Articulators in Prosthodontics: A Complete Guide

A R T I C U L A T O R S
P R E S E N T E D B Y
D R B A S I T H N P

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CONTENTS
• INTRODUCTION
• TERMENOLOGIES
• PURPOSE OF AN ARTICULATOR
• REQUIREMENTS
• USES OF AN ARTICULATOR
• ADVANTAGE
• EVOLUTION

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• CLASSIFICATION OF ARTICULATORS
• THEORIES OF ARTICULATORS
• ARCON AND NON ARCON
• LAWS OF ARTICULATON
• SELECTION OF ARTICULATORS

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INTRODUCTION
Articulators are mechanical devices that represent:
Maxilla
Mandible
Temporomandibular joints (TMJs).
Jairaj A, agroya P, tiwari RV, alqahtani NM, salkar M, sagar YP. Evolution of articulators-research and
review. Annals of the romanian society for cell biology. 2021 apr 25:10665-81.

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Their main task is to provide a frame where it is
possible to relate, in the three planes of space, maxillary
cast with mandibular cast relative to the hinge axis of the
patient and of the instrument.
Jairaj A, agroya P, tiwari RV, alqahtani NM, salkar M, sagar YP. Evolution of articulators-research and review.
Annals of the romanian society for cell biology. 2021 apr 25:10665-81.

6
Articulators help in diagnosis of teeth and
jaw relation, the arrangement of the artificial
tooth, and the development of occlusal
surfaces of both removable and fixed
restorations.
Zarb GA, hobkirk J, eckert S, jacob R. Prosthodontic treatment for edentulous patients: complete
dentures and implant-supported prostheses. Elsevier health sciences; 2012 mar 15. page no. 206

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• Articulator act as the patient in the
absence of patient.
• Can simulate but the cannot duplicate all
possible mandibular movements.
Winkler S. Essentials of complete denture prosthodontics.. 1979. Page no. 189

9
Articulator:
• An analog, whether mechanical or digital, to which maxillary and
mandibular casts may be coupled to simulate some or all mandibular
movements. (GPT10)
• A mechanical device that represents the temporomandibular joints and
jaw members to which maxillary and mandibular cast may be attached.
(Winkler)
1.Layton DM, morgano SM, muller F, kelly JA, nguyen CT, scherrer SS, salinas TJ, shah KC, att W, freilich MA,
ferro KJ. Glossary of prosthodontic terms 2023. J prosthet dent. 2023;130(4s1):e1-26.
2. Winkler S. Essentials of complete denture prosthodontics.. 1979. Page no. 189

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Articulation: The static and dynamic contact relationship between the
occlusal surfaces of the teeth during function. (GPT10)
Arcon: contr, ARTICULATOR and CONDYLE; used to describe an
articulator containing the condylar path elements within its upper
member and the condylar elements within the lower member.
Layton DM, morgano SM, muller F, kelly JA, nguyen CT, scherrer SS, salinas TJ, shah KC, att W, freilich MA,
ferro KJ. Glossary of prosthodontic terms 2023. J prosthet dent. 2023;130(4s1):e1-26.

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• Condylar guidance: (GPT10)
• A. mandibular guidance generated by the condyle and
articular disc traversing the contour of the articular
eminence.
• B. The mechanical form located in the posterior region
of an articulator that controls movement of its mobile
member.

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Incisal Guidance: (GPT10)
1. the influence of the contacting surfaces of the
mandibular and maxillary anterior teeth on mandibular
movements.
2. The influences of the contacting surfaces of the guide
pin and guide table on articulator movements.
Layton DM, morgano SM, muller F, kelly JA, nguyen CT, scherrer SS, salinas TJ, shah KC, att W, freilich
MA, ferro KJ. Glossary of prosthodontic terms 2023. J prosthet dent. 2023;130(4s1):e1-26.

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• Hinge Axis:
It is an imaginary line connecting the center of rotation of one of
the condyle to the center of rotation of the other condyle.
• Bennett angle:
The angle formed between the sagittal plane and the average
path of the advancing nonworking-side condyle as viewed in the
horizontal plane during lateral mandibular movements.

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PURPOSE OF AN ARTICULATOR
• Hold the cast in a predetermined fixed relationship.
• To open and close.
• To produce border and intraborder diagnostic sliding motions of the
teeth similar to those in the mouth.
Rhan AO, heartwell CM. Textbook of complete denture. Lea and febriger,
USA. 1993:59-109. Page no. 59

USES Of THE ARTICULATOR
1.Occlusal Analysis
• Analyse occlusion at centric relation centric relation-inter-cuspal position (ICP) slide as
well as protrusive and laterotrusive contacts.
1. Rhan AO, heartwell CM. Textbook of complete denture. Lea and febriger, USA. 1993:59-109. Page no. 59
2. Abu Zaghlan, Rawan & Aqrabawi, Jamal & Al-Fatyan, Omar & Abuzaghllan, Basmah. (2021). Dental Articulators:
A Review. Journal of International Dental and Medical Research. 14. 1629-1638. 10.6084/m9.figshare.19636191.
15

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• Enhances visualization and evaluation of occlusion in the molar
region without the hindrance of the tongue and cheeks.
• mandibular movements can be simulated as purely guided by the
occlusal anatomy without the influence of the protective
neuromuscular reflexes.

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2.Treatment planning for:
• Restorative procedures: diagnostic wax-up to
envisage the planned treatment outcome prior to
executing it.
• Orthodontic treatment
• Orthognathic surgery
Abu Zaghlan, Rawan & Aqrabawi, Jamal & Al-Fatyan, Omar & Abuzaghllan, Basmah. (2021).
Dental Articulators: A Review. Journal of International Dental and Medical Research. 14. 1629-
1638.

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3. Fabrication of occlusal splints, custom trays
and prostheses with the desired occlusion and
aesthetics.
4. Correct and modify the completed
restorations.
1.Abu Zaghlan, Rawan & Aqrabawi, Jamal & Al-Fatyan, Omar & Abuzaghllan, Basmah. (2021). Dental
Articulators: A Review. Journal of International Dental and Medical Research. 14. 1629-1638.
2. Rhan AO, heartwell CM. Textbook of complete denture. Lea and febriger, USA. 1993:59-109. Page no. 59

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REQUIREMENTS OF A DENTAL ARTICULATOR
• Should hold casts in the correct horizontal and vertical
relationships.
• Should provide a positive anterior vertical stop.
• Should open and close in a hinge movement.
• Accept facebow record.
Rhan AO, heartwell CM. Textbook of complete denture. Lea and febriger, USA. 1993:59-109.
Page no. 59

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• Adequate distance between the upper and lower members and
vision should not obscured from the rear.
• Moving parts should move freely and non moving parts should be
a rigid construction.
• Should be made of strong, corrosion, lightweight and wear-
resistant material.
Rhan AO, heartwell CM. Textbook of complete denture. Lea and febriger, USA. 1993:59-109.
Page no. 59

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ADDITIONAL REQUIRMENTS
• Adjustable horizontal and lateral condylar guide elements.
• Should have provisions for adjustment of Bennett movement.
• Incisal guide table should be a mechanical table that can be
adjusted in sagittal and frontal planes.
• Should allow protrusive and lateral motion.
Rhan AO, heartwell CM. Textbook of complete denture. Lea and febriger, USA. 1993:59-109. Page no. 59-60

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OPTIONAL REQUIRMENTS
• Terminal hinge position locking device.
• Adjustable intercondylar width of the condylar elements.
• An immediate bennet movement.

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LIMITATION
• Articulators are made of metal, although some
have plastic parts.
• Any articulator does not duplicate the condylar
movements in TMJ.

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EFFECTIVNESS OF AN ARTICULATOR
• How well the operator understands its construction & purpose.
• How enthusiastic the dentist is for particular instrument.
• How well the dentists understands the anatomy of joints their movements and
neuro muscular system.
• How much precision used in recording jaw relations.
• An articulator do no more than what operator does with it.

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ADVANTAGES
• Better visualize the patient's occlusion.
• The lingual view as provided with the articulator is
essential if a proper occlusal scheme is to be developed.
• Patient’s co-operation is not a factor when using an
articulator.
Winkler S. Essentials of complete denture prosthodontics.. 1979. Page no. 189-190

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• The refinement of complete denture occlusion.
• Considerably more chair time & patient’s appointment
time is required when utilizing the mouth as an
articulator.
• The patient's saliva, tongue and cheeks are not factors.

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ARTICULATORS FROM 18th
- 21st
CENTURY

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Starcke EN, engelmeier RL, belles DM. The history of articulators: the “articulator wars” phenomenon with
some circumstances leading up to it. Journal of prosthodontics: implant, esthetic and reconstructive dentistry.
2010 jun;19(4):321-33.
J. Leon Williams, George H. Wilson
There was probably no defining moment that can be identified as the beginning of the
“Articulator Wars.” In all likelihood, it began with two dentists.
GeorgeWood Clapp and The Dentists’ Supply Company of New York

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Alfred E. Gysi,
Partnership culminated in the introduction of the
Trubyte Tooth System and Gysi’s technique for the
articulation of artificial teeth. These milestones would
change dentistry forever.
Starcke EN, engelmeier RL, belles DM. The history of articulators: the “articulator wars” phenomenon with
some circumstances leading up to it. Journal of prosthodontics: implant, esthetic and reconstructive dentistry.
2010 jun;19(4):321-33.

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Plaster Articulator /Slab Articulator
• By Phillip Pfaff in 1756
• A plaster extension on the distal portion of the
mandibular cast was grooved to serve as a guide for a
plaster extension of the maxillary cast.
Mitchell DL, wilkie ND. Articulators through the years. Part I. Up to 1940. The journal of
prosthetic dentistry. 1978 mar 1;39(3):330-8.

