QyLo:Ik lafo/kku esa la’kks/ku djds jkT; dks
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19. Sartaz Sir Ki Class
Page no. 18
;s funsZ’k fn;k x;k fd ^ljdkj dh ;g ftEesnkjh gS fd og i;kZoj.k dh lqj{kk vkSj
mles lq/kkj lqfuf’pr djs* QyLo:Ik ljdkj es iznw"k.k fu;af=r djus vkSj Ik;kZoj.k dh
j{kk djus ds fy, vusd dkuwuksa dk fuekZ.k fd;k ftUgs ge fuEu izdkj ls le> ldrs
gSA
ty iznw"k.k fu;a=.k vf/kfu;e 1974 rFkk 1977%& fujarj c<+r ty iznw"k.k dks jksdus ds
fy, 30 Nov 1972 esa ,d tr iznw"k.k fu;a=.k vf/kfu;e laln es izLrqr fd;k x;k
ftls 1974 es Lohd`fr izkIr gqbZA bl dkuwu ds vuqlkj dksbZ O;fDr tks tkucw>dj
tgjhys vFkok iznw"k.k QSykus okys rRoksa dks ikuh es izos’k djus nsrk gS rc mls vijk/kh
ekuk tkrk gSA
ok;q iznw"k.k fu;a=.k vf/kfu;e%& ok;q iznw"k.k fu;a=.k vf/kfu;e 1981 esa ifjr gqvkA bl
vf/kfu;e ds vUrxZr eksVj xkfM;ksa o dkj[kkuksa ls fudyus okys ?kw,a vkSj xanxh dks
fu;a=.k djus dk izko/kku gSA bl vf/kfu;e ds vUrZxr jkT; o dsUnz ljdkjksa dks
’kfDr;ka nh xbZ gSaA
1- jkT; ds fdlh Hkh {ks= dks ok;q iznwf"kr {ks= ?kksf"kr djukA
2- iznw"k.k fu;af=r {ks= esa vkS|ksfxd fdz;kvksa ij jksd yxkukA
3- m|ksx LFkkfir djus ls igys cksMZ ls vuqefr ysukA
4- vf/kfu;e ds izko/kkuksa dk mYya?ku djus okyks ds fo:) eqdnek pykus dk vf/kdkjA
oU; thou laj{k.k vf/kfu;e 1972%& oU; thou laj{k.k vf/kfu;e 1972 esa ikl fd;k
x;k bl vf/kfu;e dk y{; Hkkjrh; tho&tUrqvksa rFkk ouLifr dks lekIr gksus ls
cpkuk gS bl vf/kfu;e ds fu;e fu0 fy0 gS%&
1- ladV xzLr ikS/kksa vkSj iztkfr;ksa dh lwph cukuk rFkk bUgsa laj{k.k iznku djrk gSA
2- dsUnzh; fpfM+;k?kj izkf/kdj.kA
3- ouksa dh dVkbZ ij jksd yxkuk rFkk u, ouksa dh LFkkiuk djuk vkfnA
4- yqIr gksrh iztkfr;ksa dks laj{k.k nsuk rFkk mUgsa yqIr gksus ls cpkukA
oulaj{k.k vf/kfu;e%& Hkkjr ljdkj us ouksa ds laj{k.k rFkk ouksa ds fodkl ds fy, ou
laj{k.k vf/kfu;e ¼1980½ ikfjr fd;kA blds vUrxZr%&
1- ou laca/kh ;kstuk,¡ bl izdkj gks rkfd ou laj{k.k dks c<+kok feysA
2- ouks dh dVkbZ ij tgk¡ rd laHko gks jksd yxuh pkfg,A
3- Ik’kqvksa ds fy, pkjkxkgksa dks /;ku j[kuk pkfg, o pjks ds mRiknu gsrw fo’ks"k izko/kku
fd;s tkus pkfg,A
4- igkM+ks] ty {ks=ksa] <yku okyh Hkwfe;ks ij ouks dks iwjh rjg lajf{kr fd;k tkuk pkfg,A
/ofu iznw"k.k fu;a=.k dkuwu%& Hkkjr es /ofu iznw"k.k dks ok;q iznw"k.k es gh ’kkfey fd;k
