Open Contracting has become part of public financial management the government uses to generate revenues through the issuance of licenses to operate public services, and in the sale of public property. As one of the measures in which the government spends its money, all levels of government whether at the national or at the local levels enter into contracts to deliver goods, works, and services to citizens. These public contracts are given to all economic sectors and agreements are made ranging from the small procurement of goods to large capital spending for development of major infrastructural projects to take place. However, public contracting has been identified as the government activity in the advanced and less advanced countries most vulnerable to wastefulness, mismanagement, inefficiency, and corruption oftentimes, the governments dishes out little or no information about a the planning of public contracts, b how public contracts are formed e.g. whether by negotiation or through a competitive tender process c the content of the agreements d the progress of their performance or e the relevant government oversight mechanisms. This lack of information can make it difficult for civil society - and sometimes even for auditors and parliaments - to assess whether the government is getting good value for money or whether the parties to the contract are fully complying with their obligations. Agnes Nanyongo Mbua Ndumbe "Assessing an Enabling Environment for Open Local Contracting in Fako Division" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-6 , October 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd47651.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/political-science/47651/assessing-an-enabling-environment-for-open-local-contracting-in-fako-division/agnes-nanyongo-mbua-ndumbe
Rethinking Public-Private Partnerships. Strategies for Turbulent Times.Carsten Greve
Public-Private Partnerships have become popular with governments in a way to collaborate with the private sector. The global financial crisis challenged PPPs. The slides summarizes arguments from a 2013-book on Rethinking Public-Private Partnerships.
Public private partnership refers to an association between a Government agency and a private-sector organization that intend to complete a project for public welfare. This relationship is basically used to finance, build and purpose projects like public transportation systems, conference centers and parks. Aiming for a project to be accomplished on priority or may be sooner can be allowed in the association with public private partnerships.
The topic of public-private partnerships has been received with great interest by governments, societies and research centers around the world. After it became clear that the process of economic and social development is based on mobilizing and gathering all the potentials of society, including the energies, resources and experiences of both the public and private sectors, to participate in the institutional organizations that deal with the establishment and operation of projects of various kinds after the institutional arrangements faced separate and independent sectoral challenges and difficulties. In achieving the goals of development levels is an ambitious goal. Therefore, developed countries seek to develop institutions, legislation and institutional systems to adopt participatory organizations in which all sectors of society contribute to directing, managing and operating projects and businesses, developing and developing them in order to serve their purposes on the basis of cooperative participation, good governance, transparent accountability and mutual benefit.
This presentation was made by Nurlan Shokbarbayev, Kazakhstan, at the 12th Annual Meeting of the OECD Network of Senior PPP and Infrastructure Officials, held in Paris on 16 April 2019.
Rethinking Public-Private Partnerships. Strategies for Turbulent Times.Carsten Greve
Public-Private Partnerships have become popular with governments in a way to collaborate with the private sector. The global financial crisis challenged PPPs. The slides summarizes arguments from a 2013-book on Rethinking Public-Private Partnerships.
Public private partnership refers to an association between a Government agency and a private-sector organization that intend to complete a project for public welfare. This relationship is basically used to finance, build and purpose projects like public transportation systems, conference centers and parks. Aiming for a project to be accomplished on priority or may be sooner can be allowed in the association with public private partnerships.
The topic of public-private partnerships has been received with great interest by governments, societies and research centers around the world. After it became clear that the process of economic and social development is based on mobilizing and gathering all the potentials of society, including the energies, resources and experiences of both the public and private sectors, to participate in the institutional organizations that deal with the establishment and operation of projects of various kinds after the institutional arrangements faced separate and independent sectoral challenges and difficulties. In achieving the goals of development levels is an ambitious goal. Therefore, developed countries seek to develop institutions, legislation and institutional systems to adopt participatory organizations in which all sectors of society contribute to directing, managing and operating projects and businesses, developing and developing them in order to serve their purposes on the basis of cooperative participation, good governance, transparent accountability and mutual benefit.
This presentation was made by Nurlan Shokbarbayev, Kazakhstan, at the 12th Annual Meeting of the OECD Network of Senior PPP and Infrastructure Officials, held in Paris on 16 April 2019.
Media audiovizualne. konflikt regulacyjny w dobie cyfryzacji a book reviewMichal
The book under review here is entitled Audiovisual Media: regulatory conflict in
the digitalisation era by Katarzyna Chalubinska- Jentkiewicz. As the title suggests,
I expected it to be a monograph on new regulatory problems in the increasingly
digital audiovisual field. The sector itself is well known to cause competence conflicts
between the as many as three different regulatory bodies overseeing it in Poland: the
national telecoms regulator (the UKE President), the audiovisual media supervisory
body (the KRRiT) and the competition authority (the UOKiK President). The impact
of the European Commission can also not be overlooked. The book does indeed
deal in great detail with what is seen as the ‘regulatory conflict’ in the audiovisual
field but the approach applied therein is that of the theory of administration and
administrative/constitutional law rather than that of market regulation. As a result,
the analysis focuses primarily on the perceived ‘conflict’ between Poland’s interests
and regulatory competences and the impact exercised by the European Union as
a whole, rather than on any existing or potential internal conflicts. Key to the entire
analysis is the contraposition of the notion of ‘public interest of a nation’ (State) and
the ‘general interest of the EU’ whereby the special characteristics of ‘national’ public
interest are associated with the notion of ‘public morality’ and also, ‘public mission’.
A mature PPP framework is one of the most useful tools with the Governments to facilitate private investment into infrastructure.PPPs are long term contracts between the Government (sponsoring authority) and a private company that may typically provide for financing, construction, operation, and maintenance under a single firm or a consortium. It is generally advised to adopt a suitable PPP framework in case of large and complex projects that can justify the associated transaction and monitoring costs and thus provide value for money considering the project’s life-cycle cost to the Government.
Sieci szerokopasmowe w polityce telekomunikacyjnej a book reviewMichal
A new book from Professor Stanisław Piątek, an established authority on
telecommunications law, brings the reader closer to the inner workings of broadband
technology in its legal environment. The title reflects the focus of telecoms policy
on access whereby the only access that matters is to the broadband network in its
many variations. The subject matter itself makes the book worth reading, particularly
in the absence of other major Polish works on this topic. Even if some authors
regarded broadband technologies as obsolete years ago1, in reality it still represents
a lion’s share of the telecoms business. Professor Piątek himself is well aware of the
historical and transitory nature of the subject matter when he defines broadband not
by association with any particular technology but as the ability of whatever technology
available at any given moment to provide a certain minimum transmission speed.
Thus the central notion is open to absorb technologies nonexistent as of yet. This in
turn may pose serious regulatory issues as to what future industries will be subject to
regulation, particularly since the distinction between content and carrier regulation
is becoming increasingly blurred.
Smart Growth ideas will help guide transit-oriented developmentJesse Souki
Jesse K. Souki, Smart Growth ideas will help guide transit-oriented development, Honolulu Star-Advertiser, Jan. 28, 2013.
Editorial by Jesse K. Souki, Director of the State of Hawaii Office of Planning.
Part one of investigation into Public Private Partnerships and the potential scope and role for their application to development interventions in the Caribbean- presented as a webinar for the PMI (c) International Development Community of Practise (IDCoP)
The infrastructure sector contribution to sustainable development - MOOC FFD ...Marco Pittalis
The paper presents the relevance of the infrastructure sector to sustainable development, with particular regard to its central role within the Sustainable Development Goals, and details the financing requirements and financing modalities options to support the implementation of required interventions in the sector. The discussion is concluded introducing basic climate change concepts related to the infrastructure sector, presenting for each infrastructure subsector a number of mitigation options that could be implemented with the financing resources mobilized following the modalities presented early.
The concept of local e-Government has become a key factor for delivering services in an efficient, cost
effective, transparent and convenient way, in circumstances where a) citizens do not have enough time
available to communicate with local authorities in order to perform their responsibilities and needs, and
b) information and communication technologies significantly facilitate administrative procedures and
citizens-government interaction. This paper aims to identify e-services that local authorities provide, and
to investigate their readiness for delivering these services. A pilot research has been conducted to identify
the offer of e-services by local authorities, along with e-readiness in municipalities of the Pelagonia
region in the Republic of Macedonia. The survey was carried out by means of structured interview
questions based on a modified model proposed by Partnership on Measuring ICT for Development – web
analysis of municipal websites in the region has been conducted, as well. The study reveals uneven
distribution according to the age group of users, lack of reliability and confidence for processing the needs
and requests electronically by a large part of the population, and improperly developed set of ICT tools by
local governments for providing a variety of services that can be fully processed electronically.
Media audiovizualne. konflikt regulacyjny w dobie cyfryzacji a book reviewMichal
The book under review here is entitled Audiovisual Media: regulatory conflict in
the digitalisation era by Katarzyna Chalubinska- Jentkiewicz. As the title suggests,
I expected it to be a monograph on new regulatory problems in the increasingly
digital audiovisual field. The sector itself is well known to cause competence conflicts
between the as many as three different regulatory bodies overseeing it in Poland: the
national telecoms regulator (the UKE President), the audiovisual media supervisory
body (the KRRiT) and the competition authority (the UOKiK President). The impact
of the European Commission can also not be overlooked. The book does indeed
deal in great detail with what is seen as the ‘regulatory conflict’ in the audiovisual
field but the approach applied therein is that of the theory of administration and
administrative/constitutional law rather than that of market regulation. As a result,
the analysis focuses primarily on the perceived ‘conflict’ between Poland’s interests
and regulatory competences and the impact exercised by the European Union as
a whole, rather than on any existing or potential internal conflicts. Key to the entire
analysis is the contraposition of the notion of ‘public interest of a nation’ (State) and
the ‘general interest of the EU’ whereby the special characteristics of ‘national’ public
interest are associated with the notion of ‘public morality’ and also, ‘public mission’.
