Assignment:
Critically examine and evaluate Rawls's or Nozick's theory of social justice.* Your examination must include the following:
(a) Clearly outline the essential principles and elements of the theory you choose to cover.
(b) Evaluate the theory with respects to its strengths and weaknesses.
(c) State whether you think that the theory is a reasonable basis upon which a
just society
should be organized. Justify your position with cogent arguments.
(*) In this essay you are required to focus on only
ONE
of the two theories. Of course, if you so choose, you may address, compare, or contrast the two theories. However, make sure you answer all the essay questions fully and thoroughly regarding at least one theory.
Instructions:
Short writing assignments must be
no less
than two hundred (200)
of
your own words
. This means that
quotations do not count against the two hundred words
. I will not even read assignments shorter than the required minimum of 200 words (I use a program to monitor word-count) and you will automatically receive zero (0) points for any such assignments. I expect a professionally written essay that is well formulated, without spelling and grammatical errors. I will deduct points for sloppily written essays (see the rubric below). In your essay you should address the question posed directly and thoroughly. You do not need to waste too much space on background unless the question of the essay specifically demands such background.
Notes from instructor:
Rawls (2007) and Nozick (2007).
Note
: Remember that you must also read the articles assigned each week. Instructor’s notes are not a substitute for reading the original articles.
A. Preliminaries.
Economic justice
is one of the most, if not the most, difficult and important social problem humanity faced during the 20thCentury and I venture to say that it will face throughout the 21stCentury. Below I will state two of the most important social problems humanity has faced and then offer a brief historicaloutline of the problems and why are we still facing the problem of economic justice.
1. As far back as human beings were able to reflect upon their own society, humanity encountered two intimately related, yet separate, problems about the best way to organize their social identity:
(I)
The Problem of Political-Organization
: What justifies the political authority of one agent ruling over any other agent?
and
(II)
The Problem of Economic-Organization (or Economic Justice)
: What is a just and fair distribution of material goods (i.e., resources, wealth, and property)?
2. In order to understand the nature of these two problems and appreciate their complexity, it is imperative to distinguish between an
explanatory
versus a
normative
or
justificatory
approach from which each can be examined. The
explanatory
approach aims to give a causal account that
explains
facts about the manner in which a given society is organized on ...
Essay On Social Issues | Social Issues Essay for Students and Children .... Essay on Social Issues for Students and Children. Introduction to social problems essay questions - Hannah Pavlik SOC- 2 .... social issues articles for students 2021 - Marita Church. Essay on Social Issues in India for Students in 2000 Words. College Essay: Essay on social issue. Social Media Essay Introduction - DominikrilLe. Outstanding Social Issues Essay ~ Thatsnotus. Social issues essay By Kelvin. 015 Social Issues Essay Topics P1 ~ Thatsnotus. School essay: Example of argumentative essay about social issues. A Complete Guide To Prepare An Impressive Social Media Essay. Write an essay on Social Media | Essay Writing | English - YouTube. Examples of Social Issues for your Essays | Meaning, Pros and Cons ....
Political Liberalism is a 1993 book by the American philosopher John Rawls, an update to his earlier A Theory of Justice (1971). In it, he attempts to show that his theory of justice is not a "comprehensive conception of the good" but is instead compatible with a liberal conception of the role of justice, namely, that government should be neutral between competing conceptions of the good. Rawl tries to show that his two principles of justice, properly understood, form a "theory of the right" (as opposed to a theory of the good) which would be supported by all reasonable individuals, even under conditions of reasonable pluralism. The mechanism by which he demonstrates this is called "overlapping consensus". Here he also develops his idea of public reason.
Dear Students,Study Pecorino text (embedded) - Go to Chapter.docxrandyburney60861
Dear Students,
Study Pecorino text (embedded) - Go to Chapter 9 - Study
Social Philosophy
Study all types of Distributive Justice (6 or 7 total)
Summarize each in
one sentence
. Produce examples for each.
_____________________________________________
You are required to respond to the assignment question posted above with no less than 100 words. To support your response you are required to provide at least one supporting reference with proper citation. Your response will be reviewed by
Unicheck
, the plagiarism tool synced to Canvas.
Unicheck
will submit a similarity report a few minutes after you post your assignment. If similarity index is above 30%, please redo and resubmit your assignment after you cite the sources properly to avoid plagiarism. Please review the PowerPoint slides explaining how to avoid plagiarism and post your assignment accordingly. Even a single plagiarized statement will not be tolerated. APA writing format is recommended.
Thanks.
Social Philosophy
he principle question for social philosophy is:
Who gets what????
This matter is known as DISTRIBUTIVE JUSTICE. Just how are the goods and services within any society to be distributed? In any society no matter how small (an island society) or how large (the People’s Republic of China) there will arise the question of how goods and services are to be distributed. Whether people will be free to work and keep what they earn or whether all must contribute in some way to the welfare of others, particularly those not capable of working and caring for themselves. Below there are a number of principles which have been developed in response to this problem of deciding how social life is to be regulated and people are to be cared for. Read these and note the differences.
Please READ:
On Distributive Justice:
There are different theories of how to make the basic distribution. Among them are:
1. Scope and Role of Distributive Principles
2. Strict Egalitarianism
3. The Difference Principle
4. Equality of Opportunity and Luck Egalitarianism
5. Welfare-Based Principles
6. Desert-Based Principles
7. Libertarian Principles
8. Feminist Principles
There are different theories of how to make the basic distribution. Among them are:
Strict Egalitarianism
One of the simplest principles of distributive justice is that of strict, or radical, equality. The principle says that every person should have the same level of material goods and services. The principle is most commonly justified on the grounds that people are morally equal and that equality in material goods and services is the best way to give effect to this moral ideal.
The Difference Principle
The most widely discussed theory of distributive justice in the past four decades has been that proposed by John Rawls in
A Theory of Justice
, (Rawls 1971), and
Political Liberalism
, (Rawls 1993). Rawls proposes the following two principles of justice:
· 1. Each person has an equal claim to.
PDF An Essay on Scientific Writing. Writing A Science Essay : Using Science in Everyday Life. School essay: Scientific essay. Scientific Essay Space Earth. PDF Enhancing scientific essay writing using peer assessment. Scientific Method Paper Example - Example methodology research paper .... How to Write a Scientific Essay Oxford Learning College - scientific .... Complete Guide: How to Write a Scientific Essay BestWritingClues. Science Essay. Example Of Scientific Paper - Scientific Research Paper Sample Format .... How to Write a Scientific Review Paper Science. Understanding Health Research How to read a scientific paper. Page 4 free science essays and term papers on science. writing scientific research papers Essay format, Science writing .... A Guide to Writing Scientific Essays. Science Essay Writing First-Year Undergraduates Science Writing .... PDF Creativity in Science - Scientific Essay. Example Of An Introduction For A Scientific Research Paper - Structure .... Essay Computer Science Science. Define Scientific Essay. Science essay - College Homework Help and Online Tutoring.. Writing A Scientific Essay Telegraph. Wonders of Science Essay in 200,300,500 or 700 Words. Essay On Development In Science And Technology. Essay on science - College Homework Help and Online Tutoring.. phl3B science essay. Calaméo - quot;Sciencequot; College Essay Sample by EssaySupply.com. Scientific writing. 011 Research Essay Sample Paper Introduciton Example Pdf Introduction .... Scientific research essay. How To Write A Scientific Review Research .... How to write a good academic essay. Good academic essay. Short .... Science essay structure Scientific Essay Example Scientific Essay Example
Essay On Social Issues | Social Issues Essay for Students and Children .... Essay on Social Issues for Students and Children. Introduction to social problems essay questions - Hannah Pavlik SOC- 2 .... social issues articles for students 2021 - Marita Church. Essay on Social Issues in India for Students in 2000 Words. College Essay: Essay on social issue. Social Media Essay Introduction - DominikrilLe. Outstanding Social Issues Essay ~ Thatsnotus. Social issues essay By Kelvin. 015 Social Issues Essay Topics P1 ~ Thatsnotus. School essay: Example of argumentative essay about social issues. A Complete Guide To Prepare An Impressive Social Media Essay. Write an essay on Social Media | Essay Writing | English - YouTube. Examples of Social Issues for your Essays | Meaning, Pros and Cons ....
Political Liberalism is a 1993 book by the American philosopher John Rawls, an update to his earlier A Theory of Justice (1971). In it, he attempts to show that his theory of justice is not a "comprehensive conception of the good" but is instead compatible with a liberal conception of the role of justice, namely, that government should be neutral between competing conceptions of the good. Rawl tries to show that his two principles of justice, properly understood, form a "theory of the right" (as opposed to a theory of the good) which would be supported by all reasonable individuals, even under conditions of reasonable pluralism. The mechanism by which he demonstrates this is called "overlapping consensus". Here he also develops his idea of public reason.
Dear Students,Study Pecorino text (embedded) - Go to Chapter.docxrandyburney60861
Dear Students,
Study Pecorino text (embedded) - Go to Chapter 9 - Study
Social Philosophy
Study all types of Distributive Justice (6 or 7 total)
Summarize each in
one sentence
. Produce examples for each.
_____________________________________________
You are required to respond to the assignment question posted above with no less than 100 words. To support your response you are required to provide at least one supporting reference with proper citation. Your response will be reviewed by
Unicheck
, the plagiarism tool synced to Canvas.