x;k gSA Ik;kZoj.k laj{k.k vf/kfu;e] 1986 dh /kkjk 6 ds varZxr /ofu iznw"k.k lfgr ok;q
rFkk ty iznw"k.k dks jksdus ds fy, dkuwu cukus dk izko/kku gSA
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20. Sartaz Sir Ki Class
Page no. 19
i;kZoj.k laj{k.k vf/kfu;e%& Hkkjr es i;kZoj.k ds laj{k.k ds fy, i;kZoj.k laj{k.k
vf/kfu;e 1986 es ikl fd;k x;k bl vf/kfu;e dk eq[; mís’; ?kkrd jlk;uks dh
vf/kdrk dks fu;af=r djuk gSA bl vf/kfu;e ds mís’; fuEu gS%&
1- i;kZoj.k dk laj{k.k ,oa lq/kkj djukA
2- ekuo Ik;kZoj.k ds LVkWd gkse lEesyu ds fu;eks dks ykxw djukA
3- ekuo] iwft;ksa] thoksa rFkk ouLifr dks ladV ls cpkuk
4- ekuo Ik;kZoj.k lqj{kk ,oa LokLFk dks [krjk mRiUu djus okys ds fy, n.M dh O;oLFkk
djukA
tSo fofo/krk laj{k.k vf/kfu;e ¼2002½%& Hkkjr ,d tSo fofo/krkvksa ls Hkjiwj ns’k gS Hkkjr
es 45000 isM+&ikS/kks okyh vusd izdkj dh iztkfr;k¡ ikbZ tkrh gS bu iztkfr;ksa dh lqj{kk
ds fy, ljdkj us 2002 es tSo fofo/krk laj{k.k dkuwu ikl fd;k ;g dkuwu ljdkj dks
fu0 fy0 ftEesnkfj;ka lkSirk gS%&
1- vu ifj;kstukvksa dh tk¡p djuk vkSj jksd yxkuk ftuls tSo fofo/krk dks gkfu igq¡prh
gSA
2- LFkkuh; yksxksa dh tSo fofo/krk laj{k.k dh ijEijkxr fof/k dh j{kk djuk rFkk yksxks dh
lgHkkfxrk dks lqfuf’pr djukA
jk"Vªh; Ik;kZoj.k uhfr 2004%& Ik;kZoj.k rFkk ou ea=ky; us fnlEcj 2004 dks jk"Vªh;
Ik;kZoj.k uhfr 2004 dks ykxw fd;k ftlds y{k.k fu0 fy0 gS%&
1- ladV xzLr i;kZoj.kh; lalk/kuks dk laj{k.k djukA
2- Ik;kZoj.kh; lalk/kuksa ij lHkh dk fo’ks"k dj xjhcks ds vf/kdkj lqfuf’pr djuk
3- lalk/kuksa dk bl izdkj iz;ksx fd;k tk, ftlls orZeku dh t:jrks ds lkFk&lkFk
Hkfo"k; dh Hkh vko’;drk,s iwjh gks ldsA
ou vf/kdkj vf/kfu;e 2006%& ou vf/kdkj vf/kfu;e taxyh rFkk vkfnoklh yksxks ds
fy, ljdkj }kjk ykxw fd;k x;k bl vf/kfu;e dh fo’ks"krk, fu0 fy0 gSA
1- taxy dh Hkwfe rFkk lalk/kuksa ij izFke vf/kdkj ogk¡ jgus okys vkfnoklh;ksa dk gSA
2- taxy dh lqj{kk rFkk izca/ku es LFkkuh; Hkkxhnkjh lqfuf’pr djrk gSA
iz0 10 Hkkjrh; efgykvksa dh jktuSfrd fLFkfr o mudh Hkkxhnkjh ij ppkZ djsa
m0 fo’o dh vk/kh vkcknh efgyk,a gS ijUrq jktSfrd {ks= esa mudk izfrfuf/kRo u ds cjkcj
gS Hkkjr us efgykvksa dh jktuSfrd fLFkfr esa lq/kkj djus ds fy, vusd iz;kl fd, gSa
ijarq blesa vHkh lhfer lQyrk izkIr gqbZ gSA vHkh rd Hkkjr esa dsoy 8 izfr’kr efgyk,sa