A mature PPP framework is one of the most useful tools with the Governments to facilitate private investment into infrastructure.PPPs are long term contracts between the Government (sponsoring authority) and a private company that may typically provide for financing, construction, operation, and maintenance under a single firm or a consortium. It is generally advised to adopt a suitable PPP framework in case of large and complex projects that can justify the associated transaction and monitoring costs and thus provide value for money considering the project’s life-cycle cost to the Government.
Sieci szerokopasmowe w polityce telekomunikacyjnej a book reviewMichal
A new book from Professor Stanisław Piątek, an established authority on
telecommunications law, brings the reader closer to the inner workings of broadband
technology in its legal environment. The title reflects the focus of telecoms policy
on access whereby the only access that matters is to the broadband network in its
many variations. The subject matter itself makes the book worth reading, particularly
in the absence of other major Polish works on this topic. Even if some authors
regarded broadband technologies as obsolete years ago1, in reality it still represents
a lion’s share of the telecoms business. Professor Piątek himself is well aware of the
historical and transitory nature of the subject matter when he defines broadband not
by association with any particular technology but as the ability of whatever technology
available at any given moment to provide a certain minimum transmission speed.
Thus the central notion is open to absorb technologies nonexistent as of yet. This in
turn may pose serious regulatory issues as to what future industries will be subject to
regulation, particularly since the distinction between content and carrier regulation
is becoming increasingly blurred.
Smart Growth ideas will help guide transit-oriented developmentJesse Souki
Jesse K. Souki, Smart Growth ideas will help guide transit-oriented development, Honolulu Star-Advertiser, Jan. 28, 2013.
Editorial by Jesse K. Souki, Director of the State of Hawaii Office of Planning.
Part one of investigation into Public Private Partnerships and the potential scope and role for their application to development interventions in the Caribbean- presented as a webinar for the PMI (c) International Development Community of Practise (IDCoP)
The infrastructure sector contribution to sustainable development - MOOC FFD ...Marco Pittalis
The paper presents the relevance of the infrastructure sector to sustainable development, with particular regard to its central role within the Sustainable Development Goals, and details the financing requirements and financing modalities options to support the implementation of required interventions in the sector. The discussion is concluded introducing basic climate change concepts related to the infrastructure sector, presenting for each infrastructure subsector a number of mitigation options that could be implemented with the financing resources mobilized following the modalities presented early.
The concept of local e-Government has become a key factor for delivering services in an efficient, cost
effective, transparent and convenient way, in circumstances where a) citizens do not have enough time
available to communicate with local authorities in order to perform their responsibilities and needs, and
b) information and communication technologies significantly facilitate administrative procedures and
citizens-government interaction. This paper aims to identify e-services that local authorities provide, and
to investigate their readiness for delivering these services. A pilot research has been conducted to identify
the offer of e-services by local authorities, along with e-readiness in municipalities of the Pelagonia
region in the Republic of Macedonia. The survey was carried out by means of structured interview
questions based on a modified model proposed by Partnership on Measuring ICT for Development – web
analysis of municipal websites in the region has been conducted, as well. The study reveals uneven
distribution according to the age group of users, lack of reliability and confidence for processing the needs
and requests electronically by a large part of the population, and improperly developed set of ICT tools by
local governments for providing a variety of services that can be fully processed electronically.
Disclosure of contract and license in the extractive industry sector, especially in oil, gas and mining are mandatory thing. Firstly, they are important to trace the income flws from extractive industry sector, and also to secure social and environmental justice. Contract and licensing documents of extractive industry sector always involve public resources and become the basis of many public policies for its fical, social, and environmental aspects. So the public has the right to know and aware of the content of those documents. Secondly, the disclosure publicly contribute to the decreasing of corruption practices usually done by government and companies collusion.
Thrdly, contract and licensing documents have been published by many countries in the world, at least 29 countries of them, such as Colombia, Ghana, Guinea, Iraq, Liberia, Peru, Timor-Leste, Philippines and United States. Even extractive companies like Rio Tinto, ExxonMobil, British Petroleum, SOCAR, Amaco, Lukoil, Elf and Statoil, Tullow Oil, and Kosmos Energy did so. Supports for publicizing the documents also come from international institutions like World Bank Group’s International Finance Corporation (IFC), International Monetary Fund (IMF), and the International Bar Association.
Towards a Framework for the Governance of InfrastructureOECD Governance
This working paper sets out by presenting concepts and challenges for public infrastructure followed by suggested preconditions for good infrastructure governance. It presents an infrastructure decision tree that can guide countries in assessing and balancing their specific sectoral, country, and project needs in order to select a fitting infrastructure delivery modality. www.oecd.org/gov/budgeting
Public Private Partnership: Specific Characteristics in Different Sectors SilvaSuvahRaisa
This slide provides information about public private partnership (PPP) and specific characteristics of PPP in different sectors. Public Private Partnership is the relationship between government and private sector entities in the context of infrastructure and other development services. At present, it is a popular method to provide quality service to citizens. As government have not enough money to provide better service and develop infrastructure, partnership with private entities help government in these regards. As private sections are financially strong, they can help government to develop infrastructure and provide service according to citizen demands.
PPP possessed several features in different sectors such as transport, power supply, education, health and so on. Each sectors has unique features. This slides contains all required information.
Transport Sectors:
Public-private partnerships (“PPPs”) can be an effective way to build and implement new infrastructure or to renovate, operate, maintain or manage existing transport infrastructure facilities. In both areas PPPs can be a mutually beneficial way to solve critical transportation problems.
Transportation infrastructure (airports, ports, rail, roads, urban transport) is indispensable to sustainable socio-economic development and trade. They link peoples and regions and connect firms to markets. Efficient transportation infrastructure is a major contributor to enhanced productivity.
PPPs provide a useful avenue for governments to access additional capital as well as technical expertise in the private sector to meet the very substantial demand from their populations for new and expanded transportation infrastructure in the coming decades.
Fiber optic:
The project company lays the fiber optic cables to link key demand centre and sells access to various telecommunication operators and internet service provider. Where new build residential development contemplated, PPP project can provide the full range video, audio, and telecommunication service from fixed line telephone service to broadband video streaming.
Issues—
Property
Access
Power Generation sectors:
The public sector alone cannot respond to the enormous investment needed to meet the growing demand for electricity. Bringing in the private sector through the use of public-private partnerships (PPPs) allows governments to share the burden of financing and management. The government must set clear limits in market power of distribution utilities while allowing competition in the generation segment with the establishment of a market for energy.
Issues:
Regulations
Planning and strategy
Health Sectors:
Public-Private Partnerships (PPP) in health sector services can be described as a long-term contract (typically 15-30 years) between a public-sector authority and one or more private sector companies.
In Bangladesh, private sector health financing includes household expenditures, private nursing home investments and drug fund.
In a bumper edition of Public Matters, we cover:
• the OFT’s recent report into the supply of ICT to the public sector
• further analysis of the new public procurement directive
• a new case on ineffectiveness
• the latest state aid developments, an analysis of PFI savings, case law developments on consultation obligations and recent developments on information sharing.
OECD Recommendation on Digital Government StrategiesOECD Governance
This Recommendation aims to support the development and implementation of digital government strategies that bring governments closer to citizens and businesses. It recognises that today’s technology is not only a strategic driver for improving public sector efficiency, but can also support effectiveness of policies and create more open, transparent, innovative, participatory and trustworthy governments. However, the multiplication of technological options may give rise to new risks and greater societal expectations that governments are not always fully prepared to address. Many governments still do not see technology as a collaborative means to shape public governance outcomes. A “business as usual” approach to technology that reinforces existing internal government processes only leads to failed projects and public criticism.
The Recommendation can enable a fundamental shift from citizen-centric approaches (government anticipating the needs of citizens and businesses) to citizen-driven approaches (citizens and businesses formulating and determining their needs in partnership with governments). For more information: : http://www.oecd.org/gov/public-innovation/recommendation-on-digital-government-strategies.
Using web platforms to promote transparency and strengthen land rightsIIED
Online databases are proving a useful tool for communities facing large-scale agricultural investments and associated conflicts, as a IIED webinar that took place in July 2016 discovered.
The webinar saw Wai Wai Lwin, founder of Open Data Myanmar, discuss how ODM uses web technology to share unbiased and verified data on land conflict to improve governance.
And Sam Szoke-Burke, legal researcher, Columbia Center for Sustainable Investment, discusses the Open Land Contracts database, containing publicly available investment contracts for large-scale projects.
For more information, visit: http://www.iied.org/using-online-technology-empower-communities-facing-land-deals
For more information on the Legal Tools for Citizen Empowerment initiative, visit: http://www.legal-tools.info
Public- Private Partnership (Ppp) As Catalyst for Sustainable Infrasstructura...inventionjournals
ABSTRACT: This research presents a microeconomic outlook on the benefits of a strong infrastructure base to the Nigerian economy as evident in some states in Nigeria. The overall objective is to highlights the importance of infrastructure development to economic growth and the need for government to take more strategic approach to tackling its dearth in Nigeria. It provides an informed perceptive on economic impact on infrastructure development has on nation building. Special focus is given to the strategic position the Construction industry takes in bridging the gap between - a state of underdevelopment (economic-anorexia) and economic prosperity. A look at strategic procurement options through the use of Public Private Partnerships (PPP) as a viable alternative to Traditional procurement is also discussed.
