Structural Systems

1. Announcement:
The Course Test is Net week !
On Wednesday, October 12
It starts at 1 pm sharp

2. Test
• 20 minutes long
• Approximately 25 questions
• Questions are from:
• course lectures and
• text book (chapters 1-12, including chapter 12)
• Open book, open notes!
• bring your book

3. Building Environmental Systems
• What are BES?
• What do Architectural Engineers do with
BES?
• What BES courses will you have to take?
• What additional options are there?
• Why is knowledge of BES useful to an
architectural engineer?

4. What are BES?
• Mechanical
• Heating, ventilation, air conditioning (HVAC)
• Electrical
• Power generation
• Distribution
• Lighting
• Plumbing
• Specialty and communication
• Acoustics and noise control
• Transport

5. 3D model – Biomedical Engineering (BME) Building
Where are BES?

6. 3D model – Biomedical Engineering (BME) Building

7. Structural vs. Environmental Systems
in Buildings

8. Development of Building
Role of environmental control
Systems increases with modern
buildings

9. Facade is not (only) structural
systems

10. Space for Environmental Systems
Rooftop units for smaller buildings
Mechanical rooms (floors)

11. Space for Environmental Systems
Ref: Tao and Janis (2001)

12. Ref: Tao and Janis (2001)
Cost of Environmental Systems

13. Total Energy Consumption by Source and Sector
in U.S. (2007)
• Total primary energy: 101.4 x 1015 Btu
• ( 29,700,000 thousand MWh)
Residential and
Commercial
Industrial
Trans-portation
28.5%
32.1%
39.4%
~ 21% residential
~ 18% commercial

14. Building Energy Use and
Green House Emission
http://www.eia.doe.gov/oiaf/1605/ggrpt/flowchart.html
http://www.eia.doe.gov/oiaf/1605/ggrpt/index.html
17.5%
18.6%
35.8%
28.1%
~36%

15. Source: DOE
HVAC - 45%

16. Energy Consumption Monthly Profile for
100,000 sf ECJ Building, UT at Austin
~12%
~96 MWh

17. Same Building
in Minneapolis, Minnesota
~150%
~845 MWh
NOTE: We would never build the same buildings in Austin and Minneapolis

18. Energy Bill for Residential Buildings
http://www.energystar.gov

19. Analysis of Energy Consumption
in Residential Buildings
• We are considering a model building used in
Austin Energy analyses
Model house:
- Location in Austin
-2300sf
-R13 walls
-R30 attic
-4 occupants
-Surface absorptivity to Solar rad.: 0.7
-Typical (average) internal loads
-Infiltration/Ventilation 0.5 ACH
- Double glazed widows
- Glazing are 20% south, 25 north,
5% east and west
- SHGC=0.54 (reflective – bronze - glass)

20. Where the Energy Goes?
• 30% cooling,
• 14% heating,
• 12% hot water,
• 44% light and appliances, and other internal electric
devices
• Energy for heating and cooling (44%):
• contribution of internal heating loads: 2.3%
• contribution of all solar radiation through winnow: ~19%
• contribution of infiltration: 5.5%
• contribution of conduction through roof, walls, floor ~17%
For different climate condition, or different house, or non-
typical users these numbers will be different !
• For other climate conditions, we would build this house differently

21. Target value for a new house in Austin
New single family 2262 sf, 2-story home
(Austin Energy Data)
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
14000
16000
18000
2000 2006 2010 target (2015)
Miscellaneous
Washers
Range
Refrigerator
Lighting
Dryer
Hot water
Heating
Cooling
15620 kWh
12862 kWh
11304 kWh
7086 kWh

22. HVAC systems

23. HVAC
• Largest share of energy use in buildings
• Substantial impact on indoor air quality (IAQ)
• What do Architectural Engineers do?
• Size conditioning and distribution systems
• Calculate heating and cooling loads
• Select materials
• Troubleshoot problems, building forensics
• Integrate HVAC into buildings
• Improve indoor air quality

24. Electrical Systems
Photovoltaic systems

25. Electrical Systems
• System design
• Emergency power
• Alternative power sources
• Specialty systems
• What do Architectural Engineers do?
• Size system
• Design specialty systems
• Integrate with other systems

26. Lighting in buildings
Restaurant with $70 meal
Restaurant with $7 meal
Light affect:
• Productivity
• Comfort/emotion
• Safety
• Sale
• ….

27. Lighting
• Significant energy use
• Occupant comfort, productivity, safety,
health(?)
• Interaction with HVAC
• What do Architectural Engineers do?
• Design lighting levels
• Select type of bulbs and fixtures
• Integrate into building (daylighting)

28. Day lighting and artificial lighting
What is the difference between
this two pictures?

29. Building systems affect the costs
First cost vs. Operating cost
• First cost
• Size of equipment
• Design parameters
• Operating cost
• Built-in equipment
• Operational parameters
• Energy analyses for optimum balance

30. What is Building Energy Analysis ?
Design iterations to optimize
shape and energy use
Solutions:
•passive shadings
•positions and area of windows
•insulation value
•tightly sealed envelope
•high-performance window
•position of solar collectors
Architectural models Energy-simulation models
Design
iterations

31. You will take at least 2 Courses:
1) 346N: Building Environmental Systems
• prerequisites: thermodynamics, physics
2) HVAC Design or Energy Simulation in Building Design
What else can you take?
• Renewable Energy and Environmental Sustainability
• Design of Energy Efficient and Healthy Buildings
• Indoor Air Quality
• Building Energy Management Systems
• Advance Indoor Air Quality
• Impact on climate and mitigation
Outside of our department
• Solar engineering
• Fire safety
• Lighting,
• ….etc.

32. Why Should You Care about
building environmental systems?
• Excellent job opportunities, in Austin and
nation wide.
• Focus on building durability, energy use,
indoor air quality.
• Companies are hiring people that can work in
teams.
• You will have to evaluate BES claims.

33. Students Interested in Sustainable
Design
LEED - Leadership in Energy and Environmental
Design
http://www.usgbc.org/DisplayPage.aspx?CMSPageID=1989
1) LEED Certification require that building has analysis
related to energy performance and indoor air quality
2) All government buildings require energy analysis