gh lalnh; lhVksa ij LFkku izkIr dj ldh gSA efgykvksa dks u rks oS/kkfud {ks= esa
vf/kdkj izkIr gS vkSj u gh jk"Vªh; uhfr fuekZ.k esa mudk dksbZ ;ksxnku gSA
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21. Sartaz Sir Ki Class
Page no. 20
fiNys 10&15 o"kksZa esa ysdra= esa efgyvksa dh lgHkkfxrk ds fo"k; dks vusd
ukjhoknh fopkjdksa us tksj&’kksj ls mBk;k gS ijUrq efgyk jktuhfrKksa dk okLrfod
vuqikr de gh jgkA
Hkkjrh; jktO;oLFkk esa efgykvksa dh lgHkkfxrk%&
1- Dec. 1946 esa Hkkjr dh lafo/kku lHkk dk fuekZ.k gqvk ftlesa vEew LokehukFku] nqxkZ ckbZ
ns’keq[k] galk esgrk] ekyrh pkS/kjh] foT;ky{eh iafMr] csxe vtht jlwy vkfn 14
efgykvksa us Hkkx fy;kA
2- 1950 esa Hkkjrh; efgykvksa dks oksV nsus dk vf/kdkj feyk ijUrq yksdlHkk vkSj vU;
pqukoksa esa mUgs iz;kZIr izfrfuf/kRo ugha fey ldkA orZeku esa Hkh efgykvksa dk pqukoksa esa
izfr’kr ds 1@3 gh gksrk gSA
3- 1998 esa laln esa efgykvksa dh la[;k c<dj 70 gks xbZ Fkh ijarq o"kZ 2001 esa laln dh
dqy lnL; la[;k esa mudk izfr’kr dsoy 8-5 izfr’kr jgk tks dkQh de FkkA
4- 1999 esa 543 lhVksa ds fy, pquko gq, ftues 247 LFkkuksa ij efgykvksa }kj pquko yM+s x,
ijarq dsoy 48 efgyk,a gh fot; izkIr dj ldh bl izdkj efgykvksa dh lhVksa dk dqy
izfr’kr 8&9 jgk tks cgqr de FkkA
ukfj;ksa ds jkTkuSfrd fodkl esa c/kk,a%& Hkkjrh; jktuhfr O;oLFkk esa efgykvksa dk
jktuSfrd fodkl cgqr de gqvk gS ftlds dbZ dkj.kksa dk jktuSfrd fodkl cgqr de
gqvk gS ftlds dbZ dkj.k gSa tSls%&
1- L=h dks dHkh Hkh ifjokj dk eqf[k;k ugha ekuk x;k pkgs os ftrus Hkh ftEesnkjh okys dk;Z
dj ysA
2- Hkkjr esa fodkl ds dk;Zdze Hkh iq:"kksa dh HkkykbZ dks /;ku esa j[kdj cuk,s tkrs gS
ftlesa efgykvksa ds fodkl esa ck/kk mRiUu gksrh gSA
efgykvksa dh orZeku jktuSfrd fLFkfr%&
1- efgykvksa esa tkx:drk dk vHkko%& Hkkjr esa efgyk,a iw.kZ f’kf{kr ugha gS ftlds dkj.k
mudh jktuSfrd tkx:drk de gS rFkk os vius vf/kdkjksa ls Hkh Hkyh Hkkrh ifjfpr ugha
gS ijarq /khjs&/khjs efgykvksa dh fLFkfr esa lq/kkj gksus yxk gS rFkk efgyk,a Hkh vius
jktuSfrd vf/kdkjksa dks tkuus yxh gSA
2- Lora= Hkkjr esa efgykvksa dk izfrfuf/kRo%& vktknh ds vkjafHkd o"kksZa esa pqukoksa es efgyk
lkalnksa dk thr dk izfr’kr 4-4 Hkh efgykvksa ds izfrfuf/kRo esa 2-8 izfr’kr dh o`f) gqbZ
ijarq ;g efgykvksa dh orZeku f’k{kk o vkfFkZd fLFkfr dks ns[krs gq, dkQh de gSA