Next Generation National Broadband Network development - A ppp for an open ac...Mohamed Bouanane
As many countries seek to introduce greater competition there may be valuable lessons to be drawn from applying open access policies to next generation broadband infrastructure with partial public ownership or financed by utilities (e.g. backbone fibre associated with transport or electricity grids). Therefore, governments and regulators need to consider such policies – especially where there is insufficient competition – along with a public-private partnership to enhance capacity; speed, QoS and decrease costs so that the entire economy can continue to fully leverage its potential.
‘Six Sigma Technique’ A Journey Through its Implementationijtsrd
The manufacturing industries all over the world are facing tough challenges for growth, development and sustainability in today’s competitive environment. They have to achieve apex position by adapting with the global competitive environment by delivering goods and services at low cost, prime quality and better price to increase wealth and consumer satisfaction. Cost Management ensures profit, growth and sustainability of the business with implementation of Continuous Improvement Technique like Six Sigma. This leads to optimize Business performance. The method drives for customer satisfaction, low variation, reduction in waste and cycle time resulting into a competitive advantage over other industries which did not implement it. The main objective of this paper ‘Six Sigma Technique A Journey Through Its Implementation’ is to conceptualize the effectiveness of Six Sigma Technique through the journey of its implementation. Aditi Sunilkumar Ghosalkar "‘Six Sigma Technique’: A Journey Through its Implementation" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64546.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64546/‘six-sigma-technique’-a-journey-through-its-implementation/aditi-sunilkumar-ghosalkar
Edge Computing in Space Enhancing Data Processing and Communication for Space...ijtsrd
Edge computing, a paradigm that involves processing data closer to its source, has gained significant attention for its potential to revolutionize data processing and communication in space missions. With the increasing complexity and data volume generated by modern space missions, traditional centralized computing approaches face challenges related to latency, bandwidth, and security. Edge computing in space, involving on board processing and analysis of data, offers promising solutions to these challenges. This paper explores the concept of edge computing in space, its benefits, applications, and future prospects in enhancing space missions. Manish Verma "Edge Computing in Space: Enhancing Data Processing and Communication for Space Missions" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64541.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/artificial-intelligence/64541/edge-computing-in-space-enhancing-data-processing-and-communication-for-space-missions/manish-verma
Dynamics of Communal Politics in 21st Century India Challenges and Prospectsijtsrd
Communal politics in India has evolved through centuries, weaving a complex tapestry shaped by historical legacies, colonial influences, and contemporary socio political transformations. This research comprehensively examines the dynamics of communal politics in 21st century India, emphasizing its historical roots, socio political dynamics, economic implications, challenges, and prospects for mitigation. The historical perspective unravels the intricate interplay of religious identities and power dynamics from ancient civilizations to the impact of colonial rule, providing insights into the evolution of communalism. The socio political dynamics section delves into the contemporary manifestations, exploring the roles of identity politics, socio economic disparities, and globalization. The economic implications section highlights how communal politics intersects with economic issues, perpetuating disparities and influencing resource allocation. Challenges posed by communal politics are scrutinized, revealing multifaceted issues ranging from social fragmentation to threats against democratic values. The prospects for mitigation present a multifaceted approach, incorporating policy interventions, community engagement, and educational initiatives. The paper conducts a comparative analysis with international examples, identifying common patterns such as identity politics and economic disparities. It also examines unique challenges, emphasizing Indias diverse religious landscape, historical legacy, and secular framework. Lessons for effective strategies are drawn from international experiences, offering insights into inclusive policies, interfaith dialogue, media regulation, and global cooperation. By scrutinizing historical epochs, contemporary dynamics, economic implications, and international comparisons, this research provides a comprehensive understanding of communal politics in India. The proposed strategies for mitigation underscore the importance of a holistic approach to foster social harmony, inclusivity, and democratic values. Rose Hossain "Dynamics of Communal Politics in 21st Century India: Challenges and Prospects" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64528.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/history/64528/dynamics-of-communal-politics-in-21st-century-india-challenges-and-prospects/rose-hossain
Assess Perspective and Knowledge of Healthcare Providers Towards Elehealth in...ijtsrd
Background and Objective Telehealth has become a well known tool for the delivery of health care in Saudi Arabia, and the perspective and knowledge of healthcare providers are influential in the implementation, adoption and advancement of the method. This systematic review was conducted to examine the current literature base regarding telehealth and the related healthcare professional perspective and knowledge in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Materials and Methods This systematic review was conducted by searching 7 databases including, MEDLINE, CINHAL, Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, PsycINFO, and ProQuest Central. Studies on healthcare practitioners telehealth knowledge and perspectives published in English in Saudi Arabia from 2000 to 2023 were included. Boland directed this comprehensive review. The researchers examined each connected study using the AXIS tool, which evaluates cross sectional systematic reviews. Narrative synthesis was used to summarise and convey the data. Results Out of 1840 search results, 10 studies were included. Positive outlook and limited knowledge among providers were seen across trials. Healthcare professionals like telehealth for its ability to improve quality, access, and delivery, save time and money, and be successful. Age, gender, occupation, and work experience also affect health workers knowledge. In Saudi Arabia, healthcare professionals face inadequate expert assistance, patient privacy, internet connection concerns, lack of training courses, lack of telehealth understanding, and high costs while performing telemedicine. Conclusions Healthcare practitioners telehealth perceptions and knowledge were examined in this systematic study. Its collection of concerned experts different personal attitudes and expertise would help enhance telehealths implementation in Saudi Arabia, develop its healthcare delivery alternative, and eliminate frequent problems. Badriah Mousa I Mulayhi | Dr. Jomin George | Judy Jenkins "Assess Perspective and Knowledge of Healthcare Providers Towards Elehealth in Saudi Arabia: A Systematic Review" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64535.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/other/64535/assess-perspective-and-knowledge-of-healthcare-providers-towards-elehealth-in-saudi-arabia-a-systematic-review/badriah-mousa-i-mulayhi
The Impact of Digital Media on the Decentralization of Power and the Erosion ...ijtsrd
The impact of digital media on the distribution of power and the weakening of traditional gatekeepers has gained considerable attention in recent years. The adoption of digital technologies and the internet has resulted in declining influence and power for traditional gatekeepers such as publishing houses and news organizations. Simultaneously, digital media has facilitated the emergence of new voices and players in the media industry. Digital medias impact on power decentralization and gatekeeper erosion is visible in several ways. One significant aspect is the democratization of information, which enables anyone with an internet connection to publish and share content globally, leading to citizen journalism and bypassing traditional gatekeepers. Another aspect is the disruption of conventional media industry business models, as traditional organizations struggle to adjust to the decrease in advertising revenue and the rise of digital platforms. Alternative business models, such as subscription models and crowdfunding, have become more prevalent, leading to the emergence of new players. Overall, the impact of digital media on the distribution of power and the weakening of traditional gatekeepers has brought about significant changes in the media landscape and the way information is shared. Further research is required to fully comprehend the implications of these changes and their impact on society. Dr. Kusum Lata "The Impact of Digital Media on the Decentralization of Power and the Erosion of Traditional Gatekeepers" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64544.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/political-science/64544/the-impact-of-digital-media-on-the-decentralization-of-power-and-the-erosion-of-traditional-gatekeepers/dr-kusum-lata
Online Voices, Offline Impact Ambedkars Ideals and Socio Political Inclusion ...ijtsrd
This research investigates the nexus between online discussions on Dr. B.R. Ambedkars ideals and their impact on social inclusion among college students in Gurugram, Haryana. Surveying 240 students from 12 government colleges, findings indicate that 65 actively engage in online discussions, with 80 demonstrating moderate to high awareness of Ambedkars ideals. Statistically significant correlations reveal that higher online engagement correlates with increased awareness p 0.05 and perceived social inclusion. Variations across colleges and a notable effect of college type on perceived social inclusion highlight the influence of contextual factors. Furthermore, the intersectional analysis underscores nuanced differences based on gender, caste, and socio economic status. Dr. Kusum Lata "Online Voices, Offline Impact: Ambedkar's Ideals and Socio-Political Inclusion - A Study of Gurugram District" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64543.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/political-science/64543/online-voices-offline-impact-ambedkars-ideals-and-sociopolitical-inclusion--a-study-of-gurugram-district/dr-kusum-lata
Problems and Challenges of Agro Entreprenurship A Studyijtsrd
Noting calls for contextualizing Agro entrepreneurs problems and challenges of the agro entrepreneurs and for greater attention to the Role of entrepreneurs in agro entrepreneurship research, we conduct a systematic literature review of extent research in agriculture entrepreneurship to overcome the study objectives of complications of agro entrepreneurs through various factors, Development of agriculture products is a key factor for the overall economic growth of agro entrepreneurs Agro Entrepreneurs produces firsthand large scale employment, utilizes the labor and natural resources, This research outlines the problems of Weather and Soil Erosions, Market price fluctuation, stimulates labor cost problems, reduces concentration of Price volatility, Dependency on Intermediaries, induces Limited Bargaining Power, and Storage and Transportation Costs. This paper mainly devoted to highlight Problems and challenges faced for the sustainable of Agro Entrepreneurs in India. Vinay Prasad B "Problems and Challenges of Agro Entreprenurship - A Study" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64540.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64540/problems-and-challenges-of-agro-entreprenurship--a-study/vinay-prasad-b
Comparative Analysis of Total Corporate Disclosure of Selected IT Companies o...ijtsrd