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Barn Door Hinge & Adaptable Barn Door Hinge
• Inexpensive and easy to obtain from any
hardware or general store.
• Modified by bending each arm 90 degrees to
form L-shaped upper and lower members.

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• Capable of opening and closing only in a hinge
movement.
• It has an anterior Vertical stop, which is usually a
carriage or machine bolt.
• Also known as the Dayton Dunbar Campbell
instrument.

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JB Gariot’s First Mechanical Articulator (1805)
• First mechanical hinge articulator.
• Consist of a simple hinge, with a set screw in
the posterior against a metal plate, to serve as a
vertical stop.
Jain AR. Articulators through the years revisited: from 1700 to 1900—part i. World J dent. 2015
oct;6(4):222-5.

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Howarth Plaster Articulator (1830)
• Common method for relating casts with the help of plaster
index (also called as plaster articulators).
• Consisted of two nested metal boxes which were held in
position and the hinge movement was controlled with
elastics.

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Thomas W Evans ArticulatorPlane Line Articulator (1840)
• Earliest mechanical hinge articulators.
• Important feature was that vertical dimension could be
preserved or altered as required.

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James Cameron’s Articulator (1840)
• Provision for vertical dimension and anterior posterior
relation.
• Mandibular member of the articulator moved while
upper member was fixed.

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Daniel T Evens Articulator (1840)
• It was called as ‘Dentist’s Guide’.
• For the first time there is a mention of provision for
protrusive and lateral movements.
• First to initiate mandibular movements – but not
successful.

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The Bonwill Articulator (1858)
• Developed the first articulator based on his theory
of occlusion or the theory of equilateral triangle.
• It has a fixed inter condylar distance of 10 cms and
fixed distance between each condyle and lower
central incisor point of 10 cms.

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ET Starr Articulator (1868)
• One of the fixed condylar guide instruments.
• The lower plate is held in position by elastic bands.

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Antes-Lewis Articulator (1895–1900)
• Product of a joint venture and it included the design
features of two instruments.
• The upper plate is held in position by the encased
central spring at the end of the ‘yoke’.

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Richmond Hayes Articulator (1889)
• First to incorporate a fixed descending condylar
path.
• It was more innovative in condylar design.
• Probably reflected Hayes concept of condylar
movement more accurately.

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Gysi E Muller Articulator (1896–1899)
• Gysi worked with Muller to construct an
articulator that exactly imitated the form of the
condyle and glenoid fossa.
• It is an average value instrument with the
exception of lateral rotation center controls.

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William Earnest Walker-Clinometer (1896)
• Provision for gothic arch tracings.
• Dentures which balanced on Bonwill’s articulator,
did not balance in the mouth
• Pointed the absence of condylar inclination as the
dictating factor

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The Bixby Attachment (1894)
• A modified attachment replaces the lower member on a
Gysi Simplex instrument.
• It was intended to regulate the anteroposterior position
of a cast in the articulator.
• Considered a forerunner of the facebow

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Gritman’s Articulator (1899)
• This articulator was patented and introduced with the
Snow facebow by George B Snow and AD Gritman.
• Featured descending condylar paths of 15 degrees, an
average determined by measurements taken from a
large number of patients.

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Huberty Articulator (1901)
• This articulator was claimed to provide independent
movement of the respective jaw members of the
articulator.
• A complicated device requiring several adjustments for
its function, as intended.
Mitchell DL, Wilkie ND. Articulators through the years. Part II. From 1940. The Journal of Prosthetic
Dentistry. 1978 Apr 1;39(4):451-8.

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Kerr Articulator (1902)
• Developed by the Kerr brothers in 1902 and
distributed by the Detroit Dental Co.
• Has fixed protrusive and lateral movement
Jain AR. Articulators through the Years Revisited: From 1900 to 1950—Part II.
World. 2016 Jan;7(1):23-31.

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Christensen’s Articulator (1905)
• He reported his observation of the space that occurs
between the maxilla and mandible during protrusion.
• Christensen introduced an adjustable articulator similar
to walker’s but simpler in design.
• Suggested the use of a protrusive interocclusal wax
record to measure the angle of the condylar paths.
Jain AR. Articulators through the Years Revisited: From 1900 to 1950—Part II. World. 2016 Jan;7(1):23-31.

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New Century and Modified New Century
Articulator by George Snow (1906–1907)
• He improved on the Gritman articulator of 1899 by converting
the fixed condylar paths to adjustable condylar paths
• Adding a tension spring, which allowed a greater range of
movement without compromising the stability of the frame.
• Incorporated the incisal pin.

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The Acme Articulator (1906)
• Manufactured by the Snow Dental Company Tonawonda
• Elaboration of his 1906 New Century instrument.
• It includes three models of different widths that
accommodate three ranges of intercondylar distance.
• The condylar paths are straight
• condylar inclination is adjustable
• incisal pin rests on a changeable incisal guide

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The Gysi Adaptable Articulator (1908–1910)
• Beyond the technical ability and finances of
most dentists. For this reason.
• Gysi Simplex was introduced as a mean
value articulator in 1914

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Gysi Simplex Articulator (1914)
• Switzerland
• Competitively priced and did not require great
technical ability to operate.
• The condylar guidance of the Gysi Simplex is
fixed at 33°

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Luce Articulator (1911)
• By CE Luce of Germany, he received the first patent for
an articulator with an incisal pin and guide assembly.
• He was also one of the first to describe the downward
and forward movements of the condyles.

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Eltner Articulator (1912)
• This was the second articulator patented with incisal pin and
guide table.
• It was constructed on the theory that the temporomandibular
joints (TMJ)
• Have two horizontal axes, one running through the condyles
and the other through the articulator eminences.
Dentistry. 1978 Apr 1;39(4):451-8.

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Halls Alligator/Hall’s Anatomic Articulator (1915)
• Based on Hall’s conical theory of occlusion.
• Forty-five degree cusp teeth were necessary for constructing
dentures on this type of articulator. It is a mean value
arbitrary articulator.
Dentistry. 1978 Apr 1;39(4):451-8.

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Maxillomandibular Instrument/(Monson’s Articulator) (1918)
• George Monson, an orthodontist from Minneapolis.
• Based on the spherical theory.
• Evolved from concepts of Monson and a German anatomist,
Graf yon Spee.
• Monson considered that the cuspal guidance were much more
influential than the TMJ in regard to the jaw movements.
• This instrument permits eccentric motion.
Dentistry. 1978 Apr 1;39(4):451-8.

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Hagman Balancer (1920)
• HC Hagman, Minneapolis
• Opens and closes on a hinge that is in the center of the
upright support.
• Based on the spherical theory of occlusion.

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The Stephan Articulator(1921)
• Similar in design to the Gariot hinge articulator of
1805.
• Except that it has a fixed condylar inclination and
allows for an arbitrary lateral movement.

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The Hanau Model M Kinescope (1923)
• 1921 developed a research model called the Hanau model c
articulator.
• Double condylar posts on each side.
• The inner posts serve two purposes, they act as the horizontal
condylar guides,
• They have variable rotation centers when the posts are moved
inward or outward.

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Homer Relator (1923)
• Joseph Homer of Boston
• Principle is the same that Luce of Germany used in his 1911
articulator.

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The Wadsworth Articulator (1924)
• Frank Wadsworth of Los Angeles, California
• Believed in Monson’s spherical theory but
could not accept bilateral condylar symmetry,
• The casts were mounted with a facebow and
the Wadsworth T attachment. Determines 3rd
ref point

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Hanau Model H110 (1926)
• It was introduced by Hanau in 1926, was primarily
designed for complete dentures.
• These models accept face bow.
• Horizontal condylar guidance was adjusted by
protrusive inter occlusal record.

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Gysi Trubyte or Trubyte Simplex (1926)
• A non-arcon instrument with fixed intercondylar
distance.
• Horizontal condylar inclinations are individually
adjustable.
• This particular instrument can be used as fully
adjustable or as mean value articulator

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Phillips Student Articulator (Model C)/Pantographic Articulator(1926)
• George P Phillips
• The articulator is classified as fully adaptable in that its
developer claimed that it would follow any graphic record.
• The Phillips graphic recorder was designed to trace in one
step the Gothic arch (needlepoint tracing) and the
inclinations of the glenoid fossa.

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Hanau Model H110 Modified (1927)
• A modified Hanau Model H110 articulator appeared on the market in
1927 and introduced the incisal guide table.

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The House Articulator (1927)
• The House articulator was developed by MM House in the early 1930s.
• The Needle House intraoral
• chew in or other positional records can be used to set the house articulator
• Needle house chew in employs four metal studs in the upper occlusal rim against a
lower compound rim.
• It permits eccentric movements based on Needle House records and doesn’t accept
facebow transfer.

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The Stansberry Tripod Instrument (1929)
• He had a mechanical guide posteriorly and two
guides anteriorly.
• The articulator reproduced positions, not
movements.
• In this articulator there is no mechanical equivalent
of condyles.

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Terrell’s Precision Coordinator (1930)
• An arcon type of articulator that has curvilinear
condylar guides.
• Twin parabolic cams control vertical and horizontal
anterior guidance.
• The incisal pin is curved to allow for changes in the
vertical dimension.

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Hanau Crown and Bridge Articulator (1934)
• Small articulator but unlike with other hinge articulators
• A posterior pin and cam guidance mechanism can be set to simulate
working and balancing side excursions of 15º.
• The mechanism can be set to
• L left quadrant
• R right quadrant
• A for anterior restorations

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The Phillips Occlusoscope (1938)
• The maxillary cast on the Phillips occlusoscope
articulator is mounted without the use of a facebow.
• The articulator is adjusted by either intraoral or extraoral
records.
• The lower member of the occlusoscope has two adjustable
units that represent the two temporomandibular joints.

