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The Cultural Connections of Urban and Periurban Indigenous Communities to Tro...CIFOR-ICRAF
This presentation by Blanca Yagüe, Nathalie van Vliet, Daniel Cruz and Maytik Avirama Pavón will answer the following questions:
Will indigenous families still consume forest products in urban contexts?
What role do forest products have in urban and periurban indigenous households?
How do forest products link these people to the forest?
The Cultural Connections of Urban and Periurban Indigenous Communities to Tro...CIFOR-ICRAF
This presentation by Blanca Yagüe, Nathalie van Vliet, Daniel Cruz and Maytik Avirama Pavón will answer the following questions:
Will indigenous families still consume forest products in urban contexts?
What role do forest products have in urban and periurban indigenous households?
How do forest products link these people to the forest?
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Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
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The Cultural Connections of Urban and Periurban Indigenous Communities to Tropical Forest through Bushmeat Networks in Leticia (Colombia)
1. The Cultural Connections of Urban and Periurban
Indigenous Communities to Tropical Forest
through Bushmeat Networks in Leticia
(Colombia)
Blanca Yagüe, Nathalie van Vliet, Daniel Cruz, Maytik Avirama Pavón
2. Food from the forest...
… and from the market
Amazonian inhabitants had originally obtain their food from th
forest and the rivers
Nowadays, the region is under intense transformation:
huge extractive projects, migration and urbanization, access
to new markets, globalization...
Major impact in indigenous populations
3. Global value chains: industrialized products from all
around the world
Food transition
How are food habits changing in the
Amazon?
4. Our research questions are:
Indigenous families still consume
forest products in urban contexts?
What role do forest products have in
urban and periurban indigenous
households?
How do forest products link these
people to the forest?
5. Bushmeat as a model
• Food security
- Nutrition: source of protein
- “Safety Net”
• Economic resource: contributes to household income
• Social and cultural implications
- Traditional foods and rituals
- Local knowledge of territory and resources
- Social relationships
Important multifuntional role in indigenous
communities:
6. Leticia: a city in the Amazon tri-frontier
- 38000 inhabitants
- migration: colonos and
urban indigenous
- connected by river and daily flights
8. Household 1
• 14 members
(5 females, 9 males)
• Ocaina-uitoto
• Periurban indigenous
community (Leticia)
• Chagra and garden
• Pluriactivity
• Hunter
9. Household 2
• 5 members
(1 female, 4 males)
• Muninane, miraña
• Urban area Leticia
(maloca CAPUIL)• Politically active
• Urban chagra
• Traditional medicine
• Pluriactivity
10. Household 3
• 7 members
(5 female, 2 males)
• Cocama – non indigenous
• Urban area (Leticia)
Relationship with community
of origin
Chagra
11. Household
Main place where bushmeat
is shared, exchanged and
consumed • Bushmeat brought directly
from the forest
• Preparation proccess
• Cooking
• Sharing with guests
→ Hunting tales
Exchange scenarios
12. Forest
• Hunting activity (males)
• Alone or in group
• Consumption
→ share with companions
(family, friends, tourists
and scientists)
Deep knowledge of the
territory and its resources
14. Market
• Sales out of the market
• - by order
- door by door
• Monetary transition
• Confidence based
• Social relationships
15. Restaurants and food sands
• Monetary transition
• Social relationships
• Urban / rural
• Hidden sales
• Most common: paca
16. Other households
Less common among these
families -
• they offer bushmeat in their
households
Urban families eat
bushmeat in urban and rural
indigenous households
17. Airport
Network expands in territory and
number of actors:
- connection with distant territories
- intermediaries
Need to contend with
authorities and
airlines
18. Type of exchange
Immediate exchange
Long-term exchange
Meal sharing
Mediated by money (buy/sale)
Reciprocity
20. Bushmeat participates in networks that
connect indigenous people with:
The forest
The rural territories
Their inhabitants
What connections does the urban indigenous have with
the tropical forest?
21. • It means the maintenance
of knowledge about the
territory, forest and its
resources
What role does bushmeat have in urban and periurban
indigenous households?
• Socialization -
“making kins”
• Reproduction of rituals –
traditional dance festivals
22. WHY IS THIS IMPORTANT?
- Local people: Food sovereignty
- To incorporate the social and cultural dimensions of
bushmeat and other forest products that play a similar role
when designing management programs
23. Acknowledgements
All the photos were taken by Blanca Yagüe
Special thanks to all the members of the five families that
are the center of this study, and also to all the persons
involved in their networks, for sharing their daily life and
opening their houses and kitchens to us