Disclosure is a process through which a business enterprise communicates with external parties. A corporate disclosure is communication of financial and non financial information of the activities of a business enterprise to the interested entities. Corporate disclosure is done through publishing annual reports. So corporate disclosure through annual reports plays a vital role in the life of all the companies and provides valuable information to investors. The basic objectives of corporate disclosure is to give a true and fair view of companies to the parties related either directly or indirectly like owner, government, creditors, shareholders etc. in the companies act, provisions have been made about mandatory and voluntary disclosure. The IT sector in India is rapidly growing, the trend to invest in the IT sector is rising and employment opportunities in IT sectors are also increasing. Therefore the IT sector is expected to have fair, full and adequate disclosure of all information. Unfair and incomplete disclosure may adversely affect the entire economy. A research study on disclosure practices of IT companies could play an important role in this regard. Hence, the present research study has been done to study and review comparative analysis of total corporate disclosure of selected IT companies of India and to put forward overall findings and suggestions with a view to increase disclosure score of these companies. The researcher hopes that the present research study will be helpful to all selected Companies for improving level of corporate disclosure through annual reports as well as the government, creditors, investors, all business organizations and upcoming researcher for comparative analyses of level of corporate disclosure with special reference to selected IT companies. Dr. Vaibhavi D. Thaker "Comparative Analysis of Total Corporate Disclosure of Selected IT Companies of India" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64539.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64539/comparative-analysis-of-total-corporate-disclosure-of-selected-it-companies-of-india/dr-vaibhavi-d-thaker
The Impact of Educational Background and Professional Training on Human Right...ijtsrd
This study investigated the impact of educational background and professional training on human rights awareness among secondary school teachers in the Marathwada region of Maharashtra, India. The key findings reveal that higher levels of education, particularly a master’s degree, and fields of study related to education, humanities, or social sciences are associated with greater human rights awareness among teachers. Additionally, both pre service teacher training and in service professional development programs focused on human rights education significantly enhance teacher’s knowledge, skills, and competencies in promoting human rights principles in their classrooms. Baig Ameer Bee Mirza Abdul Aziz | Dr. Syed Azaz Ali Amjad Ali "The Impact of Educational Background and Professional Training on Human Rights Awareness among Secondary School Teachers" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64529.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/64529/the-impact-of-educational-background-and-professional-training-on-human-rights-awareness-among-secondary-school-teachers/baig-ameer-bee-mirza-abdul-aziz
A Study on the Effective Teaching Learning Process in English Curriculum at t...ijtsrd
“One Language sets you in a corridor for life. Two languages open every door along the way” Frank Smith English as a foreign language or as a second language has been ruling in India since the period of Lord Macaulay. But the question is how much we teach or learn English properly in our culture. Is there any scope to use English as a language rather than a subject How much we learn or teach English without any interference of mother language specially in the classroom teaching learning scenario in West Bengal By considering all these issues the researcher has attempted in this article to focus on the effective teaching learning process comparing to other traditional strategies in the field of English curriculum at the secondary level to investigate whether they fulfill the present teaching learning requirements or not by examining the validity of the present curriculum of English. The purpose of this study is to focus on the effectiveness of the systematic, scientific, sequential and logical transaction of the course between the teachers and the learners in the perspective of the 5Es programme that is engage, explore, explain, extend and evaluate. Sanchali Mondal | Santinath Sarkar "A Study on the Effective Teaching Learning Process in English Curriculum at the Secondary Level of West Bengal" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd62412.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/62412/a-study-on-the-effective-teaching-learning-process-in-english-curriculum-at-the-secondary-level-of-west-bengal/sanchali-mondal
The Role of Mentoring and Its Influence on the Effectiveness of the Teaching ...ijtsrd
This paper reports on a study which was conducted to investigate the role of mentoring and its influence on the effectiveness of the teaching of Physics in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. The study adopted the convergent parallel mixed methods design, focusing on respondents in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. Both quantitative and qualitative data were collected, analysed separately, and the results were compared to see if the findings confirm or disconfirm each other. The quantitative analysis found that majority of the respondents 72 of Physics teachers affirmed that they had more experienced colleagues as mentors to help build their confidence, improve their teaching, and help them improve their effectiveness and efficiency in guiding learners’ achievements. Only 28 of the respondents disagreed with these statements. With majority respondents 72 agreeing with the statements, it implies that in most secondary schools, experienced Physics teachers act as mentors to build teachers’ confidence in teaching and improving students’ learning. The interview qualitative data analysis summarized how secondary school Principals use meetings with mentors and mentees to promote mentorship in the school milieu. This has helped strengthen teachers’ classroom practices in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. With the results confirming each other, the study recommends that mentoring should focus on helping teachers employ social interactions and instructional practices feedback and clarity in teaching that have direct measurable impact on students’ learning achievements. Andrew Ngeim Sumba | Frederick Ebot Ashu | Peter Agborbechem Tambi "The Role of Mentoring and Its Influence on the Effectiveness of the Teaching of Physics in Secondary Schools in the South West Region of Cameroon" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64524.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/management-development/64524/the-role-of-mentoring-and-its-influence-on-the-effectiveness-of-the-teaching-of-physics-in-secondary-schools-in-the-south-west-region-of-cameroon/andrew-ngeim-sumba
Design Simulation and Hardware Construction of an Arduino Microcontroller Bas...ijtsrd
This study primarily focuses on the design of a high side buck converter using an Arduino microcontroller. The converter is specifically intended for use in DC DC applications, particularly in standalone solar PV systems where the PV output voltage exceeds the load or battery voltage. To evaluate the performance of the converter, simulation experiments are conducted using Proteus Software. These simulations provide insights into the input and output voltages, currents, powers, and efficiency under different state of charge SoC conditions of a 12V,70Ah rechargeable lead acid battery. Additionally, the hardware design of the converter is implemented, and practical data is collected through operation, monitoring, and recording. By comparing the simulation results with the practical results, the efficiency and performance of the designed converter are assessed. The findings indicate that while the buck converter is suitable for practical use in standalone PV systems, its efficiency is compromised due to a lower output current. Chan Myae Aung | Dr. Ei Mon "Design Simulation and Hardware Construction of an Arduino-Microcontroller Based DC-DC High-Side Buck Converter for Standalone PV System" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64518.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/64518/design-simulation-and-hardware-construction-of-an-arduinomicrocontroller-based-dcdc-highside-buck-converter-for-standalone-pv-system/chan-myae-aung
Sustainable Energy by Paul A. Adekunte | Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Janet O. Sadikuijtsrd
Energy becomes sustainable if it meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Some of the definitions of sustainable energy include the considerations of environmental aspects such as greenhouse gas emissions, social, and economic aspects such as energy poverty. Generally far more sustainable than fossil fuel are renewable energy sources such as wind, hydroelectric power, solar, and geothermal energy sources. Worthy of note is that some renewable energy projects, like the clearing of forests to produce biofuels, can cause severe environmental damage. The sustainability of nuclear power which is a low carbon source is highly debated because of concerns about radioactive waste, nuclear proliferation, and accidents. The switching from coal to natural gas has environmental benefits, including a lower climate impact, but could lead to delay in switching to more sustainable options. “Carbon capture and storage” can be built into power plants to remove the carbon dioxide CO2 emissions, but this technology is expensive and has rarely been implemented. Leading non renewable energy sources around the world is fossil fuels, coal, petroleum, and natural gas. Nuclear energy is usually considered another non renewable energy source, although nuclear energy itself is a renewable energy source, but the material used in nuclear power plants is not. The paper addresses the issue of sustainable energy, its attendant benefits to the future generation, and humanity in general. Paul A. Adekunte | Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Janet O. Sadiku "Sustainable Energy" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64534.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/64534/sustainable-energy/paul-a-adekunte
Concepts for Sudan Survey Act Implementations Executive Regulations and Stand...ijtsrd
This paper aims to outline the executive regulations, survey standards, and specifications required for the implementation of the Sudan Survey Act, and for regulating and organizing all surveying work activities in Sudan. The act has been discussed for more than 5 years. The Land Survey Act was initiated by the Sudan Survey Authority and all official legislations were headed by the Sudan Ministry of Justice till it was issued in 2022. The paper presents conceptual guidelines to be used for the Survey Act implementation and to regulate the survey work practice, standardizing the field surveys, processing, quality control, procedures, and the processes related to survey work carried out by the stakeholders and relevant authorities in Sudan. The conceptual guidelines are meant to improve the quality and harmonization of geospatial data and to aid decision making processes as well as geospatial information systems. The established comprehensive executive regulations will govern and regulate the implementation of the Sudan Survey Geomatics Act in all surveying and mapping practices undertaken by the Sudan Survey Authority SSA and state local survey departments for public or private sector organizations. The targeted standards and specifications include the reference frame, projection, coordinate systems, and the guidelines and specifications that must be followed in the field of survey work, processes, and mapping products. In the last few decades, there has been a growing awareness of the importance of geomatics activities and measurements on the Earths surface in space and time, together with observing and mapping the changes. In such cases, data must be captured promptly, standardized, and obtained with more accuracy and specified in much detail. The paper will also highlight the current situation in Sudan, the degree to which survey standards are used, the problems encountered, and the errors that arise from not using the standards and survey specifications. Kamal A. A. Sami "Concepts for Sudan Survey Act Implementations - Executive Regulations and Standards" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63484.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/63484/concepts-for-sudan-survey-act-implementations--executive-regulations-and-standards/kamal-a-a-sami
