This slide share contains the meaning of profits and the first order and second order conditions for profit maximization with numerical examples.Theories of profits are also discussed in brief.
quantitative aptitude, maths
applicable to
Common Aptitude Test (CAT)
Bank Competitive Exam
UPSC Competitive Exams
SSC Competitive Exams
Defence Competitive Exams
L.I.C/ G. I.C Competitive Exams
Railway Competitive Exam
University Grants Commission (UGC)
Career Aptitude Test (IT Companies) and etc.
This slide share contains the meaning of profits and the first order and second order conditions for profit maximization with numerical examples.Theories of profits are also discussed in brief.
quantitative aptitude, maths
applicable to
Common Aptitude Test (CAT)
Bank Competitive Exam
UPSC Competitive Exams
SSC Competitive Exams
Defence Competitive Exams
L.I.C/ G. I.C Competitive Exams
Railway Competitive Exam
University Grants Commission (UGC)
Career Aptitude Test (IT Companies) and etc.
I will present a simple model or technique referred to by several names: break-even point, break-even analysis, break-even formula, break-even point formula, break-even model, cost-volume-profit (CVP) analysis, or expense-volume-profit (EVP) analysis. The latter two names are appealing because the break-even technique can be adapted to determine the sales needed to attain a specified amount of profits.
Management Accounting - Trend Analysis - Income Statementuma reur
Meaning of Trend Analysis:
Comparison of past data over a period of time with a base year is Trend Analysis.
It computes the changes in percentage for different variables over a long period and then makes a comparative study of them.
Each item in the base year is taken as 100 and on that basis, trend analysis for the corresponding items in the other years are calculated.
Compute the trend percentage from the following data taking 2010 as the base year.
Compute the trend percentage from the following data taking 2010 as the base year.
Sales:
Relationship between profit and sales is shown by computing “Profit margin ratios”.
Gross Profit Ratio
Operating Ratio
Expenses Ratio
Operating Profit Ratio
Net Profit Ratio
I will present a simple model or technique referred to by several names: break-even point, break-even analysis, break-even formula, break-even point formula, break-even model, cost-volume-profit (CVP) analysis, or expense-volume-profit (EVP) analysis. The latter two names are appealing because the break-even technique can be adapted to determine the sales needed to attain a specified amount of profits.
Management Accounting - Trend Analysis - Income Statementuma reur
Meaning of Trend Analysis:
Comparison of past data over a period of time with a base year is Trend Analysis.
It computes the changes in percentage for different variables over a long period and then makes a comparative study of them.
Each item in the base year is taken as 100 and on that basis, trend analysis for the corresponding items in the other years are calculated.
Compute the trend percentage from the following data taking 2010 as the base year.
Compute the trend percentage from the following data taking 2010 as the base year.
Sales:
Relationship between profit and sales is shown by computing “Profit margin ratios”.
Gross Profit Ratio
Operating Ratio
Expenses Ratio
Operating Profit Ratio
Net Profit Ratio
A financial ratio (or accounting ratio) is a relative magnitude of two selected numerical values taken from an enterprise's financial statements. Often used in accounting, there are many standard ratios used to try to evaluate the overall financial condition of a corporation or other organization. Financial ratios may be used by managers within a firm, by current and potential shareholders (owners) of a firm, and by a firm's creditors. Financial analysts use financial ratios to compare the strengths and weaknesses in various companies.[1] If shares in a company are traded in a financial market, the market price of the shares is used in certain financial ratios.
Ratios can be expressed as a decimal value, such as 0.10, or given as an equivalent percent value, such as 10%. Some ratios are usually quoted as percentages, especially ratios that are usually or always less than 1, such as earnings yield, while others are usually quoted as decimal numbers, especially ratios that are usually more than 1, such as P/E ratio; these latter are also called multiples. Given any ratio, one can take its reciprocal; if the ratio was above 1, the reciprocal will be below 1, and conversely. The reciprocal expresses the same information, but may be more understandable: for instance, the earnings yield can be compared with bond yields, while the P/E ratio cannot be: for example, a P/E ratio of 20 corresponds to an earnings yield of 5%.