iapk;rh jkT; esa efgykvksa dh lgHkkfxrk%&
1- lu~ 1992 esa iapk;rh jkTk O;oLFkk dks etcwr cukus ds fy, 73 oka la’kks/ku ikfjr gqvkA
bl vf/kfu;e ds }kjk SC, ST vkSj efgykvksa ds fy, ’kklu ds rhuksa Lrjksa ij lhVksa dk
vkj{k.k fd;k x;k gSA
2- izR;sd iapk;r {ks= dh tula[;k ds vuqikr esa lhVksa dk vkj{k.k fd;k x;k gS rFkk 1@3
LFkku efgykvksa ds fy, lqfuf’pr fd, x, gSA
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22. Sartaz Sir Ki Class
Page no. 21
3- lafo/kku ds 73 os rFkk 74 osa la’kks/kuksa ds ckn ls iapk;rh jkt laLFkkvksa esa efgyk
izfrfuf/k;ksa dks pquko ls iwoZ izf’k{k.k nsus ds fy, vusd xSj ljdkjh laxBu lgk;rk dj
jgs gSa ftlls efgykvksa dh jktuhfrd le> dk fodkl gks jgk gSA
iapk;r dh efgyk izfrfuf/k;ksa dh leL;k,a%&
1- vf/kdka’k efgyk,a vkj{k.k ds dkj.k ljiap rks cu tkrh gS iUjUrq vf’k{kk o jktuSfrd
Kku ds vHkko esa os iq:"kksa ij gh vkfJr gksrh gSaA
2- dbZ jkT;ksa esa ckgqcyh yksx tutkrh; efgyk ljiapksa dks ?k`.kk dh n`f"V ls ns[krs gS rFkk
dbZ ckj muds lkFk HksnHkko o tkuysok geys Hkh gq, gSa tSls 1998 esa 26 tuojh ds
volj ij tutkrh; efgyk ljiap feljh nsoh dk frjaxk Qgjkus ls jksdk x;kA blh
izdkj iksfy;kj dh xzke iapk;r dh nfyr ljiap ds iwoZ jktiwr ljiap us diM+s QkM+
fn;s vkSj ml ij tkuysok geyk fd;k x;kA
3- vf/kdka’k jkT; iapk;rksa esa vfo’okl izLrko dk izko/kku gS ftldk ykHk mBkdj efgykvksa
dks inksa ls c[kkZLr dj fn;k tkrk gSA lHkh ek/kksiqj dh ,d nfyr iz/kkuy Fkh ekSleh
nsoh bldk ,d mnkgj.k gSA
fu"d"kZ%& lfn;ksa ls efgykvksa dks ?kj dh pkj fnokjh esa can j[kk x;k ftlds dkj.k
mudh f’k{kk o jktuSfrd tkx:drk ’kwU; jgh ijUrq Lora= Hkkjr esa efgykvksa ds fy,
Hkkrjh; lafo/kku esa vusd izko/kku fd;s x, gS ftlls efgykvksa dh fLFkfr esa lq/kkj gks
lds ijUrq efgykvksa dh fLFkfr dks lq/kkjus ds fy, ftu dkuwuksa dk fuekZ.k fd;k x;k gS
os vis{kk ds vuw:Ik iz.kke ugha ns lds gSaA
;fn Hkkjr esa efgykvksa dh fLFkfr esa lq/kkj djuk gS rks efgykvksa dks jktuSfrd
tkx:drk ds lkFk&lkFk vkfFkZd :Ik ls Hkh l’kDr cuuk gksxkA
iz0 11 Hkkjr es efgyk vkUnksyuksa dk efgyk ’kfDr dj.k es ;ksxnku jgk gS ^^bl dFku dh iqf"V
djs
m0 Hkkjr es oSfnd dky es efgykvksa dh fLFkfr cgqr lEeku tud FkhA insZ dk fjokt ugha
Fkk rFkk os f’k{kk izkIr djus ds fy, Hkh Lora= Fkh ijUrq blds Ik’pkr~ ukjh ds vf/kdkj o