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The McCollum Gnathoscope (1939)
• Complex instrument with a choice of condylar path elements.
• Instrument reproduce not only the positions on movement paths but
the actual path themselves.

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Stephan Articulator Modified (1940)
• It is similar in design to the 1921
model, except that the upper and lower
mounting arms on this model are
longer.

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• One dimensional articulator that has no lateral movement.
• The maxillary cast is positioned horizontally by the two
maxillary central incisors.
• The Cook mounting jig, which fits into the depth of the
hamular notch and orients the casts posteriorly.
The Fournet Articulator (1940)

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Dentatus
• This brand of articulators is manufactured in Sweden.
• All the models are axis type instruments with a slot in the condylar
assembly for the condylar element to make rectilinear movements.
• The ARH, ARL, ARS, and ARD models have the condylar elements as
part of the upper frame and the condylar guidance on the lower frame

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Dentatus the ARH Model (1944)
• It has all the features of the ARH model plus a gauge
block to ensure basic measurements for coordinating
work between dentist and laboratory articulators.
• ARH is the original Dentatus articulator. It has orbital
indicator, adjustable condylar guidance from –60º to
+60º and has a sideshift adjustable from 0º to 40º

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Coble Articulator (1950)
• Maintains centric relation and vertical dimension but
does not allow for functional movements.
• It is a hinge articulator in which the maxillary cast is
mounted with a mounting jig that corresponds to the
occlusal plane.

80
Hall Automatic Articulator
• Lower teeth move over the surface of the upper teeth as over the surface
of the cone generating an angle of 45° with the central axis of the cone
tipped 45° to the occlusal plane.

81
Bergstrom Articulator (1950)
• An arcon articulator.
• He was the first to use the term ‘Arcon’
• (Ar-articulator, con-condyle). In this articulator condylar
guides are on upper member and condylar elements are on
lower member.
• It can accept facebow record.

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The Galetti Articulator (1950–1960)
• Cast is held mechanically without plaster by two fixed posts
anteriorly and one adjustable post posteriorly on each
member.
• The upper member can be adjusted extendable arm and a
universal ball and socket joint to achieve the desired
relationship of the maxillary cast to the mandibular cast

83
Transograph (1952)
• Is a hinge axis facebow introduced in 1952 that can
be modified later to serve as an articulator.
• It has adjustable condylar guides and is a split axis
instrument.
• Allows each condylar housing to function
independently of the other

84
Dentograph Kile (1955)
• It differ from all other articulating instrument in that it is custom built
by and for each patient.

85
The Verticulator(1960)
• William Windish in 1960
• The Verticulator was developed to be used with the functionally
generated path technique and quadrant trays.

86
TELEDYNE HANAU MODEL-194 (1970)
• Initially called the Hanau XP51.
• It is a semiadjustable articulator with the arcon
feature.
• The intercondylar distance is fixed at 90 mm.

87
Dentatus ARO Articulator(1971)
• As all the features of the Dentatus ARL
• Plus the unique feature of a movable arm that holds the
mandibular cast.
• The universal joint and the locking device that attaches
the movable arm to the base allow repositioning of the
mandibular cast without remounting.

88
Denar Mark II (1975)
• The articulator is a two piece instrument incorporating a positive locking
mechanism that can hold the two members together and permit 85 degrees
of hinge movement.

89
HANAU H2 ARCON MODEL 158 (1977)
• Mechanical features are quite similar to the 96H2.
• Are arcon in nature.
• A special facebow is available for this model,

90
HANAU MODEL 165 HANAUMATE /AVERAGE
ARTICULATOR (1977)
• Based on fixed average value incorporated into its design
• The upper frame can be separated easily by loosening two locks.

91
Hanau Model 166 Radial Shift (1981)
• The condylar elements are on lower frame (Arcon)
and fixed inter Condylar Distance at 110 mm.
• Medial wall has recurrent side shift curvature of
3mm radius which is adjustable from 0-3 mm.
Varma M. Articulators Through The Years Revisited: From 1971-1990. Omni. 1990;1984(11).

92
HANAU WIDE VUE MODELS 183 AND 184
• The Hanau models 183 and 184 are arcon in type
and have similar features
• The condylar elements are fixed at 100mm and
guidance mechanism is of slot type. The horizontal
condylar path angle is adjustable from —20° to +
60°, and the side shift angle is adjustable from 0°
to 30°

93
HANAU MODULAR ARTICULATOR SYSTEM
• System with a series of interchangeable guidance
assemblies.
• The basic frames of the articulator are produced in two
forms, one with a fixed intercondylar width at 110 mm
• Other with a adjustable version with adjustable
intercondylar width at 100, 110 125, and 140 mm

94
PANADENT ARTICULATORS (1978-1983)
• The major modification in the latest models is the
mechanical latch.
• This mechanism keeps the upper and lower
articulator frames joined together yet permits an
opening movement of 180º.

95
The Omni Articulator (1984)
• Design allows one to easily exchange closed (tracking) fossa
for open fossa with a positive locking latch.
• The purpose of this model is an attempt to better meet the
requirements for complete, removable and fixed partial
denture fabrication in one articulator.

96
Sam Articulator (1990)
• This German articulation system is durable, stable, and
precise.
• One aspect of its popularity is the ability to interchange
mounted casts from one instrument to another.

97
The Sam 2 Articulator
• 3 interchangeable condylar housings that incorporate
different curvatures to the superior wall.
• Adjustable instrument, compatible from one to another.
• Offers three optional interchangeable condylar housings
that incorporate different curves for the horizontal
condylar pathways.

98
Sam 3 Articulator
• The instrument has a unique On-Off Centric Locking
Device and condylar element covers to keep the lower
and upper members locked together during hinge and
eccentric movement.

99
GirrbachArtex Articulators(1995)
• Pierrosilveranibiavati devised an original
system to be applied to a semi individual
articulator based on monson’stheory.
• This system was developed over the years and
realized in 1995 in cooperation with the
GirrbachArtex, pforzheim, Germany.

100
CLASSIFICATIONS
Theories of
occlusion
Various authors
Instrument
function
Degree of articulator
adjustability

101
Articulators Based on Geometric Theories of Mandibular
Movements
Based on Geometric
Theories
Bonwill’s Equilateral
theory
Monson’s spherical
theory Hall’s conical theory

102
Bonwill’s Equilateral theory
• An equilateral triangle was described by G Bonwill, an
American dentist in 1858, and it became Bonwill’s
theory of occlusion’s basis.
• Measuring 6000 skulls and 4000 living persons
Ganesh MA, Mohanraj KG. Morphometric analysis of Bonwill's triangle and its dental applications in dry human
mandible bones. Journal of Advanced Pharmaceutical Technology & Research. 2022 Nov 1;13(Suppl 1):S194-7.

103
Length of each side of triangle is about 4
inches and it is formed when the centers of
two condyles, right condyle and the medial
mandibular incisal midpoint, and left
condyle and the medial mandibular incisal
midpoint are joined
Ganesh MA, Mohanraj KG. Morphometric analysis of Bonwill's triangle and its dental applications in dry human
mandible bones. Journal of Advanced Pharmaceutical Technology & Research. 2022 Nov 1;13(Suppl 1):S194-7.

104
Evaluation of Bonwill's triangle parameters using cone-beam computed
tomography for gender determination.
Koothati, Ramesh Kumar; Khandare, Samadhan; Suresh, Dirasantchu;
Sravanthi, Yendluru Mercy; Avinash, Kallumata; Himapavana, Muvva
The aim of this study was to evaluate the mandibular Bonwill's triangle parameters
using CBCT for gender determination
Koothati, R.K., Khandare, S., Suresh, D., Sravanthi, Y.M., Avinash, K. and Himapavana, M., 2023.
Evaluation of Bonwill's triangle parameters using cone-beam computed tomography for gender
determination: A retrospective study. Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, 11(1), pp.6-10.

SAMPLE FOOTER TEXT 105
• Conclusion:
The parameters of the mandibular Bonwill's triangle in the Indian
population were observed to be larger in males than females. Hence,
these parameters can be used for gender identification in forensic and
medicolegal practice.

106
Monson’s Spherical Theory
• The theory developed in the late 1890's.
• The Spherical theory of occlusion shows that
the lower teeth move along the surface of the
upper teeth as over the surface of a sphere with
a diameter of 8 inches (20cms).
Becker CM, Kaiser DA. Evolution of occlusion and occlusal instruments. Journal of Prosthodontics. 1993
Mar;2(1):33-43.

107
• The centre of the sphere is located in the region of the glabella and the
surface of the sphere passes through the glenoid fossa along the
articulating eminences .

109
Hall’s Conical Theory
• Proposed by Dr. Rubert E. Hall in 1915.
• The lower teeth move over the surfaces of
the upper teeth as over the surface of a cone
with a generating angle of 45 degrees and
with the central axis of the cone tipped at 45
degree angle to the occlusal plane.
Starcke EN. The history of articulators: a critical review of articulators based on geometric theories of mandibular
movement, part II: Rupert Hall's conical theory. Journal of Prosthodontics. 2002 Sep;11(3):211-22.

110
To determine the influence of the radius of Monson’s sphere, the number of
posterior laterotrusive, mediotrusive, and protrusive contacts, and the chewing
rate on food comminution.
Carneiro DE, Zander LR, Ruppel C, Canales GD, Auccaise-Estrada R, Sánchez-Ayala A. Influence of the radius of
Monson’s sphere and excursive occlusal contacts on masticatory function of dentate subjects. Archives of Oral
Biology. 2024 Mar 1;159:105879.