Unicheck
will submit a similarity report a few minutes after you post your assignment. If similarity index is above 30%, please redo and resubmit your assignment after you cite the sources properly to avoid plagiarism. Please review the PowerPoint slides explaining how to avoid plagiarism and post your assignment accordingly. Even a single plagiarized statement will not be tolerated. APA writing format is recommended.
Thanks.
Social Philosophy
he principle question for social philosophy is:
Who gets what????
This matter is known as DISTRIBUTIVE JUSTICE. Just how are the goods and services within any society to be distributed? In any society no matter how small (an island society) or how large (the People’s Republic of China) there will arise the question of how goods and services are to be distributed. Whether people will be free to work and keep what they earn or whether all must contribute in some way to the welfare of others, particularly those not capable of working and caring for themselves. Below there are a number of principles which have been developed in response to this problem of deciding how social life is to be regulated and people are to be cared for. Read these and note the differences.
Please READ:
On Distributive Justice:
There are different theories of how to make the basic distribution. Among them are:
1. Scope and Role of Distributive Principles
2. Strict Egalitarianism
3. The Difference Principle
4. Equality of Opportunity and Luck Egalitarianism
5. Welfare-Based Principles
6. Desert-Based Principles
7. Libertarian Principles
8. Feminist Principles
There are different theories of how to make the basic distribution. Among them are:
Strict Egalitarianism
One of the simplest principles of distributive justice is that of strict, or radical, equality. The principle says that every person should have the same level of material goods and services. The principle is most commonly justified on the grounds that people are morally equal and that equality in material goods and services is the best way to give effect to this moral ideal.
The Difference Principle
The most widely discussed theory of distributive justice in the past four decades has been that proposed by John Rawls in
A Theory of Justice
, (Rawls 1971), and
Political Liberalism
, (Rawls 1993). Rawls proposes the following two principles of justice:
· 1. Each person has an equal claim to.
PDF An Essay on Scientific Writing. Writing A Science Essay : Using Science in Everyday Life. School essay: Scientific essay. Scientific Essay Space Earth. PDF Enhancing scientific essay writing using peer assessment. Scientific Method Paper Example - Example methodology research paper .... How to Write a Scientific Essay Oxford Learning College - scientific .... Complete Guide: How to Write a Scientific Essay BestWritingClues. Science Essay. Example Of Scientific Paper - Scientific Research Paper Sample Format .... How to Write a Scientific Review Paper Science. Understanding Health Research How to read a scientific paper. Page 4 free science essays and term papers on science. writing scientific research papers Essay format, Science writing .... A Guide to Writing Scientific Essays. Science Essay Writing First-Year Undergraduates Science Writing .... PDF Creativity in Science - Scientific Essay. Example Of An Introduction For A Scientific Research Paper - Structure .... Essay Computer Science Science. Define Scientific Essay. Science essay - College Homework Help and Online Tutoring.. Writing A Scientific Essay Telegraph. Wonders of Science Essay in 200,300,500 or 700 Words. Essay On Development In Science And Technology. Essay on science - College Homework Help and Online Tutoring.. phl3B science essay. Calaméo - quot;Sciencequot; College Essay Sample by EssaySupply.com. Scientific writing. 011 Research Essay Sample Paper Introduciton Example Pdf Introduction .... Scientific research essay. How To Write A Scientific Review Research .... How to write a good academic essay. Good academic essay. Short .... Science essay structure Scientific Essay Example Scientific Essay Example
This includes topics such as the Theory of Justice, the role of justice, the subject of justice, the main idea in the theory of justice, what is original position and justification, classical utilitarianism, intuitionism and some remarks moral theory. for the second part, it includes principles of justice, democratic theory, social good and social security.
The Importance of Self-CareYou will select a minimum of 3 jour.docxcherry686017
The Importance of Self-Care
You will select a minimum of 3 journal articles discussing the importance of self-care for those in the helping professions (search terms like self-care and burnout in Academic Search Premiere). After locating your sources, you will create a PowerPoint presentation that could be used to educate professionals (and yourself) on self-care importance and practices. The PowerPoint presentation should include a title slide, at least ten slides of “body” and a slide including references, in current APA format. Sources should also be cited throughout the presentation, just as you would cite sources in a research paper.
This assignment is due by 11:59 p.m. (ET) on Monday of Module/Week 7.
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“[Power is] the possibility of imposing one’s will upon the behavior of other persons” (from Max Weber on Law in Economy and Society, p. 323)
“[N]o system of authority voluntarily limits itself to the appeal to material or affectual or ideal motives as a basis for guaranteeing its continuance. In addition every such system attempts to establish and to cultivate the belief in its `legitimacy.‘” (Weber, ‘Types of Authority’, p. 325).
What happens when cultivating this belief fails?
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rAaWvVFERVA&feature=channel_page
Announcements
Reading Analysis Assignment due!
Study guide for in-class test, Oct 23 (A) or 22 (B) will be posted on the course website (I’ll discuss this next week)
Test is as much about your ability to listen in lecture and take effective lecture notes as it is to effectively read these texts– taking good lecture notes requires you to engage in a process of thinking that will help you prepare for the test!
The test presupposes an understanding of the assigned Foundations readings
Lecture Outline
Today in the House of Social Science: the room of sociology– but first, history (from last week)
McNeil: mythistory or truth, myth and history
Tonnies: Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft
Context: rise of ‘market society’
Weber: Why study ‘bureaucracy’?
Attributes of Bureaucracy (both public and private)
Modernity and the rise of ‘modern bureaucracy’
Giddens and modern sociology: What is ‘modernity’?
3
Why ‘Mythistory’?
Historians must recognize the potential impact the ‘dominant ideology’ might have on them
“But what seems true to one historian will seem false to another, so one historian’s truth becomes another’s myth” (p. 2).
The old ‘scientific ideal’ of treating history as ‘collecting facts that are true’ is called into question.
Some facts and relationships emphasized by historians, while others are left out.
Truth, Myth, History…
The ‘histories’ we learn influence the way we look at our own society, and our place within it
To ‘outsiders’, these ‘stories’ may look like myths, but these ‘myths’ should not be dismissed as false or untrue
They are “shared tru ...
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
The Journal will bring together leading researchers, engineers and scientists in the domain of interest from around the world. Topics of interest for submission include, but are not limited to
Prior to beginning work on this discussion read Hill (2013) Partn.docxarleanemlerpj
Prior to beginning work on this discussion read Hill (2013) “Partnering with a Purpose: Psychologists as Advocates in Organizations,” Cohen, Lee, & McIlwraith (2012) “The Psychology of Advocacy and the Advocacy of Psychology,” Heinowitz, et al. (2012) “Identifying Perceived Personal Barriers to Public Policy Advocacy within Psychology,” Lewis, Ratts, Paladino, & Toporek (2011) “Social Justice Counseling and Advocacy: Developing New Leadership Roles and Competencies,” and Fox (2008) “Advocacy: The Key to the Survival and Growth of Professional Psychology” articles.
For this discussion, you will compare the various professional activities common to clinical and counseling psychologists and assume the role of an advocate for a client in one of the case studies from
Case Studies in Abnormal Psychology
(Gorenstein & Comer, 2015)
.
Select a case study that has not been covered in this course or in the PSY645 course, and identify systemic barriers, sociopolitical factors, and multicultural issues impacting the client at the micro, meso, exo, and/or macro levels. Develop an action plan that outlines how you might advocate for the client at each appropriate level of the ecological model. Identify two potential partnerships that you would establish in order to support your client and those like him or her outside of the therapeutic environment.
.
Principalism, especially in the context of bioethics in the United S.docxarleanemlerpj
Principalism, especially in the context of bioethics in the United States, has often been critiqued for raising the principle of autonomy to the highest place, such that it trumps all other principles or values. How would you rank the importance of each of the four principles? How do you believe they would be ordered in the context of the Christian biblical narrative? Refer to the lecture and topic readings in your response.
I NEED YOU TO ANSWER THE DISCUSSION QUESTION, 350 WORDS NEEDED AND 2 REFERENCES PLEASE
.
Principles of Investigative PsychologyOver the last two hundred .docxarleanemlerpj
Principles of Investigative Psychology
Over the last two hundred years, criminal investigations have become progressively more sophisticated and are based on solid scientific principles. Psychologists involved in analysis of the personality and behavioral characteristics of an offender have made significant contributions to the understanding of a crime and its perpetrator.
Using the module readings and the Argosy University online library resources, research the main principles of investigative psychology.
Respond to the following:
Identify and describe the main principles of investigative psychology.
Describe criminal investigation from a historical perspective, emphasizing the contribution of psychology to this field.
Explain the origins of offender profiling and the reasons some profiling attempts, such as physiognomy, have failed while others, such as behavioral analysis, have been successful.
Identify the different components of an investigative cycle.
Explain the differences between the scientific method of data collection and the scientific method of evidence collection and the differences between the inductive process and the deductive process.
300 words APA
.
Princess cruise line history & overview- When the cruise line beg.docxarleanemlerpj
*Princess cruise line history & overview
- When the cruise line began
- How it began
- The original concept
* Number of ships in their fleet
1 page or less , 12 point font., double spaced
Due this tuesday 4/11 or earlier so I can prepare to present it in class :)
.