lEeku es deh vkus yxhA e/;dky es mÙkjh Hkkjr es eqlyeku ’kkldksa dk fu;a=.k gks
x;k ftlds Ik’pkr~ cky fookg rFkk inkZ iFkkZ dk vkjaHk gqvkA
Hkkjr es jktiwr tkfr us dU;kvksa dh gR;k dh tkus yxh rFkk lrh izFkk dk
izpyu fgUnq /keZ es gqvk mUuhloh lnh es efgykvksa dh fLFkfr es lq/kkj ykus ds fy,
vusd vkanksyu pyk;s x, ftUgs ge ftUgs ge fu0 fy0 izdkj ls le> ldrs gSA
vaxzsth ’kklu esa pyk, x, vkanksyu%&
1- 1828 es jktk jkeeksgu jkW; us fgUnq lekt es efgykvksa dh fLFkfr dks lq/kkjus ds fy,
czkãe lekt dh LFkkiuk dh rFkk lrh izFkk dk fojks/k fd;k QyLo:Ik 1829 esa vaxzsth
ljdkj us lfr izFkk ij jksd yxk nhA
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23. Sartaz Sir Ki Class
Page no. 22
2- jktk jke eksgu jkW; ds vkanksyu dks bZ’oj panz fo|k lkxj us vkxs c<+k;k rFkk efgykvksa
dh f’k{kk dk leFkZu fd;k rFkk cky fookg dk fojks/k iw.kZ fookg dk leFkZu fd;kA
3- Lokeh foosdkuUn us Hkkjrh; efgykvksa dh [kjkc fLFkfr dk L=h dh ijk/khurk vkSj
vlekurk ds ekuk muds vuqlkj efgykvksa dh fLFkfr es lq/kkj djus ds fy, Lora= rFkk
f’k{kk izkIr djus dk vf/kdkj feyuk pkfg, mudk ekuuk Fkk fd Hkkjr dk iw.kZ fodkl
rHkh ekuk tk,xk tc efgykvksa dk fodkl Hkh iq:"kksa dh rjg gksxkA
4- Jhefr ,uh cs ls.M us Hkkjr es efgykvksa dh fLFkfr es lq/kkj ykus ds fy, Fkh
;kslksfQdy* lkslkbVh dk xBu fd;kA efgykvksa dh fLFkfr esa lq/kkj dh ekax djus okyh
,slh cs ls.M igyh efgyk lq/kkjd FkhA
5- eqfLye lekt es efgykvksa dh fLFkfr es lq/kkj dh ek¡x djus es lcls igyk vkSj
egRoiw.kZ ;ksxnku lj lS;n vgen [kku dk Fkk mUgksus efgykvksa dks vk/kqfud f’k{kk nsus
dh ek¡x dh rFkk muds fy, enjlk oLdwy dh Hkh LFkkiuk dhA
mijksDr mnkgj.kksa ds ek/;e ls Li"B gksrk gS dh Hkkjr esa vusd lekt lsodksa us Hkkjrh;
lekt es efgykvksa dh n’kk es lq/kkj ykus ds fy, vusd vkanksyu pyk, x, blds
QyLo:Ik efgykvksa ds fo:) vusd izdkj dh tks cqjkbZ;k¡ lekt es izpfyr Fkh
/khjs&/khjs lekIr gks xbZA
Hkkjr esa efgykvksa dh lqj{kk ds fy, dkuwu%&
1- lu~ 1874 dk fookfgr efgyk dk lEifÙk vf/kfu;e%& Hkkjr es igys efgykvksa dks lEifÙk
dk vf/kdkj ugh Fkk ftlls efgyk, vkfFkZd :Ik ls cgqr detksj Fkh bl leL;k ls
futkr ikus ds fy, lu~ 1874 esa fczfV’k ljdkj }kjk fookfgr efgyk lEifÙk vf/kfu;e
ikfjr fd;k x;k ftlls efgykvksa dh vkfFkZd fLFkfr esa lq/kkj esa lgk;rk feyhA
2- lu~ 1929 dk fgUnw mÙkjkf/kdkj vf/kfu;e%& fczfV’k ljdkj us bl dkuwu ds }kj lEifÙk