111
A larger radius of Monson’s sphere and a greater number of posterior
excursive contacts were found to be related to better masticatory
function

112
Gillis Classification (1926)
(1) The adaptable or adjustable type
(2) The average or fixed type.
1. Rihani A. Classification of articulators. The Journal of prosthetic dentistry. 1980 Mar 1;43(3):344-7.
2. Heartwell CM, O’Rahn A. Textbook of complete dentures. Hamilton, Ont.: BC Decker
Incorporated; 2002. page no.61

113
Boucher Classification (1936)
Boucher
Nonadjustable Adjustable
2-dimensional
instrument
3-dimensional
instrument
Rihani A. Classification of articulators. The Journal of prosthetic dentistry. 1980 Mar 1;43(3):344-7.

114
Kingery Classification(1942)
1. Simple articulators
2. Adjustable or adaptable articulators.
Becks Classification(1962)
Based on the design of articulators:
1. The suspension instrument
2. The axis instrument
3. The tripod instrument

115
Weinberg Classification
• Based on the concept associated with each articulator:
• Arbitrary (Monson spherical Theory)
• Positional (Stansbery tripod concept)
• Semi adjustable (Hanau H concept)
• Fully adjustable (Hanau Kinescope concept, Gysi Trubyte concept,
and McCollum concept)
Heartwell CM, O’Rahn A. Textbook of complete dentures. Hamilton, Ont.: BC Decker Incorporated;
2002. page no.61

Posselt’s Classification (1968)
• Plain line
• Mean value
• Adjustable
C.J. Thomas Classification (1973) (Types of record used)
• Arbitrary(not adjustable)
• Positional (axis and nonaxis types, static records)
• Functional(axis and nonaxis types, functional records)
• records)
Heartwell CM, o’rahn A. Textbook of complete dentures. Hamilton, ont.: BC decker incorporated;
2002 page no.61.

117
•John J. Sharry Classification (1974)
• Simple hinge type
• Fixed guide type
• Adjustable instruments
•Halperin Classification
• Simple or Hinge articulators
• Fully adjustable articulators
• Semi adjustable articulators

118
Heartwell Classification
• Class I –receive and reproduce pantographs and graphic tracings.
They are 4 dimensional instruments.
Eg.
Ney Articulator Stuart Articulator

119
Class II – instruments that will not receive pantographs
• Hinge type
• Arbitrary
Hagman Balancer Monson Verticulator
2002. page no.62

120
• Average
Hanau Whip Mix
Special – for complete denture
construction
Stansbery Tripod
2002. page no.62

121
International Prosthodontics Workshop
(University Of Michigan In 1972)
• Based on Instrument function
• Instrument capability
• Intent
• Registration procedure
• Registration acceptance

122
Class I:
• A Simple holding instrument capable of accepting a
single static registration.
• Vertical motion is possible, but only for convenience.
The Verticulator (Jelenko)
The Corelator (Denar Corp.)

123
Class II
• An instrument that permits horizontal as well as vertical
motion but does not orient the motion to the
temporomandibular joints via facebow transfer.
• Class IIA
Eccentric motion permitted is based on average or
arbitrary values.
Gysi simplex articulator

124
Class II B: Eccentric motion
permitted is based on theories of
arbitrary motion.
Monsons maxillomandibular articulator
Class IIC: Eccentric motion
permitted is determined by the
patient using engraving methods.
The gnathic relator

125
Class III:
• Instruments that simulate condylar pathways by using averages or
mechanical equivalents for all or part of the motion.
• These instruments allow for orientation of the cast relative to the joints and
may be arcon or nonarcon instruments, accept facebows, and have
mounting plates

126
Class III A
• Instruments that accept static protrusive registrations and use equivalents
for the rest of the motion.
Dentatus Hanau nonarcon H2 articulator

127
Class III B
• Instruments that accept static protrusive registrations and some lateral
interocclusal records and use equivalents for the rest of the motion
Hanau Teledyne
Whipmix articulator

128
Class IV
• Instruments that will accept three dimensional dynamic
registrations.
• Instruments allow for orientation of the casts via facebow transfer.
• Subdivided into A and B

129
Class IV A
• The condylar pathways are formed by registration engraved by the
patient.
Denar Combi articulator
TMJ-Stereographic instrument

130
Class IV B
• Instruments that have condylar pathways that can be selectively angled and
customized.
Stuart Articulator Denar D5 articulator

131
Rihani’s Classification System (1980)
• Non adjustable - A simple holding instrument capable of accepting single
static registration.
• Vertical motion
• Can accept one or two of the following records:
1. Face bow
2. Centric jaw relation record
3. Protrusive record.

132
Semi adjustable
• An instrument that simulates condylar pathways by using average or
mechanical equivalents for all or part of the motion.
• These instruments allow for orientation of casts relative to the joints
and may be arcon or non-arcon instrument.
1. Face bow

133
Fully adjustable
• An instrument that will accept three dimensional dynamic
registration.
• Allow for orientation of the casts to the T.M.J. and replication of all
mandibular movements.
1.Face bow
4. Lateral records
5. Intercondylar distance record

135
• Adapted from the University of Michigan and Rihani’s
classification; based on the adjustment capabilities of an articulator.
• Facebow transfer, intercondylar distance adjustment,centric record,
protrusive record, and lateral record.
Maheshwari K, Gupta AK, Tiwari B. A newly proposed classification for articulators-integrating virtual with
conventional. The Journal of Indian Prosthodontic Society. 2024 Apr 1;24(2):212-4.

136
Category I:
Mechanical
articulators
Class 1:
Nonsimulated/fixed
articulators
Centric record
Denar Automark,
Barn Door
Class 2: Partially
simulated articulators
Class 3: Fully simulated
articulators

138
• Category II: Virtual articulators
Class 1: Mathematically simulated virtual articulators
• Use an average value for adjustment of additional articulator
settings to reproduce mandibular movements
Ceramill-Artex
Ivoclar-Stratos 300

139
Class 2: Fully simulated virtual articulators
It records and replicates exact mandibular movement paths using a specific
digital tool, the jaw motion analyzer
Example: DentCam system, Kordass, and Gartner virtual articulator

141
• Articulator movements of the condylar elements do not reproduce
condylar movements as in the temporomandibular joints. The goal of
articulation is to duplicate tooth movements along border pathways in at
least two planes of space.
• The most important requirements of an articulator are to maintain centric
relation and the vertical dimension of occlusion once it has been
established.
Joshi PR, Bhat GS, Dixit S. Selection of articulator for general dental practice. Kathmandu University Medical
Journal (KUMJ). 2008 Jan 1;6(1):112-6.

142
The selection of the articulator is dependent on:-
• Occlusal scheme to be developed
• Posterior tooth form
• Excursive tooth guidance
• Jaw relation records that can be made to adjust the articulator.
Journal (KUMJ). 2008 Jan 1;6(1):112-6.

143
• Non adjustable articulator – for single restorations, small prosthesis.
These nonadjustable articulators do little more than simulate the hinge
motion of the mandible and hold the casts in centric relation
Journal (KUMJ). 2008 Jan 1;6(1):112-6.

144
Semiadjustable articulators :
• If there is loss of vertical dimension of occlusion, full
mouth rehab.
• Cross arch and cross tooth balance has to be obtained.
• Balanced complete dentures
• for Class I /Class II partial dentures and for crowns
and 3 unit fixed partial dentures.
Joshi PR, Bhat GS, Dixit S. Selection of articulator for general dental practice. Kathmandu University
Medical Journal (KUMJ). 2008 Jan 1;6(1):112-6.

145
Fully adjustable articulators :
• MPDS, Complicated TMJ disturbances
• When extensive treatment like restoration of entire occlusion
• For patients with significant side shift during lateral mandibular
movements
Joshi PR, Bhat GS, Dixit S. Selection of articulator for general dental practice. Kathmandu University Medical Journal
(KUMJ). 2008 Jan 1;6(1):112-6.

146
Selection of an Articulator For CD
• Articulator should have the capability of adjustment
for recurrent or immediate side shift up to at least
2.5mm.
• The progressive angle can be fixed as long as the
angle is somewhere between 6 & 12 degrees.
Rhan AO, Heartwell CM. Textbook of complete denture. Lea and Febriger, USA.
1993:59-109.

147
• A mechanical guide table is an essential aid in the arrangement of
complete denture occlusion.
• A custom mold shape can best reproduce the existing or proposed
anterior guidance of anterior teeth.
• A sterography is really not indicated for complete denture.
Rhan AO, Heartwell CM. Textbook of complete denture. Lea and Febriger,
USA. 1993:59-109

148
• If occlusal contacts are to be perfected in centric relation
only ,then a simple hinge articulator can be selected.
• If denture teeth are to have cross arch and cross tooth
balanced occlusion then minimum requirement is semi
adjustable articulator.
• If complete control of occlusion is desired,a completely
adjustable articulator is selected.
Rhan AO, Heartwell CM. Textbook of complete denture. Lea and Febriger, USA.
1993:59-109.

149
According to Celenza
• In complete dentures construction, a centric relation system should be
used.
• But precise 3 dimensional eccentric registrations is a wasted effort
because of tissue resiliency.
Celenza FV: An analysis of articulators. Dent Clin North Am. 1979 Apr;23(2):305-26.

150
According to Winkler
• If complete dentures are fabricated in centric relations, articulators
with minimal requirements are sufficient.
• If teeth are arranged in balanced occlusion an articulator with
additional requirements is necessary.
Sheldon Winkler: Essentials of complete denture prosthodontics. 2nd edition,2004, Ishiyaku Euro
America, Inc, 142-183.