Towards the Implementation of the Sudan Interpolated Geoid Model Khartoum Sta...ijtsrd
The discussions between ellipsoid and geoid have invoked many researchers during the recent decades, especially during the GNSS technology era, which had witnessed a great deal of development but still geoid undulation requires more investigations. To figure out a solution for Sudans local geoid, this research has tried to intake the possibility of determining the geoid model by following two approaches, gravimetric and geometrical geoid model determination, by making use of GNSS leveling benchmarks at Khartoum state. The Benchmarks are well distributed in the study area, in which, the horizontal coordinates and the height above the ellipsoid have been observed by GNSS while orthometric heights were carried out using precise leveling. The Global Geopotential Model GGM represented in EGM2008 has been exploited to figure out the geoid undulation at the benchmarks in the study area. This is followed by a fitting process, that has been done to suit the geoid undulation data which has been computed using GNSS leveling data and geoid undulation inspired by the EGM2008. Two geoid surfaces were created after the fitting process to ensure that they are identical and both of them could be counted for getting the same geoid undulation with an acceptable accuracy. In this respect, statistical operation played an important role in ensuring the consistency and integrity of the model by applying cross validation techniques splitting the data into training and testing datasets for building the geoid model and testing its eligibility. The geometrical solution for geoid undulation computation has been utilized by applying straightforward equations that facilitate the calculation of the geoid undulation directly through applying statistical techniques for the GNSS leveling data of the study area to get the common equation parameters values that could be utilized to calculate geoid undulation of any position in the study area within the claimed accuracy. Both systems were checked and proved eligible to be used within the study area with acceptable accuracy which may contribute to solving the geoid undulation problem in the Khartoum area, and be further generalized to determine the geoid model over the entire country, and this could be considered in the future, for regional and continental geoid model. Ahmed M. A. Mohammed. | Kamal A. A. Sami "Towards the Implementation of the Sudan Interpolated Geoid Model (Khartoum State Case Study)" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63483.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/63483/towards-the-implementation-of-the-sudan-interpolated-geoid-model-khartoum-state-case-study/ahmed-m-a-mohammed
Activating Geospatial Information for Sudans Sustainable Investment Mapijtsrd
Sudan is witnessing an acceleration in the processes of development and transformation in the performance of government institutions to raise the productivity and investment efficiency of the government sector. The development plans and investment opportunities have focused on achieving national goals in various sectors. This paper aims to illuminate the path to the future and provide geospatial data and information to develop the investment climate and environment for all sized businesses, and to bridge the development gap between the Sudan states. The Sudan Survey Authority SSA is the main advisor to the Sudan Government in conducting surveying, mappings, designing, and developing systems related to geospatial data and information. In recent years, SSA made a strategic partnership with the Ministry of Investment to activate Geospatial Information for Sudans Sustainable Investment and in particular, for the preparation and implementation of the Sudan investment map, based on the directives and objectives of the Ministry of Investment MI in Sudan. This paper comes within the framework of activating the efforts of the Ministry of Investment to develop technical investment services by applying techniques adopted by the Ministry and its strategic partners for advancing investment processes in the country. Kamal A. A. Sami "Activating Geospatial Information for Sudan's Sustainable Investment Map" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63482.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/information-technology/63482/activating-geospatial-information-for-sudans-sustainable-investment-map/kamal-a-a-sami
Educational Unity Embracing Diversity for a Stronger Societyijtsrd
In a rapidly changing global landscape, the importance of education as a unifying force cannot be overstated. This paper explores the crucial role of educational unity in fostering a stronger and more inclusive society through the embrace of diversity. By examining the benefits of diverse learning environments, the paper aims to highlight the positive impact on societal strength. The discussion encompasses various dimensions, from curriculum design to classroom dynamics, and emphasizes the need for educational institutions to become catalysts for unity in diversity. It highlights the need for a paradigm shift in educational policies, curricula, and pedagogical approaches to ensure that they are reflective of the diverse fabric of society. This paper also addresses the challenges associated with implementing inclusive educational practices and offers practical strategies for overcoming barriers. It advocates for collaborative efforts between educational institutions, policymakers, and communities to create a supportive ecosystem that promotes diversity and unity. Mr. Amit Adhikari | Madhumita Teli | Gopal Adhikari "Educational Unity: Embracing Diversity for a Stronger Society" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64525.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/64525/educational-unity-embracing-diversity-for-a-stronger-society/mr-amit-adhikari
Integration of Indian Indigenous Knowledge System in Management Prospects and...ijtsrd
The diversity of indigenous knowledge systems in India is vast and can vary significantly between different communities and regions. Preserving and respecting these knowledge systems is crucial for maintaining cultural heritage, promoting sustainable practices, and fostering cross cultural understanding. In this paper, an overview of the prospects and challenges associated with incorporating Indian indigenous knowledge into management is explored. It is found that IIKS helps in management in many areas like sustainable development, tourism, food security, natural resource management, cultural preservation and innovation, etc. However, IIKS integration with management faces some challenges in the form of a lack of documentation, cultural sensitivity, language barriers legal framework, etc. Savita Lathwal "Integration of Indian Indigenous Knowledge System in Management: Prospects and Challenges" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63500.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/accounting-and-finance/63500/integration-of-indian-indigenous-knowledge-system-in-management-prospects-and-challenges/savita-lathwal
DeepMask Transforming Face Mask Identification for Better Pandemic Control in...ijtsrd
The COVID 19 pandemic has highlighted the crucial need of preventive measures, with widespread use of face masks being a key method for slowing the viruss spread. This research investigates face mask identification using deep learning as a technological solution to be reducing the risk of coronavirus transmission. The proposed method uses state of the art convolutional neural networks CNNs and transfer learning to automatically recognize persons who are not wearing masks in a variety of circumstances. We discuss how this strategy improves public health and safety by providing an efficient manner of enforcing mask wearing standards. The report also discusses the obstacles, ethical concerns, and prospective applications of face mask detection systems in the ongoing fight against the pandemic. Dilip Kumar Sharma | Aaditya Yadav "DeepMask: Transforming Face Mask Identification for Better Pandemic Control in the COVID-19 Era" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64522.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/64522/deepmask-transforming-face-mask-identification-for-better-pandemic-control-in-the-covid19-era/dilip-kumar-sharma
Streamlining Data Collection eCRF Design and Machine Learningijtsrd
Efficient and accurate data collection is paramount in clinical trials, and the design of Electronic Case Report Forms eCRFs plays a pivotal role in streamlining this process. This paper explores the integration of machine learning techniques in the design and implementation of eCRFs to enhance data collection efficiency. We delve into the synergies between eCRF design principles and machine learning algorithms, aiming to optimize data quality, reduce errors, and expedite the overall data collection process. The application of machine learning in eCRF design brings forth innovative approaches to data validation, anomaly detection, and real time adaptability. This paper discusses the benefits, challenges, and future prospects of leveraging machine learning in eCRF design for streamlined and advanced data collection in clinical trials. Dhanalakshmi D | Vijaya Lakshmi Kannareddy "Streamlining Data Collection: eCRF Design and Machine Learning" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63515.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/biotechnology/63515/streamlining-data-collection-ecrf-design-and-machine-learning/dhanalakshmi-d
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
In Odoo, the chatter is like a chat tool that helps you work together on records. You can leave notes and track things, making it easier to talk with your team and partners. Inside chatter, all communication history, activity, and changes will be displayed.
Executive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and InclusionTechSoup
Let’s explore the intersection of technology and equity in the final session of our DEI series. Discover how AI tools, like ChatGPT, can be used to support and enhance your nonprofit's DEI initiatives. Participants will gain insights into practical AI applications and get tips for leveraging technology to advance their DEI goals.
MATATAG CURRICULUM: ASSESSING THE READINESS OF ELEM. PUBLIC SCHOOL TEACHERS I...NelTorrente
In this research, it concludes that while the readiness of teachers in Caloocan City to implement the MATATAG Curriculum is generally positive, targeted efforts in professional development, resource distribution, support networks, and comprehensive preparation can address the existing gaps and ensure successful curriculum implementation.
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@ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID – IJTSRD47651 | Volume – 5 | Issue – 6 | Sep-Oct 2021 Page 1367
procurement of goods to large capital spending for
development of major infrastructural projects to take
place.
Public contracts is used as an important measure in
the lives of citizens. It enables the citizens to enjoy
provisions of the government such as the construction
and maintenance of roads, schools, and hospitals; the
generation of electricity; the exploitation of natural
resources; the delivery of textbooks and medicine;
and all of the other goods, works, and services which
the governments as a means of spending its money,
delivers to their citizens in order for development to
be realized. Thus, the award of public contract should
be given to whoever deserves it and is ready to
provide what is need and in time.
However, public contracting has been identified as
the government activity in the advanced and less
advanced countries most vulnerable to wastefulness,
mismanagement, inefficiency, and corruption
oftentimes, the governments dishes out little or no
information about (a) the planning of public contracts,
(b) how public contracts are formed (e.g. whether by
negotiation or through a competitive tender process);
(c) the content of the agreements; (d) the progress of
their performance or (e) the relevant government
oversight mechanisms. This lack of information can
make it difficult for civil society – and sometimes
even for auditors and parliaments – to assess whether
the government is getting good value for money or
whether the parties to the contract are fully complying
with their obligations. It also makes it difficult for
private sector actors who wishes to compete in the
public contracts sector to do so, as well as for civil
society groups and communities to participate and
monitor public contracts or for the private sector to
give feedback on public contracting processes.