ds efgyk mÙkjkf/kdkfj;ksa dh la[;k esa o`f) dj nh bl dkuwu ds }kjk iq= dh iq=h] iq=h
dh iq=h] cfgu rFkk cfguk ds iq=ksa dks cU/kq dh Js.kh esa j[kkA
3- lu~ 1939 dk fgUnh fL=;ksa dk lEifÙk vf/kdkj vf/kfu;e%& fczfV’k esa ;g vf/kfu;e ykxw
fd;k x;k blds vuqlkj ;fn dksbZ fgUnq iq:"k fcuk ofl;r fy[ks ej tk, rks dkuwu ds
vuqlkj mldh iRuh lEifÙk esa ifjokj ds vU; lnL;ksa ds cjkcj gh fgLlsnkjh gksxhA
4- 1937 dk eqfLye ’kjh;o vf/kfu;e%& ;g vf/kfu;e eqfLye efgykvksa dks Hkh rYkkd dk
vf/kdkj iznku djrk gS bl vf/kfu;e ds vuqlkj ;fn fdlh L=h dk ifr uiqald gks ;k
dksbZ iq:"k viuh iRuh ij >wBk O;kfHkpkj dk vkjksi yxk, rks ,slh fLFkfr esa efgyk
mlls rykd ys ldrh gSA
5- 1946 dk vyx jgus vkSj Hkj.k&iks"k.k gsrw fL=;ksa dk vf/kdkj%& bl vf/kfu;e ds }kj
fgUnw efgykvksa dks fo’ks"k ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa gh vius ifr ls vyx jgus ,oa Hkj.k&iks"k.k dk
vf/kdkj iznku fd;k x;kA tSls dqN ifjfLFkfr;k¡ fuEufyf[kr gSa%&
d½ ,d iRuh dh mifLFkfr esa ifr us nwljk fookg dj fy;kA
[k½ ifr fdlh vkSj ?k`f.kr jksx ls ihfM+r gksA
x½ iRuh dks ifr us igys gh NksM+ j[kk gksA
?k½ ifr funZ;rk dk O;ogkj djs ;k ifr us /keZ ifjorZu dj fy;k gksA
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TutorialsDuniya.com से DU BA Prog के Notes और Question Papers डाउनलोड करें
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24. Sartaz Sir Ki Class
Page no. 23
6- fo’o dk cky fookg vf/kfu;e%& fo’o esa cky fookg dks jksdus ds fy, ,d vf/kfu;e
cuk;k x;kA bl vf/kfu;e ls iwoZ yM+fd;ksa dk cky fookg fd;k tkrk Fkk tks muds
fy, ’kkjhfjd o ekufld :Ik ls gkfu igq¡pkrk FkkA 1929 ds vf/kfu;e }kjk iq:"k dh
vk;q 21 o"kZ rFkk efgykvksa dh 18 o"kZ vk;q fuf’pr dh xbZ
7- 1961 dk ngst fujks/kd vf/kfu;e%& Hkkjrh; ljdkj 1961 esa ,d ngst fujks/kd
vf/kfu;e ykxw fd;k ftlesa ngst ysuk ;k ngst nsuk nksuksa dh dk;ksZa dks n.Muh;
vijk/k dh Js.kh esa j[kkA 1986 esa blesa la’kks/ku fd;k x;k rFkk vc ngst ysus okyksa
dks 15 gtkj :0 dk tqekZuk o 5 o"kZ dh lk/kkj.k dsn vFkkok nksuksa gks ldrs gSA
fu"d"kZ%& Hkkjr esa efgykvksa dh fLFkfr izkphu le; esa cgqr vPNh Fkh ijaRkq e/;dky esa
izpfyr vusd dqizFkkvksa ds dkj.k mudk fodkl ugha gks ldkA Lora= Hkkjr esa efgykvksa
dh fLFkfr lq/kkjus ds Hkh tks iz;kl fd;s x, gS mudk ifj.kke vis{kkuqlkj ugha feys gSa