151
Selection Of An Articulator For Fpd
• Single restoration- Non adjustable articulator
• Larger parts of the segments with multiple restorations-Adjustable articulator.
• Articulators with immediate side shift not recommended.
• With progressive side shift- least desirable.
• With curved superior surface- not necessary unless balanced articulation is
desired.
Shillingburg H T, Hobo S : Arti Sutradhar W, Mishra SK, Chowdhary R. Uses, accuracy and limitations of semiadjustable
articulators in dentistry: a systematic review. Tanta Dental Journal. 2019 Jul 1;16(3):121. culator selection for restorative
dentistry J Prosthet dent 1976 ; 36 :35-43.

152
• Intercondylar distance adjustments only simplify the records transfer.
• Open fossa design is very convenient for waxing & Porcelain stacking.
• Closed fossa design preferred for CD.
• Open fossa design is preferred as a diagnostic instrument in diagnosing
joint –tooth disharmonies.

153
Selection Of An Articulator For Rpd
• A simple hinge or a non-adjustable-class III partially edentulous cases
• Semi-adjustable like Hanau, Whip-mix- most class I &II
• Fully adjustable articulator is usually limited to those patients needing
a removable partial denture, wherein the entire occlusal scheme is to
be developed at one time by the wax additive technique. Stuart
articulator is generally used

155
• Factors governing the laws of articulation as stated by Rudolph Hanau
have been accepted as the standard reference on this subject.
• Hanau’s study was a pioneer exploration of the subject, and the
“articulation quint”
Trapozzano VR. Laws of articulation. Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry. 1963 Jan 1;13(1):34-44.

156
Hanau’s Quint coordinates the nine main
laws of articulation. It records the
influence of one factor, governing the
establishment of balanced articulation,
while the remaining factors remain
unchanged.

157
• Hanau believed articulation of the artificial teeth was related to nine factors:
• Horizontal condyle inclination
• Compensating curve
• Protrusive incisal guidance
• Plane of orientation
• Buccolingual inclination of tooth axis
• Sagittal condylar pathway
• Sagittal incisal guidance
• Tooth alignment
• Relative cusp height

158
Later he combined the original nine and reduced
them to five:
• The inclination of the condylar guidance
• Prominence of the compensating curve
• Inclination of the plane of orientation
• Inclination of the incisal guidance
• The height of the cusp

159
Condylar Guidance
• Mandibular guidance generated by the condyle and articular disc traversing
the contour of the glenoid fossa
• The mechanical form located in the upper posterior region of an articulator
that controls the movements of its mobile members

160
• CONDYLAR GUIDANCE : They represents the slopes of
articular eminence in skull which guides the movement of condyle.
• Types :
1. Fixed- cant be adjusted. Usually conforms to mean value articulator.
2. Adjustable – Can be increased or decreased- Straight – Curved
3. Custom made – Acrylic is custom molded using records of mandibular
movements

161
• The degree of condylar inclination registered results from
• The shape of the bony contour of the temporomandibular joint
• The action of the muscles attaching to the mandible
• The limitation of movements effected by the attaching ligaments
• The method used

162
• The inclination of the condylar guidance or condyle inclination is a
definite anatomical concept
• One of the end-controlling factors

163
Anterior Guidance
• The second end-controlling factor is formed by the
inclination of the incisal guide angle (incisal guidance)
• "The inclination of the incisal guidance in given by the
angle of the lingual surface of the incisors with the
horizontal plane of reference’’

164
• The influence of the contacting surfaces of anterior teeth on
mandibular movements for analysis and treatment of occlusion.

165
Height Of The Cusp
• “In the establishment of balanced articulation, we are primarily interested in
the length and the inclination of the effective cusp inclines’’
• Any increase or decrease in cusp height (the vertical distance from the tip of
the cusp to its base) will result in an increase or decrease in the length of the
cusp inclines.

166
• Cusp height exerts its influence by determining the range of tooth
contact during eccentric movement. The higher the cusp, the longer
the effective tooth incline, and therefore, the greater the range of the
tooth contact during eccentric movement.

167
Plane Of Orientation
• Hanau states that "the plane of orientation is a purely geometrical
factor. It is a plane assumed to pass through the dental landmarks or
points; namely the central incisal contact point and the summits of the
mesiobuccal cusps of the molars.

168
PROMINENCE OF THE COMPENSATING CURVE
• Hanau states ‘the prominence of the compensating curve infers an increase
of the concavity (sometimes a decrease of the convexity) in the alignment
of the mandibular posterior teeth.
• The compensating curve is the most important factor for obtaining
balance.Cusp teeth have inclines necessary for obtaining balanced
occlusion

170
Arcon
• Ar-Articulator Con-Condyle
• Condylar spheres are attached to the lower component of the
articulator, and the mechanical fossae are attached to the upper member
of the instrument.
• Examples
Whipmix , 8500 ( DR. Charles Stuart, 1963)
Hanau Arcon

171
Non-Arcon
• Condyles on the upper member and condylar guidances
on the lower member
• Examples
• Gysi
• Hanau 96h2
• Dentatus ARL , kinoscope

172
• Relation between condylar indications with a given axis vary with
• The magnitude and direction of protrusion
• Degree of opening
• The relation of condylar guide in terms of central bearing point, teeth, or
incisal pin
• The inclination of the incisal guide.

173
An advantage of the arcon design is
that the condylar inclination of the
mechanical fossae is at a fixed angle to
the maxillary occlusal plane. With the
nonarcon design, the angle changes as
the articulator is opened, which can
lead to errors when a protrusive record
is being used to program the
articulator.
Shillingburg HT, Hobo S, Whitsett LD, Jacobi R, Brackett SE. Fundamentals of fixed prosthodontics.
Hanover Park, IL: Quintessence Publishing Company; 2012. 4th
edition page no.30

174
• Variations of condyle form and
tracking can be reproduced with
replaceable guide elements in the
condyle housing.
• Variations in anatomic condyle form
and condyle guidance cannot be
reproduced in this articulator due to its
construction.
Goyal MK, Goyal S. A comparative study to evaluate the discrepancy in condylar guidance
values between two commercially available arcon and non-arcon articulators: A clinical study.
Indian Journal of Dental Research. 2011 Nov 1;22(6):880.

175
• Increasing the vertical
dimension, and the raising of the
incisal pin, do not alter the
condylar inclination setting;
relative to the plane of reference.
• The greater vertical dimension
and resulting raising of the
incisal pin changes the condylar
inclination setting in terms of the
plane of reference.
Goyal MK, Goyal S. A comparative study to evaluate the discrepancy in condylar guidance values between two
commercially available arcon and non-arcon articulators: A clinical study. Indian Journal of Dental Research. 2011
Nov 1;22(6):880.

176
• The angle between the condylar inclination and the occlusal plane of
the maxillary teeth in open and closed position.
• Arcon –constant
• Non-arcon- changes
• Plane of the condylar guide is not parallel to the plane of motion, the
distance between the joints will vary with the magnitude of protrusive
movement (non arcon).

177
A comparative study to evaluate the discrepancy in condylar guidance
values between two commercially available arcon and non-arcon
articulators A clinical study
Goyal, Mukesh Kumar; Goyal, Shelly
Goyal MK, Goyal S. A comparative study to evaluate the discrepancy in condylar guidance values between
two commercially available arcon and non-arcon articulators: A clinical study. Indian Journal of Dental
Research. 2011 Nov 1;22(6):880.

SAMPLE FOOTER TEXT 178
• The purpose of this study was comparative evaluation of sagittal
condylar values of arcon and non-arcon articulators with cephalometric
readings and to determine the amount of discrepancy in sagittal
condylar guidance values between arcon and non-arcon articulators
using same protrusive record.
Hanau H2 (non-arcon type) and Hanau Wide-Vue (arcon type)
articulators

179
• Conclusion: The mean difference in the sagittal condylar guidance
values obtained from non-arcon and arcon articulators shows a low
level of reproducibility, and no significant difference found in mean
sagittal condylar values obtained from arcon articulator and
cephalometric tracings indicates replication of sagittal condylar
guidance value from image of articular eminence.

180
A clinical study to compare the horizontal condylar guidance using protrusive interocclusal
records, orthopantomography (OPG), and cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) in
edentulous patients
Gheedle R, John P. Comparative Evaluation of the Horizontal Condylar Guidance Using Protrusive Interocclusal
Records, OPG, and CBCT in Edentulous Patients: An In Vivo Study. The Journal of Contemporary Dental
Practice. 2023 Jul 28;24(6):403-8.

181
• Cone-beam computed tomography is as reliable and accurate as the clinical
method. A significant correlation exists between the clinical method and
CBCT. It can be used as a dependable adjunct to the clinical method of
HCGA measurement.

182
SUMMARY
• Uses or purpose of articulators
• Requirements :minimal additional and optional
• Limitations
• Advantages
• Evolution from 18th
to 21st
century
• Classification: theories, authors..
• Selection of articulators
• Arcon vs non arcon

A R T I C U L A T O R S
PA RT I I

CONTENTS
• COMMONLY USED ARTICULATORS
• MEAN VALUE ARTICULATORS
• HANUAS
• ARTEX
• WHIPMIX

• RECENT ADVANCMENTS
• CARE AND MAINTANENCE
• SUMMARY
• REFRENCES

Condyle movement on non-working side (NWS) during Bennett movement: C =
center of rotation; CB = immediate Bennett side shift; BP = progressive Bennett side
shift; α = Bennett angle
Fanucci E, Spera E, Ottria L, Barlattani Jr A, Fusco N, Mylonakou I, Broccoli P, Barlattani A, Simonetti G. Bennett
movement of mandible: a comparison between traditional methods and a 64-slices CT scanner. ORAL &
implantology. 2008 Apr;1(1):15.

