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Atomi i kemijski elementi
• Još prije 2 500 godina grčki filozofi
materijalisti pitali su se do koje se mjere
tvari mogu usitnjavati na sve manje i
manje čestice?
• Demokrit (470. do 380. godine prije
Krista) je prihvatio Leukipovo učenje o
atomima razvio ga i zaključio da sve tvari
moraju biti izgrađene od najmanjih, dalje
nedjeljivih čestica, atoma (grčki atomos
znači nedjeljiv).
Atomi i kemijski elementi
Demokrit
Atomi i kemijski elementi
• Prvu prihvatljivu
atomsku teoriju
dao je 1803.
godine engleski
kemičar
John Dalton.
Atomi i kemijski elementi
• Dalton je na osnovi mnogobrojnih
pokusa došao do zaključka da su tvari
izgrađene od vrlo malih materijalnih
čestica – atoma.
• Tijekom kemijske reakcije atomi se ne
cijepaju i ne nestaju.
• Svaki se kemijski element sastoji od
njemu svojstvenih i jednakih atoma.
• Atomi različitih elemenata imaju različite
mase.
Daltonova
tablica kemijskih
elemenata i
njihovih simbola
Atomi i kemijski elementi
• Na slici se vidi znak IBM složen od 35
atoma ksenona na površini od nikla.
• Plavi stošci na slici pokazuju mjesta na
kojima se nalaze atomi ksenona.
• Slika je dobivena posebnom vrstom
mikroskopa.
Građa atoma
• U središtu je atoma pozitivno nabijena jezgra
koja se sastoji od protona i neutrona.
• Oko pozitivno nabijene jezgre nalaze se
negativno nabijeni elektroni koji čine
elektronski omotač.
• U neutralnom atomu broj protona u jezgri
jednak je broju elektrona u elektronskom
omotaču.
• Promjer jezgre atoma je oko 10 000 puta
manji od promjera atoma.
Subatomske čestice
• Elektron
je čestica jediničnog negativnog naboja
• Proton
je čestica jediničnog pozitivnog naboja.
• Neutron
je čestica bez električnog naboja.
Subatomske čestice
• Masa elektrona je oko 2000 puta manja od
mase protona.
• Mase protona i neutrona su približno
jednake.
Kemijski elementi
• Atomi različitih kemijskih elemenata
različito su građeni.
• Jezgra atoma vodika sadržava samo
jedan proton. Svi atomi čija jezgra
sadržava samo jedan proton jesu atomi
vodika.
• Svaki atom koji u jezgri sadržava dva
protona jest atom helija.
Kemijski elementi
• Broj protona u jezgri atoma naziva se
protonski ili redni broj, a označava se
znakom Z.
• Broj protona u jezgri atoma određuje
kojemu kemijskom elementu taj atom
pripada.
• Kemijski element je vrsta tvari koja se
sastoji samo od atoma s istim protonskim
ili rednim brojem Z.
Kemijski elementi
• Jezgre atoma, osim protona, sadržavaju i
neutrone.
• Ukupan broj protona i neutrona u jezgri
atoma naziva se maseni broj i označuje
se sa A.
Izotopi
• Svi atomi istoga kemijskog elementa ne
moraju biti jednaki. Neki mogu imati više neki
manje neutrona.
• U prirodi se nalaze tri vrste atoma ugljika. Svi
oni u jezgri sadržavaju 6 protona.
• 98,9% atoma ugljika u prirodi sadržava u
jezgri 6 neutrona, pa je njihov maseni broj 12.
• 1,1% ugljikovih atoma sadržava 7 neutrona i
njihov je maseni broj 13.
Imena i simboli kemijskih elemenata
Hydrogenium H ha vodik
Nitrogenium N en dušik
Carboneum C ce ugljik
Oxygenium O o kisik
Phosphorus P pe fosfor
Sulphur S es sumpor
Ferrum Fe ef-e željezo
Zincum Zn ze-en cink
Cuprum Cu ce-u bakar
Imena i simboli kemijskih elemenata
Imena i simboli kemijskih elemenata
Učestalost kemijskih elemenata na Suncu
Učestalost kemijskih elemenata na Suncu
Atomi
Atomi

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Atomi

  • 1.
