1. SARDAR BEANT SINGH STATE UNIVERSITY
GURDASPUR
Assignment – 1
Subject code – BTHS-21904
Foundation of Individual Behavior
2. TOPIC : INDIVIDUAL BEHAVIOR
DEFINITION
• Individual behavior can be defined as mix of responses to external and internal
stimuli(some thing that influences). It is the way a person reacts in different
situations and the way someone expresses different emotions like anger, happiness,
love, etc.
• Human behavior refers to the range of activities exhibited by humans and which are
influenced by culture, attitudes, emotions, values, ethics, authority, and genetic
factors
3. IMPORTANCE
1. Performance : Individual Behaviors directly impact an organization’s
performance . High-performing individuals contribute positively to
productivity , efficiency , and overall success.
2. Leadership : Individual behaviors of leaders significantly shape the
organizational culture, values, and direction. Effective leadership behaviors
inspire and motivate employees, fostering a positive work environment.
3. Decision Making : Individual behavior affects decision-making processes
within organization. Rational decision-making , problem-solving skills, and
risk-taking behaviors impact organizational outcomes.
4. Adaptability: Individual behavior influence the organization’s ability to adapt
to change .
4. THE FACTORS AFFECTING INDIVIDUAL BEHAVIOR
• Perception – It is the result of various senses like Feeling, seeing, hearing etc.
• Attitude – We can either have a positive attitude or negative attitude.
• Personality – For example, some people seem to be very friendly, while there are
some who take time to open up.
• Emotions – There are happy moments we cherish and the sad moments like anger,
frustration, etc that we try to forget.
5. CONCEPT :
Individual differences
Dissimilarity is principle of nature. No two persons are alike. All the individuals
differ from each other in many respects. Children born of the same parents and even
the twins are not alike. This differential psychology is linked with the study of
individual differences.
This change is seen in physical forms like in height, weight, colour
complexion, strength etc., difference in intelligence , achievement, interest, attitude,
aptitude, learning habits, motor abilities, skill. Each man has an intellectual capacity
through which he gains experience and learning.
6. CAUSES OF INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES
• Heredity
• Environment
• Race and Nationality
• Gender
• Age
• Education
7. TOPIC : WHAT IS LEARNING ?
• Learning can be defined as a relatively permanent change in behavior or potential
behavior as a result of direct or indirect experience. Learning is thus change in
behavior .
• Learning is any relatively permanent change in behavior that occurs as a result of
experience.
• Learning is the process of having one’s behavior modified, more or less permanently,
by what he does and the consequences of his action , or by what he observes.
• Learning can be defined as relatively permanent change in behavior potentially that
results from reinforced practice or experience .
8. MEANING OF LEARNING
There are two primary elements in meaning of learning ;
• Change must be relatively permanent : This means that after “Learning” our
behavior must be different , either better or worse as compared to our behavior prior
to this learning experience.
for example – you “learn” to drive a car or have learned how to use a computer.
• This change must occur due to some kind of experience or practice . This learning is
not caused by biological maturation.
for example – a child does not learn to walk, it is a natural biological phenomenon. We
don’t learn to eat or drink.
9. NATURE OF LEARNING
Learning is a relatively permanent change in knowledge or behavior that results from
practice or experience .There are several key points in this definition.
1. Learning comes change.
2. Change in knowledge or behavior has to be relatively permanent or long-lasting.
3. Learning takes place as a result of practice or through experience.
10. NATURE OF LEARNING
Learning comes
change
For example – When you learn a
second language, your
knowledge about how to
communicate evolves, and your
behavior changes when
communicating with native
speakers of the language
Change in knowledge
or behavior has to be
relatively permanent
or long-lasting
For example – If you attempt to
communicate with someone in
another language by looking up
words in a dictionary that you
quickly forget once the
interaction is complete, learning
did not take place because there
was no permanent change in you
knowledge of the second
language.