Mean Value Articulator
• Non arcon articulator
Also known as
Three point articulator
Average value articulator
Free plane articulator
Non arcon
Non adjustable
Rangarajan V, Padmanabhan TV. Textbook of Prosthodontics-E Book. Elsevier Health
Sciences; 2017 Jul 18. page no.138

• Upper member can be moved upward and backward
• Condylar inclination of 30 degrees on both side
• Anterior part is supported by the incisal guide rod
above and incisal guide table below with 10 to 15
inclination

• A spring is mounted within the condylar track to stabilize the condylar
elements and hold them in their posterior most position.
• It is known as mean value or average value articulator because it has a
fixed condylar path and incisal inclines.
• The intercondylar distance is fixed and also the distance from each
condylar element to the tip of the incisal pin is also fixed

• It was made based on the Bonwill theory of occlusion.
• The intercondylar distance is fixed to 4 inches and also from each
condylar element to the tip of the incisal pin is also 4 inches.
Mean Values
Inter condylar distance 110mm
Condylar guidance 30degrees
Incisal guidance 10-15degrees

Parts Of Mean Value Articulator
Upper
Member
Lower
Member
Retentive Rod

Vertical Rod
Lock nut
Vertical Rod
Incisal
Guide table
Incisal Pin
That part of the articulator
which maintains the incisal
guide angle

Condylar Element
Siting Rod
Horizontal rod
Condylar Guide

Disadvantages
• Lack of individualised information concerning occlusion.
• Only opening and closing in one direction (vertical) can be made.
• There is no provision for lateral movements.

The Hanau Model H Series Articulator (1923)
• Accept Face Bow record
• Horizontal condylar guidance was adjusted by
Protrusive interocclusal record.
• Lateral shift calculated by the formula.
• L=H/8 + 12
Noel DW, Mitchell DL. Articulators through the years: Part—II. J Prosthet dent. 1978;39:168-81.

The Hanau Model H2 Series (1958) Non Arcon
• Auditory pin
• Model H2-PR (with calibrated adjustments to protrude or retrude the
condylar balls up to 3 mm,)
• H2-X (with extendable condylar shaft) and Model H2 – XPR
(combination of above models ),

Model 158 (1977)
• Retained all the features of H2 model 96 but it is of
arcon type.
• Horizontal condylar path is adjustable from 0° to
60°, and the side shift is adjustable from 0° to 30°.
• Wide Face types accepted
• Fixed intercondylar distance

Model 96 H2
• Non-Arcon type
• The guidance assembly is a closed-slotted system that is part of
the lower frame and fixed at 110 mm.
• Bennett angle is adjustable from 0° to 30°.
• Horizontal condylar guidance is adjustable from 0° to 75 degrees.
• Receive either an ear-bow or face-bow transfer.

Hanaumate – 165 (Average articulator)
• Condylar width is 110 mm.
• Horizontal condylar inclination 30 degrees
• 10 degrees protrusive and lateral incisal guide table.
• 15 degrees fixed progressive side shift. (Bennet)
• Upper frame can be separated
• Receives most average face bows.

Hanau Wide-Vue Arcon Articulator (183 and 184)
• Arcon in type and have similar features.
• Difference is that the upper and lower frames on the 184
model can be separated
• The horizontal condylar path angle is adjustable from
—20° to 60°
• The side shift angle is adjustable from 0° to 30°

Hanau Radial shift (Model 166) : 1981
• Arcon type
• Upper member can be removed for waxing
• A curved immediate side shift ( Radial shift) with adjustable
progressive Bennet angle of 0 to 60degrees.

• Fixed Inter Condylar Distance - 110 mm
• Medial wall has percurrent side shift curvature of 3mm
radius which is adjustable from 0-3 mm
• Both facial and earpiece face-bows

HANAU Modular Articulator System
• Semi-Adjustable, Arcon-type modular articulator.
• Complex computer-machined, Radial Shift
curvatures are already carved into the fossae.
• They guide the casts forward, downward and
inward simultaneously much like the motion
found in natural anatomy.

• The Modular Articulator permits you to select guidance which will help
you achieve optimum cusp/fossae harmony.
• The feature of the curved 19mm (3/4") radius simulates average
anatomical movements.
• Permits a choice of three incisal guide pins and tables .

A Comparative Evaluation of Lateral Condylar Guidance by Clinical and
Radiographic Methods – Hanau's Formula Revisited
Praveena, Kanagesan; Ajay, Ranganathan; Devaki, Veeramalai; Balu,
Kandasamy; Preethisuganya, Selvakumar; Menaga, Venkatachalam
Praveena K, Ajay R, Devaki V, Balu K, Preethisuganya S, Menaga V. A comparative evaluation of lateral condylar
guidance by clinical and radiographic methods–Hanau's formula revisited. Journal of Pharmacy and Bioallied
Sciences. 2021 Jun 1;13(Suppl 1):S537-41.

• The purpose of this study is to use radiographic technique to
determine the lateral CG and compare these values with those obtained
using Hanau's formula and to evaluate whether there are differences
between the right and left paths of the condyles.

The median (interquartile range [IQR]) of right and left LCG-C were 15.45
(0.8) and 15.50 (0.7), respectively. The median (IQR) of right and left LCG-M
were 37.00 (6.0) and 36.50 (6.8), respectively. A statistically significant
difference exists between LCG-C and LCG-M. Both LCG-C and-M values
exhibited no variations on both sides.

• 1. Concerning the sides, there is no significant difference within LCG C
‑
and LCG M
‑
• 2.There exist a huge difference between the LCG C obtained from the
‑
Hanau’s formula and LCG M obtained from the SMV projection
‑
radiographs.

Parts of Hanau wide veu
Incisal Guide
Upper Member
Lower
Member
Bennett
Thumbnuts
Condylar
Guidance
Orbital
Indicator
Dual End
Incisal Pin

Centric Lock
Condylar
Element
Brass
Shoulder
Condylar
Shaft
Condylar
Guidance
Manual Ii. Hanau™ Wide-vue Arcon Articulators And Wide-vue Ii Articulators.

The condylar track may be adjusted on a vertical
axis from a 0° sagittal to 30°.This angle is termed
the progressive Bennett angle and corresponds to
the medial wall of the patients fossa.

• Closed condylar guidance track
rotates in a enclosed housing which
stops the condylar element,
preventing the accidental
disengagement of the upper member.

Centric Lock

Closed Track
Condylar Shaft
Resilient Bumper
Protrusive
Calibrations
Auditory Pin
Bennett Calibrations

Condylar Shafts
• Condylar shafts adjustably slide in the wings
of the lower member.
• They have been factory fixed by set screws
and hold the condylar elements.

Resilient Bumper
• This will protectively stop the
upper member and rest against the
wings of the lower member when
fully opening the articulator

Incisal Thumbscrew
Millimeter Calibrations
Chisel end aligned with central
table
Zero Line
Round end of incisal pin
Dual End Incisal Pin
Manual Ii. Hanau™ Wide-vue Arcon Articulators And
Wide-vue Ii Articulators.

• The incisal pin serves as a forward
control of the articulator. It
maintains a vertical stop and
provides a stylus contact for
excursive movements

• Midline groove is cut about 1 inch from the spherical tip. Five additional lines
are calibrated in mm on either side for recording or altering the VD.
• Midline groove is aligned with top edge of the upper member. It is secured by
thumbscrew against the flattened side of the pin. This adjustment places the
chisel end at 90 degrees to and in contact with the central table of the Incisal
Guide and provides a parallelism of the Upper Member to the Lower Member.

ADJUSTABLE INCISAL GUIDE
• This provides an independent adjustment of anterior
guidance.
• The incisal guide can rotate anterioposteriorly from a
horizontal (0°) to a protrusive inclination & is then
secured by a small locknut. Protrusive calibrations (-20
to +60 degree).

• The central guiding table is 5.56mm wide and forms
the inclined surface for the protrusive guidance of the
incisal pin.
• Separately adjustable lateral wings can be elevated by
thumbscrews from 0° horizontal to 45° incline.(Lateral
caliberations)

Thumbnut
Lateral Wings
Lateral
Calibration
Platform Lock screw Thumbscrew

Lateral Wing
Protrusive
Calibration
Lateral Calibration

• Slide the Platform antero-posteriorly to align the chisel end of the
Incisal Pin with the “zero” indicating line on the Lateral Wings.
• This adjustment will place the Incisal Pin contact on the rotational
center of the Guide, thereby maintaining the vertical dimension when
adjusting the inclination for protrusion.

• Loosening the Platform Lockscrew one turn will allow the Incisal
Guide Assembly to be withdrawn from or returned to the anterior slot
without any disassembly of parts.
Manual Ii. Hanau™ Wide-vue Arcon Articulators And Wide-vue II Articulators.

Orbitale Indicator & Orbital Pointer
• This “crescent” represents the patient’s
infra-orbitale notch and is the anterior
reference landmark of the Frankfort
Horizontal Plane.
Orbital
Indicator
Orbital Pointer
Manual Ii. Hanau™ Wide-vue Arcon Articulators And Wide-vue II Articulators.

Mounting Platform
Bite Fork
Cast Support
Anterior Elevator
Bite Plane
Transfer Clamp Assembly
Anterior Reference
Ear Piece
Bow

Programming Hanau articulator
• Face Bow Record & Transferring it to Articulator

• Re-useable,
• No-warping metal mounting plates
provide a secure and accurate means of
attaching casts poured in dental stone
to the articulator.
Disposable Mounting Plates
Mounting rings are designed to
hold models securely in place.
Metal insert minimizes cross
threading and facilitates ease of use.

Zeroing of articulators
Zeroing an articulator is the process of standardizing it to a reproducible
starting point.
Nowlin TP, Bailey Jr JO, Taubert TR. Accuracy of zeroing the articulator. The Journal of Prosthetic
Dentistry. 1987 May 1;57(5):647-9.

