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ARTHROCENTESIS
A STAB IN THE DARK
• Indications
• Contraindications
• Basic technique
• Guided techniques
• Synovial fluid analysis
• Complications
Arthrocentesis Joint injection
• Use in ED
• Medications
MR ARTHUR
RITIS
• 52 year old man
• 24 hours of hot, swollen,
painful right knee.
• PMHx
T2DM, HTN, A Touch
Overweight, Gout
• Meds
Olmesartan/HCT, Metformin
• NKDA
MR ARTHUR
RITIS
• General Exam
Temp 37.7
Knee
• Warm, large effusion, mild
tenderness
• ROM reduced
MR ARTHUR
RITIS
• Investigations
MR ARTHUR
RITIS
• Blood tests
FBP (WCC)1
CRP2
? ESR1
? Pro-calcitonin3
? uric acid
• Imaging
Plain film Xray
MR ARTHUR
RITIS
• Blood tests
WCC 12.5
CRP 60
• Indications
Investigation of
unexplained mono-
articular arthritis.
Confirm diagnosis of first
episode crystal
arthropathies.
Symptomatic tap for
large effusion.
• Contra-indications
Non compliant patient
• Relative
Overlying Cellulitis4
Uncontrolled bleeding
disorder5,6
Prosthetic joint
• Technique
Sterile gloves
Skin prep
• SCGH ED Guideline
• Springer et al.
Joint Arthrocentesis in the
Emergency Department.
UPPER LIMB
LANDMARKS
UPPER LIMB
LOWER LIMB
LANDMARKS
LOWER LIMB
LANDMARKS
ULTRASOUND
GUIDE
D
SYNOVIAL FLUID
ANALYSIS
SYNOVIAL FLUID
ANALYSIS
Macroscopic assessment
Microscopy
Gram stain7
Crystals
Cell count (WCC, % Polymorphonuclear)7,8
Culture
MR ARTHUR RITIS
Macroscopic assessment: yellow, slightly cloudy
Microscopy
Gram stain: no bacteria seen.
Crystals: urate crystals
Synovial WCC: 15000 PMN: 60%
Culture: pending
• Osteoarthritis9
• Rheumatoid arthritis10
• Gout 11
1. Li S, Cassidy C, Chang C et al. Diagnostic utility of laboratory tests in septic arthritis. Emergency Medicine Journal. 2007;24(2): 75-
77.
2. Hugle T, Scheutz P, Mueller B et al. Serum procalcitonin for discrimination between septic and non septic arthritis. Clin Exp Rheum.
2008;26:305-8.
3. Maharajan et al. Serum Procalcitonin is a sensitive and specific marker in the diagnosis of septic arthritis and acute osteomyelitis. J
Orth Surg Research. 2013;8.
4. Dooley DP. Aspiration of the possibly septic joint through potential cellulitis: Just do it! J Emerg Med 2002;23:210.
5. Yui J etal. Arthrocentesis and Joint Injection in Patients Receiving Direct Oral Anticoagulants. Mayo clinic proceedings.
2017;92(8):1223-26.
6. Ahmed I. Safety of Arthrocentesis and Joint Injection in Patients Receiving Anticoagulation at Therapeutic Levels. Am J Medicine.
2012;125(3):265-9.
7. Carpenter C et al. Evidence based diagnostics: septic arthritis. Academic Em Med. 2011;18(8): 782-96.
8. Coutlakis PJ. Another look at synovial fluid leukocytosis and Infection. J Clin Rheumatol 2002; 8:67–71.
9. Godwin. Intra-articular steroid injections for painful knees. Systematic review with meta-analysis. Can Fam Phys. 2004;50(2):241-
248.
10. Wallen M, Gillies D. Intra-articular steroids and splints/rest for children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis and adults with rheumatoid
arthritis. Cochrane Musculoskeletal group. 2006.
