The document summarizes a study that assessed the economic effects of Cape Saint Paul's Wilt Disease on coconut farmers in Ghana's Nzema East District. Some key findings:
1) Farm income levels declined by 70.60% due to the disease destroying coconut farms, forcing farmers to switch to less lucrative food crops.
2) Internally generated revenue for the Nzema East District Assembly fell by 22.09% as coconut levies made up a large portion previously.
3) Pig farming declined significantly as well, as the disease eliminated the main feed source of coconut byproducts. The number of pigs reared fell by 80%.
Clubroot Western Producer News Aug. 27 09Sean Hannigan
Agriculture Canada is spending $4 million over four years to fund research projects aimed at developing resistance to clubroot, a devastating disease affecting canola production. Applications were submitted by August 15th and one project will be selected to start by mid-September. The research aims to discover resistance strategies and control the fungal pathogen before it spreads and causes immense economic damage to canola farmers within the next few years.
Role Of Agricultural Commodities Beyond The Economic development Of BANGLADESHMahmudul Hasan
This presentation summarizes the role of agricultural commodities in Bangladesh's economic development. It discusses key agricultural crops produced in Bangladesh like rice, wheat, maize, lentils, mustard, and jute. For each crop, it analyzes financial profitability based on net returns, costs, and benefit-cost ratios. It finds that production of these crops is profitable for farmers across farm sizes and regions of Bangladesh based on positive net returns, gross margins, and benefit-cost ratios greater than 1. The agricultural sector has significantly contributed to Bangladesh's economic growth, declining from over 50% of GDP to around 16% currently.
The document provides a disaster management plan for District Jhang in Pakistan. It summarizes the background of Jhang District, noting its agricultural economy and climate. It then discusses the 2014 floods that damaged over 400,000 acres of farmland and caused billions in losses. The problem statement outlines how frequent natural disasters exacerbate poverty and vulnerability in Pakistan. Situation assessments found that Jhang District was severely impacted, with 90% of rice and 80% of cotton crops destroyed. The plan proposes interventions to help communities recover assets and cope with potential food shortages.
The document provides an overview of Mindanao in the past, present, and future. It discusses Mindanao's history of erratic development and underinvestment. Today, Mindanao has a growing economy focused on agriculture, industry, and tourism. However, peace and development challenges remain. The document outlines Mindanao's goals of sustained growth, poverty reduction, and peace by 2020 through continued investment and regional cooperation.
Comparison of Land use Practices and Their Limitations in Five Agrarian Commu...ijtsrd
A survey of land use practices was conducted in five agrarian communities in eastern Nigeria to obtained current dominant land uses in area and identify the farmer constraints the farmers face in order to proffer solutions so that the farmers can improve on their income and livelihood. Male farmers dominate the farming population with 52 against female farmers. Crop farming is the dominant land use type in all the five locations. Major crops grown are rice, yam, cassava, maize, pigeon pea and okra with rice ranking first in importance in all the locations except at Anaku where it was ranked second to yam probably due to the predominating traditional religious worshiping observed in the area. All farmers are classified as smallholders as the average farm holding was 6 ha. Other general land uses include residential housing, schools ,churches, markets, roads, mills etc Flooding of farms and farm road erosion are major land limitations because during the rains poor drainage characterize more the 95 of the areas and most farms are submerged. Input constraints include lack of mechanization equipment and agrochemicals including mineral fertilizers. Use of high mounds and raised beds and ridges up to 100 cm were recommended to control the flood where other arable crops other than rice are grown. Government intervention on input provision is apt to help the farmers boost their production. Asadu, C. L. A. | Onyeme, E. | A. N. Asadu "Comparison of Land use Practices and Their Limitations in Five Agrarian Communities in Southeastern Nigeria" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-2 , February 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd21552.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/21552/comparison-of-land-use-practices-and-their-limitations-in-five-agrarian-communities-in-southeastern-nigeria/asadu-c-l-a
The document provides guidance on implementing a double entry accounting system. It discusses key accounting concepts like the accounting equation, debits and credits, journals, ledgers, trial balance, income/expense accounts and balance sheets. Examples are provided to illustrate double entry for typical transactions like purchases, sales, payments and receipts. The guidelines aim to help organizations transition from a single entry to a more rigorous double entry system of accounting.
The document discusses corporate blogging and provides an overview of the benefits and key aspects of establishing corporate blogs. It notes that blogs allow companies to share knowledge, promote projects and services, facilitate collaboration, and serve as marketing tools. The document also provides statistics on corporate blogging adoption and examples of large tech companies that use blogs extensively for these purposes.
Clubroot Western Producer News Aug. 27 09Sean Hannigan
Agriculture Canada is spending $4 million over four years to fund research projects aimed at developing resistance to clubroot, a devastating disease affecting canola production. Applications were submitted by August 15th and one project will be selected to start by mid-September. The research aims to discover resistance strategies and control the fungal pathogen before it spreads and causes immense economic damage to canola farmers within the next few years.
Role Of Agricultural Commodities Beyond The Economic development Of BANGLADESHMahmudul Hasan
This presentation summarizes the role of agricultural commodities in Bangladesh's economic development. It discusses key agricultural crops produced in Bangladesh like rice, wheat, maize, lentils, mustard, and jute. For each crop, it analyzes financial profitability based on net returns, costs, and benefit-cost ratios. It finds that production of these crops is profitable for farmers across farm sizes and regions of Bangladesh based on positive net returns, gross margins, and benefit-cost ratios greater than 1. The agricultural sector has significantly contributed to Bangladesh's economic growth, declining from over 50% of GDP to around 16% currently.
The document provides a disaster management plan for District Jhang in Pakistan. It summarizes the background of Jhang District, noting its agricultural economy and climate. It then discusses the 2014 floods that damaged over 400,000 acres of farmland and caused billions in losses. The problem statement outlines how frequent natural disasters exacerbate poverty and vulnerability in Pakistan. Situation assessments found that Jhang District was severely impacted, with 90% of rice and 80% of cotton crops destroyed. The plan proposes interventions to help communities recover assets and cope with potential food shortages.