Primary Task Response Within the Discussion Board area, write 300.docxarleanemlerpj
Primary Task Response:
Within the Discussion Board area, write 300–500 words that respond to the following questions with your thoughts, ideas, and comments.
Part A:
Define the following:
Liberty
Equality
Democracy
Explain and express in your own words what liberty and equality mean to you.
Part B:
Locate a definition of
political science
that you like, and in your Discussion Board post, explain why you favor it.
Select a founder of political thought from the list below. Explain why you chose this particular founder. Summarize the founder's basic ideas.
Plato
Aristotle
Thomas Hobbes
Niccolo Machiavelli
Thomas Jefferson
James Madison
John Stuart Mill
Tecumseh
Chico Mendes
Friedrich Nietzsche
Kurt Vonnegut
.
Primary Discussion Response is due by Friday.Primary Task .docxarleanemlerpj
Primary Discussion Response is due by Friday.
Primary Task Response:
Within the Discussion Board area, write 500–700 words that respond to the following questions with your thoughts, ideas, and comments. This will be
the foundation for future discussions by your classmates. Be substantive and clear, and use examples to reinforce your ideas.
Health care is a dynamic and diverse environment. Health care professionals and patients come from a wide variety of backgrounds and cultures. It is important that health care leaders possess interpersonal and communication skills to influence and enhance the delivery of quality health care. Based upon the combination of your own personal experiences and research, respond to the following:
Why is it important for health care leaders to have and exhibit good interpersonal or people and communication skills?
Identify and discuss 3 interpersonal or people skills that you feel are required of health care leaders.
How can leaders improve their interpersonal skills?
Support your writing with at least 2 scholarly sources.
.
Primary Discussion Response is due by Friday (115959pm Central).docxarleanemlerpj
Primary Discussion Response is due by Friday (11:59:59pm Central)
Primary Task Response:
Within the Discussion Board area, write 400–600 words that respond to the following questions with your thoughts, ideas, and comments. This will be the foundation for future discussions by your classmates. Be substantive and clear, and use examples to reinforce your ideas.
As the manager of the CTU Health Care information systems department, complete the following:
Define
health information governance
.
Discuss the major components of health information governance and its importance on health care organization information systems.
Discuss the importance of communication and information governance.
.
Primary postIt is well known that the key innovation of crypt.docxarleanemlerpj
Primary post:
It is well known that the
key innovation of crypto-currency (such as Bitcoin, Ethereum) is distributed consensus protocol
.
It is also clear that crypto-currency is changing the future of business.
Do your own research and reference at least 2 articles related to this topic.
Primary post
: Write a post (300-500 words) on the discussion forum (Click "Add new discussion" to start) to summarize your research. In your summary:
Identify and briefly describe TWO distributed consensus protocols
State clearly in what way do you foresee that crypto-currency is change the future of business.
Secondary post
: Respond to exact TWO (2) other postings. If there are more than two secondary posts, the two post that you submitted will be graded. Your secondary post should be:
150-200 words
Answer to another student's question to your own post
Comment to your original post
First reply:
Post selected
One of the greatest breakthroughs in Monetary technology is that the innovation of Cryptocurrency. Whereas there has been plenty of buzz around cryptocurrency, there’s disproportionately less clarity on what it extremely is. Cryptocurrencies square measure the way of liberating the finance system from banks that sometimes unsuccessful, by creating it clear. They allow all transactions to be verified on a public ledger.
Cryptocurrency:
Cryptocurrency could be a digital or virtual currency that uses cryptography for security. A cryptocurrency is troublesome to counterfeit owing to this security feature. A process feature of a cryptocurrency and arguably its most lovely attract, is its organic nature; it’s not issued by any central authority, rendering it on paper resistant to government interference or manipulation. It is created and stored electronically which can only be saved in computers or websites. These transactions are facilitated through use of private and public keys for security purpose. All cryptocurrencies will have following common characteristics: Digital, Decentralized, Independence, Cryptographic, Identity and Transaction Verification.
Some of the Cryptocurrencies
: Bitcoin was the foremost invented cryptocurrency in 2009, Ethereum, Litecoin, Namecoin, PeerCoin, Ripple, Primecoin, Auroracoin etc.
Advantages:
The usage of crypto currency is fast, cheap and there are no charge backs. People cannot steal information from merchants and its as private as you wanted to be. Its usage is easy and fat payment without using the credit card or sign any document, we just need to know the address of person or organization to whom one has to transfer money, payment processing is very fast. It also ensures that transactions are secure. There are no processing charges to complete the transaction.
Disadvantages
:
Main disadvantage is it is not widely accepted like in physical stores instead of real money. It cannot be retrieved like traditional/physical money if we lose the digital currency information (information saved in laptops.
Primary Source Analysis PaperInstructions for Primary Source Analy.docxarleanemlerpj
Primary Source Analysis Paper
Instructions for Primary Source Analysis
Primary Source Analysis due: 6 March
(worth 15%)
primary-source-analysis-rubric
Primary sources are sources created in the historical period being researched and by historical actors themselves. (Contrast this with secondary sources, which are after-the-fact scholarly analyses of the past.) For this assignment, you will submit to me a 2-3 page analysis of that source along with instructions as to how I can access your source (or a copy of the source attached to your essay). PLEASE NOTE: You must incorporate a tertiary source and at least one secondary source to substantiate your analysis.
Keep in mind that primary sources can come in many forms. They can be maps, diaries, letters, memoirs, newspaper articles, government documents, posters, pamphlets, photographs, advertisements, paintings, films, novels, songs—just to name a few. If your source comes in a non-textual form (such as a film), please submit it to me in the form appropriate for its genre (such as a video or DVD, etc.).
The purpose of this assignment is to work on how to analyze a primary source. Your goal is to analyze your source excerpt as
deeply and as thoroughly
as possible. Do not simply provide a general summary or overview of your source. Think concretely and
critically
about its content, its historical context, the historical cultural values that shape it, and its relevance to your research. What are the author’s tone, style, and argument? What are its strengths and weaknesses? Read between the lines to discover its biases and assumptions. Depending on the nature of the primary source you select, the source may be as short as a paragraph or two or as long as dozens of pages.
In structuring your Primary Source Analysis Essay, you should address the following questions. Do not simply list answers to the questions below.
Rather, you must write your paper in essay form.
It should have an introduction, several body paragraphs, and a conclusion. You do not need to address the questions in order, but be sure that you address the questions
that are relevant to your source
in your essay. Your essay must be a polished piece of writing. I will grade it for both content and style.
Basic Identification
1. What type of source is it? (newspaper article, map, letter, film, etc.)
2. When was it created?
3. Where was it created?
4. Who created it?
Author’s Intent
1. What is the author’s place in society? (profession, status, class, gender, ethnicity, etc.)
2. How might the factors listed in the question above shape the author’s perspective in this source?
3. Why do you think the author created this source?
4. Does the author have an argument? If so, what is it?
5. Who is the intended audience for this source?
6. How might the intended audience shape the perspective of this source?
Historical Context
1. Under what specific historical circumstances was this source created?
2. What larger.
Primary sources are extremely important, not only in history, bu.docxarleanemlerpj
Primary sources are extremely important, not only in history, but in many other fields. It offers a window into the past, an inside view into a certain time period. It will require you to be more critical and analytical and give you a deeper understanding of what that document meant during that time period. There are times that a source can have a hidden meaning and you will have to read between the lines. Primary sources can come in different forms. They can be photographs, memoirs, paintings, letters, newspaper articles, films, government documents, etc.
I do not want just a summary or an overview of the primary source but also an analysis. For ex., if you read a slave narrative like the
Diary of a Slave Girl
by Harriet Jacobs, you can bring in information that not only supports Jacobs's narrative but also expounds on it. While you are reading and analyzing your source, you will be thinking about the time period and the historical significance of your primary source. Think about the author’s biases and assumptions. You can bring in secondary sources and other information to round out your work.
Paper Requirements
·
The paper should utilize
APA/MLA STYLE,
double spaced, 12 pt font, and Times New Roman or
Arial
font.
·
It must be within the timeframe of HIST 1302
·
Students must turn in a hard copy of their paper and upload it on
SafeAssign (eCampus)
to receive full credit.
·
A minimum of two pages, analyzing and interpreting the historical significance of a primary source in an essay
format; including stating a position, drawing conclusion, using evidence and separating opinions from arguments.
·
The utilization of
academic
sources with proper citations (Wikipedia
does not count as a source).
·
Attach a copy of your primary source to your paper
Things to Think About: (Do not list answers to the questions below. The paper must be written in essay format)
1. When and where was the source created?
2. Who is the author?
3. What is their place in society? (gender, class, ethnicity, etc.)
4. Why did the author create the primary source and who is their intended audience?
5. What is going on in history at the time the primary source was created?
6. Is there a possibility that the intended audience and/or historical event would have shaped the perspective of this primary source?
7. Does the author have an agenda?
8. Are there any biases or beliefs that would have helped to create the message of the author?
9. Is there anything that is not discussed or mentioned?
.
Primary posting Discuss the following three promptsDiscuss how o.docxarleanemlerpj
Primary posting: Discuss the following three prompts:
Discuss how our self-presentation affects communication.
Examine how non-verbal communication varies based on culture and gender.
Discuss how we can improve our non-verbal communication.