11. Wechalekar M et al. Intra-articular glucocorticoids for acute gout. Cochrane musculoskeletal group. 2013.
12. Stephens M et al. Musculoskeletal injections: a review of the evidence. Am Fam Phys. 2008;78(8):971-6.

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Arthrocentesis. in Orthopaedics .pptx

  • 2. • Indications • Contraindications • Basic technique • Guided techniques • Synovial fluid analysis • Complications Arthrocentesis Joint injection • Use in ED • Medications
  • 3. MR ARTHUR RITIS • 52 year old man • 24 hours of hot, swollen, painful right knee. • PMHx T2DM, HTN, A Touch Overweight, Gout • Meds Olmesartan/HCT, Metformin • NKDA
  • 4. MR ARTHUR RITIS • General Exam Temp 37.7 Knee • Warm, large effusion, mild tenderness • ROM reduced
  • 6. MR ARTHUR RITIS • Blood tests FBP (WCC)1 CRP2 ? ESR1 ? Pro-calcitonin3 ? uric acid • Imaging Plain film Xray
  • 7. MR ARTHUR RITIS • Blood tests WCC 12.5 CRP 60
  • 8. • Indications Investigation of unexplained mono- articular arthritis. Confirm diagnosis of first episode crystal arthropathies. Symptomatic tap for large effusion.
  • 9. • Contra-indications Non compliant patient • Relative Overlying Cellulitis4 Uncontrolled bleeding disorder5,6 Prosthetic joint
  • 10. • Technique Sterile gloves Skin prep • SCGH ED Guideline • Springer et al. Joint Arthrocentesis in the Emergency Department.
  • 17. SYNOVIAL FLUID ANALYSIS Macroscopic assessment Microscopy Gram stain7 Crystals Cell count (WCC, % Polymorphonuclear)7,8 Culture
  • 18. MR ARTHUR RITIS Macroscopic assessment: yellow, slightly cloudy Microscopy Gram stain: no bacteria seen. Crystals: urate crystals Synovial WCC: 15000 PMN: 60% Culture: pending
  • 19.
  • 20.
  • 21. • Osteoarthritis9 • Rheumatoid arthritis10 • Gout 11
  • 22.
  • 23. 1. Li S, Cassidy C, Chang C et al. Diagnostic utility of laboratory tests in septic arthritis. Emergency Medicine Journal. 2007;24(2): 75- 77. 2. Hugle T, Scheutz P, Mueller B et al. Serum procalcitonin for discrimination between septic and non septic arthritis. Clin Exp Rheum. 2008;26:305-8. 3. Maharajan et al. Serum Procalcitonin is a sensitive and specific marker in the diagnosis of septic arthritis and acute osteomyelitis. J Orth Surg Research. 2013;8. 4. Dooley DP. Aspiration of the possibly septic joint through potential cellulitis: Just do it! J Emerg Med 2002;23:210. 5. Yui J etal. Arthrocentesis and Joint Injection in Patients Receiving Direct Oral Anticoagulants. Mayo clinic proceedings. 2017;92(8):1223-26. 6. Ahmed I. Safety of Arthrocentesis and Joint Injection in Patients Receiving Anticoagulation at Therapeutic Levels. Am J Medicine. 2012;125(3):265-9. 7. Carpenter C et al. Evidence based diagnostics: septic arthritis. Academic Em Med. 2011;18(8): 782-96. 8. Coutlakis PJ. Another look at synovial fluid leukocytosis and Infection. J Clin Rheumatol 2002; 8:67–71. 9. Godwin. Intra-articular steroid injections for painful knees. Systematic review with meta-analysis. Can Fam Phys. 2004;50(2):241- 248. 10. Wallen M, Gillies D. Intra-articular steroids and splints/rest for children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis and adults with rheumatoid arthritis. Cochrane Musculoskeletal group. 2006. 11. Wechalekar M et al. Intra-articular glucocorticoids for acute gout. Cochrane musculoskeletal group. 2013. 12. Stephens M et al. Musculoskeletal injections: a review of the evidence. Am Fam Phys. 2008;78(8):971-6.