Asr An Innovative Water Resource Management Solution Awwa
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Aquifer Storage and Recovery (ASR) involves capturing water during times of excess (such as spring river flows), treating it to drinking water standards, and injecting it into deep aquifers for storage. The stored water can then be recovered later for use. ASR provides a cost-effective long-term storage option compared to surface reservoirs and has been used successfully in the US and other countries for over 30 years to supplement water supplies, especially during dry periods or peak demand times. While ASR projects require regulatory approval and hydrogeological studies to understand water quality impacts, Michigan's geology makes it a viable location for potential ASR projects.
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1 How to Overcome Public Perception Issues on Potable R.docx
1
How to Overcome Public Perception Issues on Potable Reuse Projects
Michael R. Markus, P.E., Orange County Water District, Fountain Valley, CA
Eleanor Torres, Orange County Water District, Fountain Valley, CA
Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of how the Orange County Water District
(the District; OCWD) was able to insulate itself from public opposition to its potable reuse
project, the Groundwater Replenishment System (GWRS).
To understand what challenges the District would be facing it is important to first understand
what was happening with other projects that were being developed at the same time in
Southern California. Second, it is important to understand the process by which the outreach
program was developed and how it was executed. That program was ongoing and changed
with the project to help anticipate and react to various issues that developed. Finally, it will be
shown how important it is to continue the outreach efforts and outline the various steps the
District has taken to educate people on the benefits of reuse.
Introduction
The Orange County Water District manages a very large groundwater basin (basin) in central
and north Orange County in the state of California, U.S.A. It was created by the State
Legislature in 1933 for that purpose and is governed by a 10-member Board of Directors that
sets policy, establishes the amount of pumping out of the basin and sets tariffs. The District
currently has set the amount of groundwater that can be pumped out of the basin at 77% of the
total water demands for its 19 retail agencies which serve 2.5 million people. The remaining
23% of its water supply is dependent on water that is imported into the region.
The Southern California region has a semi-arid climate, which receives approximately 355 mm
of rainfall per year. Most of its water is imported from two primary outside sources, the
Colorado River and the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta (the Delta) in Northern California. The
Metropolitan Water District of Southern California (MWD) built a 320 km aqueduct in the
1930’s bringing water from the Colorado River into Southern California and then participated in
the building of a 640 km aqueduct in the 1960’s from Northern California to bring water from
the Delta to Southern California. These supplies are enough to meet the water demands in
most years, but they are variable and the amount of water through these systems is dependent
on hydrology and certainly in the future, climate change.
Groundwater basins provide an important source of supplemental supply to the imported water
provided by MWD. A sustainably managed basin can provide a reliable source of low-cost
water, with groundwater costing half as much as imported water. The Orange County Water
District relies on rainfall, stormwater capture, Santa Ana River flows, untreated imported water
and recycled water for refilling its basin. This amount of water.
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1 How to Overcome Public Perception Issues on Potable R.docx
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How to Overcome Public Perception Issues on Potable Reuse Projects
Michael R. Markus, P.E., Orange County Water District, Fountain Valley, CA
Eleanor Torres, Orange County Water District, Fountain Valley, CA
Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of how the Orange County Water District
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project, the Groundwater Replenishment System (GWRS).
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Introduction
The Orange County Water District manages a very large groundwater basin (basin) in central
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District relies on rainfall, stormwater capture, Santa Ana River flows, untreated imported water
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1 How to Overcome Public Perception Issues on Potable R.docx
1
How to Overcome Public Perception Issues on Potable Reuse Projects
Michael R. Markus, P.E., Orange County Water District, Fountain Valley, CA
Eleanor Torres, Orange County Water District, Fountain Valley, CA
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The purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of how the Orange County Water District
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1 How to Overcome Public Perception Issues on Potable R.docx
1 How to Overcome Public Perception Issues on Potable R.docx
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Asr An Innovative Water Resource Management Solution Awwa
- 1. Aquifer Storage and Recovery (ASR)An Innovative Water Resource Management SolutionAWWA, Michigan Section71st Annual ConferenceSeptember 15, 2009by: Chris Brown, PhDArlene Anderson-Vincent
- 3. Artificial Recharge: Process of adding water to an aquifer for the purpose of restoring or managing groundwater resources. Example, restoring shallow groundwater levels to their past elevations.