The document provides an overview of Mindanao in the past, present, and future. It discusses Mindanao's history of erratic development and underinvestment. Today, Mindanao has a growing economy focused on agriculture, industry, and tourism. However, peace and development challenges remain. The document outlines Mindanao's goals of sustained growth, poverty reduction, and peace by 2020 through continued investment and regional cooperation.
Comparison of Land use Practices and Their Limitations in Five Agrarian Commu...ijtsrd
A survey of land use practices was conducted in five agrarian communities in eastern Nigeria to obtained current dominant land uses in area and identify the farmer constraints the farmers face in order to proffer solutions so that the farmers can improve on their income and livelihood. Male farmers dominate the farming population with 52 against female farmers. Crop farming is the dominant land use type in all the five locations. Major crops grown are rice, yam, cassava, maize, pigeon pea and okra with rice ranking first in importance in all the locations except at Anaku where it was ranked second to yam probably due to the predominating traditional religious worshiping observed in the area. All farmers are classified as smallholders as the average farm holding was 6 ha. Other general land uses include residential housing, schools ,churches, markets, roads, mills etc Flooding of farms and farm road erosion are major land limitations because during the rains poor drainage characterize more the 95 of the areas and most farms are submerged. Input constraints include lack of mechanization equipment and agrochemicals including mineral fertilizers. Use of high mounds and raised beds and ridges up to 100 cm were recommended to control the flood where other arable crops other than rice are grown. Government intervention on input provision is apt to help the farmers boost their production. Asadu, C. L. A. | Onyeme, E. | A. N. Asadu "Comparison of Land use Practices and Their Limitations in Five Agrarian Communities in Southeastern Nigeria" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-2 , February 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd21552.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/21552/comparison-of-land-use-practices-and-their-limitations-in-five-agrarian-communities-in-southeastern-nigeria/asadu-c-l-a
The document provides guidance on implementing a double entry accounting system. It discusses key accounting concepts like the accounting equation, debits and credits, journals, ledgers, trial balance, income/expense accounts and balance sheets. Examples are provided to illustrate double entry for typical transactions like purchases, sales, payments and receipts. The guidelines aim to help organizations transition from a single entry to a more rigorous double entry system of accounting.
The document discusses corporate blogging and provides an overview of the benefits and key aspects of establishing corporate blogs. It notes that blogs allow companies to share knowledge, promote projects and services, facilitate collaboration, and serve as marketing tools. The document also provides statistics on corporate blogging adoption and examples of large tech companies that use blogs extensively for these purposes.
Farmers’ assessment of the government spraying program in ghanaAlexander Decker
This document assesses a government spraying program in Ghana that aims to eradicate cocoa pests and diseases. It conducted interviews with 120 cocoa farmers in 6 communities. The study found that 14.2% of farmers had never benefited from the spraying program. Additionally, 68.3% of farmers expressed dissatisfaction with the performance of spraying personnel. The spraying program did not follow the recommended regime of spraying farms 4 times per year. Inadequate supply of chemicals and personnel were identified as the most critical constraints to the program. The study recommends timely provision of chemicals and improved supervision of spraying personnel.
Analysis of the factors affecting sugarcane (saccharum officinarum) product...Alexander Decker
1) The document analyzes factors affecting sugarcane production under an outgrower scheme in Numan, Nigeria.
2) It finds that the majority of sugarcane farmers are male, with an average age of 42, and most have primary education.
3) Inadequate and late allocation of farmland and lack of access to credit were identified as major constraints to sugarcane production in the area.
Integrated Management of Fruit Flies in Uganda Brian Isabirye
This document summarizes the integrated management of fruit flies in Uganda. It finds that (1) over 100 fruit fly species exist across 11 genera in Uganda, posing threats to the fruit industry that employs over 80% of the rural population; (2) Bactrocera invadens and B. dorsalis are the most economically important species, infesting over 50 fruits across 16 plant families; and (3) initiatives by groups like CRI, MSI, and ATAAS utilize techniques like BAT, MAT, and orchard sanitation to manage fruit fly populations on farms. Overall recommendations include developing standardized national management guidelines, a coordinated national plan, a knowledge hub on fruit fly ecology, and a communication strategy to synerg
This document summarizes a survey of insect pests and diseases affecting fruit crops in Kafa Zone, Ethiopia. Major fruit crops in the area included avocado, mango, banana, and orange, while minor crops were lemon, papaya, pineapple, sconcoya, guava, jackfruit, and apple. Several diseases and insect pests were identified during the survey. The most important insect pests were fruit flies (on mango and orange), citrus leaf miner, and scale insects (on orange and lemon). Major diseases included citrus leaf and fruit spot (on orange and lemon), Fusarium wilt of banana, anthracnose (on several crops), powdery mildew (
The study assessed the socio economic variables of cashew farmers in Oyo State. Two towns within
Ibarapa East Local Government Area (Temidire and Eruwa) were purposively sampled. These areas are known
for the cultivation, production and marketing of this crop. A total sampling frame of fifty-six respondents was
used.
1. Project 106511 aims to promote underutilized indigenous vegetables in Nigeria for food security and livelihood resilience through cross-border cooperation between universities in Nigeria and Canada.
2. The project has developed improved agronomic practices for indigenous vegetables through on-farm research, training over 500 farmers, and radio campaigns.
3. Preliminary findings show the economic potential of indigenous vegetables, with farmers realizing profits of over 3,000 naira every two weeks through applying the project's recommended practices.
Socioeconomic Effect of Cattle Grazing on Agricultural Output of Members of F...ijtsrd
This document examines the socioeconomic effects of cattle grazing on the agricultural output of members of farmers' cooperative societies in Anambra State, Nigeria. It finds that cattle grazing has significant negative social and economic effects on farmers' output, but no significant negative demographic effect. Specifically, the study finds that cattle grazing reduces farmers' output by destroying crops and damaging farmland. However, it does not find that cattle grazing significantly reduces farmers' output by altering the demographics of farming communities. The study recommends addressing security challenges between farmers and herders, encouraging ranching instead of open grazing, and banning open grazing to reduce its negative impacts.