D;ksafd ljdkj us dkuwuksa dks izHkko’kkyh <ax ls ykxw ugha fd;k gSA
iz0 12 fir`lÙkk D;k gS blds fodkl dk foospu dhft,
m0 fir`lÙkk dh vo/kkj.kk ySafxd HksnHkko ls tqM+h gS ftlesa L=h dk iq:"k dh rqyuk esa
detksj rFkk ghu le>kk tkrk gSA fo’o ds yxHkx lHkh lektksa esa iq:"kksa dk efgykvksa
ds mij opZLo ik;k tkrk gS rFkk efgykvksa dks iq:"kksa dh rqyuk esa lhfer vf/kdkj iznku
fd;s tkrs gSA yxHkx lHkh /keksZa esa efgyk dks iq:"k ls de ekuk x;k gS rFkk ,d vkn’kZ
O;oLFkk ekuh x;h gS ftlesa iq:"k /ku dek, vkSj L=h ?kj dh pkjfnokjh ds vUnj jg
dj cPpksa dk ikyu iks"k.k djsA lekt ds blh n`f"Vdks.k us efgykvksa dks nqcZy cuk;k
gSA
fir` lÙkk fl)kar dh fo’ks"krk,a%&
1- iSr`d ifjokj dk vk/kkj LFkk;h fookg%& fir` lÙkkRed fl)kar dh ,d fo’ks"krk ;g gS fd
iSr`d ifjokjksa dk vk/kkj LFkk;h fookg gksrk gS ftlesa ,d iq:"k ,d L=h ls fookg djrk
gS rFkk iRuh vius mij ifr ds izHkqRo dks Lohdkj dj ysrh gSA
2- iq:"k iz/kku ifjokj%& iq:"k iz/kku ifjokj ls vfHkizk; ;g gS fd ifjokj dk eqf[k;k iq:"k
gksrk gS rFkk ikyu&iks"k.k] f’k{kk] LokLFk vkfn lHkh fo"k;ksa esa iq:"kksa dks vf/kd egRo
fn;k tkrk gS rFkk ifjokj esa efgykvksa dh fLFkfr fuEu gksrh gSA
3- fir`lÙkk oa’kkuqxr gksrh gS%& fir`lÙkk fl)kar ds vuqlkj oa’k rFkk ifjokj firk ds uke
ij pyrs gS ekrk ds uke ij ughA nwljs ’kCnksa esa iSr`d fl)kUr oa’kkuqxr gS firk dh
e`R;q ds Ik’pkr~ mlds leLr vf/kdkj mlds cM+s iq= dks izkIr gksrs gSA
4- L=h ds izfr HksnHkko%& iq:"k iz/kku lektksa esa L=h dks ,d cks> ds :Ik esa le>k tkrk gS
rFkk yMfd;ksa ds tUe ij ’kksd euk;k tkrk FkkA ftlds dkj.k fL=;ksa ds izfr fgUlk esa
o`f) gqbZ gSA Hkzw.k gR;k] ngst izFkk vkfn blh fgalk dk mnkgj.k gSA
5- iq:"kksa dks NwV rFkk efgykvksa ij ca/ku%& iq:"k iz/kku lektksa esa iq:"kksa dks vusd izdkj
dh NwV iznku dh tkrh gS tSls ckgj ?kweus fQjus] mPp f’k{kk izkIr djus] viuh bPNk ls
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TutorialsDuniya.com से DU BA Prog के Notes और Question Papers डाउनलोड करें
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25. Sartaz Sir Ki Class
Page no. 24
fookg djus ds o lEcU/k cukus dk vf/kdkj vkfn ijUrq efgyk, bu fo’ks"k vf/kdkjksa ls
oafpr jgrh gS rFkk mUgsa viuk lEiw.kZ thou ?kj dh pkj fnokjh ds vUnj fcrkus ds fy,
foo’k fd;k tkrk gSA