Respond to ONE of your classmates' postings. You may agree or disagree with their posting, but be sure to explain your reasoning. You could also add supplemental details. Note: your response could also be in response to your instructor'Âs comment on your work or on a classmate's posting.
.
Primary Discussion Response is due by Friday (115959pm Central.docxarleanemlerpj
Primary Discussion Response is due by Friday (11:59:59pm Central), Peer Responses are due by Tuesday (11:59:59pm Central).
Primary Task Response:
Within the Discussion Board area, write 400–600 words that respond to the following questions with your thoughts, ideas, and comments. This will be the foundation for future discussions by your classmates. Be substantive and clear, and use examples to reinforce your ideas.
In 1944, finance specialists and bankers from around the world met to discuss what the post-WWII monetary system would be. Given the instability of the pre-war period, the goal was to create a new system. The outcome of this was the Bretton Woods system, which had the U.S. dollar as the world reserve currency linked to gold at $35 an ounce. All other currencies were tied to the dollar with limits on how much they could appreciate or depreciate. The system lasted until the 1970s, when the United States decided to move away from gold convertibility. The modern system is based on supply and demand for currency and a managed float. Discuss the following in your main post:
The U.S. dollar remains the world's reserve currency. Is this good for the United States, and if so, why?
People usually think a "strong" dollar is good. Is this true for U.S. businesses, and does it help or hurt the U.S. balance of payments?
Responses to Other Students:
Respond to at least 2 of your fellow classmates with at least a 100-word reply about their Primary Task Response regarding items you found to be compelling and enlightening. To help you with your discussion, please consider the following questions:
Do you agree or disagree with your peers findings?
Where are there similarities or differences within the class discussion?
Are there particular considerations/ideas that particularly stand out?
.
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Webster dictionary gave a number of definitions of ‘Ritual’: “a system of rites, a Ceremonial act or action, a customarily repeated often formal act or series of acts”. In our everyday dealings there are different forms of actions taken that are repetitive but cannot be classified as symbolic eg, bathing, sleeping, and eating. However, if we kneel, and say a particular word of prayer and make the sign of the cross before doing any one of the above routinely, then that can be considered a ritual because it can be decoded as symbolic to the Catholic religion, and to other observers as a way of devotion.
There are some symbolic rituals associated with health practiced by various cultures. In the Catholic Church the sprinkling of Holy water by the priest and burning of incense during Eucharistic prayers is believed to ward off evil spirit, and promote good health and everything progressive for the congregation. The vestment of the priest, the setup of the altar and the arrangement of the pews are symbols of a place of worship. The prayers said at every mass are rituals and members believe attending mass keeps them in good health, and good standing in life. So it is with other religious practices. As stated by Wintz, S., and Cooper, E. (2009), Islamic religious beliefs are based on five principles: “shahadatain (declaration of faith), Salat (prayer/worship), zakat (charitable contribution), sawn (fasting), hajj (pilgrimage to mecca)”, are all the five principles that require some degree of rituals to perform them. In health matters, doctors are seen as helpers of God’s will, so they are not restricted in the course of treatment, (p.21-22).
As a child I remember my maternal grandmother had a large clay pot with water in it at a corner of her living room; decorated with white/red colored cloths, and figurines like a shrine, where every morning as traditional worshipper, she said her prayers. We were never allowed to play close to the area. But the water from the pot which she drank she gave us to drink too when we visited. She believed it promoted good health and good luck in life. I cannot say for sure if those deeds worked, but she lived to be 103years before she died in 1978.
In the hospitals as described by Helman, C., (2007), the white coat worn by the doctors and other health professionals are symbolic, and the stethoscope used for checking blood pressure and other vitals are the rituals, performed to diagnose illness or certify clean bill of health. So many instruments, computers, hi-technology machines, the arrangement of the doctor’s consulting room, are all symbolic rituals associated to health and illness (p.227). For a patient who is certified ill; all these could symbolize healing, or may signify death, especially for the elderly. The process of getting admitted as illustrated by (Helman), is how a sick person goes through some rituals, such as being stripped of their social statu.
Presentation Title The Behavior Impact of DUI Laws and Sanctions.docxarleanemlerpj
Presentation Title:
The Behavior Impact of DUI Laws and Sanctions
Research Focus:
Deterrence and Social Control Theories
Abstract:
Determining whether legal sanctions administered by the judicial court system or by local law enforcements are effectively designed to reduce, discourage and/or deter people from driving while impaired. There are various studies that provide conflicting arguments on whether driving laws have been a successful strategy in deterring drinking and driving behavior. Deterrence theories are based on the assumption that the perception and probability of certain severe punishment discourages people from illegal activities. Deterrence theory assumes that law breaking is inversely related to the severity of punishment. Further, it is the deterrence model ideology that law enforcement entities depend on to reduce DUI/DWI’s. The social control theory expands on the deterrence model to incorporate social influences. According to this theory drinking laws are only one of many factors that influence DUI behavior. Social stigma and perceived risk in committing the crime also play a part in discouraging this type of behavior. Although there has been little research conducted examining both deterrence and social control theories and the impact on DUI behavior proponents for these theories believe that innate makeup of these two ideologies are effective enough to modify a person’s
.
Pretend you are a Police Academy instructor who needs to develop a P.docxarleanemlerpj
Pretend you are a Police Academy instructor who needs to develop a PowerPoint presentation for police officers on an emerging technology that addresses a long-standing police issue.
Your choice of topics is as follow:
Video Recording of Police-Citizen Encounters/Body Cameras
Begin by reading the relevant sections of your textbook, but don’t be limited by what is covered; there have been great technological advances since the book was published.
The presentation should address the following questions:
A.
What does the new technology do?
B.
Why is it needed?
What long-standing police issue does this technology address?
C.
How was the problem handled up to this point?
D.
How does the technology work? (Don’t get
too
technical.)
E.
What are its strengths?
F.
What are its weaknesses, risks, or unintended consequences?
At a
minimum
,
the presentation should be 10 slides with at
least 4 sources
.
EACH SLIDE MUST CONTAIN THE CITATION FOR EACH SOURCE OF INFORMATION OR GRAPHIC USED IN THE SLIDE
.
.
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This assignment is due by 11:59 p.m. (ET) on Monday of Module/Week 7.
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“[Power is] the possibility of imposing one’s will upon the behavior of other persons” (from Max Weber on Law in Economy and Society, p. 323)
“[N]o system of authority voluntarily limits itself to the appeal to material or affectual or ideal motives as a basis for guaranteeing its continuance. In addition every such system attempts to establish and to cultivate the belief in its `legitimacy.‘” (Weber, ‘Types of Authority’, p. 325).
What happens when cultivating this belief fails?
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rAaWvVFERVA&feature=channel_page
Announcements
Reading Analysis Assignment due!
Study guide for in-class test, Oct 23 (A) or 22 (B) will be posted on the course website (I’ll discuss this next week)
Test is as much about your ability to listen in lecture and take effective lecture notes as it is to effectively read these texts– taking good lecture notes requires you to engage in a process of thinking that will help you prepare for the test!
The test presupposes an understanding of the assigned Foundations readings
Lecture Outline
Today in the House of Social Science: the room of sociology– but first, history (from last week)
McNeil: mythistory or truth, myth and history
Tonnies: Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft
Context: rise of ‘market society’
Weber: Why study ‘bureaucracy’?
Attributes of Bureaucracy (both public and private)
Modernity and the rise of ‘modern bureaucracy’
Giddens and modern sociology: What is ‘modernity’?
3
Why ‘Mythistory’?
Historians must recognize the potential impact the ‘dominant ideology’ might have on them
“But what seems true to one historian will seem false to another, so one historian’s truth becomes another’s myth” (p. 2).
The old ‘scientific ideal’ of treating history as ‘collecting facts that are true’ is called into question.
Some facts and relationships emphasized by historians, while others are left out.
Truth, Myth, History…
The ‘histories’ we learn influence the way we look at our own society, and our place within it
To ‘outsiders’, these ‘stories’ may look like myths, but these ‘myths’ should not be dismissed as false or untrue
They are “shared tru ...
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI)inventionjournals
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The Journal will bring together leading researchers, engineers and scientists in the domain of interest from around the world. Topics of interest for submission include, but are not limited to
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For this discussion, you will compare the various professional activities common to clinical and counseling psychologists and assume the role of an advocate for a client in one of the case studies from
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I NEED YOU TO ANSWER THE DISCUSSION QUESTION, 350 WORDS NEEDED AND 2 REFERENCES PLEASE
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Principles of Investigative Psychology
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Using the module readings and the Argosy University online library resources, research the main principles of investigative psychology.
Respond to the following:
Identify and describe the main principles of investigative psychology.
Describe criminal investigation from a historical perspective, emphasizing the contribution of psychology to this field.
Explain the origins of offender profiling and the reasons some profiling attempts, such as physiognomy, have failed while others, such as behavioral analysis, have been successful.
Identify the different components of an investigative cycle.
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1 page or less , 12 point font., double spaced
Due this tuesday 4/11 or earlier so I can prepare to present it in class :)
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Primary Task Response Within the Discussion Board area, write 300.docxarleanemlerpj
Primary Task Response:
Within the Discussion Board area, write 300–500 words that respond to the following questions with your thoughts, ideas, and comments.
Part A:
Define the following:
Liberty
Equality
Democracy
Explain and express in your own words what liberty and equality mean to you.