This document summarizes the NiCanVeg Project 106511, which aims to promote underutilized indigenous vegetables in Nigeria for food security and livelihood resilience. The project conducts research on best agronomic practices for indigenous vegetables, trains farmers - especially women, and raises awareness through radio campaigns. Key findings include improved seed treatment, cutting and planting techniques that increase yields and profits for farmers, and empowerment of women smallholder farmers through training and cooperative groups. Radio outreach of the project's research has generated interest across southwest Nigeria in the nutritional and economic benefits of indigenous vegetables.
Considerations in Organic Apple ProductionGardening
This document summarizes considerations for organic apple production in the eastern and western United States. It finds that organic apple production faces greater challenges in the east due to higher pest pressures from diseases, insects and weeds supported by the climate. In the west, organic apple production has been more successful due to lower pest pressures and other advantages like centralized marketing. It describes key pests like the plum curculio that have hampered eastern organic production. It highlights particle film technology using products like Surround that show promise as a broad-spectrum pest management tool, providing control or suppression of major pests like the plum curculio. This represents an important development for making organic apple production more viable, especially in the east.
Motives of cultivating traditional leafy vegetables in Tamale MetropolisAI Publications
Abstract— Although, there are several researches in
Ghana’s agricultural sector, little has been done on the
investigation of the motives of traditional leafy vegetable
production in Ghana. This present study assessed the
motive of traditional leafy vegetable crop production in the
Northern region of Ghana using cross-sectional data. A
simple random sampling technique was used to select 334
peri-urban and urban farming communities in the Tamale
Metropolis. A questionnaire was administered to the
respondents and data collected were analyzed using Chisquare
test, percentage and frequencies. The results
indicate that the motives for traditional leafy vegetable
production were very similar for both peri-urban and
urban farming communities. The main motive for
traditional leafy vegetable production was statistically
significant for cash income [χ2 (1, N=334) = 3.755, p <
0.050], and employment [χ2 (1, N=334) = 13.135, p <
0.001], statistically insignificant for manure [χ2 (1,
N=334) = 1.064, p < 0.302] and food/subsistence [χ2 (1,
N=334) = 3.755, p < 0.059]. Given that traditional leafy
vegetable production is a good source of income
generation, government should encourage the youth to
participate in agricultural activities through the provision
of incentives and ready market.
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI)inventionjournals
This document summarizes a study that examined the socio-economic factors influencing the adoption of ginger farming technologies in Samaru Zone, Kaduna State, Nigeria. 150 farmers were surveyed. The results found that the average age of respondents was 35.5 years, household size was 10 people, farm size was 2.55 hectares, and farming experience was 15.5 years. Educational level and scale of farming were found to influence technology adoption. The major constraints to adoption identified were inadequate credit/capital (43.3%) and poor prices (37.3%). The study concluded that higher education levels and larger farm sizes increase farmers' ability to adopt innovations, leading to higher productivity. It recommended improving technology transfer and access to agricultural
This document provides information about agriculture in Uganda, including:
1. It describes several farming systems practiced in Uganda, such as the banana and coffee system, northern system, and pastoral system.
2. It discusses problems facing Ugandan agriculture like pests/diseases, poor transport, and poverty, as well as solutions such as providing loans and improving crops/animals.
3. It explains the importance of climate factors like rainfall and temperature on agriculture and how climate affects farming practices.
Participants witness the huge impact of improved agri-technologies on farmers...Tropical Legumes III
The document discusses a meeting of the ICRISAT Governing Board in Zimbabwe that focused on strengthening partnerships to address the drought crisis affecting smallholder farmers in Zimbabwe. The meeting highlighted the need for science-based solutions and a country strategy from ICRISAT that promotes more drought-resistant and nutritious crops like sorghum, groundnuts, chickpeas and pigeonpeas. ICRISAT is pursuing new market opportunities and climate-resilient practices for small grains to improve food security and livelihoods in Zimbabwe.
The document discusses challenges facing mango farmers in Elgeyo Marakwet County, Kenya due to fruit fly infestation, and how they received help from ICIPE. It states that:
1) Mango farmers in the area previously suffered 30-80% losses from fruit flies despite using pesticides. ICIPE provided fruit fly control starter kits which helped increase production.
2) Farmers reported the most successful harvests since starting mango farming after using the ICIPE materials. However, they now want training and a local source to purchase supplies.
3) Integrated pest management including food baits, traps, and biological controls using natural enemies can help control fruit flies in orchards if applied
Economics of Processed Cassava Products in Imo State, NigeriaQUESTJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: This study evaluated the economics of processed cassava products in Imo State, Nigeria. Multistage random sampling technique was used to select 106 cassava processors for this study. Information on the objectives of this study was elicited from the sampled respondents through a well structured questionnaire. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics such as the mean, analyses of variance and net returns model. The socio-economic features of the farmers reveals a mean age of 54 years, 4 persons per household, 7 years educational attainment, 16 years of processing experience and a business size of N4,531. The result of the analysis of variance showed no significant differences in net returns of processed cassava products across the three agricultural zones of the State. Hence, Okigwe and Owerri zone recorded the highest net returns in garri and fufu processing respectively showing the profitability of the enterprise. However there is urgent need for the government to assist the rural cassava processors by providing direct extension services to cushion the processing inefficiencies faced by these farmers in the area.
Impact on Income Farmer Debt Bondage System Cengkeh (Case Study in Liwutung V...IJEAB
Until recently known as the clove plantation crop that can provide the greatest revenue among plants cultivated population in Southeast Minahasa Regency. Although the level of selling price per kilo of dry high compared to most other plantation crops among the results, but the reality in practice is still a lot of farmers who still fall into the practice of debt bondage system that is very detrimental to farmers. The purpose of this research is: (a). Knowing the dynamics of debt bondage system applicable at the farm level. (2). Assessing the value of the losses suffered by farmers with their debt bondage system. Research was conducted during 3 months from July to September 2015. The location is determined purposive sampling with consideration as production centers. Respondents were selected by 20 farmers. Data collected included primary and secondary data. The data type for the primary data are: recording made by every owner of the garden at the time of measurement of the crop in the form of a notebook crops and types of other expenses such as shopping lists staple for the harvest progresses, wages harvest, pre-harvest such as ladders, rope as media binder stairs and media container yields while secondary data obtained from the department or the relevant authorities are technically fully understand the business development of the crop. The data were analyzed descriptively. The results showed that the source of bonded labor system is productive cycle, farmers' lack of funds to finance farming, relatively high maintenance costs as well as costs of urgency needs of school children especially in the beginning of the new school / college or religious holidays. The amount of bonded labor is determined by the length of time the next harvest or the condition indicator ovary. Great value losses experienced by farmers is Rp. 8,122,056.25 per harvest period.