Due to the on growing recognition of these harms in
the public contract sector, as well as developing rules
connected to access to information and collaborative
governance, there has been a recent curiosity of
increased disclosure and participation practices in
public contracting in most if not all countries around
the world. The suggestion underlying these norm is
that exposure and participation are mutually
reinforcing drivers of accountability in environments
that public contract is characterized by non-
disclosure, civil society and the media (and, in some
cases, parliaments and auditors) cannot sufficiently
monitor, criticize, or applaud the use of public
resources. If adequate information are given to the
public, they can expressively partake in public
contracting processes and work closely with the
government, civil society, donors, and the private
sector. This can help the contracting processes to
achieve better contracts for governments, and also go
a long way to provide a high quality of goods, works,
and services for citizens around the world.
In recent years, governments around the world have
begun taking action to enhance disclosure and
participation in public contracting. Such open
contracting efforts include:
Developed a framework for which there will be a
transparent and unbiased contracting process;
Identifying that there should be a right of the
public to access public contracting information;
However, there remain significant challenges and
obstacles to implementation of transparent
contracting processes in many places. Such
challenges include the fact that governments lack the
technical capacity and knowledge to initiate and
manage reforms to the system, and of some staff to
adhere, implement and manage the contracting
process. Too many responsibilities for public
contracting within government can also result in the
lack of predictability in application of existing rules
and weak application. In addition, some governments
in the world do not have the sufficient political will to
enact reforms or enforce existing rules due to the
vested interests of those that may benefit from the
opportunities for misappropriation of the contract
award process.
For those governments that have regularized laws that
are applicable to a transparent public contracting,
have seen that it comes with a lot of enjoyable
benefits. Some of these benefits are evidence that
these governments enjoy less corruption, have been
shown to save time, enjoy increase value for money,
and improve access to public contracting
opportunities for small and medium sized enterprises
(Kaspar and Puddephatt, 2012: 38).
Problem Statement
Procurement is an essential component of government
spending. Worldwide, governments spend about
US$9.5 trillion or 15% of global GDP–on contracts
with companies to procure works, goods and services
(Open Contracting Partnership OCP, 2015: 35).
Procurement constitutes about 30% of government
expenditure in high-income countries. In low- and
middle-income countries, it makes up an average of
50% (Lucas Amin, January 2017: 28).
However, Corruption during the contracting process
has been identified as a major problem. The OECD,
the European Commission, and the UN Office of
Drugs and Crime (UNODC) all cite public
procurement as the largest corruption risk for
governments (OCP, 2015: 42). According to the
UNODC, corruption reduces the value of a public
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contract by 10 to 25% (UN Office on Drugs and
Crime, 2013: 18). Most bribery cases prosecuted
under the OECD Anti-Bribery Convention involved
bribery during the contracting process (Lucas Amin,
January 2017: 33). The financial cost – not to mention
the human cost – of corruption in this sector is
significant. The importance of open contracting goes
well beyond anticorruption. A clear case can be made
that it has a significant impact on government
efficiency, value for money, and fair competition. A
recent study of 3.5 million procurement records
across Europe found a clear correlation between
publishing more information about tenders and a
reduced likelihood of single-bid contracts, equivalent
to savings of about €3.6-6.3 billion per year. This
study also found that single-bid contracts are 7–10%
more expensive (M Fazekas and G Kocsis, 2015: 12).
Local governments commission and procure a wide
range of infrastructure, goods and services on the
behalf of their residents. Contracts are often the route
through which policies get translated into tangible
benefits for people and communities. Open
contracting is the principle that residents should be
able to know and influence what local government is
contracting, with whom and for what.
Open contracting continues to gain momentum, and is
on the way to becoming a global norm. Many
governments in OGP have assumed open contracting
commitments, several of which have led to strong
results. Still, important challenges remain that require
moving beyond the status quo of contracting reforms
by
Engaging citizens to utilize contracting data for
impact. Most open contracting commitments in
OGP focus exclusively on information disclosure
and do not include essential ingredients for data
usage, such as citizen feedback loops.
Engagement with users may be more important
than immediate standardization; and
Providing higher-quality contracting data is
imperative. A lack of high-quality data continues
to present challenges. Timeliness and
completeness are essential to ensuring greater
impact. In addition, usability is key, specifically,
getting data out of PDFs and into a machine-
readable format.
At its core, open contracting consists of: 1) the
affirmative disclosure of information; and 2)
participation, monitoring, and oversight. According to
the Open Contracting Partnership (OCP), “open
contracting is about publishing and using open,
accessible, and timely information on government
contracting to engage citizens and businesses in
identifying and fixing problems.”7 Importantly, open
contracting consists of disclosure and engagement
throughout the entire chain of procurement, including
planning, tendering, awarding, and implementation. It
can also cover non-procurement issues such as
licensing and extractives contracts.
Open contracting reforms range from the provision of
more information on each stage of the contracting
process (i.e. planning, tender, award, contract and
implementation) to the active involvement of citizens
in defining, awarding or overseeing contracts.
Publishing and using structured and standardized
information about public contracting can help
stakeholders to (OCP, 2015: 88):
“Build trust and ensure that the trillions of dollars
spent by governments result in better services, goods,
and infrastructure projects.”
Governments and other stakeholders to affirmatively
are expected to disclose documents and information
related to public contracting in a manner that enables
meaningful understanding, effective monitoring,
efficient performance, and accountability for
outcomes (OCP 2015: 92). These cover both
“affirmative disclosure”, and “participation,
monitoring, and oversight”.
Open contracting improves value for money,
efficiency, competition, quality of services, and
public integrity. Open contracting data can enable
effective oversight of government services by
revealing who is getting paid how much to deliver
what, as well as how they were selected, and whether
they delivered on time and with quality. This can
expose anomalies that alert the public and
government officials to procurement processes that
are inefficient or uncompetitive, delivered the wrong
results, delivered them late, or are too expensive.
This, in turn, can help identify kickbacks or collusion
during the procurement process. (OCP, 2018:42:
Katherine Wikrent, Nov. 2016: 28). In addition, the
transparency of the announcement and awarding of
tenders can encourage new, often smaller, companies
to participate in public procurement, and clarify
demographic differences in who is applying. This, in
turn, can promote sustainable development and
higher-quality goods and services. The publication
and use of open contracting data for monitoring and
oversight therefore helps to achieve a number of
mutually reinforcing goals:
Deliver better value for money and efficiency for
governments;
Create fairer competition and a level playing field
for business, especially smaller firms;
Prevent fraud and corruption; and
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Promote smarter analysis and better solutions for
public problems (OCP 2015: 22).
There is empirical evidence for the advantages of
open contracting. A 2017 World Bank study covering
34,000 firms in 88 countries found that greater
transparency in the contracting process (as well as
effective complaint mechanisms and external auditing
systems) leads to greater competition–particularly
from smaller firms – and fewer kickbacks to officials
(Stephen Knack et al, May 2017: 51).
Created on the 9th
of December 2011, the Cameroon
ministry of public contract was placed under the
presidency. The intent was to accelerate the
implementation of vision 2035. The creation was also
intended to give opportunity for more open and
thorough scrutiny of hurdles to ensure the removal of
speed breaks, especially in terms of mismanagement
of public funds and other ills that had bedevilled the
business community in the country (Tanwie, 2019).
More so, the government saw the need for
transparency and efficiency in government public
contracting (Beer 2011:19-20).
Gerdde sees the need for the creation of the ministry
of public contract in Cameroon, taking into
consideration the ineffective, inefficient, corrupt and
non-transparent practices of the award and execution
of contracts in Cameroon (Tanwie (2019:2). The
function of a public contract ministryis to bring about
development and ensure good governance. It also
functions to reduce poverty, corruption and improves
the entire public financial management system.
Bolton (2006:20) considers public contracts to be the
process of acquiring goods, works and services at the
best possible total cost, in the right quantity, quality,
time and place to benefit of the society. Public
contract are considered by the Cameroon public
contract code as written agreements entered in, in
accordance with the provisions of the degree, by
which an entrepreneur, supplier, or service provider
undertakes to either carry out work for, or supply
goods or services within a given time limit, for a
price.
Public contracts are managed by the Agence de
Regulation des Marches Public (ARMP), a Public
Contract Regulatory Agency. Created by Decree N°
2001/048 on February 23, 2001 in the framework of
profound reforms, the Public Contract Regulatory
Agency (ARMP} is a public administrative
establishment with its own legal personality and
financial autonomy. Under the trusteeship of the
Presidency of the Republic, it set up to oversees
regulation, follow-ups and evaluation of the public
markets sector. It is specifically charged with:
Contributing to training and informing those in
the system on regulations and applicable
procedures in public markets;
Elaborating and diffusing documents and
procedural manuals;
Assuring the editing and publication of the Public
Markets Journal;
Bringing additional technical support necessaryto
public markets commissions;
Overseeing through studies and regular opinions
in the healthy application of regulation and
procedures relative to public markets and to make
all appropriate recommendations relative to
improvements;
Collecting and centralising (in view of
constituting a databank) documentation and
statistics on attribution, execution and control of
public markets.
To this effect, the Agency receives master works
and commissions from copy markets and other
documents or rapports concerned of which it is
responsible for its good maintaining and
conservation in the archives relative to public
markets:
Proceeding to publication in the Public Markets
Journal, of public offering opinions, resulting
attributions, and amounts and market delays;
Recruiting independent observers and auditors;
Contributing to the promotion of a transparent
environment favourable to the stakes of
competition and to the development of
businesses, as well as to stable and well
performing competencies;
Proposing to the Government and to the crew
leaders all measures tending to improve the
control systems, as well as the controlling and the
carrying out of public markets;
Participating in the updating of regulations on
public markets;
Thus, for developments in the management of public
contracts to be felt, Cameroon has to depend on the
efficiency and effectiveness of its public procurement
and contracts award procedures. The system involves
several actors in the public and private sectors,
controlled by ARMP under the presidency of the
republic and the prime minister’s office. Tanwie
(2019:8) opines that the gap between amount
disbursed for development and the actual
implementation of the project continues to widen due
to widespread corruption that cost FCFA billions each
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year to the state. Corruption has gained deep roots in
the award of contracts and the government has
become incapable of exercising close control. Like
other developing countries, Corruption has attained
alarming proportions and has become one of the
obstacles to progress in the ministry in charge of
public contracts.
