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Ionizing radiation from sources like x-rays and radioactive particles can cause health effects such as cancer if exposure is prolonged. Internal exposure from ingesting radioactive materials like cesium-137 or iodine-131, which accumulate in different parts of the body, is especially dangerous as they cannot be easily removed and expose tissues to radiation over time. Prolonged exposure to ionizing radiation can lead to symptoms like nausea, fatigue, hair loss, and diarrhea, and higher doses may damage the central nervous system or cause death.
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Breast cancer in postmenopausal women with hormone receptor-positive (HR+) status is a common and complex condition that necessitates a multifaceted approach to management. HR+ breast cancer means that the cancer cells grow in response to hormones such as estrogen and progesterone. This subtype is prevalent among postmenopausal women and typically exhibits a more indolent course compared to other forms of breast cancer, which allows for a variety of treatment options.
Diagnosis and Staging
The diagnosis of HR+ breast cancer begins with clinical evaluation, imaging, and biopsy. Imaging modalities such as mammography, ultrasound, and MRI help in assessing the extent of the disease. Histopathological examination and immunohistochemical staining of the biopsy sample confirm the diagnosis and hormone receptor status by identifying the presence of estrogen receptors (ER) and progesterone receptors (PR) on the tumor cells.
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Endocrine therapy is the cornerstone of treatment for HR+ breast cancer in postmenopausal women. The primary goal is to reduce the levels of estrogen or block its effects on cancer cells. Commonly used agents include:
Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators (SERMs): Tamoxifen is a SERM that binds to estrogen receptors, blocking estrogen from stimulating breast cancer cells. It is effective but may have side effects such as increased risk of endometrial cancer and thromboembolic events.
Aromatase Inhibitors (AIs): These drugs, including anastrozole, letrozole, and exemestane, lower estrogen levels by inhibiting the aromatase enzyme, which converts androgens to estrogen in peripheral tissues. AIs are generally preferred in postmenopausal women due to their efficacy and safety profile compared to tamoxifen.
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assignment
- 1. Nuclear crisis and effect of radiation
- 3. There are two kinds of radiations. They are non-ionizing and ionizing.
- 4. Ionizing radiation is especially more danger than non-ionizing.
- 6. X-rays, gamma rays, alpha particle and beta particle especially have an effect on the human body.
- 7. However, it is necessary for us to treat cancer.
- 9. Next, it comes hair loss and diarrhea.
- 10. When we are heavier exposure, central nervous system of our bodies are broken by radiations. If worst comes to worst, we may die.
- 13. Half-life of cesium-137 is longer than one of iodine-131.
- 14. Both of Cesium-137 and iodine-131 are very danger for the human bodies.
- 16. Cesium-137 pollutes some foods. If people eat these foods, cesium-137 goes everywhere in the human bodies.
- 17. If these things go in our bodies, we can not clean.
- 19. There are many kinds of radiations. For example, cesium-137 and iodine-131.
- 20. We can not clean radiations in our bodies.