25th feb.,2013 daily rice e newsletter by riceplus magazineRiceplus Magazine
Daily Rice Global Rice e-Newsletter shared by Riceplus Magazine
Riceplus Magazine shares daily International RICE News for global Rice Community. We publish daily two newsletters namely Global Rice News & ORYZA EXCLUSIVE News for readers .You can share any development news with us for Global readers.
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The document discusses the economic impact of AIDS in Zimbabwe by examining its effects at different levels - households, agriculture, and firms. It finds that AIDS reduces household incomes by decreasing the labor supply and increasing medical and funeral costs. This leads to food insecurity, loss of assets, and impoverishment. In agriculture, AIDS reduces labor supply and production of both cash and food crops. Commercial farms face increased costs while smallholders experience declines in market output. At the firm level, AIDS increases health care and training costs while decreasing revenues from absenteeism. The impacts vary by sector and can significantly affect profits and productivity for some companies.
Abnormalities of hormones and inflammatory cytokines in women affected with p...Alexander Decker
Women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) have elevated levels of hormones like luteinizing hormone and testosterone, as well as higher levels of insulin and insulin resistance compared to healthy women. They also have increased levels of inflammatory markers like C-reactive protein, interleukin-6, and leptin. This study found these abnormalities in the hormones and inflammatory cytokines of women with PCOS ages 23-40, indicating that hormone imbalances associated with insulin resistance and elevated inflammatory markers may worsen infertility in women with PCOS.
Farmers’ assessment of the government spraying program in ghanaAlexander Decker
This document assesses a government spraying program in Ghana that aims to eradicate cocoa pests and diseases. It conducted interviews with 120 cocoa farmers in 6 communities. The study found that 14.2% of farmers had never benefited from the spraying program. Additionally, 68.3% of farmers expressed dissatisfaction with the performance of spraying personnel. The spraying program did not follow the recommended regime of spraying farms 4 times per year. Inadequate supply of chemicals and personnel were identified as the most critical constraints to the program. The study recommends timely provision of chemicals and improved supervision of spraying personnel.
Analysis of the factors affecting sugarcane (saccharum officinarum) product...Alexander Decker
1) The document analyzes factors affecting sugarcane production under an outgrower scheme in Numan, Nigeria.
2) It finds that the majority of sugarcane farmers are male, with an average age of 42, and most have primary education.
3) Inadequate and late allocation of farmland and lack of access to credit were identified as major constraints to sugarcane production in the area.
Integrated Management of Fruit Flies in Uganda Brian Isabirye
This document summarizes the integrated management of fruit flies in Uganda. It finds that (1) over 100 fruit fly species exist across 11 genera in Uganda, posing threats to the fruit industry that employs over 80% of the rural population; (2) Bactrocera invadens and B. dorsalis are the most economically important species, infesting over 50 fruits across 16 plant families; and (3) initiatives by groups like CRI, MSI, and ATAAS utilize techniques like BAT, MAT, and orchard sanitation to manage fruit fly populations on farms. Overall recommendations include developing standardized national management guidelines, a coordinated national plan, a knowledge hub on fruit fly ecology, and a communication strategy to synerg
This document summarizes a survey of insect pests and diseases affecting fruit crops in Kafa Zone, Ethiopia. Major fruit crops in the area included avocado, mango, banana, and orange, while minor crops were lemon, papaya, pineapple, sconcoya, guava, jackfruit, and apple. Several diseases and insect pests were identified during the survey. The most important insect pests were fruit flies (on mango and orange), citrus leaf miner, and scale insects (on orange and lemon). Major diseases included citrus leaf and fruit spot (on orange and lemon), Fusarium wilt of banana, anthracnose (on several crops), powdery mildew (
The study assessed the socio economic variables of cashew farmers in Oyo State. Two towns within
Ibarapa East Local Government Area (Temidire and Eruwa) were purposively sampled. These areas are known
for the cultivation, production and marketing of this crop. A total sampling frame of fifty-six respondents was
used.
1. Project 106511 aims to promote underutilized indigenous vegetables in Nigeria for food security and livelihood resilience through cross-border cooperation between universities in Nigeria and Canada.
2. The project has developed improved agronomic practices for indigenous vegetables through on-farm research, training over 500 farmers, and radio campaigns.
3. Preliminary findings show the economic potential of indigenous vegetables, with farmers realizing profits of over 3,000 naira every two weeks through applying the project's recommended practices.
Socioeconomic Effect of Cattle Grazing on Agricultural Output of Members of F...ijtsrd
This document examines the socioeconomic effects of cattle grazing on the agricultural output of members of farmers' cooperative societies in Anambra State, Nigeria. It finds that cattle grazing has significant negative social and economic effects on farmers' output, but no significant negative demographic effect. Specifically, the study finds that cattle grazing reduces farmers' output by destroying crops and damaging farmland. However, it does not find that cattle grazing significantly reduces farmers' output by altering the demographics of farming communities. The study recommends addressing security challenges between farmers and herders, encouraging ranching instead of open grazing, and banning open grazing to reduce its negative impacts.
This document summarizes the NiCanVeg Project 106511, which aims to promote underutilized indigenous vegetables in Nigeria for food security and livelihood resilience. The project conducts research on best agronomic practices for indigenous vegetables, trains farmers - especially women, and raises awareness through radio campaigns. Key findings include improved seed treatment, cutting and planting techniques that increase yields and profits for farmers, and empowerment of women smallholder farmers through training and cooperative groups. Radio outreach of the project's research has generated interest across southwest Nigeria in the nutritional and economic benefits of indigenous vegetables.