  • 2.
  • 3. Atomi i kemijski elementi • Još prije 2 500 godina grčki filozofi materijalisti pitali su se do koje se mjere tvari mogu usitnjavati na sve manje i manje čestice? • Demokrit (470. do 380. godine prije Krista) je prihvatio Leukipovo učenje o atomima razvio ga i zaključio da sve tvari moraju biti izgrađene od najmanjih, dalje nedjeljivih čestica, atoma (grčki atomos znači nedjeljiv).
  • 4. Atomi i kemijski elementi Demokrit
  • 5. Atomi i kemijski elementi • Prvu prihvatljivu atomsku teoriju dao je 1803. godine engleski kemičar John Dalton.
  • 6. Atomi i kemijski elementi • Dalton je na osnovi mnogobrojnih pokusa došao do zaključka da su tvari izgrađene od vrlo malih materijalnih čestica – atoma. • Tijekom kemijske reakcije atomi se ne cijepaju i ne nestaju. • Svaki se kemijski element sastoji od njemu svojstvenih i jednakih atoma. • Atomi različitih elemenata imaju različite mase.
  • 8. Atomi i kemijski elementi
  • 9. • Na slici se vidi znak IBM složen od 35 atoma ksenona na površini od nikla. • Plavi stošci na slici pokazuju mjesta na kojima se nalaze atomi ksenona. • Slika je dobivena posebnom vrstom mikroskopa.
  • 10.
  • 11. Građa atoma • U središtu je atoma pozitivno nabijena jezgra koja se sastoji od protona i neutrona. • Oko pozitivno nabijene jezgre nalaze se negativno nabijeni elektroni koji čine elektronski omotač. • U neutralnom atomu broj protona u jezgri jednak je broju elektrona u elektronskom omotaču. • Promjer jezgre atoma je oko 10 000 puta manji od promjera atoma.
  • 12.
  • 13. Subatomske čestice • Elektron je čestica jediničnog negativnog naboja • Proton je čestica jediničnog pozitivnog naboja. • Neutron je čestica bez električnog naboja.
  • 14. Subatomske čestice • Masa elektrona je oko 2000 puta manja od mase protona. • Mase protona i neutrona su približno jednake.
  • 15. Kemijski elementi • Atomi različitih kemijskih elemenata različito su građeni. • Jezgra atoma vodika sadržava samo jedan proton. Svi atomi čija jezgra sadržava samo jedan proton jesu atomi vodika. • Svaki atom koji u jezgri sadržava dva protona jest atom helija.
  • 16. Kemijski elementi • Broj protona u jezgri atoma naziva se protonski ili redni broj, a označava se znakom Z. • Broj protona u jezgri atoma određuje kojemu kemijskom elementu taj atom pripada. • Kemijski element je vrsta tvari koja se sastoji samo od atoma s istim protonskim ili rednim brojem Z.
  • 17. Kemijski elementi • Jezgre atoma, osim protona, sadržavaju i neutrone. • Ukupan broj protona i neutrona u jezgri atoma naziva se maseni broj i označuje se sa A.
  • 18. Izotopi • Svi atomi istoga kemijskog elementa ne moraju biti jednaki. Neki mogu imati više neki manje neutrona. • U prirodi se nalaze tri vrste atoma ugljika. Svi oni u jezgri sadržavaju 6 protona. • 98,9% atoma ugljika u prirodi sadržava u jezgri 6 neutrona, pa je njihov maseni broj 12. • 1,1% ugljikovih atoma sadržava 7 neutrona i njihov je maseni broj 13.
  • 19.
  • 20. Imena i simboli kemijskih elemenata Hydrogenium H ha vodik Nitrogenium N en dušik Carboneum C ce ugljik Oxygenium O o kisik Phosphorus P pe fosfor Sulphur S es sumpor Ferrum Fe ef-e željezo Zincum Zn ze-en cink Cuprum Cu ce-u bakar
  • 21. Imena i simboli kemijskih elemenata
  • 22. Imena i simboli kemijskih elemenata
  • 23.