Part B:
Locate a definition of
political science
that you like, and in your Discussion Board post, explain why you favor it.
Select a founder of political thought from the list below. Explain why you chose this particular founder. Summarize the founder's basic ideas.
Plato
Aristotle
Thomas Hobbes
Niccolo Machiavelli
Thomas Jefferson
James Madison
John Stuart Mill
Tecumseh
Chico Mendes
Friedrich Nietzsche
Kurt Vonnegut
.
Primary Discussion Response is due by Friday.Primary Task .docxarleanemlerpj
Primary Discussion Response is due by Friday.
Primary Task Response:
Within the Discussion Board area, write 500–700 words that respond to the following questions with your thoughts, ideas, and comments. This will be
the foundation for future discussions by your classmates. Be substantive and clear, and use examples to reinforce your ideas.
Health care is a dynamic and diverse environment. Health care professionals and patients come from a wide variety of backgrounds and cultures. It is important that health care leaders possess interpersonal and communication skills to influence and enhance the delivery of quality health care. Based upon the combination of your own personal experiences and research, respond to the following:
Why is it important for health care leaders to have and exhibit good interpersonal or people and communication skills?
Identify and discuss 3 interpersonal or people skills that you feel are required of health care leaders.
How can leaders improve their interpersonal skills?
Support your writing with at least 2 scholarly sources.
.
Primary Discussion Response is due by Friday (115959pm Central).docxarleanemlerpj
Primary Discussion Response is due by Friday (11:59:59pm Central)
Primary Task Response:
Within the Discussion Board area, write 400–600 words that respond to the following questions with your thoughts, ideas, and comments. This will be the foundation for future discussions by your classmates. Be substantive and clear, and use examples to reinforce your ideas.
As the manager of the CTU Health Care information systems department, complete the following:
Define
health information governance
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Discuss the major components of health information governance and its importance on health care organization information systems.
Discuss the importance of communication and information governance.
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Primary post:
It is well known that the
key innovation of crypto-currency (such as Bitcoin, Ethereum) is distributed consensus protocol
.
It is also clear that crypto-currency is changing the future of business.
Do your own research and reference at least 2 articles related to this topic.
Primary post
: Write a post (300-500 words) on the discussion forum (Click "Add new discussion" to start) to summarize your research. In your summary:
Identify and briefly describe TWO distributed consensus protocols
State clearly in what way do you foresee that crypto-currency is change the future of business.
Secondary post
: Respond to exact TWO (2) other postings. If there are more than two secondary posts, the two post that you submitted will be graded. Your secondary post should be:
150-200 words
Answer to another student's question to your own post
Comment to your original post
First reply:
Post selected
One of the greatest breakthroughs in Monetary technology is that the innovation of Cryptocurrency. Whereas there has been plenty of buzz around cryptocurrency, there’s disproportionately less clarity on what it extremely is. Cryptocurrencies square measure the way of liberating the finance system from banks that sometimes unsuccessful, by creating it clear. They allow all transactions to be verified on a public ledger.
Cryptocurrency:
Cryptocurrency could be a digital or virtual currency that uses cryptography for security. A cryptocurrency is troublesome to counterfeit owing to this security feature. A process feature of a cryptocurrency and arguably its most lovely attract, is its organic nature; it’s not issued by any central authority, rendering it on paper resistant to government interference or manipulation. It is created and stored electronically which can only be saved in computers or websites. These transactions are facilitated through use of private and public keys for security purpose. All cryptocurrencies will have following common characteristics: Digital, Decentralized, Independence, Cryptographic, Identity and Transaction Verification.
Some of the Cryptocurrencies
: Bitcoin was the foremost invented cryptocurrency in 2009, Ethereum, Litecoin, Namecoin, PeerCoin, Ripple, Primecoin, Auroracoin etc.
Advantages:
The usage of crypto currency is fast, cheap and there are no charge backs. People cannot steal information from merchants and its as private as you wanted to be. Its usage is easy and fat payment without using the credit card or sign any document, we just need to know the address of person or organization to whom one has to transfer money, payment processing is very fast. It also ensures that transactions are secure. There are no processing charges to complete the transaction.
Disadvantages
:
Main disadvantage is it is not widely accepted like in physical stores instead of real money. It cannot be retrieved like traditional/physical money if we lose the digital currency information (information saved in laptops.
Primary Source Analysis PaperInstructions for Primary Source Analy.docxarleanemlerpj
Primary Source Analysis Paper
Instructions for Primary Source Analysis
Primary Source Analysis due: 6 March
(worth 15%)
primary-source-analysis-rubric
Primary sources are sources created in the historical period being researched and by historical actors themselves. (Contrast this with secondary sources, which are after-the-fact scholarly analyses of the past.) For this assignment, you will submit to me a 2-3 page analysis of that source along with instructions as to how I can access your source (or a copy of the source attached to your essay). PLEASE NOTE: You must incorporate a tertiary source and at least one secondary source to substantiate your analysis.
Keep in mind that primary sources can come in many forms. They can be maps, diaries, letters, memoirs, newspaper articles, government documents, posters, pamphlets, photographs, advertisements, paintings, films, novels, songs—just to name a few. If your source comes in a non-textual form (such as a film), please submit it to me in the form appropriate for its genre (such as a video or DVD, etc.).
The purpose of this assignment is to work on how to analyze a primary source. Your goal is to analyze your source excerpt as
deeply and as thoroughly
as possible. Do not simply provide a general summary or overview of your source. Think concretely and
critically
about its content, its historical context, the historical cultural values that shape it, and its relevance to your research. What are the author’s tone, style, and argument? What are its strengths and weaknesses? Read between the lines to discover its biases and assumptions. Depending on the nature of the primary source you select, the source may be as short as a paragraph or two or as long as dozens of pages.
In structuring your Primary Source Analysis Essay, you should address the following questions. Do not simply list answers to the questions below.
Rather, you must write your paper in essay form.
It should have an introduction, several body paragraphs, and a conclusion. You do not need to address the questions in order, but be sure that you address the questions
that are relevant to your source
in your essay. Your essay must be a polished piece of writing. I will grade it for both content and style.
Basic Identification
1. What type of source is it? (newspaper article, map, letter, film, etc.)
2. When was it created?
3. Where was it created?
4. Who created it?
Author’s Intent
1. What is the author’s place in society? (profession, status, class, gender, ethnicity, etc.)
2. How might the factors listed in the question above shape the author’s perspective in this source?
3. Why do you think the author created this source?
4. Does the author have an argument? If so, what is it?
5. Who is the intended audience for this source?
6. How might the intended audience shape the perspective of this source?
Historical Context
1. Under what specific historical circumstances was this source created?
2. What larger.
Primary sources are extremely important, not only in history, bu.docxarleanemlerpj
Primary sources are extremely important, not only in history, but in many other fields. It offers a window into the past, an inside view into a certain time period. It will require you to be more critical and analytical and give you a deeper understanding of what that document meant during that time period. There are times that a source can have a hidden meaning and you will have to read between the lines. Primary sources can come in different forms. They can be photographs, memoirs, paintings, letters, newspaper articles, films, government documents, etc.
I do not want just a summary or an overview of the primary source but also an analysis. For ex., if you read a slave narrative like the
Diary of a Slave Girl
by Harriet Jacobs, you can bring in information that not only supports Jacobs's narrative but also expounds on it. While you are reading and analyzing your source, you will be thinking about the time period and the historical significance of your primary source. Think about the author’s biases and assumptions. You can bring in secondary sources and other information to round out your work.
Paper Requirements
·
The paper should utilize
APA/MLA STYLE,
double spaced, 12 pt font, and Times New Roman or
Arial
font.
·
It must be within the timeframe of HIST 1302
·
Students must turn in a hard copy of their paper and upload it on
SafeAssign (eCampus)
to receive full credit.
·
A minimum of two pages, analyzing and interpreting the historical significance of a primary source in an essay
format; including stating a position, drawing conclusion, using evidence and separating opinions from arguments.
·
The utilization of
academic
sources with proper citations (Wikipedia
does not count as a source).
·
Attach a copy of your primary source to your paper
Things to Think About: (Do not list answers to the questions below. The paper must be written in essay format)
1. When and where was the source created?
2. Who is the author?
3. What is their place in society? (gender, class, ethnicity, etc.)
4. Why did the author create the primary source and who is their intended audience?
5. What is going on in history at the time the primary source was created?
6. Is there a possibility that the intended audience and/or historical event would have shaped the perspective of this primary source?
7. Does the author have an agenda?
8. Are there any biases or beliefs that would have helped to create the message of the author?
9. Is there anything that is not discussed or mentioned?
.
Primary posting Discuss the following three promptsDiscuss how o.docxarleanemlerpj
Primary posting: Discuss the following three prompts:
Discuss how our self-presentation affects communication.
Examine how non-verbal communication varies based on culture and gender.
Discuss how we can improve our non-verbal communication.
Respond to ONE of your classmates' postings. You may agree or disagree with their posting, but be sure to explain your reasoning. You could also add supplemental details. Note: your response could also be in response to your instructor'Âs comment on your work or on a classmate's posting.
.
Primary Discussion Response is due by Friday (115959pm Central.docxarleanemlerpj
Primary Discussion Response is due by Friday (11:59:59pm Central), Peer Responses are due by Tuesday (11:59:59pm Central).
