This document summarizes Peru's experience with arbitration of government contracts and dispute settlement. It notes that globalization has increased economic integration and the number of international treaties. Peru has seen significant growth in its economy and foreign direct investment since the 1990s. However, infrastructure deficits and poverty remain issues. Peru has evolved its dispute settlement tools and legal framework to include state access to arbitration to resolve procurement and investment disputes, with the goal of continued economic development and competitiveness.
Global Youth Service Day (GYSD) in 2005 mobilized over 1 million young volunteers across 100 countries on a designated weekend in April. Some key outcomes of GYSD 2005 included establishing long-term service initiatives, partnerships between organizations, and programs addressing community needs throughout the year. National coordinating committees in each country helped coordinate local celebrations and distribute information. The international coordination committee promoted GYSD globally and provided support.
1) Indonesia's human development value and rank from 1980 to 2006 based on graphs from the document show that its HDI level has remained in the medium category during that period while some other countries improved to high level.
2) Indonesia's HDI rank in 2006 was 108 out of 179 countries according to the UN, and it scored in the medium human development interval of 0.500 to 0.799.
3) The document contains graphs on Indonesia's rankings in 2006 for journalistic freedom (103 out of 168 countries), corruption perception (143 out of 179 countries), and global competitiveness (51 out of 122 countries).
1) Overcoming risks in rural banking requires understanding rural customers, their savings habits, and leveraging technology appropriately.
2) Field experiments in rural Kenya showed that products with some commitment feature increased savings, and social and credit pressures worked to encourage savings.
3) Key drivers for successful rural banking platforms include suitable products, financial literacy programs, usable technology, and accessible services.
4) Risks can be controlled through innovation, such as using voice authentication technology which has potential to increase connectivity, productivity and GDP.
This document summarizes information about Peoplefluent, a human resources SaaS vendor formed through mergers. It provides details on Peoplefluent's product offerings including recruitment, talent management, and learning management solutions. The document also discusses Peoplefluent's client base, global footprint, typical customers, and the F5 products used including LTM, ASM, and iRules. It shares how Peoplefluent uses load balancing and iRules to solve problems and outlines their plan to implement Gomez RUM, prioritize iRules, upgrade to F5 version 11, and migrate from bigpipe to tmsh.
Peoplefluent Compuware Gomez User group presentationMatthewLeggett
This document summarizes Peoplefluent, a human resources SaaS vendor that uses Compuware Gomez products for website monitoring and performance testing. Key points:
- Peoplefluent was formed from the merger of Peopleclick, Authoria, and Acquire and provides recruitment, vendor management, talent management, and diversity compliance solutions.
- Gomez is used for backbone transactions testing, last mile testing, and private peer testing to monitor availability and performance from different network perspectives.
- Testing helps identify and troubleshoot issues like slow DNS, server errors, network problems impacting clients, and helps evaluate CDN vendors.
- Insights from Gomez data have helped optimize systems, improve performance for job applicants
El documento describe la historia y situación actual de las negociaciones en la Organización Mundial del Comercio (OMC). Explica los temas clave de discusión como agricultura, acceso a mercados no agrícolas y bienes industriales, y servicios. También analiza las posiciones de diferentes grupos de países y las estrategias que usan Estados Unidos y la Unión Europea en las negociaciones sobre agricultura.
Eddy Wouters, APL Logistics on '3PL Branding & Marketing'eyefortransport
Eddy Wouters, VP Logistics Europe, APL Logistics gets many laughs and lots of good feedback as he speaks on '3PL Branding & Marketing' at the 7th European 3PL Summit in Brussels, November 25th 2009.
To download all of the slides from the conference for free visit www.3PLsummit.com/eu_2009ppts
Communications service providers are under pressure to transition from growth-based business models focused on subscriber numbers to value-based models focused on profitability and margins. WEDO Technologies is a software company that helps communications providers maximize the profitability of their existing investments and get costs under control through successful project management and a focus on customer satisfaction. As a 100% subsidiary of SonaeCom with over 400 employees working with 100 customers in 66 countries, WEDO has a strong track record and local presence to support this industry transition.
Global Youth Service Day (GYSD) in 2005 mobilized over 1 million young volunteers across 100 countries on a designated weekend in April. Some key outcomes of GYSD 2005 included establishing long-term service initiatives, partnerships between organizations, and programs addressing community needs throughout the year. National coordinating committees in each country helped coordinate local celebrations and distribute information. The international coordination committee promoted GYSD globally and provided support.
1) Indonesia's human development value and rank from 1980 to 2006 based on graphs from the document show that its HDI level has remained in the medium category during that period while some other countries improved to high level.
2) Indonesia's HDI rank in 2006 was 108 out of 179 countries according to the UN, and it scored in the medium human development interval of 0.500 to 0.799.