- 5. What is ASR? Water is captured from a source recharged into an aquifer stored recovered for use used Source: NAS
- 6. Artificial Recharge Purposes Conserve and dispose of runoff and flood waters; Supplement the quantity of ground water available; Reduce or eliminate decline in the water level of ground water reservoirs; Reduce or balance salt water intrusion; Store water to reduce costs of pumping and piping; Store water in off-seasons for use during the growing seasons; Conserve energy in geothermal applications; and, Remove suspended solids by filtration through the ground.
- 7. Why ASR ? Provide longer term storage of water resource – helps with restoration; Cost effective compared to surface reservoirs (e.g., water not subject to ET); Provides effective means to provide water for ecological restoration purposes (“in-stream” uses), water supply and agricultural use; Long experience in USA; Flexibility in well siting/minimal real estate; and, Easier to secure and protect from purposeful destruction or contamination.
- 8. “Begin with the End in Mind” – ASR Uses Emergency water supply; Seasonal water supply or help meet peak demands; Agricultural use using “lesser quality” of water; Ecological use to meet minimum flows and levels; Improve water quality in an unproductive aquifer; Minimize salt-water intrusion along the coasts or from deeper aquifers; Reduce subsidence; and, Disinfection By-product or nutrient reduction.
- 9. A Bit of ASR History Concept developed in Israel, USA, and Australia over last 30 years; Much theoretical work completed by Louisiana State U, U Florida, and U Wisconsin (1966 to 1980); First USA ASR project – Wildwood, 1968; First Florida ASR project – Manatee/Peace River, 1983; “High Plains States Artificial Recharge Act” – 1983; and, USGS/COE studies in 1983 to 1985 on south Florida ASR in brackish water aquifers.
- 10. Regulation of ASR Projects Regulated under the Safe Drinking Water Act, Underground Injection Control (UIC) Program; ASR wells are under “Class V” wells in UIC program; and, Programs regulated by primacy states or the US EPA; First UIC permit is typically a “construction or testing” permit good for 3 to 5 years; and, After that owner can apply for an extension of testing period or an operational UIC permit.
- 11. ASR Project Data Portland, OR Salem, OR Beaverton, OR Seattle, WA Huron, SD Green Bay, WI Oak Creek, WI Ankeny, IA Salt Lake City, UT Washoe County, NV Wildwood Wichita Las Vegas, NV Norfolk, VA Chesapeake, VA Calleguas, CA Myrtle Beach, SC Charleston, SC Hilton Head, SC Lancaster, CA Alamogordo Highlands Ranch, CO Denver South, CO San Antonio Lee County Cocoa Beach Ft. Myers St. Lucie Shell Creek International Sites Florida Sites Willunga, Australia Bolivar, Australia ## Northern India Lytchett Minster, England Windhoek, Namibia Andrews Farm, Australia Clayton, Australia Tampa Palm Bay Peace River Hialeah Boynton Beach Broward County Lee County Olga Springtree Delray Beach Eastern Hillsboro Fiveash Manatee Rd
- 13. Numerous projects in the United States recharge excess surface water into land application basins or into injection wells;
- 14. Cost effective and innovative water management option;
- 15. Hydrogeology in Michigan is compatible with ASR projects; and,
- 17. ASR Myths ASR is an unproven technology; ASR is the best technology ever !!; Reality – ASR has been utilized in the USA and worldwide. As with any technology, there have been notable successes and a few failures.
- 18. ASR Myths ASR is very costly; ASR is inexpensive; Reality – ASR costs can fall within a rather large range. Cost optimization can minimize the costs and maximize the benefits. Typical costs in the $1 to $2 per thousand gallons water recovered.
- 19. Potential Water Quality Issues Disinfection By-Products Giardia Cryptosporidium parvum E. coli
- 20. Mixing Zone MixingZone Native Water Native Water Surficial Aquifer Confining Layer POSSIBLE REACTIONS Dissolutionof Aquifer Oxidation/Reduction Release of: Trace Elements Radionuclides Organic Carbon Ion-exchange Mercury methylation Storage Aquifer POSSIBLE REACTIONS Bio-fouling Suspended Solids Clogging Must Also Evaluate Geochemical Issues
- 21. ASR Storage Allocation (MG) Example ASR Storage Allocation
- 22. Questions ? Thank you for the opportunity to provide this presentation. For additional information, please feel free to contact Chris Brown, PhD, (904) 363-3430, cjbrown@golder.com Arlene Anderson-Vincent, (517) 482-2262, aanderson-vincent@golder.com