Primary Task Response:
Within the Discussion Board area, write 400–600 words that respond to the following questions with your thoughts, ideas, and comments. This will be the foundation for future discussions by your classmates. Be substantive and clear, and use examples to reinforce your ideas.
In 1944, finance specialists and bankers from around the world met to discuss what the post-WWII monetary system would be. Given the instability of the pre-war period, the goal was to create a new system. The outcome of this was the Bretton Woods system, which had the U.S. dollar as the world reserve currency linked to gold at $35 an ounce. All other currencies were tied to the dollar with limits on how much they could appreciate or depreciate. The system lasted until the 1970s, when the United States decided to move away from gold convertibility. The modern system is based on supply and demand for currency and a managed float. Discuss the following in your main post:
The U.S. dollar remains the world's reserve currency. Is this good for the United States, and if so, why?
People usually think a "strong" dollar is good. Is this true for U.S. businesses, and does it help or hurt the U.S. balance of payments?
Responses to Other Students:
Respond to at least 2 of your fellow classmates with at least a 100-word reply about their Primary Task Response regarding items you found to be compelling and enlightening. To help you with your discussion, please consider the following questions:
Do you agree or disagree with your peers findings?
Where are there similarities or differences within the class discussion?
Are there particular considerations/ideas that particularly stand out?
.
PreviousNextAdjust automatic marking as read settingWebs.docxarleanemlerpj
Previous
Next
Adjust automatic marking as read setting
Webster dictionary gave a number of definitions of ‘Ritual’: “a system of rites, a Ceremonial act or action, a customarily repeated often formal act or series of acts”. In our everyday dealings there are different forms of actions taken that are repetitive but cannot be classified as symbolic eg, bathing, sleeping, and eating. However, if we kneel, and say a particular word of prayer and make the sign of the cross before doing any one of the above routinely, then that can be considered a ritual because it can be decoded as symbolic to the Catholic religion, and to other observers as a way of devotion.
There are some symbolic rituals associated with health practiced by various cultures. In the Catholic Church the sprinkling of Holy water by the priest and burning of incense during Eucharistic prayers is believed to ward off evil spirit, and promote good health and everything progressive for the congregation. The vestment of the priest, the setup of the altar and the arrangement of the pews are symbols of a place of worship. The prayers said at every mass are rituals and members believe attending mass keeps them in good health, and good standing in life. So it is with other religious practices. As stated by Wintz, S., and Cooper, E. (2009), Islamic religious beliefs are based on five principles: “shahadatain (declaration of faith), Salat (prayer/worship), zakat (charitable contribution), sawn (fasting), hajj (pilgrimage to mecca)”, are all the five principles that require some degree of rituals to perform them. In health matters, doctors are seen as helpers of God’s will, so they are not restricted in the course of treatment, (p.21-22).
As a child I remember my maternal grandmother had a large clay pot with water in it at a corner of her living room; decorated with white/red colored cloths, and figurines like a shrine, where every morning as traditional worshipper, she said her prayers. We were never allowed to play close to the area. But the water from the pot which she drank she gave us to drink too when we visited. She believed it promoted good health and good luck in life. I cannot say for sure if those deeds worked, but she lived to be 103years before she died in 1978.
In the hospitals as described by Helman, C., (2007), the white coat worn by the doctors and other health professionals are symbolic, and the stethoscope used for checking blood pressure and other vitals are the rituals, performed to diagnose illness or certify clean bill of health. So many instruments, computers, hi-technology machines, the arrangement of the doctor’s consulting room, are all symbolic rituals associated to health and illness (p.227). For a patient who is certified ill; all these could symbolize healing, or may signify death, especially for the elderly. The process of getting admitted as illustrated by (Helman), is how a sick person goes through some rituals, such as being stripped of their social statu.
Presentation Title The Behavior Impact of DUI Laws and Sanctions.docxarleanemlerpj
Presentation Title:
The Behavior Impact of DUI Laws and Sanctions
Research Focus:
Deterrence and Social Control Theories
Abstract:
Determining whether legal sanctions administered by the judicial court system or by local law enforcements are effectively designed to reduce, discourage and/or deter people from driving while impaired. There are various studies that provide conflicting arguments on whether driving laws have been a successful strategy in deterring drinking and driving behavior. Deterrence theories are based on the assumption that the perception and probability of certain severe punishment discourages people from illegal activities. Deterrence theory assumes that law breaking is inversely related to the severity of punishment. Further, it is the deterrence model ideology that law enforcement entities depend on to reduce DUI/DWI’s. The social control theory expands on the deterrence model to incorporate social influences. According to this theory drinking laws are only one of many factors that influence DUI behavior. Social stigma and perceived risk in committing the crime also play a part in discouraging this type of behavior. Although there has been little research conducted examining both deterrence and social control theories and the impact on DUI behavior proponents for these theories believe that innate makeup of these two ideologies are effective enough to modify a person’s
.
Pretend you are a Police Academy instructor who needs to develop a P.docxarleanemlerpj
Pretend you are a Police Academy instructor who needs to develop a PowerPoint presentation for police officers on an emerging technology that addresses a long-standing police issue.
Your choice of topics is as follow:
Video Recording of Police-Citizen Encounters/Body Cameras
Begin by reading the relevant sections of your textbook, but don’t be limited by what is covered; there have been great technological advances since the book was published.
The presentation should address the following questions:
A.
What does the new technology do?
B.
Why is it needed?
What long-standing police issue does this technology address?
C.
How was the problem handled up to this point?
D.
How does the technology work? (Don’t get
too
technical.)
E.
What are its strengths?
F.
What are its weaknesses, risks, or unintended consequences?
At a
minimum
,
the presentation should be 10 slides with at
least 4 sources
.
EACH SLIDE MUST CONTAIN THE CITATION FOR EACH SOURCE OF INFORMATION OR GRAPHIC USED IN THE SLIDE
.
.
Presentations should be approximately 30 minutes and include a vis.docxarleanemlerpj
Presentations should be approximately 30 minutes and include a visual aid (i.e.: Power Point or Prezi). All presentations will include an overview of the following:
Introduction to the topic and
Problem,
Purpose of the research,
Review of the research methodology,
Results and findings, connections/consistencies/inconsistencies with the literature,
Implications of research, and plan for future application.
.
Pretend that your office area at work, school, or home is a crime sc.docxarleanemlerpj
Pretend that your office area at work, school, or home is a crime scene containing potential digital evidence. Use the sample Evidence/Property Custody Document provided by your instructor to take two pieces of digital media from that work area as evidence in your investigation. Provide an adequate description of each item, and complete the chain of custody to reflect your seizure of the “evidence” from the crime scene. Save this document, and submit it to your instructor for review.
.
Presidential Decision Directive 21 (PDD-21) identifies 16 critical infrastructures. PDD-21 lays out the national policy to maintain secure, functioning and resilient critical infrastructure. Select a critical infrastructure sector from the list below and discuss the impact that a cyber attack could have on that system or service:
Communication Sector (voice communications, digital communications, or navigation)
Energy Sector (electric power grid)
Water and Wastewater Systems Sector (water supply or sewage)
Healthcare and Public Health Sector (hospitals)
Transportation Systems Sector (rail or air)
Financial Services Sector (banking )
It is the third and fourth order effects from the cyberattack on the chosen critical infrastructure that shows the far-reaching and devastating effect of a cyber attack. To demonstrate the interconnectedness of critical infrastructure, explain the cascading effects on other critical infrastructure. Then, discuss the measures DHS has taken to ensure the resiliency of the selected infrastructure and the measures that need to be implemented in the future.
The Critical Infrastructure and a Cyberattack assignment
Must be three to four pages in length (excluding the title and reference pages) and formatted according to APA style.
Must include a
cover page
with the following:
Title of paper
Student’s name
Course name and number
Instructor’s name
Date submitted
Must include an introductory paragraph with a succinct thesis statement. The thesis must be in both the introduction and the conclusion.
Must use at least three scholarly sources or official government sources in addition to the course text.
Must
document all sources in APA style
.
Must include a separate
references page that is formatted according to APA style
.
.
Present the following scenarioYou are employees of a security o.docxarleanemlerpj
Present
the following scenario:
You are employees of a security oriented organization. You have been tasked with developing a change proposal in an attempt to convince senior management to implement the change initiative you have chosen.
(340 WORDS)
What are the action steps needed to implement the change, including gaining managerial support and necessary resources & What resistance do you anticipate in implementing the change?
2 POWERPOINT SLIDES
The beneficial aspects of the change initiative
.
Format
paper and presentation consistent with APA guidelines.
PLEASE ADD INFO TO EXISTING PP AND PAPER THAT I PROVIDED.
.
President Lincoln advocated colonizing blacks outside the United Sta.docxarleanemlerpj
President Lincoln advocated colonizing blacks outside the United States. He told a group of African American Leaders, "Your race suffers greatly, many of them, by living among us, while others suffer from your presence. In a word, we suffer on each side. If this is admitted, it affords a reason why we should be separated." First, where did Abraham Lincoln want to colonize blacks outside the United States? Why these locations? Explain his quote stated above, what do you think he meant? How realistic was his colonization plan? What does this plan say about Abraham Lincoln? Should African Americans revere him as “The Great Emancipator?” Finally, do you think Lincoln's views changed between 1860 and 1865?