Values used in calculating financial ratios are taken from the balance sheet, income statement, statement of cash flows or (sometimes) the statement of retained earnings. These comprise the firm's "accounting statements" or financial statements. The statements' data is based on the accounting method and accounting standards used by the organization.
Ratios
Profitability ratios
Liquidity ratios
Activity ratios (Efficiency Ratios)
Debt ratios (leveraging ratios)
Market ratios
Capital budgeting ratios
Financial ratios quantify many aspects of a business and are an integral part of the financial statement analysis. Financial ratios are categorized according to the financial aspect of the business which the ratio measures. Liquidity ratios measure the availability of cash to pay debt.[2] Activity ratios measure how quickly a firm converts non-cash assets to cash assets.[3] Debt ratios measure the firm's ability to repay long-term debt.[4] Profitability ratios measure the firm's use of its assets and control of its expenses to generate an acceptable rate of return.[5] Market ratios measure investor response to owning a company's stock and also the cost of issuing stock.[6] These are concerned with the return on investment for shareholders, and with the relationship between return and the value of an investment in company’s shares.
Financial ratios allow for comparisons
between companies
between industries
between different time periods for one company
between a single company and its industry average
where can I find a legit pi merchant onlineDOT TECH
Yes. This is very easy what you need is a recommendation from someone who has successfully traded pi coins before with a merchant.
Who is a pi merchant?
A pi merchant is someone who buys pi network coins and resell them to Investors looking forward to hold thousands of pi coins before the open mainnet.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant to trade with
@Pi_vendor_247
What website can I sell pi coins securely.DOT TECH
Currently there are no website or exchange that allow buying or selling of pi coins..
But you can still easily sell pi coins, by reselling it to exchanges/crypto whales interested in holding thousands of pi coins before the mainnet launch.
Who is a pi merchant?
A pi merchant is someone who buys pi coins from miners and resell to these crypto whales and holders of pi..
This is because pi network is not doing any pre-sale. The only way exchanges can get pi is by buying from miners and pi merchants stands in between the miners and the exchanges.
How can I sell my pi coins?
Selling pi coins is really easy, but first you need to migrate to mainnet wallet before you can do that. I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant to trade with.
Tele-gram.
@Pi_vendor_247
What price will pi network be listed on exchangesDOT TECH
The rate at which pi will be listed is practically unknown. But due to speculations surrounding it the predicted rate is tends to be from 30$ — 50$.
So if you are interested in selling your pi network coins at a high rate tho. Or you can't wait till the mainnet launch in 2026. You can easily trade your pi coins with a merchant.
A merchant is someone who buys pi coins from miners and resell them to Investors looking forward to hold massive quantities till mainnet launch.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi vendor to trade with.
@Pi_vendor_247
How to get verified on Coinbase Account?_.docxBuy bitget
t's important to note that buying verified Coinbase accounts is not recommended and may violate Coinbase's terms of service. Instead of searching to "buy verified Coinbase accounts," follow the proper steps to verify your own account to ensure compliance and security.
USDA Loans in California: A Comprehensive Overview.pptxmarketing367770
USDA Loans in California: A Comprehensive Overview
If you're dreaming of owning a home in California's rural or suburban areas, a USDA loan might be the perfect solution. The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) offers these loans to help low-to-moderate-income individuals and families achieve homeownership.
Key Features of USDA Loans:
Zero Down Payment: USDA loans require no down payment, making homeownership more accessible.
Competitive Interest Rates: These loans often come with lower interest rates compared to conventional loans.
Flexible Credit Requirements: USDA loans have more lenient credit score requirements, helping those with less-than-perfect credit.
Guaranteed Loan Program: The USDA guarantees a portion of the loan, reducing risk for lenders and expanding borrowing options.