3) The document contains graphs on Indonesia's rankings in 2006 for journalistic freedom (103 out of 168 countries), corruption perception (143 out of 179 countries), and global competitiveness (51 out of 122 countries).
1) Overcoming risks in rural banking requires understanding rural customers, their savings habits, and leveraging technology appropriately.
2) Field experiments in rural Kenya showed that products with some commitment feature increased savings, and social and credit pressures worked to encourage savings.
3) Key drivers for successful rural banking platforms include suitable products, financial literacy programs, usable technology, and accessible services.
4) Risks can be controlled through innovation, such as using voice authentication technology which has potential to increase connectivity, productivity and GDP.
This document summarizes information about Peoplefluent, a human resources SaaS vendor formed through mergers. It provides details on Peoplefluent's product offerings including recruitment, talent management, and learning management solutions. The document also discusses Peoplefluent's client base, global footprint, typical customers, and the F5 products used including LTM, ASM, and iRules. It shares how Peoplefluent uses load balancing and iRules to solve problems and outlines their plan to implement Gomez RUM, prioritize iRules, upgrade to F5 version 11, and migrate from bigpipe to tmsh.
Peoplefluent Compuware Gomez User group presentationMatthewLeggett
This document summarizes Peoplefluent, a human resources SaaS vendor that uses Compuware Gomez products for website monitoring and performance testing. Key points:
- Peoplefluent was formed from the merger of Peopleclick, Authoria, and Acquire and provides recruitment, vendor management, talent management, and diversity compliance solutions.
- Gomez is used for backbone transactions testing, last mile testing, and private peer testing to monitor availability and performance from different network perspectives.
- Testing helps identify and troubleshoot issues like slow DNS, server errors, network problems impacting clients, and helps evaluate CDN vendors.
- Insights from Gomez data have helped optimize systems, improve performance for job applicants
El documento describe la historia y situación actual de las negociaciones en la Organización Mundial del Comercio (OMC). Explica los temas clave de discusión como agricultura, acceso a mercados no agrícolas y bienes industriales, y servicios. También analiza las posiciones de diferentes grupos de países y las estrategias que usan Estados Unidos y la Unión Europea en las negociaciones sobre agricultura.
Eddy Wouters, APL Logistics on '3PL Branding & Marketing'eyefortransport
Eddy Wouters, VP Logistics Europe, APL Logistics gets many laughs and lots of good feedback as he speaks on '3PL Branding & Marketing' at the 7th European 3PL Summit in Brussels, November 25th 2009.
To download all of the slides from the conference for free visit www.3PLsummit.com/eu_2009ppts
Communications service providers are under pressure to transition from growth-based business models focused on subscriber numbers to value-based models focused on profitability and margins. WEDO Technologies is a software company that helps communications providers maximize the profitability of their existing investments and get costs under control through successful project management and a focus on customer satisfaction. As a 100% subsidiary of SonaeCom with over 400 employees working with 100 customers in 66 countries, WEDO has a strong track record and local presence to support this industry transition.
Inge G. Thulin Executive Vice President, International Operationsfinance10
This document discusses 3M's international operations and growth strategies. It notes that 3M has subsidiaries in 69 countries representing 61% of sales. Key points include:
1) 3M focuses on developing local market knowledge and solutions through its extensive international subsidiary network.
2) 3M pursues growth in both developed and developing markets by emphasizing customer success, operational excellence, and engaged employees.
3) 3M's customer technology centers allow it to collaborate closely with customers and develop local applications of its technologies.
The document is a corruption perceptions index for 176 countries published in 2012 by Transparency International. It shows each country's score on a scale of 0-100, with 0 being highly corrupt and 100 being very clean. Over two-thirds of the countries scored below 50. The average worldwide score was 43. Countries at the top of the index included Denmark, Finland, and New Zealand, while countries at the bottom included Somalia, North Korea, and Afghanistan.
The slide is from Dr Geoffrey Nicholson, the inventor of 3M post-it notes. On 20th March, he did the presentation in Nhouse NUS.
It is important to sustain innovation in an organization, and here goes the slides.
Strengthening the demand-side for improved public investmenticgfmconference
This document discusses ways to strengthen demand for improved public investment through greater transparency and accountability. It proposes using participatory budgeting and monitoring to create better incentives in the budget cycle. Evidence shows community monitoring of infrastructure projects in Indonesia and health services in Uganda improved quality and reduced corruption. The Construction Sector Transparency Initiative applies disclosure and assurance protocols through local multi-stakeholder groups to improve transparency in public construction projects. Bringing transparency and accountability together can encourage informed public reaction to demand better efficiency and quality.