The ministry of public contract is created to serve the
public especially as the country moves towards
infrastructural development and the provision of good
and services to the entire nation in the most possible
accountable manner, through open contracting by
using the principles of accountability, transparency
and participation. Yet, this ministry seems to have
been experiencing a handful of setbacks due to
corruption, embezzlement, ineffectiveness and
inefficient in the execution of public works, as open
contracting faces a lot of challenges in the award and
implementation of public contracts, both in the central
services in the Ministry and in the delegations.
Yet, the institutional, legal, technical and cultural
contexts within which open contracting activities take
place has a significant immediate effect on its
prospects for success, and on the degree to which it
can realistically be sustained and developed over
time. That is why open contracting encourages
policies, laws, and institutional arrangements that
promote, facilitate or reinforce the broader adoption
and better implementation of basic principles of
accountable and responsive government.
Thus, it is compelling to assess the legal and
regulatory, institutional and collaborative, and data
management and disclosure context and the
possibility of mapping such enabling environment.
1.3. Research Questions
To what extent does the legal and regulatory context
for the awards of contracts permit open local
contracting in Fako Division?
1.4. Research Objectives
Identify the legal and regulatory context for the
awards of contracts permit open local contracting in
Fako Division;
1.5. Research Hypotheses
H0: µ = 1, i.e., the legal and regulatory context for the
awards of contracts permits open local contracting in
Fako Division;
H1: µ # 1, i.e., the legal and regulatory context for the
awards of contracts does not permit open local
contracting in Fako Division;
Research methodology
This chapter presents the methodology of the study
and vividly describes the study area. Issues under
consideration here are: research approach, research
design, population, target population, sample and
sampling techniques, sampling frame, method of data
collection, method of data presentation, method of
data analysis, validity and reliability of instruments,
and ethical considerations.
Description of the study area
The selection of a research site is important. It
influences the usefulness of information produced
(Ndue Paul 2017:93) the research site of the work is
Fako Division found in the south west region of
Cameroon, with a surface area of 2,093km2 and a
population density of 222.8km2. It is made up of
Buea, limbe I, II, III, Muyuka, Tiko and west coast.
Buea is the capital of the Southwest Region of
Cameroon. The town is located on the eastern slopes
of Mount Cameroon .Originally, Buea's population
consisted mainly of the Bakweri people. However,
owing to its status as a university town and the
regional capital, there are significant numbers of other
ethnic groups. About 300,000 people live in Buea
(including the villages of Bokwaongo, Muea;
Bomaka; Tole; Mile 16 (Bolifamba); Mile 17; Mile
15; Mile 14 (Dibanda); Bova; Bonjongo; Likombe;
Buasa; Great Soppo; Molyko; Small Soppo; Bwitingi;
Mile 18 (Wonyamavio); Lower farms; Bokwai;
Bonduma; Sandpit, Wonyamongo, Bulu; Bokova and
surrounding villages).
Buea is known for its high level educational
practices. This is evident in the fact that the town
hosts the University of Buea, which is Cameroon's
first Anglophone University. It is the site of several
other higher institutes of learning, including St
Francis Schools of Nursing and Midwifery presently
known as Biaka University Institute of Buea (BUIB)
and one of Cameroon's three Catholic universities
(CUIB).
Buea has a subtropical highland climate. Because of
its location at the foot of Mount Cameroon, the
climate in Buea tends to be humid, with the
neighborhoods at higher elevations enjoying cooler
temperatures while the lower neighborhoods
experience a hotter climate. Extended periods of
rainfall, characterized by incessant drizzle, which can
last for weeks, are common during the rainy season as
are damp fogs, rolling off the mountain into the town
below.
Tiko is a town and an important port in the south west
region of Cameroon. It grew as a market town for
Duala fishermen, Bakweri people, farmers and
hunters from Molyko, Bewnga, Bule, and Bokova.
The core quarters in Tiko include; street 1-7,
Motombolombo, down beach, new quarter, p & t
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quarters, new layout, Longstreet Likomba, golf club,
Mutengene, Ombe. As of 2012, Tiko had a population
of about 78,885 people.
Tiko is an industrial area which is mostlyoccupied by
CDC (CAMEOON Development Corporation) which
produces rubber, banana and palm oil. Tiko hosts the
Tiko golf club which is a popular destination for golf
lovers.
Tiko is also known for its education background, as it
serves as a home for many colleges such as GBHS,
sure foundation comprehensive college and Plive
College.
It’s also a town known for business this is evident in
the fact that Tiko is inhabited by many Nigerians who
settle there for the purpose of business therefore the
reason for the big and organized market in Tiko.
Metengene in the south west region has a population
of about 47,478 inhabitants, 246km west of Yaoundé
the country’s capital.
Research approach and design
The research design refers to the overall strategy that
is employed in order to integrate the different
components of the study in a coherent and logical
way, thereby ensuring that the research problem is
effectively addressed. It constitutes a blueprint for the
collection, measurement and analysis of data. This
study will employ the case study design because it
will give special attention to the opinions of several
key actors and it will enable us to understand the
overall context and challenges in the specified public
institution.
Target population
This refers to the total group of people from which
the sample is drawn. This constitutes the entire group
of individuals or objects to which researchers are
interested in generalizing the conclusion of the
research findings. The target population in this study
therefore is the entire population of the Tiko, Buea,
Limbe and Idenau who are involved in local
contracting. A sample of 260 will be drawn from this
population and they will constitute the sample size
(respondents/participants) of the study.
Sampling Size
Considering the fact that it would be cumbersome to
study the entire population due to time, cost and
accessibility, a subset of the population i.e. sample
size was chosen so as to represent the whole
population. Sample is viewed not as a whole in itself
but as an approximation of the whole.
Sources of Data Collection
The study employs both primary and secondary data.
Primary data was collected through in-depth field
studies using qualitative tools such questionnaire,
meanwhile secondary data came from published
books, journal articles and the internet. In collecting
primary data, the researcher focused on evidence
provided by the correspondents. The secondary data
sources were used to explore discussions on the
subject matter.
Construction of Instrument for Data Collection
The data collection instrument used was a structured
questionnaire because structured questionnaires are
extremely flexible and could be used to gather
information concerning almost any topic, from a
larger or small number of people. The questionnaires
were divided into four sections. Section A collected
basic demographic information regarding the
respondents such as gender, age, level of education;
Section B collected information on the achievements
made in the institution of reforms in the award of
contracts which comprised closed-ended questions
such as the level to improve the level of transparency
in the public sector or the private sector. Section B
used a Five- point Likert scale of Strongly Agree (5)
Agree (4) Disagree (3) Strongly Disagree (2) and
Neutral (1). The respondents were asked to indicate
the extent to which they agreed/disagreed with
various statements raised.
Questionnaires were earlier designed and pretested to
see whether they can collect the necessary data to
achieve the pre-determined objectives of the study.
Secondary data was also obtained through review of
literature related to the study purpose.
Validity and Reliability of Instrument
An instrument is said to be valid when it is capable of
measuring what it is meant to measure and reliability
on the other hand looks at the consistency with which
an instrument measures. The student researcher in this
study took into consideration face validity, content
validity, and construct validity. Pilot studies were
ensured.
Face Validity
After constructing the questionnaire the student
researcher gave it to peers for review. Then they were
given the supervisor for appraisal. The student
researcher then effected the necessary corrections
before administering the questionnaires which were
now considered valid.
Content Validity
To ensure the validity of the instrument, the student
researcher’s supervisor checked the relevance of the
questionnaire with relation to the study objectives.
Construct Validity
This is the extent to which an instrument measures
the theoretical constructs it intends to measure. The
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Likert scale questionnaire was constructed following
the research questions. This was equally validated by
the supervisor.
Method of Data collection
Both primary and secondary sources of data will be
sourced. Primary data will be generated through
questionnaires with semi structure and structure
questions. In addition an interview guide will be
prepared to assist in guiding the researcher during the
field work. The preparation of the questionnaires and
interview guides will be done with the assistance of a
supervisor to ensure that it conforms to the research
objectives. Instruments like tape recorder and camera
will be used where necessary to capture evidences to
support the proposition of the study. Observation will
also be employed a way of sourcing for data.
1.6. Method of Data presentation and analysis
Quantitative data collected from the field will be
presented in tables and charts and analyse through
descriptive and inferential statistics. Qualitative data
will be thematically presented us following the
themes running in the research questions adopting
qualitative content analysis.
Data generated from the questionnaire are presented
in frequency distribution tables and analyzed by the
use of simple percentage techniques using the
following formula:
% = f × 100
n 1
Where:
f = frequency of response to each questions
n = the number of respondents
The researcher graphically illustrated the data by the
use of bar charts and pie charts for a clearer and
reader friendly description
Presentation of results based on research question and findings
Research Question 1: To what extent does the legal and regulatory context for the awards of contracts permit
open local contracting in Fako Division?