6- ’kkjhfjd lEcU/kksa esa iq:"k iz/kkurk%& fir` lÙkkRed lekt dk ,d eq[; y{k.k ;g Hkh gS
fd ’kkfjfjd lEcU/kksa esa Hkh iq:"k dk gh vf/kdkj ik;k tkrk gS vFkkZr~ iq:"k L=h dks
viuh bPNkuqlkj Hkksx ldrk gS ijUrq ;fn efgyk lsDl ds lEcU/k esa [qkydj djs rks
mls pfj=ghu le>k tkrk gSA
fir`lÙkk vkSj ukjhoknh fl)kUr%&
o"kksZa rd ’kks"k.k ds Ik’pkr~ lektksa esa 18 oha lnh ds vafre o"kksZa esa ukjh&vkanksyu vkjEHk
gqvkA 1792 esa Mary woolstoncraft dh izfl) iqLrd ^^L=h vf/kdkjksa dh j{kk** izdkf’kr
gqbZA blds Ik’pkr~ J.S. Mill tehZ csaFke] fltfod vkfn fopkjdksa us efgyk vf/kdkjksa dk
tksjnkj leFkZu fd;kA
if’pe esa ukjhokn%& if’peh lektksa esa fir` lÙkkRed lekt ds fojks/k es vkoktsa mBus
yxhA ukjhoknh dk y{; bl fopkj/kkjk dks >qBykuk Fkk fd ukfj;ka nqcZy gS vkSj os
iq:"kksa ds eqdkcys de vf/kdkjksa dh gdnkj gS if’pe ds mnkjoknh ekDlZoknh vkSj
mxzukjhoknh ys[kdksa us mu fl)kUrksa dh vkykspuk dh tks efgykvks ds fodkl esa ck/kd
FksA bu LkHkh ds fopkjksa dks ge fu0fy0 fcUnqvksa ds ek/;e ls le> ldrs gS%&
1- mnkjoknh lekykspuk%& ;qjksi esa 17oha ’krkCnh dk le; ifjorZu dk ;qx Fkk rFkk
u,&u, lkfgR;ska dh jpuk gqbZA fopkjdksa us efgykvksa dks nkLrk ls eqDr djkus ds fy,
vkanksyu vkjaHk fd;kA QyLo:Ik 18 oha lnh esa fczVsu esa efgykvksa dks oksV Mkyus dk
vf/kdkj feykA ,del~ J.S. Mill] Hkwjs] HkkjxjsV Qqyj vkfn us efgykvksa dh f’k{kk
erkf/kdkj] Lora=rk] lekurk vkfn vf/kdkjksa dk [kqydj leFkZu fd;k rFkk ;g ekax dh
tkus yxh dh efgykvksa dks Hkh iq:"kksa ds cjkcj vf/kdkj feysA
2- mxz ukjhoknh lekykspuk%& mxz ukjhoknh ys[kdksa ds vuqlkj ukjh dh ijkt; ds fy,
iq:"k iz/kku lkekftd <kapk ftEesnkj gSA tks flQZ fyax ds vk/kkj ij efgykvksa dks
lkekftd] vkfFkZd o jktuSfrd xqyke cuk, gq, gSA mxz ukjhokfn;ksa ds vuqlkj ukjh
eqfDr ds fy, fookg laLFkk dks feVkuk gksxk RkFkk ,slh cfLr;k¡ dk;e dh tk, ftuesa
iq:"kksa ds fy, dksbZ LFkku ugha gksxk rFkk lekt ij dsoy efgykvksa dk fu;a=.k gksxk
vkSj iq:"kksa dk iz;ksx dsoy larku izkfIr ds fy, fd;k tk,xkA
mxzukjhoknh lekykspuk iq:"k vkSj L=h dks ,d nwljs dk ’k=q ekudj pyrh gSA rFkk
nksuksa ds chp fdlh izdkj ds esyfeyki dks Lohdkj ugha djrhA bls ge iq:"k fojks/kh
fopkj/kkjk Hkh dg ldrs gSA bl rjg ds fopkjksa ds dkj.k gh dgh&dgha uhjh eqfDr
vkanksyu ^^L=hlefyax dkeqdrk** esa cny xbZ gSA
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