• The 37 mm line is based in part on the
Bonwill Triangle and results in a generally
horizontal appearing plane of occlusion.
• The 54 mm line forms an average
landmark for alignment of the incisal edge
of the upper centrals when making a
Facebow transfer

The spherical tip of this Incisal Pin serves as the Dual-End and is useful
for fabricating customized acrylic anterior guide tables.

Laboratory Procedure
• Articulator Preparation
• Mounting maxillary cast
• Mounting mandibular cast
• Adjustment of Horizontal Condylar Guidance
• Adjustment of Lateral Condylar Guidance
• Arrangement of anterior teeth and determination of incisal guidance
• Arrangement of posterior teeth
• Processing and Remounting

Burugupalli P, Md A, Nair CK, AV RR, Sajjan S. Programming of semiadjustable articulator in dentate patients–an
Album. Trends in Prosthodontics and Dental Implantology. 2020 Apr 16;9(1):7-10.

Burugupalli P, Md A, Nair CK, AV RR, Sajjan S. Programming of semiadjustable articulator in dentate patients–an Album. Trends
in Prosthodontics and Dental Implantology. 2020 Apr 16;9(1):7-10.

Bennet movement
• Calculated from the horizontal condylar settings by Hanau’s equation.
Bennet angle L = H/8+12
• H horizontal condylar inclination determined by protrusive interocclusal
record
McGuckin RS. Essentials of complete denture prosthodontics| Sheldon Winkler, DDS, Editor, with 26
contributors, Softbound. PSG Publishing,. Page no. 212

• Derivation of equation never explained by Hanau.
• So validity is questionable
• Large changes horizontal condylar inclination produce
only minor changes in the bennet angle .
McGuckin RS. Essentials of complete denture prosthodontics| Sheldon Winkler, DDS, Editor, with 26
contributors, Softbound. PSG Publishing,. Page no. 212

Study was carried out to evaluate and compare the lateral condylar guidance: (1)
Using the Hanau’s formula and the computerized jaw tracking device
(Kinesiograph). (2) On the right and left sides using both these methods
Bhawsar SV, Marathe AS, Ansari SA. Evaluation of Hanau's formula in determination of lateral condylar guidance:
A clinical research study. The Journal of Indian Prosthodontic Society. 2015 Oct 1;15(4):326-30.
2015

The lateral condylar guidance values obtained using the Hanau’s formula
ranged from 14 to 17° while those obtained using the computerized K7 jaw
tracking device ranged from 8 to 40°. Bennett angle values, obtained using the
jaw tracking device and Hanau’s formula showed statistically significant
differences(P < 0.05) using paired t-test (at 95% confidence interval)

Statistically significant differences exist in a range of the lateral
condylar guidance values obtained using the Hanau’s formula
and computerized jaw tracking device. Lateral condylar
guidance values exhibited variation on both sides using
Kinesiograph unlike those using Hanau’s formula

Shetty, R., Shetty, S., Shetty, N., Pinge, S.S., Zahid, M. and Suhaim, K.S., 2021. Comparative Evaluation of Lateral
Condylar Guidance Angle Measured Using Hanau's Formula & Lateral Interocclusal Records. Journal of Evolution of
Medical and Dental Sciences, 10(26), pp.1917-1921.
Study Was Undertaken To Evaluate And Compare The 2 Methods Used To Determine The
Lateral Condylar Guidance.
2021

• First Lateral Condylar Guidance Using The Hanau’s Formula
• Measured Lateral Condylar Guidance Using The Interocclusal
Records.

Application of Hanau formula is helpful to estimate Bennett angle. No doubt the
formula is easy to apply and less cumbersome, but when we are working on high
precision demanding cases we should try and find better options to record LCG.
Making a lateral interocclusal record and then programming the articulator is a
more reliable method.

Principle
• A Bonwill’s triangle with a leg length of 110mm connecting the mid
point of the condyles with the incisal point and thus fixing the
intercondylar distance
• The interior structural height is 126 mm.
AMANNGIRBBACH GENERAL CATALOG

• Integrated magnetic model plate system
• Adjust design for high-precision receptor fit
• Lower part of articulator designs CN, CT and CR made of carbon:
• Makes for lightweight, strong and ergonomic design and easy handling
• Overall height, internally: 126 mm – large working area offering a lot of
space for mounting models

ARTEX
Arcon
Artex CP
Artex CR
Non Arcon
Artex CN
Artex CT
Artex BN

Artex carbon series
Non adjustable

ARTEX CT
• Partially adjustable non arcon
• Adjustable condylar inclination from -15 to 60 degrees
• Bennet angle from 0 to 20 degrees
• Arbitrary pins for facebow adaptation.

ARTEX CN
• “click”-centric lock
• Fixed avg condyle track 35 degrees
• Bennet angle 0- 20 degrees

ARTEX BN
• Integrated magnetic mounting plates
• Fixed condyle with a 19mm path radius
• Fixed avg sagittal condylar path inclination of 35 degrees
• Fixed bennet angles of 15 degrees

ARTEX CP
• Semi adjustable arcon articulator.
• Adjustable inclination of the condyle track inclination -20 to 60 deg.
• Distraction permitting release of compressed mandibular joints from 0 to 3mm.
• Arcon clip
• Bennett angle adjustable -5 to 30 deg
• Retrusion can be set from 0 to 2mm

Parts Of Artex – CP Articulator
Upper member
Lower member
Incisal guide
Anterior
Guidance pin

Condylar path
inclination set screw
Pivoting lever
Condylar path
calibrations
Bennet
calibrations
Locking screw
of bennet angle

Artex CR
• Provides comprehensive adjustment possibilities to
reproduce the patients clearance and movement
dynamics
• Fully adjustable artex carbon articulator offering;
• Variable sideshift function for transversal clearance, from 0 to
1.5mm
• Variable protrusion from 0 to 6mm

FACEBOW
• Called as Artex Rotofix
• Ear piece type of facebow
• Anterior reference point : Nasale
• Posterior reference point : the external auditory
meatus

• The Artex facebow is a parallel-opening bow made of anodised
aluminum.
• The parallel opening of the facebow is used to insert the facebow via the
porus buttons into the patient's ear canal.
• Frontally, the facebow is supported on the skull via an adjustable rod in
the nasian bar with a nasian adapter.

• A bite fork is applied to the upper jaw tooth row registering mass.
• Bite fork and facebow are connected via a 3D joint (joint support).

Whip Mix Articulator
• Developed by charles E. Stuart in 1964
• Semi adjustable arcon type
• The condylar element of whip-mix articulator is
adjustable about the vertical and horizontal axes
but not the sagittal axis.
Winkler S. Essentials of complete denture prosthodontics. . 1979.

• His main objective was
• Aid in teaching the principles of occlusion for better diagnosis of the
occlusion
• To provide simplified instrument for fabrication of prosthodontic
restorations.
Winkler S. Essentials of complete denture prosthodontics. . 1979.

• Models available : 8500,8800, 9000 9800
• Arcon type
• It uses a quick mount facebow or kinematic face bow
• Anterior reference point : Nasion
• Posterior reference point : External auditory meatus

• Intercondylar distance is adjustable S(96mm) , M(110mm) and
L(124mm) by means of removable condylar guidance spacers along
the instrument’s horizontal axis.
Model 8500 Instruction Manual

• Has a centric latch to lock the upper member in correct position
• Horizontal condylar inclinations are set by means of lateral or
protrusive interocclusal records.
• Amount of Bennett movement is set by lateral interocclusal records.

Whip Mix Model 8500
• Protrusive Condylar Inclination: adjustable 0 – 70
degrees
• Progressive Side Shift: adjustable 0 – 40 degrees
• Adjustable intercondylar distance:
S (96mm)
M (110mm)
L (124mm)

• The upper and lower member are attached by
means of spring latch assembly.
• Guide table - the articulator is available either
with an adjustable mechanical guide table or a
flat or a dimpled plastic incisal guide table

• Model 9000 similar model 8500; except the lower frame is 1/2-inch
taller to provide more space for mounting the mandibular cast.

Model 8800 articulator
1/2-inch space to mount maxillary cast.
• Used in extremely steep Plane of
occlusion or osseous defect exists in the
maxilla

Model 9800 :
• This provides ½ inch space for both maxillary and
mandibular casts
• It combines the upper frame of model 8800 with the
lower frame of model 9000 to provide the greatest
distance between the upper and lower frames.

Whip Mix 3000 Series
Protrusive Condylar Inclination: adjustable 0 – 70 degrees
Progressive Side Shift: 0 – 25 degrees
Immediate Side Shift: fixed 0 degrees
Fossa:Closed tracking fossa

Quick Mount or Earpiece Face Bow
• Quick mount facebow convenient, quick & accurate method
of securing the average axis location.
• Designed earplugs
• The anterior support deepest part of Nasion.

Denar Articulator
• 1968 Dr. Niles Guichet
• Introduced the Denar 4A
• Current model D5A
• Saves time and effort needed to manually transfer the recordings and to
program the articulator.
Guichet NF. The Denar system and its application in everyday dentistry. Dental Clinics of North
America. 1979 Apr 1;23(2):243-57.

Denar Mark II Articulators
• Introduced in 1975 and developed to satisfy the undergraduate needs of education
for a simpler arcon articulator.
• Has adjustable horizontal inclinations of 0 to 60degrees.
• Has immediate side shift of 0 to 4mm + progressive shift of 0 to 15degree.
• The posterior fossa wall is inclined posteriorly 25 degrees to allow for a backward
movement of the rotating condyle as it moves outward during lateral side shift.