Considerations in Organic Apple ProductionGardening
This document summarizes considerations for organic apple production in the eastern and western United States. It finds that organic apple production faces greater challenges in the east due to higher pest pressures from diseases, insects and weeds supported by the climate. In the west, organic apple production has been more successful due to lower pest pressures and other advantages like centralized marketing. It describes key pests like the plum curculio that have hampered eastern organic production. It highlights particle film technology using products like Surround that show promise as a broad-spectrum pest management tool, providing control or suppression of major pests like the plum curculio. This represents an important development for making organic apple production more viable, especially in the east.
Motives of cultivating traditional leafy vegetables in Tamale MetropolisAI Publications
Abstract— Although, there are several researches in
Ghana’s agricultural sector, little has been done on the
investigation of the motives of traditional leafy vegetable
production in Ghana. This present study assessed the
motive of traditional leafy vegetable crop production in the
Northern region of Ghana using cross-sectional data. A
simple random sampling technique was used to select 334
peri-urban and urban farming communities in the Tamale
Metropolis. A questionnaire was administered to the
respondents and data collected were analyzed using Chisquare
test, percentage and frequencies. The results
indicate that the motives for traditional leafy vegetable
production were very similar for both peri-urban and
urban farming communities. The main motive for
traditional leafy vegetable production was statistically
significant for cash income [χ2 (1, N=334) = 3.755, p <
0.050], and employment [χ2 (1, N=334) = 13.135, p <
0.001], statistically insignificant for manure [χ2 (1,
N=334) = 1.064, p < 0.302] and food/subsistence [χ2 (1,
N=334) = 3.755, p < 0.059]. Given that traditional leafy
vegetable production is a good source of income
generation, government should encourage the youth to
participate in agricultural activities through the provision
of incentives and ready market.
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI)inventionjournals
This document summarizes a study that examined the socio-economic factors influencing the adoption of ginger farming technologies in Samaru Zone, Kaduna State, Nigeria. 150 farmers were surveyed. The results found that the average age of respondents was 35.5 years, household size was 10 people, farm size was 2.55 hectares, and farming experience was 15.5 years. Educational level and scale of farming were found to influence technology adoption. The major constraints to adoption identified were inadequate credit/capital (43.3%) and poor prices (37.3%). The study concluded that higher education levels and larger farm sizes increase farmers' ability to adopt innovations, leading to higher productivity. It recommended improving technology transfer and access to agricultural
This document provides information about agriculture in Uganda, including:
1. It describes several farming systems practiced in Uganda, such as the banana and coffee system, northern system, and pastoral system.
2. It discusses problems facing Ugandan agriculture like pests/diseases, poor transport, and poverty, as well as solutions such as providing loans and improving crops/animals.
3. It explains the importance of climate factors like rainfall and temperature on agriculture and how climate affects farming practices.
Participants witness the huge impact of improved agri-technologies on farmers...Tropical Legumes III
The document discusses a meeting of the ICRISAT Governing Board in Zimbabwe that focused on strengthening partnerships to address the drought crisis affecting smallholder farmers in Zimbabwe. The meeting highlighted the need for science-based solutions and a country strategy from ICRISAT that promotes more drought-resistant and nutritious crops like sorghum, groundnuts, chickpeas and pigeonpeas. ICRISAT is pursuing new market opportunities and climate-resilient practices for small grains to improve food security and livelihoods in Zimbabwe.
The document discusses challenges facing mango farmers in Elgeyo Marakwet County, Kenya due to fruit fly infestation, and how they received help from ICIPE. It states that:
1) Mango farmers in the area previously suffered 30-80% losses from fruit flies despite using pesticides. ICIPE provided fruit fly control starter kits which helped increase production.
2) Farmers reported the most successful harvests since starting mango farming after using the ICIPE materials. However, they now want training and a local source to purchase supplies.
3) Integrated pest management including food baits, traps, and biological controls using natural enemies can help control fruit flies in orchards if applied
Economics of Processed Cassava Products in Imo State, NigeriaQUESTJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: This study evaluated the economics of processed cassava products in Imo State, Nigeria. Multistage random sampling technique was used to select 106 cassava processors for this study. Information on the objectives of this study was elicited from the sampled respondents through a well structured questionnaire. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics such as the mean, analyses of variance and net returns model. The socio-economic features of the farmers reveals a mean age of 54 years, 4 persons per household, 7 years educational attainment, 16 years of processing experience and a business size of N4,531. The result of the analysis of variance showed no significant differences in net returns of processed cassava products across the three agricultural zones of the State. Hence, Okigwe and Owerri zone recorded the highest net returns in garri and fufu processing respectively showing the profitability of the enterprise. However there is urgent need for the government to assist the rural cassava processors by providing direct extension services to cushion the processing inefficiencies faced by these farmers in the area.
Impact on Income Farmer Debt Bondage System Cengkeh (Case Study in Liwutung V...IJEAB
Until recently known as the clove plantation crop that can provide the greatest revenue among plants cultivated population in Southeast Minahasa Regency. Although the level of selling price per kilo of dry high compared to most other plantation crops among the results, but the reality in practice is still a lot of farmers who still fall into the practice of debt bondage system that is very detrimental to farmers. The purpose of this research is: (a). Knowing the dynamics of debt bondage system applicable at the farm level. (2). Assessing the value of the losses suffered by farmers with their debt bondage system. Research was conducted during 3 months from July to September 2015. The location is determined purposive sampling with consideration as production centers. Respondents were selected by 20 farmers. Data collected included primary and secondary data. The data type for the primary data are: recording made by every owner of the garden at the time of measurement of the crop in the form of a notebook crops and types of other expenses such as shopping lists staple for the harvest progresses, wages harvest, pre-harvest such as ladders, rope as media binder stairs and media container yields while secondary data obtained from the department or the relevant authorities are technically fully understand the business development of the crop. The data were analyzed descriptively. The results showed that the source of bonded labor system is productive cycle, farmers' lack of funds to finance farming, relatively high maintenance costs as well as costs of urgency needs of school children especially in the beginning of the new school / college or religious holidays. The amount of bonded labor is determined by the length of time the next harvest or the condition indicator ovary. Great value losses experienced by farmers is Rp. 8,122,056.25 per harvest period.