Learning takes place
as a result of practice
or through experience
For example – Learning a
second language requires much
practice in pronunciation, word
usage, and grammar
11. CHARACTERISTICS OF LEARNING
1. Learning is Purposeful
2. Learning is a Result of Experience
3. Learning is Multifaceted
4. Learning is an Active Process
12. CHARACTERISTICS OF LEARNING
• Learning is Purposeful
Each student sees a learning situation
from a different viewpoint. Each student
is a unique individual whose past
experiences affect readiness to learn and
understanding of the requirements
involved.
• Learning is a result of Experience
Since learning is an individual process,
the instructor cannot do it for the
student. The student can learn only from
personal experiences; therefore, learning
and knowledge cannot exist apart from a
person.
13. CHARACTERISTICS OF LEARNING
• Learning is multifaceted
Learning is multifaceted in still another
way. While learning the subject at hand,
students may be learning other things as
well. They may be developing attitudes
about aviation-good or bad depending on
what they experience.
• Learning is an Active process
Students do not soak up knowledge like a
sponge absorbs water. The instructor
cannot assume that students remember
something just because they were in the
classroom, shop, or airplane when the
instructor presented the material.
15. TOPIC - VALUES
DEFINITION
• Values defined in organizational behavior as the collective conceptions of what is
considered good, desirable, and proper or bad, undesirable, and improper in a
culture.
• Values are an integral part of the personal philosophy of life by which we generally
mean the system of values by which we live. The philosophy of life includes our
aims, ideals, and manner of thinking and the principles by which we guide our
behavior.
• A value is a belief that something is good and desirable.
16. CHARACTERISTICS OF VALUES
• These are externally practical, and valuation requires not just techniques but also an
understanding of the strategic context.
• These can provide standards of competence and molarity.
• These can go beyond specific situations or persons.
• These are relatively permanent.
• They build up societies, integrate social relations.
• They mold the ideal dimensions of personality and depth of culture.
• They influence people’s behavior and serve as criteria for evaluating the action of others.
17. TYPES OF VALUES
The values that are important to people tend to affect the types of decisions they
make, how they perceive their environment , and their actual behaviors.
There are two types f value :
1. Terminal Values
2. Instrumental Values
18. TYPES OF VALUES
1. Terminal Values
• These are values that we think are most
important or most desirable.
• They include happiness, self-respect,
recognition, inner harmony, leading and
professional excellence.
• These refers to desirable end-state of
existence , the goals a person would like
to achieve during lifetime.
2. Instrumental Values
• Instrumental values deals with views on
acceptable modes of conductor means of
achieving the terminal values.
• These include being honest, sincere,
ethical and being ambitious.
• These values are more focused on
personality traits and character.
19. TOPIC - ATTITUDE
INTRODUCTION
• Attitude is considered as an important variable of human behavior. Attitude has a
psychological attribute that shapes human behavior.
• Work related attitudes of an individual tends to influence job related behaviors of
employees such as performance, turnover and organizational citizenship behavior
very strongly.
20. NATURE OF ATTITUDE
• Attitude are evaluative statements, either favourable or unfavourable .
• Attitude refers to feeling or beiefs of individuals or group of individuals .
• Attitude result in the behavior or action of people.
• Attitude is psychological phenomenon which cannot be observed directly. However, it can
be noticed indirectly by noticing behavior of an individual.
• Attitude is an enduring characteristic of individual behavior, which is difficult to change
• Attitude are acquired over a period of time . The process of attitude formation starts
from childhood stage of an individual and continuous throughout life time.
21. COMPONENTS OF ATTITUDE
There are three components of Attitude:
1. Cognitive Component
2. Affective Component
3. Behavioral Component
22. ATTITUDE VS VALUES
Values
• Values help to guide our behavior.
• Values decide what we think as for right,
wrong, good, or unjust.
• Values are more or less permanent in
nature.
• They derived from social and cultural
modes.
ATTITUDE
• Attitude is the response that is a result
of our values
• Attitude are our likes or dislikes of
things , people and objects.
• Attitude are changeable with
favourable experiences.
• These are personal experiences.