This assignment should be at least one page and half (1½) pages long (via a Word Document), double-spaced in a 12 point font.
.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
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The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
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AssignmentCritically examine and evaluate Rawlss or Nozicks t
1. Assignment:
Critically examine and evaluate Rawls's or Nozick's theory of
social justice.* Your examination must include the following:
(a) Clearly outline the essential principles and elements of the
theory you choose to cover.
(b) Evaluate the theory with respects to its strengths and
weaknesses.
(c) State whether you think that the theory is a reasonable basis
upon which a
just society
should be organized. Justify your position with cogent
arguments.
(*) In this essay you are required to focus on only
ONE
of the two theories. Of course, if you so choose, you may
address, compare, or contrast the two theories. However, make
sure you answer all the essay questions fully and thoroughly
regarding at least one theory.
Instructions:
Short writing assignments must be
no less
than two hundred (200)
of
2. your own words
. This means that
quotations do not count against the two hundred words
. I will not even read assignments shorter than the required
minimum of 200 words (I use a program to monitor word-count)
and you will automatically receive zero (0) points for any such
assignments. I expect a professionally written essay that is well
formulated, without spelling and grammatical errors. I will
deduct points for sloppily written essays (see the rubric below).
In your essay you should address the question posed directly
and thoroughly. You do not need to waste too much space on
background unless the question of the essay specifically
demands such background.
Notes from instructor:
Rawls (2007) and Nozick (2007).
Note
: Remember that you must also read the articles assigned each
week. Instructor’s notes are not a substitute for reading the
original articles.
A. Preliminaries.
Economic justice
is one of the most, if not the most, difficult and important
social problem humanity faced during the 20thCentury and I
venture to say that it will face throughout the 21stCentury.
Below I will state two of the most important social problems
humanity has faced and then offer a brief historicaloutline of
the problems and why are we still facing the problem of
economic justice.
3. 1. As far back as human beings were able to reflect upon their
own society, humanity encountered two intimately related, yet
separate, problems about the best way to organize their social
identity:
(I)
The Problem of Political-Organization
: What justifies the political authority of one agent ruling over
any other agent?
and
(II)
The Problem of Economic-Organization (or Economic Justice)
: What is a just and fair distribution of material goods (i.e.,
resources, wealth, and property)?
2. In order to understand the nature of these two problems and
appreciate their complexity, it is imperative to distinguish
between an
explanatory
versus a
normative
or
justificatory
approach from which each can be examined. The
explanatory
approach aims to give a causal account that
explains
facts about the manner in which a given society is organized on
a variety of different dimensions (e.g., political, economic,
cultural, etc.,). The
normative
or
justificatory
approach, by contrast, inquires about whether those very same
4. facts are
justified
and if so in what way.
3. Consider, for instance, the problem of Political-Organization
(problem (I) above). Throughout much of human history, the
most common form of Political-Organization has been one form
or another of
Monarchy
. Now, one might
explain
the fact that monarchs obtained and maintained their political
power by appeal to force. However, such an explanation, even if
true, does not address the question of what justifies the
authority of the monarch to rule, since the later question is a
normative
one, not a descriptive one.
4. During the 16th and 17th Centuries the question of the
justification of the authority
of monarchs to rule was explicitly asked by several thinkers
such as Hobbes, Locke, Rousseau, (the so-called Social-
Contract theorists), and others. The prevailing (and only)
normative
answer to this question appealed to
divine authority
. Without going into too much historical detail, several authors
(particularly Locke) demonstrated the inadequacy of this form
of justification for the authority of monarchs to rule.
5. However, challenging the divine authority of monarchs to
rule is one thing; offering an alternative
normative
account that justifies the authority to rule of one agent over
another is an altogether different matter. The Social-Contract-
Theory offered an answer to the later question:
5. the only
justification for the
authority of one person to rule over another derives from a
contractual agreement based upon the autonomous consent of
the parties involved.
5. The Social-Contract-Theory offered what appeared to be a
viable solution to the Political-Organization Problem. Free and
autonomous persons consent to a contractual agreement to
transfer some of their natural rights to an authority in exchange
for certain services that such an authority provides.
6. While the Social-Contract-Theory addressed the problem of
political organization and offered a viable solution, it altogether
ignored the second problem noted above; i.e., the problem of
Economic-Organization. I suspect that social contract theorists
thought that once an adequate normative account is given to the
political organization problem, the economic organization
problem will take care of itself. This hypothesis seemed to make
sense, since those who controlled political power generally also
controlled economic wealth. As it turns out, the hypothesis was
wrong. Even if one thinks that social-contract theory adequately
solves the political organization problem, the 19th and
20thCenturies have clearly demonstrated that the economic
organization problem still persists. Hence, one of the most
important social problem humanity faces during the 21st century
is the problem of economic organization.
7. It is extremely important to understand that the problem of
economic organization is predicated on the assumption that
material goods are scarce.
8. A second important point to remember is this: once the
normative question is raised about the nature and character of a
6. just and/or fair economic organization )problem (II) above),
many assumptions taken for granted by the social contract
theorists may be challenged, including the question of the
justification of private property ownership.
9. I hope the above offers you a reasonable historical and
conceptual background to the problem of economic justice and
to Rawls’ and Nozick’s approaches to solving it.
[Below you will find notes for each of the authors courtesy of
Dr. Mark Vuletic. I found his notes very clear and helpful so I
offer them to you intact.]
B. Rawls (2007)
1. Rawls’ theory of justice
Article #52 was extracted from John Rawls’ book, A Theory of
Justice, which is generally
considered the most influential book on political philosophy
published in the last century.
Since we are dealing only with an excerpt, the account you will
get of Rawls will be
very much simplified; however, even the simplification is
complicated enough, and will
provide ample substance for reflection.
Rawls wants to develop and defend the idea of JUSTICE AS
FAIRNESS, according to
which “the principles of justice for the basic structure of society
[are] the principles that
7. free and rational persons concerned to further their own
interests would accept in an
initial position of equality” (Rawls 2007, p. 565). This idea
often is understood as a variation
on a class of ethical theories known as contractarian theories,
according to which
moral obligations arise from mutual agreement among rational
individuals to be bound
by those obligations. However, Rawls’ theory is different in two
main ways: (i) it deals
only with the nature of justice, rather than, more broadly, with
the nature of the right—
considerations of justice may be relevant in determining which
actions are right, but they
are not the only relevant considerations; (ii) its goal is to give
us only broad principles
for “the basic structure of society,” not principles to govern all
of our individual actions.
Rawls’ theory, in short, is a political theory rather than a
comprehensive ethical one.
2 The original position and the veil of ignorance
Two of the key ideas Rawls introduces are the idea of the
ORIGINAL POSITION and the
8. VEIL OF IGNORANCE. The original position is the “initial
position of equality” Rawls
refers to above, and the veil of ignorance is a device that helps
us to figure out what the
original position would be like.
The veil of ignorance is exactly what it sounds like—veils hide
certain things from
observers, producing ignorance in the observers about what is
hidden. If I place a veil
over my window, and you are walking down the street, you will
not be able to see what
is inside my home, and so will be ignorant of its contents.1 In
the case of Rawls’ veil of
ignorance, the veil in question hides from us virtually all of the
things we know about
ourselves as individuals. For instance, when you imagine
yourself behind the veil of
ignorance, you have to imagine yourself losing all knowledge
about your social status,
your nationality, your economic class, the color of your skin,
your personal talents, and
even your own conception of the good (this last point is very
important, and we will
come back to it in a bit). The veil of ignorance also hides from
9. us virtually everything we
know about the world, so you would also not know, for
instance, how people and natural
resources are distributed geographically. You lose all of this
when you step behind the
veil of ignorance.
Now, there are a few things you still can know about yourself
and the world when
you are in the original position. The article does not go into
this, so I will quote from the
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy here to give you a sample:
The parties [behind the veil of ignorance] are not however
completely ignorant
of facts. They know all kinds of general facts about persons and
societies, including
knowledge of the relatively uncontroversial laws and
generalizations
derivable from economics, psychology, political science, and
biology and other
natural sciences. They know then about the general tendencies
of human behavior
and psychological development, about biological evolution, and
about
10. how economic markets work, including neoclassical price
theory of supply
and demand. As discussed below, they also know about the
circumstances of
justice—moderate scarcity and limited altruism—as well as the
desirability of
the “primary social goods” that are needed to live a good life
and to develop
their “moral powers.”
So, these general items of knowledge, plus ignorance of one’s
particular circumstances,
are components of the original position. The last significant
component of the original position
is the presumption that agents in the original position are self-
interested—they seek
to maximize their own benefit as much as possible. Thus, to
sum up once more, if you
imagine yourself in the original position, you are imagining
yourself being self-interested,
but lacking all knowledge—especially knowledge about
yourself—except knowledge of
the very broad facts listed above.
Now, suppose you were in the original position, and you had to
decide upon “the principles
11. of justice for the basic structure of society.” Which principles
would you choose?
Rawls believes that the principles a rational person would come
up with under these
circumstances are the true principles of justice.
Mind you, now, Rawls is not suggesting that anyone is, or ever
has been, in the original
position (one would have to have a terrible case of amnesia to
actually be behind the veil of
ignorance, and amnesiacs, of course, do not have the power to
dictate the basic structure
of society). The original position is just a hypothetical device
that is supposed to lead you
to the right answer.