25th feb.,2013 daily rice e newsletter by riceplus magazineRiceplus Magazine
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Assessing the economic effects of cape saint paul’s wilt coconut disease on the people of nzema east district
1. Journal of Education and Practice
ISSN 2222-1735 (Paper) ISSN 2222-288X (Online)
Vol.4, No.24, 2013
www.iiste.org
Assessing the Economic Effects of Cape Saint Paul’s Wilt Coconut
Disease on the People of Nzema East District
Wisdom Quaiku
School of Business Studies, Marketing Department, Takoradi Polytechnic, PO box 256, Takoradi, Ghana
E-mail of the corresponding author: wisdomquiku@yahoo.com
Abstract
The Cape Saint Pauls Wilt Disease (CSPWD), a coconut disease in Ghana, still has no antidote. The physical
scientists recommend the cutting down of affected trees, good farm hygiene and the application of fertilizer to
aged farms, which the farmers are not prepared to do. Introduction to resistant varieties has also not caught up
with the coconut farmers. The study was undertaken to examine the economic effects of CSPWD on the lives of
the people of the Nzema East District. Among other things, the study investigated the effects of CSPWD on farm
income levels, pig production and the internally generated revenue base of the Nzema East District Assembly. A
sample size of two hundred and forty was considered for the study: half for household heads and the other half
for pig farmers. The methods of analysis employed included partial budgeting, frequency tables and graphs. The
study discovered a decline in both farm income levels and the internally generated revenue base of the Nzema
East District Assembly by 70.60% and 22.09%, respectively. Another revelation was the change from coconut
production to other crops especially food crops. It was also found out that the quantity of pigs being reared in the
area has reduced by about 80%.
Keywords: Nzema East District, farmers, income, coconut, cape saint pauls wilt disease, CSPWD
1. Introduction
The coconut palm, Cocos nucifera L. with its tall, slender and uniformly thick stem and massive crown with
large number of leaves, bearing bunches of nuts in their axils is one of the most beautiful and useful trees in the
world. It is the ‘tree of life’ as it can produce products for food, shelter and energy to farm households, and
various commercial and industrial products. Coconut first appeared along the coast of Ghana from La Cote d
Ivoire in the early twentieth century (Child, 1974). It is believed that the first coconut plantation in Ghana was
established between Atuabo and Anochie in the Nzema East District, 45km away from Axim, by the then Gold
Coast Department of Agriculture in 1921(Aggrey, 1967).
The Cape Saint Paul’s Wilt Coconut disease was first seen in the Far East of the country in 1932, at Cape Saint
Paul, close to the Kaincope region in Togo, where the disease was also seen at the time. Over 100,000 coconut
palms were killed at the site (Mariau et al, 1996). According to them the disease reappeared some thirty years
later, but in the west of the country at Cape Three Point. Green and Ofori (1998) observed that between 1968 and
1983 CSPWD had spread to cover a greater portion of the eastern part of Ankobra River and between 1988 and
1992, it was observed around Sekondi-Takoradi. The outbreak of the disease was detected at Asanta, a village of
about 1.5 kilometres west of Ankobra River on Elubo-Mpataba highway in 1994, and at Ampain 14 kilometres
west of Ankobra River in 1995. In 1986, the disease jumped some 60 kilometres east to Central Region, near the
village of Ayensudu, where a very large focus developed within a few years. Shortly afterwards, a large number
of foci of varying sizes appeared throughout the Central Region, (Mariau et al,1996). The disease has probably
killed around a million palms in the central and western regions of southern Ghana. According to Sangare (1992),
CSPWD has decimated a large area of coconuts in Western and Central Regions, which are the main coconut
producing areas of Ghana.
Figure 1.1 Signs and Symptoms of Cape Saint Paul’s Wilt Disease
66
2. Journal of Education and Practice
ISSN 2222-1735 (Paper) ISSN 2222-288X (Online)
Vol.4, No.24, 2013
www.iiste.org
The symptoms of cape Saint Paul wilt disease are very similar from one country to another. The first sign of the
disease is premature nut fall, starting with the oldest nuts. At the same time, the spike lets of the inflorescences
still inside the spathes begin to blacken. Yellowing of the leaves rapidly spreads upwards, leading to the gradual
decay and then the death of the coconut palm, generally within a year of the first symptoms (see fig. 1.1).
1.2 The Problem statement
The coconut palm since its introduction into the Nzema East District in1923 has been the major cash crop of the
farming communities in the district providing food, drink, shelter and raw materials for both domestic and
industrial uses. Its lucrative nature has over the years, enticed many people from elsewhere to migrate to the
Nzema East District. It is essentially a crop of the small landholder who obtains cash for the purchase of
necessities of life by the sale of coconut and coconut products. The pig industry in the District depends on the
coconut industry for feed in the form of chaff and copra cake and building materials for the construction of sty.
The industry serves as a source of income for the youth who weed the farms, collect the nuts, crack the nut, and
process the oil, drivers who convey the oil to the marketing centers and traders who sell the oil and other coconut
products. The Nzema East District assembly also derives a substantial amount of revenue from the sale of
coconut products.