Table 1: Cross tabulation of legal and regulatory context for the award of contracts against open local
contracting in the execution of public works in Cameroon
Crosstab
Count
Open local contracting in the execution of
public works in Cameroon Total
40% 60% 80% 100%
Legal and
Regulatory
context for the
award of
contracts
100% 0 1 0 0 1
80% 3 16 3 0 22
60% 8 33 52 2 95
40% 4 31 25 4 64
20% 0 0 20 58 78
Total 15 81 100 64 260
Note: Open local contracting (20% - Low achievement; 40% - slight achievement; 60% - moderate
achievement; 80% - high achievement; 100% - excellent achievement); Legal and regulatory context (20% -
Least challenging; 40% - slightly challenging; 60% - moderately challenging; 80% - very challenging; 100% -
extremely challenging).
Table 1 shows a cross tabulation of legal and regulatory context for the award of contracts against open local
contracting in the execution of public works in Cameroon. Respondents who rated the legal and regulatory
context as extremely challenging, indicated a low to slight achievement in open local contracting while
respondents who rated the legal regulatory context as least challenging, indicated an excellent achievement in
open local contracting.
Table 2: Chi square test establishing relationship between the legal and regulatory context and open
local contracting
Chi-Square Tests
Value df Asymp. Sig. (2-sided)
Pearson Chi-Square 178.843a
12 .000
Likelihood Ratio 198.336 12 .000
Linear-by-Linear Association 102.235 1 .000
N of Valid Cases 260
a. 7 cells (35.0%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count is .06.
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The chi-square statistics [αcal (.00) <αcrit (.05); ꭓ2
(178.843cal) > ꭓ2
(21.026crit)] in table 2 shows a significant
relationship between the legal and regulatory context and open local contracting in the execution of public works
in Cameroon.
Table 3: Symmetric measures to determine the extent to which the legal and regulatory context for the
awards of contracts permit open local contracting in Fako Division
Symmetric Measures
Value Approx. Sig.
Nominal by Nominal
Phi .829 .000
Cramer's V .479 .000
Contingency Coefficient .638 .000
N of Valid Cases 260
Table 3 shows values for the Phi coefficient (.829), Cramer’s coefficient (.479) and Contingency Coefficient
(.638). Since the cross tabulation is a 5 x 4 table, we use Cramer’s V to determine the strength. The following
scale below are used to categorize the strength of relationship.
0 – 0.30 = no relationship (0) to weak relationship
0.31 – 0.70 = Moderate relationship
0.71 – 1.0 = Strong relationship
The Cramer’s V reads 0.479 which falls within the
second scale (Moderate relationship). This tells us
that the legal and regulatory context moderately
influences open local contracting in Fako.
After investigations in these areas concerned, the
researcher found out that there are laws that regulates
the award and regulation of public contract in
Cameroon. These laws are combined in what is called
the public contract code and is supposed to be owned
by every contractor as well anyone who wants to
know about public contract in Cameroon. The code
has been published online for persons who cannot
easily access the hard copy or anyone who wishes to
access from the comfort of their homes.
In addition to the above, contractors could also access
these regulatory laws through the authorities that are
concerned with the public contract code in Cameroon
who are: the ministry of economy, planning and
regional development (MINEPAT) the public
contract regulatory agency (ARMP) and the council
concerned.
In overall findings finding of hypothesis reveals that
although 118 correspondents affirm to the presence of
legal and regulatory context for the award of public
contract in Fako Division, 140 of the correspondents
are not in the fact that legal and regulatory laws are
present to regulate that award and execution of public
contract in Fako Division.
Contractor’s knowledge of public contract of laws
and regulations
From the interviews carried out from correspondents,
it shows that most contractors are not versed with the
legal and regulatory laws that guides the execution
and implementation of public contracts. Some do not
even see it necessary as one states as seen below
‘One does not need to know about the rules and
regulations to execute a contract because all one
needs is to know the right channel to pass because
those rules and regulations are not obeyed. ’.
(Source: interview conducted from the field in 2021)
The spearman rank correlation model was used to
find out if the correspondents sampled for the study
significantly differ in their opinion by sex, age, level
of education, and the number of experiences at work
for each item that aimed at capturing their perception
of the legal and regulatory context for the award of
public contract in Fako Division. Statistically, the
findings reveal that the correspondents do not
significantly differ in their opinion on the view on the
legal and regulatory context for the award and
execution of public contract in Fako Division.
Conclusion
This work was set out to explore an environment for
open local contracting of public contracts in Fako
Division with case study of Buea, Tiko, limbe III, and
Idenau. To arrive at this conclusion, the study made
use of quantitative as well as qualitative research
methods. Closed ended questions was done on a
simple random method. From the data collected, it
shows that measures have been put in place to make
possible for open contracting though with a lot of
challenges that come with it coupled with the
environment in which the open contracting operates.
The theme of the work questioned how the legal and
regulatory context for the award of contract permit
open local contracting. This has a bearing on, and in
some cases control over, the extent to which data on
public procurement may or may not be disclosed. It
also governs the extent to which civil society has a
mandate to participate in or contribute to oversight
functions (OCG, 2018: 20).
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The legal and regulatory context for the award of
public contract is the public contract code. Created in
2004 and renewed in 2008, the public contract code
was created to serve as a base to guide the provisions
and regulations on the award and execution of the
public contracts in Cameroon and in Fako Division.
Everybody body is expected to own a copy of the
public contract code, in order to be able to understand
how the public contract operates. Chapter II article 24
gives provision for the existence of central contracts
control boards who are technical bodies placed under
the ministry of public contract. They shall be
responsible for ex ante control of actions for the
award of public contracts under their remit initiated
by Project Owners or Delegated Project Owners
.Article 42: (1) gives provision for an independent
observer who shall be a natural or corporate body
recruited through competitive bidding by the public
contracts regulatory body to ensure compliance with
regulations, transparency rules and principles of
equity in the public contracts award process. The
independent observer shall have the following
responsibilities: (a) assess the process by reporting, at
each stage, non-compliance with the regulations,
transparency rules and principles of equity; (b)
indicate practices contrary to good governance in the
procedure for the award of public contracts especially
influence peddling, conflict of interest and insider
dealing.
All the above are the necessary measures that have
been out in place for open contracting to be possible.
This explains how important the public contract code
is and why any information that is asked from any of
the offices concerned with public contract you are
referred back to the public contract code. The public
contract code has been made in both English and
French for the satisfaction of all.
In a nutshell, some contractors do not even own the
public contract code. They do not see the need to own
the code.in a simple discussion I had with one of the
contractors, he said “some contractors are not aware
of the provisions of the public contract code. Some do
not even know how to read and therefore do not own
the code they employ the services of an experienced
technician who do all the work for them”. When
asked about his opinion about transparency in the
award, he said
”in public contracts one does not necessarily have to
go through the process. For those who have money,
they have the ability to pass through those who
matters and they will get the contract. It’s not about
who is eligible for the contract but who knows who
inside”
RECOMMENDATIONS
For proper improvement on open local contracting,
the following recommendations if taken into
consideration by the appropriate authorities
concerned in the award and execution of public
contracts will go a long way will help to on open
local contracting in Fako Division and in Cameroon.
TO THE CAMEROON GOVERNMENT
1. Establish readable data mechanisms
The government of Cameroon will go a long way to
improve on open local contracting if they establish a
readable data mechanism where all information about
public contract will be published and every
contractor, citizen, civil society and any person who
has interest in public contract can easily access and
download these information.
2. Develop and implement mechanisms for
consultation and independent monitoring by
citizens and civil society
The government should make availability for
measures in which the citizens and civil society can
monitor the process of public contract from the first
to the last stage. This will be open for criticisms and
therefore will serve as a measure for transparency.
3. Organize training courses for contractors
The government should organize seminars where
contractors are trained on the rules and regulations of
public contract and the importance of transparency in
the process.
4. Ensure an open data mechanism
The government should make sure that there is a
mechanism for open information where all
information about public contracts, the available
contracts, bidders, and the person who won the
contract, date of start of execution. In fact, every
information that there is about a contract launched
should be put online in a readable and a
downloadable format where anybody who needs any
information about a particular contract can easily get
it.
5. Make available public contract code
The government should make available copies of the
public contract code. Some contractors do not have
the public contract codes because some cannot read
and some employ the services of an experience
technician who can do the work for him. The
government should make sure that every contactor
owns a public contract code and knows all the laws
that have been spelt out in the public contract code.
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TO THE CONTRACTING AUTHORITY
1. Make available information about public
contract
The contracting authority should make available
information about public contract to the public both
online and offline. With the coming of internet,
contracting authorities can make available
information for any interested person to get it at the
comfort of their homes.
2. Reduce the level of corruption in public
contracts.
Contracting authorities should put in their best to
make sure that smooth and transparency is seen
during the award and execution of public contract
.only contractors who merit contracts should be
awarded.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
[1] Bolton (2006:21)
[2] Lucas Amino, Jan 2017:28
[3] M. fazekas and G koksis 2015:12
[4] Ndue Paul 2017:93
[5] OECD, 2013
[6] Open contracting partnership OCP, 2015:35
[7] OCP, 2015:88
[8] OCP, 2015:42
[9] OCP, 2015:92
[10] OCP, 2015:22
[11] OCP, 2015:88, Kathrine wikrent, Nov 2016:28
[12] Reyes et al,al,chile, 2006
[13] Stephen knack et al, 2017:5
[14] Tanwie L, 2019:21
[15] UK Cabinet office, 2011
[16] World bank 2011, OECD 2007, Kenny, 2012:5,
de Simone and shap 2012:42,African progress
panel:2006
[17] World bank 2021
[18] World bank, policy note-Russian Fed 2013