So, what principles would a rational person choose under these
circumstances?
3 Rawls’ principles of justice
One principle Rawls thinks a rational person in the original
position would not choose
is the principle of utility, by which Rawls designates the
principle that says that society
ought to be ordered so as to maximize total individual well -
being. Why? Because it is
12. quite possible that the principles which maximize total
individual well-being result in
some individuals losing out completely. But, if you had no idea
who you are, then how
could you possibly know you would not turn out to be one of
the individuals who loses
out when the veil of ignorance lifts? Rawls thinks a rational,
self-interested person would
not want to run that risk, and hence would reject the principle of
utility as a principle for
the basic structure of society.
The two principles Rawls thinks people in the original position
would choose are:
First: each person is to have an equal right to the most extensive
basic liberty
compatible with a similar liberty for others.
Second: social and economic inequalities are to be arranged so
that they are
both (a) reasonably expected to be to everyone’s advantage, and
(b) attached
to positions and offices open to all. (571)
The first principle is commonly referred to as the LIBERTY
PRINCIPLE. It is conventional
13. to divide the second principle into two distinct ones based upon
two clauses, clause
(a) being called the DIFFERENCE PRINCIPLE, and clause (b)
being called the PRINCIPLE OF
FAIR EQUALITY OF OPPORTUNITY
The “basic liberties” referred to by the liberty principle are
(roughly), the right to vote,
eligibility for public office, freedom of speech, freedom of
assembly, liberty of conscience
/ freedom of thought, freedom to hold personal property, and
freedom from arbitrary
search and seizure.
The principles are ordered, so that violations of the liberty
principle are not permitted
even for the sake of greater social or economic advantages for
all. Also, they are not
absolute, but the best and widest approximation we have to
justice. Where they fail, we
fall back upon the more general principle that unequal
distributions of anything can only
be justified if the distribution is to everyone’s advantage.
One may ask, why would Rawls think that someone in the
original position would
14. care about all of the basic liberties listed? And why rate them so
important that one
would not be willing to sacrifice some of them for greater social
or economic advantages
for everyone? Remember that, according to Rawls, one doesn’t
even know what one’s own
conception of the good is, when behind the veil of ignorance.
That is, if you envision yourself
in the original position, you have to envision yourself not
knowing what kind of life you
want to live. Given this, Rawls points out that the safest bet for
you is to accept living in
a society in which you are guaranteed the basic liberties in his
list. If, when the veil of
ignorance is removed, it turns out that you do not want to
exercise one of those rights,
you will not have to—but having all of those rights guaranteed
to you is the only way,
behind the veil of ignorance, that you can be sure you will have
the choice to not exercise
one of those rights. That is, even if you realize that you might
turn out to be an opponent
of liberal society, you still will want a guarantee that your
views will not be quashed,
15. which in turn requires you to have the basic liberties above.
Thus, says Rawls, no one in
the original position can rationally want to trade his or her basic
liberties for anything.
However, as you may have noticed, Rawls takes agents in the
original position to be
risk-averse. The two principles he thinks agents will settle on
express the MAXIMIN RULE,
according to which the best of a set of alternatives is the
alternative with the least bad
worst-case outcome. According to Rawls, the maximin rule is a
rational strategy under
certain conditions, all of which he believes are satisfied when
one stands behind the veil
of ignorance:
1. The probabilities of the various outcomes are unknown
(trivially satisfied by the
original position).
2. The person choosing doesn’t care much whether an outcome
goes beyond merely
good enough (Rawls needs this so people will not gamble with
minimum social
advantages for a chance at greater social advantages—to him,
16. rational people will
be satisfied when they pass a certain standard of well -being)
3. The situation involves grave risks (also satisfied by the
original position—if you
choose the wrong principles, you may stand to lose everything
when the veil of
ignorance lifts).
If Rawls is mistaken about the veil of ignorance requiring a
rational person to follow
the maximin rule, then he may be mistake n about the principles
of justice a rational
person would choose.
C. Nozick (2007)
4
Nozick’s
theory of justice
Robert Nozick’s understanding of justice is nearly as far
removed from Rawls’ as can be.
According to Nozick, “a distribution is just if everyone is
entitled to the holdings they
possess under the distribution” (579). A person is entitled to a
holding if (and only if) the
17. holding has been:
1. acquired in accordance with the principle of JUSTICE IN
ACQUISITION, or
2. acquired in accordance with the principle of JUSTICE IN
TRANSFER, from someone
who is entitled to the holding.
One of the unfortunate (and, frankly, bizarre) aspects of
Nozick’s work is that it never
explicitly defines the two alleged “principles” above. Hence, I
will simply drop the word
principle, and simply refer to justice in acquisition and justice
in transfer as properties that
acquisition of holdings can have or lack.
5 A process view of justice
Nozick’s view of justice is a process view: whether or not a
distribution is just is determined
by how a distribution came into being, rather than by the form a
distribution has. According
to Nozick, any distribution, no matter what it looks like, is just,
as long as the
individual holdings in the distribution were acquired in a
manner that satisfies the criteria
18. for justice in acquisition or justice in transfer.
6 What are the criteria for justice in acquisition?
Nozick does not explain what the criteria of justice in
acquisition are in your reading, so I
will summarize some of his discussion elsewhere to fill in this
gap. First, let’s understand
that when Nozick talks about acquisition in this context, he
means acquisition through a
means other than transfer: he is talking about the original
process by which holdings are
generated in the first place. JOHN LOCKE (1632-1704)
originally argued that we generate
property (holdings) by “mixing our labor” with raw materials;
Nozick proceeds in a similar
vein. For instance, according to the two, if you came across a
patch of unclaimed land,
you wouldn’t simply be able to stipulate that it is yours;
however, if you started to work
the land—say, by tilling the soil—then the land would become
your property because you
have mixed your labor into it. Likewise, you can’t just mark off
a copse of trees as your
own (unless you have planted them), but if you do the work of
cutting them down, the
19. lumber becomes your property.
Justice in acquisition does not necessarily involve mixing labor
with raw natural resources;
it can involve converting justly transferred holdings into a new
kind of holding.
For instance, to justly acquire shoes, you do not need to procure
leather by hunting and
tanning; you can simply purchase the leather from someone else
(a just transfer of raw
materials), and convert them into shoes. The shoes themselves
are new holdings, and you
have acquired them justly because they derive from the mixing
of your labor with other
materials which you held justly.
There are limits on these processes (for instance, there are
limits to what unclaimed
resources you can justly acquire through labor if the resource is
sufficiently scarce), but
we won’t worry about them. I just wanted to give you a sense of
how it is that one can
generate new holdings where there were no holdings before.
7 What are the criteria for justice in transfer?
20. Although Nozick does not explicitly say what justice in transfer
is, we can infer his meaning
from the kinds of transfers he says are ruled out, such transfers
based on theft or
fraud. It seems that to Nozick, a transfer is just if it is (i)
voluntary, in the sense of uncoerced,
and (ii) informed, in the sense that both parties in the transfer
know exactly what
is happening (so that neither is being defrauded). It does not
necessarily have to be a wise
transfer, or a compassionate transfer, or a useful transfer, just a
transfer that you freely opt
to make without having been actively deceived by someone.
8 The theory neither precludes nor requires any particular
pattern
of distribution
Let me underscore one of the first things I said about Nozick:
on his theory, we cannot
tell whether a distribution is just simply by looking at the
pattern; any distribution can be
just, and any distribution can be unjust. Why? Let’s consider a
few possible distributions:
Person 1
21. Person 2
Person 3
Distribution A
5
5
5
Distribution B
7
10
14
Distribution C
2
50
1000
How might each of these distributions come about in a just
manner, according to Nozick?
Here’s one way: let’s suppose that everyone starts out with
nothing whatsoever, so that
there is no question about the justice of the initial distribution.
22. Each distribution could
represent the product of just acquisitions of goods by initial
labor on raw materials encountered
in nature. Distributions A, B, and C would simply represent the
results of the
three people exerting themselves to different degrees, or with
varying degrees of success.
Here’s another way: let’s suppose that everyone acquires goods
from nature at the
same rate. However, person 3 has (or develops) some special
natural talent, like being
an outstanding story-teller. When persons 1 and 2 discover this,
they start to voluntarily
trade their holdings to person 3 in exchange for entertaining
stories. If the exchange rate is
not steady, it is possible for each of distributions A, B, and C to
be realized over time. Since
the exchanges are voluntary and informed, and the initial
acquisitions of holdings from
the land are stipulated to be just, each of the distributions is
just, on Nozick’s account.
This kind of process really could give you any distribution at
all.
Likewise, distributions A and B could count as unjust on
23. Nozick’s view, despite being
egalitarian and maximin respectively, if they have come about
through coerced redistributions
of holdings. We cannot tell whether A, B, or C is just or unjust,
unless we know how
each came into being.
References
Nozick, R. (2007). The entitlement theory of justice, in H.
LaFollette (ed.), Ethics in Practice:
Third Edition, Blackwell, MA, Malden, MA, chapter 53, pp.
578–590.
Rawls, J. (2007). A theory of justice, in H. LaFollette (ed.),
Ethics in Practice: Third Edition,
Blackwell, MA, Malden, MA, chapter 52, pp. 565–577.