All was well with the coconut industry until the Cape Saint Paul wilt disease struck the region in the 1960’s in a
town called Cape Three Point. Farming communities in the district that were to the east of the Ankobra River
were the first to succumb to the disease. The disease, however, crossed the Ankobra River in 1994 raking havoc
along its course. Unlike other plant diseases which reduce output, the CSPWD stops production and hence total
loss of revenue. The disease had defied all attempts at control leading to untold hardships on the people. Even
though researchers have been conducting research into the root cause of the disease, little is understood about the
economic effects of the disease on the lives of the people. The professed benefits derived from the coconut
industry and the gloomy future portrayed by rapid decline of the industry by the Cape Saint Paul wilt disease
motivated this study into the economic effects of Cape Saint Paul wilt disease in the Nzema East District. These
concerns give rise to the following questions:
1. What has been the effect of CSPWD on the farm income levels of affected households?
2. What has been the effect of CSPWD on the District Assembly’s revenue base?
3. What has been the effect of CSPWD on pig production in the study area?
2. Research Methodology
In assessing the effect of the Cape Saint Paul wilt disease on the farm income levels, partial budgeting approach
was employed to ascertain the change in farm income levels as result of the change in the farm enterprise. Partial
budgeting is a planning and decision-making framework used to compare the costs and benefits of alternatives
faced by a farm business. It focuses only on the changes in income and expenses that would result from
implementing a specific alternative. Thus, all aspects of farm profits that are unchanged by the decision can be
safely ignored (Bucket, 1981).
In investingating the effects of CSPWD on the Nzema East District Assembly, trend analysis was employed to
examine trend of coconut revenue from 1990-2007 to determine any change that might have occurred as a result
of CSPWD. Frequency tables and a graph of real values of coconut revenue were plotted against the number of
years.
In examining the effects of the disease on pig production in the Nzema East District, the difference in the
number of pigs for the periods 1990-1999 and 2007 were computed and statistically tested. The student t- test
was used to test if there was any significant difference in the mean numbers for the periods under consideration.
Frequency table was, however, used to compute the values. The composition of feed for the pigs for the periods
1990-1999 and 2007 were computed using frequency table.
3.Results And Discussions
The overall effect of the CSPWD on the internally generated revenue base of the Nzema East District Assembly,
effect of CSPWD on pig production in the District and the effect of CSPWD on farm income levels of coconut
farmers are discussed
3.2 The Effects of CSPWD on the Internally Generated Revenue Base on the Nzema East District Assembly
The Nzema East District Assembly derives its revenue from two main sources; these are made up of both
internal and external sources of revenue. The internally generated sources include rates, lands, licenses, rent,
investments, health and fees/fines. The external sources also include stool lands, ceded revenue and common
fund. However, among the internally generated revenue sources fees/ fines is the major source of revenue to the
Assembly, contributing about 40% to the internally generated revenue of the Nzema East district Assembly.
Coconut is a sub- item under fees / fines as indicated in the Trial Balance of Nzema East District Assembly
(NEDA, 2007).
67
3. Journal of Education and Practice
ISSN 2222-1735 (Paper) ISSN 2222-288X (Online)
Vol.4, No.24, 2013
www.iiste.org
Table 3.1 Average relative contribution of coconut revenue to the internally generated revenue of the Nzema East
District Assembly(real amount 2007)
Fees/Fines
Revenue Generated
1990-1999
2000-2007
GH¢
%
GH¢
%
Market tolls
85845.00
42.27
117109.28
50.08
Pounding
883.62
0.44
1948.85
0.88
Lorry park
7622.20
3.75
45562.56
19.48
Cattle owner
31.83
0.02
446.49
0.19
Coconut
65402.31
32.20
23646.11
10.11
Charcoal/firewood
27289.97
13.44
11029.47
4.17
Cemetery
47.25
0.02
3463.51
1.38
Entertainment
126.64
0.06
115.38
0.05
Marriage/divorce
67.39
0.03
1679.33
0.72
Foodstuff/others
7181.42
3.54
7275.52
3.11
Akpeteshie
8606.97
4.24
21579.21
9.23
Total
203104.61
100
233855.71
100
Source: Appendix 1
Table 3.1 indicates that for the period 1990-1999, coconut contributed 32.20% to the fees/ fines aspect of the
internally generated revenue of the Assembly and occupied an enviable position of second with market tolls
recording 42.27% and topping the list. Currently, coconut contribution to fees/ fines of the internally generated
revenue had dropped to 10.11% indicating 22.09% reduction and had also dropped to the third position.
Table 3.2 Nominal and Real amount of coconut revenue from 1990 to 2007
CPI Deflator
CPI Deflator
Real Amount
Nominal Amount
1997=100
2007=1.00
2007
Year
1990
397.52
19.84
0.04962
8011.29
1991
405.21
21.62
0.05407
7494.17
1992
455.80
23.87
0.05970
7634.84
1993
488.22
29.82
0.07458
6546.23
1994
927.41
37.54
0.09389
9877.57
1995
1064.44
60.90
0.15231
6988.62
1996
1089.25
82.69
0.20680
5267.17
1997
1250.84
100.00
0.25009
5001.58
1998
1265.45
119.76
0.29951
4225.07
1999
1426.08
130.91
0.32740
4355.77
2000
806.24
145.62
0.36419
2213.79
2001
1222.08
179.42
0.44872
2723.48
2002
973.56
212.03
0.53027
1835.97
2003
1069.56
264.43
0.66132
1617.31
2004
3606.61
308.35
0.77116
4676.86
2005
3516.78
361.52
0.90414
3889.64
2006
2987.88
398.69
0.99687
2997.26
2007
3691.80
399.85
1.00000
3691.80
Source: Appendix 1
The real values of coconut revenue over the past years have generally been dwindling ever since the CSPWD
invaded coconut farms in the Nzema East District as depicted by table 3.2. The reduction in coconut revenue by
22.09% coupled with the fact that coconut revenue still counts among the top three revenue items on the revenue
chart implies that the Nzema East District Assembly could lose a substantial amount of revenue if an antidote to
the disease is not found. The rate of development of the district could also be adversely affected since the
assembly would be compelled to rely on the District Assembly Common Fund, which is usually released
quarterly and often, delayed as opposed to the internally generated revenue, which is more regular and handy to
deal with immediate developmental projects.