Eligibility Criteria:
Location: The property must be located in a USDA-designated rural or suburban area. Many areas in California qualify.
Income Limits: Applicants must meet income guidelines, which vary by region and household size.
Primary Residence: The home must be used as the borrower's primary residence.
Application Process:
Find a USDA-Approved Lender: Not all lenders offer USDA loans, so it's essential to choose one approved by the USDA.
Pre-Qualification: Determine your eligibility and the amount you can borrow.
Property Search: Look for properties in eligible rural or suburban areas.
Loan Application: Submit your application, including financial and personal information.
Processing and Approval: The lender and USDA will review your application. If approved, you can proceed to closing.
USDA loans are an excellent option for those looking to buy a home in California's rural and suburban areas. With no down payment and flexible requirements, these loans make homeownership more attainable for many families. Explore your eligibility today and take the first step toward owning your dream home.
Falcon stands out as a top-tier P2P Invoice Discounting platform in India, bridging esteemed blue-chip companies and eager investors. Our goal is to transform the investment landscape in India by establishing a comprehensive destination for borrowers and investors with diverse profiles and needs, all while minimizing risk. What sets Falcon apart is the elimination of intermediaries such as commercial banks and depository institutions, allowing investors to enjoy higher yields.
The secret way to sell pi coins effortlessly.DOT TECH
Well as we all know pi isn't launched yet. But you can still sell your pi coins effortlessly because some whales in China are interested in holding massive pi coins. And they are willing to pay good money for it. If you are interested in selling I will leave a contact for you. Just telegram this number below. I sold about 3000 pi coins to him and he paid me immediately.
Telegram: @Pi_vendor_247
The European Unemployment Puzzle: implications from population agingGRAPE
We study the link between the evolving age structure of the working population and unemployment. We build a large new Keynesian OLG model with a realistic age structure, labor market frictions, sticky prices, and aggregate shocks. Once calibrated to the European economy, we quantify the extent to which demographic changes over the last three decades have contributed to the decline of the unemployment rate. Our findings yield important implications for the future evolution of unemployment given the anticipated further aging of the working population in Europe. We also quantify the implications for optimal monetary policy: lowering inflation volatility becomes less costly in terms of GDP and unemployment volatility, which hints that optimal monetary policy may be more hawkish in an aging society. Finally, our results also propose a partial reversal of the European-US unemployment puzzle due to the fact that the share of young workers is expected to remain robust in the US.
Seminar: Gender Board Diversity through Ownership NetworksGRAPE
Seminar on gender diversity spillovers through ownership networks at FAME|GRAPE. Presenting novel research. Studies in economics and management using econometrics methods.
BYD SWOT Analysis and In-Depth Insights 2024.pptxmikemetalprod
Indepth analysis of the BYD 2024
BYD (Build Your Dreams) is a Chinese automaker and battery manufacturer that has snowballed over the past two decades to become a significant player in electric vehicles and global clean energy technology.
This SWOT analysis examines BYD's strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats as it competes in the fast-changing automotive and energy storage industries.
Founded in 1995 and headquartered in Shenzhen, BYD started as a battery company before expanding into automobiles in the early 2000s.
Initially manufacturing gasoline-powered vehicles, BYD focused on plug-in hybrid and fully electric vehicles, leveraging its expertise in battery technology.
Today, BYD is the world’s largest electric vehicle manufacturer, delivering over 1.2 million electric cars globally. The company also produces electric buses, trucks, forklifts, and rail transit.
On the energy side, BYD is a major supplier of rechargeable batteries for cell phones, laptops, electric vehicles, and energy storage systems.
4. The company is public listed and started production in 1993 and
persistently offering premium fabrics with unique colors, shades
and garments with extensive array of washes.
Having head office and factory in Korangi Industrial Area,
Karachi.
Mr. Faisal Ahmed. has been the Chief
Executive Officer of Artistic Denim
science 1993.
At present, he is serving as a member
on the Board of Director. He received
education from Ohio Univerticity,
previously he worked in Fascom
Network Service LTD.