Denar MARK II (1975)
• A two-piece instrument incorporating a positive locking
mechanism that can hold the two members together and
permit 85 degrees of hinge movement.
• The condylar elements are at a fixed 110 mm

DENAR D5A
• Fully-adjustable fossae walls can be easily
adjusted to duplicate patient’s condylar path of
movement as recorded by the Pantograph or
Cadiax.
• The side shift (bennett movement) adjustment is
in the medial wall and has provisions for both
immediate and progressive settings.
Fully Adjustable Procedure Manual

• Protrusive angle: 0-60°
• Immediate side shift: 0-4mm
• Progressive side shift: 0-30°
• Rear wall 30° backward
• Top wall 30° up, 30° down
• Intercondylar distance: 90-150mm
Fully Adjustable Procedure Manual

• Uses denar slidematic facebow
• Anterior reference point : 43 mm above the incisal
edges of the maxillary teeth
• Posterior reference point : External auditory meatus
• Has a centric latch

Denar Mark II plus
• 1975, arcon
• Two piece inst. incorporating a ‘+’ locking
mechanism, hold two member together, permit
85deg of Hinge movement. The HorizontaI
condylar inclination can be adjusted 0-60.

• Immediate side shift adj. 0-4mm, a progressive shift adj.0-15mm.
Inter condylar distance (110 to 122 mm)
• Posterior wall fossa inclined posteriorly 25deg to allow, backward
movement of the rotating condyle as it moves outward during lateral
side shift.

• Springs hold the U/L frame together
• Four different facebow : Earpiece, facia & slidematic facebow for CD.
Adjustable axis facebow for fixed Prosthodontics.
• Earpiece converted to facia, removing earplugs from condylar rods.

• Lubrication
• Cleaning
• Storage

Lubrication
• Light application of quality hand piece oil.
• Excess oil should be wiped off.
• Thin coating of petroleum jelly-when in contact with gypsum.
Cleaning and Disinfecting Articulators and Face-bows.whipmix manual

Cleaning
• Cleaning solvent or mild detergent
• Liberal use of fluid with small brush removes all wax and abrasive grit
• No to Scraping or Abrasive cleanser
• Effect of chlorine in abrasive cleansers
• Blow dry air, re-lubricate

Storage
• When not in use ,store in clean, dry atmosphere-free of plaster and
abrasive dust.
• A corrugated carrying carton
• Not near acids, alkalies or medicaments-Fumes may be of corrosive
nature.

• The digital articulator (VA)
• PROTARevo/Kavoprotar Articulator
• Disposable Crown & Bridge Articulators
• The patient-specific anatomical articulator

The virtual articulator (VA) is a technology that
simulates the jaw relation in a computer-generated
setting. Augmented and virtual reality have been
utilized as digital technology, which aids in many
areas of dentistry and dental education.
Doshi KN, Sathe S, Dubey SA, Bhoyar A, Dhamande M, Jaiswal T. A Comprehensive Review on
Virtual Articulators. Cureus. 2024 Jan;16(1).

• Need for the digital articulator
A mechanical tool is limited in its capacity to reproduce the
variability of biologic systems:
• The teeth mobility when using plaster casts in the articulator.
• The deformation and distortion of the mandible during loading conditions.
• The complexity of the movement patterns of the jaw.

• Classification of digital articulator
• There are two types of digital articulators.
1- Completely adjustable articulators
2- Mathematical Simulated Digital Articulator

Completely adjustable articulators (motion analyzer)
• it was designed by Kordass and Gaertner from the Greifswald
University in Germany.
• It reproducerecords precise movement paths of the mandible utilizing
an electronic jaw registration system called Jaw (Motion Analyzer)
(JMA).

• Jaw Motion Analyzer is tool for tracking patient's jaw.
• It is comprises of facebow with receiver sensors ,pointer sensor, and
lower jaw ,software and occlusal adapter.

Mathematical Simulated Digital Articulator
• It reproduces records movement of the articulator which is based on
Mathematical stimulation the movement of the articulator.
• A fully adjustable 3D digital articulator is equipped for duplicating all articulator
movement.
• These digital articulators consider extra settings, for example,
curved Bennett movement or different movement for adjustment in perfect settings.
Koralakunte PR, Aljanakh MJJoc, JCDR dr. The role of virtual articulator in prosthetic and
restorative dentistry. 2014;8(7):ZE25

• The main drawback is that it acts as an average value articulator and it
is impossible to expect individualized movement paths of each patient.
Egg: Stratos 200, Szentpetery's digital articulators
Koralakunte PR, Aljanakh MJJoc, JCDR dr. The role of virtual articulator in prosthetic and

Virtual Artex Cr
A Full-Digital Technique to Mount a Maxillary Arch Scan
on a Virtual Articulator .
A full digital approach to transfer the position of maxillary
dentition to a virtual articulator, by using intraoral scans and
cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) files is
presented.
Koralakunte PR, Aljanakh MJJoc, JCDR dr. The role of virtual
articulator in prosthetic and

• This technique offers reduced chairside time and the flexibility of
choosing the orientation plane. It can be used in orthognathic
surgeries, complex interdisciplinary treatments requiring a CBCT scan
with a large field of view, or treatment that already have the head CT
or CBCT scans from previous diagnosis/treatment

• The virtual articulator offers the same functional
scope as compared to the real Artex CR
• The transfer of the models by means of the Ceramill
Fixator ensures the precision at the functional
interface between manual and digital techniques
Koralakunte PR, Aljanakh MJJoc, JCDR dr. The role of virtual
articulator in prosthetic and

• The calculation of the fully anatomical construction is dynamic and
static under consideration of the antagonists and the adjusted values of
the articulator

Kavoprotar Articulator
• The articulator and face bow system from Kavo is designed so that work can be
carried out using either the Frankfurt horizontal plane (FH) or Camper’s plane.
• The nasal support provides an average alignment of the face bow with respect
to the two planes.
• The face bow can also be individually aligned to the required reference plane by
using the reference pointer (Infra-orbital point,Subnasal point).

• Precise programming via enlarged scaling for joint path inclination
• Models can be magnetically attached without split-casting
• Lightweight, with excellent handling
• Smooth, hygienic metal surfaces for easy cleaning
Pietrokovski Y, Shakartsi-Amar O, Ben-Gal G, Lipovetsky-Adler M. Determining the interchangeability of
KaVo PROTAR semi-adjustable articulators. Quintessence International. 2018 Jul 1;49(7).

Precision I
Optimum setting of the
patient’s data by use of the
large dimension adjustment
scale.
Precision II
precision in the smallest
detail. Rigid centric lock of
Inox steel for perfect static
occlusion.
Pietrokovski Y, Shakartsi-Amar O, Ben-Gal G, Lipovetsky-Adler M. Determining the interchangeability of KaVo
PROTAR semi-adjustable articulators. Quintessence International. 2018 Jul 1;49(7).

Disposable Crown & Bridge Articulators
• Great centric occlusion
• Allows lateral and protrusive movements
• No plaster needed
• Light weight
• Heavy-duty plastic
Sober V. A more efficient, disposable articulator: a new option to
send completed bites to your clients. Dental Lab Products. 2015
Mar 1;40(3):14-6.

The patient-specific anatomical articulator
• Condylar elements and patient maxilla (whether dentulous
or edentulous) are anatomically related to each other, as
well as to the FHP. This valuable feature eliminates the
need for ear bow transfer.
• Patient-specific intercondylar distance.
Azer SS, Kemper E. The patient-specific anatomical articulator. The Journal of prosthetic dentistry.
2022 Dec 1;128(6):1158-64.

• Patient-specific protrusive and lateral angles because the
shapes of the condyles and bony slopes are replicated from the
patient and not based on average values.
• Built-in immediate mandibular lateral translation movement.
• Permits mounting of mandibular cast by using centric relation
record. Cross-mounting of maxillary cast is easily facilitated.
Azer SS, Kemper E. The patient-specific anatomical articulator. The Journal of prosthetic
dentistry. 2022 Dec 1;128(6):1158-64.

Comparative evaluation of the volume of occlusal adjustment of
repositioning occlusal devices designed by using an average value digital
articulator and the jaw movement analyzer
Tiwu Peng MS a, Zhikang Yang MS b, Teng Ma MS c, Mindi Zhang MS d,
Guanghui Ren MMed
Peng T, Yang Z, Ma T, Zhang M, Ren G. Comparative evaluation of the volume of occlusal adjustment of repositioning
occlusal devices designed by using an average value digital articulator and the jaw movement analyzer. The Journal of
Prosthetic Dentistry. 2023 Aug 1.

• The purpose of this clinical study was to evaluate and compare the
clinical efficacy and volume of occlusal adjustment of digital occlusal
devices designed by using an average value digital articulator and the
jaw movement analyze

• No significant difference in the volume of occlusal adjustment was
found when using occlusal devices made by using the digital average
articulator or the JMA, suggesting that either method can be used to
program articulators for the fabrication of occlusal devices.

AIM: To analyze the accuracy of transferring casts in maximal intercuspal
position to a virtual articulator by using transfer plates in the laboratory scanner
before and after occlusal optimization.
He M, Ding Q, Li L, Yang G, Zhao Y, Sun Y, Zhang L. The accuracy of transferring casts in maximal
intercuspal position to a virtual articulator. Journal of Prosthodontics. 2022 Apr;31(4):326-32.

The sensitivity before occlusal optimization (0.14 ± 0.15) was significantly lower
than that after occlusal optimization (0.82 ± 0.10) (p = 0.003). However, there was
no significant difference between the positive predictive value before (0.80 ± 0.45)
and after (0.81 ± 0.09) occlusal optimization (p = 0.952).
Conclusion: The accuracy of transferring casts in maximal intercuspal position to a
virtual articulator using transfer plates in the laboratory scanner could be improve
after occlusal optimization and can meet the clinical needs for occlusal design and
analysis of prostheses.

SUMMARY
Mean Value articulator
Hanau articulator
Artex
Care of articulators
Recent advancements

Articulators in Prosthodontics: A Complete Guide

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