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4. Journal of Education and Practice
ISSN 2222-1735 (Paper) ISSN 2222-288X (Online)
Vol.4, No.24, 2013
www.iiste.org
3.2 Effects of CSPWD on Farm Income Levels
Table 3.3 Net Effect of Enterprise Substitution by coconut farmers (2007 prices)
Losses
Gains
GH¢
Addition to cost due to
Addition to income due to
replacement crops:
replacement crops:
Banana
(29 ha)
18936.50
Banana (29 ha)
55541.50
Cassava (162 ha)
Cassava (162 ha)
63937.50
Plantain
(97 ha)
Plantain (97 ha)
27489.00
Pepper
(69 ha)
Pepper (69 ha)
21907.25
Tomato
(79 ha)
Tomato (79ha)
21602.50
Oil palm (31 ha)
Oil palm (31 ha)
Total
209414.25
Total
Income forgone due to loss
of 467 hectares of coconut
farm:
GH¢
20915.50
60225.00
74555.00
29460.00
26357.50
11415.00
222928.00
Cost saved due to loss of
coconut farm:
322,636.66
Labour cost
Harvesting cost
Total
Net loss
Total
Source: Appendix 2
532050.91
70455.00
10905.34
81360.34
227762.57
Total
496625.91
The partial budget which was used to assess the effect of the CSPWD on farm income levels of affected
households showed a net loss of farm income of GH¢227,762.57 (see table 3.3) explaining why every single
household in the study area had a coconut farm and the main reason why coconut is the major cash crop of the
study area. The partial budget results also showed that all the respondents of the survey have deployed their
coconut farms to other crops instead of rehabilitating the diseased farms with the hybrid variety. The implication
is that either the farmers have lost interest in coconut cultivation as a result of the Ministry of Food and
Agriculture inability to find an antidote to the Cape Saint Paul wilt disease which had rendered almost all the
coconut trees in the study area into” electric poles” or the unavailability of the hybrid variety for planting. The
food crops which the farmers have substituted for the coconut plantation as a result of the CSPWD have made
the farmers worse off since the food crops are not generating enough income to enable the farmers realize the
maximum income they were hitherto deriving from coconut. The shift from coconut (cash crop) to food crops
cultivation could also deny the farmers of very vital collateral. This is because about 95% of the respondents said
they have used their coconut farms to source funds from oil processors.
3.3 The Effects of CSPWD on Pig Production in the District.
Table 3.4 Total monthly composition of feed before the Cape Saint Paul Wilt Disease (1990-1999) and now
(2007)
Before (1990 - 1999)
Now (2007)
Feed components
Quantity
Percentage
Quantity (tonnes)
Percentage
(tonnes)
Contribution
Contribution
Coconut chaff
28.0
63.0
3.5
61.7
Wheat bran
2.8
6.3
0.5
8.8
Fish meal (local)
13.4
30.0
1.67
29.5
Total
44.2
100.0
5.67
100.0
Source: Appendix 3
Pig farmers in the study area rely extensively on coconut chaff as the main feed component for their pigs. The
proportion of coconut chaff in the composition of pig feed for the periods, 1990-1999 and 2007 has significantly
remained the same. Coconut chaff constitutes about a little over 60% for the two periods under consideration as
depicted by table 3.4. The fact that the proportion of coconut chaff in the composition of pig feed constitutes a
greater proportion of pig feed could lead to the collapse of the pig industry. It is, therefore, not surprising when
69
5. Journal of Education and Practice
ISSN 2222-1735 (Paper) ISSN 2222-288X (Online)
Vol.4, No.24, 2013
www.iiste.org
90% of the respondents attributed the drastic reduction in the number of pigs to the unavailability of coconut
chaff because the coconut chaff is virtually free. What makes the situation more disturbing is the fact that 95% of
the pig farmers are also coconut farmers who rear pigs to supplement their farm incomes.
Table 3.5 Number of pigs before CSPWD (1990-1999) and now (2007)
Type of pig
No. of Pigs
Percentage
Change
Before
Now
(1990-1999)
(2007)
Piglet
1061
184
83
Sow
673
121
82
Boer
790
131
83
Total
2524
436
83
Source: Appendix 3
Table 3.5 depicts a little over 80% change in the number of pigs for the periods 1990 to 1999 and 2007. In order
to establish whether there was a significant difference between the mean number of pigs in the 1990’s and year
2007, the t- test was employed.
Table 3.6 Results of the t-test of mean numbers of pigs per annum for the periods (1990-1999) and (2007)
Category of pigs
Mean no. of pigs per
No. of
df
T-statistics
annum compared
Observations
Period
No.
Piglets
1990-1999
1061
120
119
15.97263303
2007
184
Sows
1990-1999
673
120
119
18.31503473
2007
121
Boers
1990-1999
790
120
119
18.18712995
2007
131
Source: Appendix 3
t- cal > t- critical.
Results as shown in table 3.6 indicate that for a two-tailed test, the critical t-values are 1.980 and 1.658 at 5%
and 10% significant levels, respectively. The t-statistics calculated value being compared with the tabulated
critical t-values shows that there is a significant difference between means of the number of pigs for the periods
1990-1999 and 2007 as t- calculated is greater than t- critical.
4. Conclusions
The coconut industry since its introduction into the Nzema East District has been the major cash crop for farmers
in the district. The demise of this industry would not only affect the coconut farmers but the entire economy of
Nzema East District. Coconut farmers who out of frustration have gone into food crop production are worse off
than before. Coconut farmers’ reliance on pig production as a means of supplementing the households’ income is
in danger as the unavailability of coconut chaff has led to a drastic reduction in the number of pigs. Coconut
revenue also contributes substantially to the internally generated revenue of the Nzema East District Assembly.
The collapse of the coconut industry could affect developmental projects in the district if the situation is not
immediately remedied.
References
Aggrey-Sam, W. G. (1967), Commercial Vegetables in Ghana: Ghana farmer 9(4): 154-155
Bucket, M. (1981) An Introduction to Farm Organization and Management
Child, R. (1974), Coconut, Macmillan N.Y.
Green S. K. and Ofori, C. (1998), Cape Saint Paul’s Wilt Disease, History of Occurrence, U. K.
Mariau, D., Dery, S.K., Sangare A., N'Cho Y.P. and Philippe R. (1996), Coconut lethal yellowing disease and
planting material tolerance. Plantations, Recherche, Développement 3 (2): 105-110.
NEDA (2001), Nzema East District Assembly’s Four Year Development Plan (2001-2005)
Sangare (1992), Vegetable Fibre; Leonard Hilt, N. Y.
70
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