Ceo
About Company
5. • Auditor: M/S Ernst and
Ford Rhodes Sidat Hyder
Chartered accountants.
Share Registrar: M/s
Technology Trade (Pvt.) Ltd
Legal Adviser: Monawwer
Ghani Advocate
7. DuPont Analysis also known as the DuPont identity, DuPont
equation, DuPont Model or the DuPont method.
The Du Pont identity breaks down Return on Equity (that is,
the returns that investors receive from the firm) into three
distinct elements.
a) Profitability (Measured by Profit Margin)
b) Operating Efficiency (Measured by Asset
Turnover)
c) Financial Leverage (Measured by Equity
Multiplier)
DuPont Analysis
8. Return on Equity
Return on Equity = Net Profit Margine X Asset Turnover X Equity Multiplier
Return on Equity = Net Profit * Sales * Asset
Sales Asset Shareholders Equity
Return on Equity = Net Profit (or Profit after Tax)
Shareholders Equity
11. Altman z-score
Developed and enhanced in collaboration of professor Altman to:
• Made informed corporate leading decision.
• Manage account receivable more effectively.
• Select corporate equity and debt securities.
• Identify and manage corporate defaults and turnarounds.
12. The Z-score formula for predicting bankruptcy
was published in 1968 by Edward I. Altman, who was, at the time,
an Assistant Professor of Finance at New York University.
The Z-Score Test lets you use statistical techniques to predict
the likelihood of bankruptcy within the next two years.
Altman's test was developed using 66 companies, The test
achieved an accuracy rate of 95%.
The financial ratios come directly from a company's financial
statements.
Bankruptcy
13. Z-score Bankruptcy
model:
Z = 1.2T1 + 1.4T2 + 3.3T3 + 0.6T4 + .999T5
Where
T1 = (Current Assets − Current Liabilities) / Total Assets
T2 = Retained Earnings / Total Assets
T3 = Earnings Before Interest and Taxes / Total Assets
T4 = Equity / Total Liabilities
T5 = Sales/ Total Assets
21. Index number trend:
“Index numbers are quantitative measure of growth of
prices, production, inventory and other quantities of
economic interest.”
It consists in expressing the aggregate price of all the
commodities of the current year as a percentage of the
aggregate price in the base year.
22. ρ01 =
𝒑𝟏
𝒑𝟎
× 𝟏𝟎𝟎
Where,
P01 = index number of the current year.
P1 = total of the current year price.
P0 = total of the base year price.
Index number trend analysis :
23. Index number for 2015
ρ01 =
𝒑𝟏
𝒑𝟎
× 𝟏𝟎𝟎 =
𝟕𝟓𝟖𝟔𝟗𝟖𝟕
𝟔𝟎𝟒𝟏𝟏𝟑𝟐
× 𝟏𝟎𝟎 = 125.58
Its mean the index number in 2015 is 25.58% high than the base year.
Index number for 2014
ρ01 =
𝒑𝟏
𝒑𝟎
× 𝟏𝟎𝟎 =
𝟕𝟔𝟐𝟑𝟗𝟎𝟒
𝟔𝟎𝟒𝟏𝟏𝟑𝟐
× 𝟏𝟎𝟎 = 126.19
Its mean the index number in 2014 is 26.19% higher than the base year.
Index number for 2013
ρ01 =
𝒑𝟏
𝒑𝟎
× 𝟏𝟎𝟎 =
𝟓𝟗𝟕𝟔𝟒𝟔𝟖
𝟔𝟎𝟒𝟏𝟏𝟑𝟐
× 𝟏𝟎𝟎 = 98.92
Its mean the index number in 2014 is 1.07% higher than the base year.
Index number for 2012
ρ01 =
𝒑𝟏
𝒑𝟎
× 𝟏𝟎𝟎 =
𝟓𝟗𝟏𝟐𝟐𝟑𝟒
𝟔𝟎𝟒𝟏𝟏𝟑𝟐
× 𝟏𝟎𝟎= 97.86
Its mean the index number in 2014 is 2.13% higherthan the base year.
Index number for 2011
ρ01 =
𝒑𝟏
𝒑𝟎
× 𝟏𝟎𝟎 =
𝟔𝟎𝟒𝟏𝟏𝟑𝟐
𝟔𝟎𝟒𝟏𝟏𝟑𝟐
× 𝟏𝟎𝟎 = 1
BALANCE SHEET ANALYSIS
*All values in ‘000
24. Index number for 2015
ρ01 =
𝑝1
𝑝0
× 100 =
743546
𝟑𝟓𝟏𝟒𝟒𝟒
× 100 = 211.58
Its mean the index number in 2015 is 111.58% lower than the previous year.
Index number for 2014
ρ01 =
𝑝1
𝑝0
× 100 =
852497
𝟑𝟓𝟏𝟒𝟒𝟒
× 100 = 242.56
Its mean the index number in 2014 is 142.56% higher than the previous year.
Index number for 2013
ρ01 =
𝑝1
𝑝0
× 100 =
𝟕𝟒𝟕𝟒𝟒𝟎
𝟑𝟓𝟏𝟒𝟒𝟒
× 100 = 212.67
Its mean the index number in 2014 is 112.67% higher than the previous year.
Index number for 2012
ρ01 =
𝑝1
𝑝0
× 100 =
𝟒𝟒𝟎𝟎𝟗𝟐
𝟑𝟓𝟏𝟒𝟒𝟒
× 100 = 125.22
Its mean the index number in 2014 is 25.22% higher than the previous year.
Index number for 2011
ρ01 =
𝑝1
𝑝0
× 100 =
𝟑𝟓𝟏𝟒𝟒𝟒
𝟑𝟓𝟏𝟒𝟒𝟒
× 100 = 1
PROFIT AND LOSS ACCOUNT
*All values in ‘000
25. CASH FLOW STATEMENT
Index number for 2015
ρ01 =
𝑝1
𝑝0
× 100 =
9798
𝟏𝟎𝟒𝟏𝟔𝟏
× 100 = 19.00
Its mean the index number in 2015 is 80.99% lower than the previous year.
Index number for 2014
ρ01 =
𝑝1
𝑝0
× 100 =
170664
𝟏𝟎𝟒𝟏𝟔𝟏
× 100 = 163.86
Its mean the index number in 2014 is 63.86% higher than the previous
year.
Index number for 2013
ρ01 =
𝑝1
𝑝0
× 100 =
𝟏𝟖𝟏𝟓𝟏
𝟏𝟎𝟒𝟏𝟔𝟏
× 100 = 17.42
Its mean the index number in 2014 is 82.57% lower than the previous year.
Index number for 2012
ρ01 =
𝑝1
𝑝0
× 100 =
𝟓𝟐𝟒𝟔𝟏
𝟏𝟎𝟒𝟏𝟔𝟏
× 100 = 50.36
Its mean the index number in 2014 is 49.63% lower than the previous year.
Index number for 2011
ρ01 =
𝑝1
𝑝0
× 100 =
𝟏𝟎𝟒𝟏𝟔𝟏
𝟏𝟎𝟒𝟏𝟔𝟏
× 100=1
*All values in ‘000
27. A company financial statement that displays all
items as percentages of a common base figure.
This type of financial statement allows for easy
analysis between companies or between time
periods of a company
Common size
28. BALANCE SHEET
2015 2014 2013 2012 2011
Assets
Non current 61.11 57.24 58.81 58.01 54.07
Current 38.89 42.76 41.08 41.89 45.83
100 100 100 100 100
Equity and
liabilities
Share capital
and reserves
71.48 63 67.94 67.29 50.17
Non current
liabilities
3.49 1.64 3.59 3.59 4.40
Current
liabilities
24.79 35.36 28.46 28.46 45.41
100 100 100 100 100
*All values in percentages