This document outlines Northern Trust's Corporate & Institutional Services business. It discusses their strategic priorities which include competing globally, using complexity to drive innovation, offering a broad array of solutions, having a unique global operating model, and extending their industry-leading technology platform. It highlights their success in key regions around the world and with target client segments. It also discusses their asset servicing solutions, global operating model, growth in assets under custody and management, financial performance, and strategic growth initiatives focused on key regions.
Digital Marketing Live: Earn your owned mediaKantar TNS
The document discusses how brands can leverage social media and advocacy. It shows that while internet penetration is high in many countries, only a small percentage of internet users actively engage with brands online through activities like writing about brands or researching brands. The impact of advocacy also depends on how involved different product categories are. While mobile phones see high impact and quantity of online discussions, tobacco sees very little online chatter. The conclusion is that brands need creative strategies to drive higher engagement from consumers online.
The document summarizes the key determinants of national competitiveness according to Professor Michael Porter. It discusses that competitiveness depends on productivity, which arises from microeconomic and macroeconomic factors. At the microeconomic level, competitiveness is determined by the quality of the national business environment, the development of industry clusters, and the sophistication of companies. Macroeconomic competitiveness involves social and infrastructure factors as well as macroeconomic policies that can support high productivity.
Microfinance Forum 2008 (4.Scb MF and Role Of Investors Tokyo1108)Living in Peace
2008年11月28日に世界銀行東京ラーニングセンターで行われたマイクロファイナンス・フォーラムの資料です。
4.Scb MF and Role Of Investors Tokyo1108
スタンダード・チャータードがマイクロファイナンスに見出しているビジネス機会、投資パフォーマンスについて
Prashant Thakker 氏(Standard Chartered銀行 マイクロファイナンス グローバルビジネスヘッド)
※Living in Peace(リビング・イン・ピース)について
本フォーラムの主催団体であるLiving in
Peaceは、経済開発に関心のある金融機関関係者を中心に2008年10月に設立されました。その他にも公務員、国際機関関係者、学生などがメンバーになっており、2009年4月にNPO法人格を取得いたしました。また現在、ミュージックセキュリティーズと提携してマイクロファイナンス・ファンドの組成準備中です。(HP:http://www.living-in-peace.org/
旧Blog;http://d.hatena.ne.jp/microfinance/)
International comparisons on per capita income, growth, inequality and povertyROBERTO VILLARREAL
dnetThis presentation shows: 1) the evolution of average income per capita over the past fifty years in the entire world and in major regions; 2) an international comparison of both average income per capita and icome inequality measured by the Gini coefficient for a considerably large set of countries in all regions of the world; an 3) a similar comparison looking at average income per capita and poverty rates in numerous countries.
The document discusses the benefits of affiliating with the CENTURY 21 real estate brand. It notes that CENTURY 21 has over 8,000 offices globally in 72 countries, providing agents with a large network and market presence. It also highlights various brand awareness, business benefits, tools/systems, national advertising, and online/social media programs and services that the CENTURY 21 brand offers to help agents achieve their goals.
Century 21 Americana's Alicia Gomez Recruiting Office Highlights Century 21 Americana
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iLoop Mobile operates live campaigns in 68 countries globally and has the capability to support campaigns in 247 countries total, including territories, colonies, and dependencies of independent countries. The document lists all 247 countries and territories that iLoop Mobile's platform supports.
The document contains information about global trends in renewable energy investment, Australia's solar future, and the need for additional signatures for the Kyoto Protocol '2'.
It includes charts and graphs showing annual global investment in new renewable capacity increasing from $50 billion in 2004 to over $300 billion in 2020. It also shows Australia's solar capacity projected to grow from 1.5 gigawatts in 2020 to over 15 gigawatts by 2040.
Additionally, it provides a table listing countries that have and have not signed the Kyoto Protocol '2', with notable countries not signing including Australia, New Zealand, Canada, Russia, Japan, and the United States.
An introduction to BPI group and our services.
This presentation highlights our new Leadership Development coaching program, Navigate. Outstanding for High Potential Endeavors, Team Algnment, and Engagement Models. For more information please contact directly at 770-399-8400
Cytec is a global specialty chemicals and materials company with $2.75 billion in 2010 net sales. It has 5,500 employees across 16 countries and 35 manufacturing facilities. Cytec is transitioning from traditional paper-based processes to an electronic BAM (eBAM) platform called Infinium to streamline workflows and provide a digital signature capability across many countries. The new system aims to maximize efficiency and connectivity across Cytec's global operations.
Nationals from several countries are entitled to visa exemptions or visas on arrival when entering Thailand depending on their passport type. Ordinary passport holders from over 50 countries can receive a visa on arrival valid for 15 or 30 days, while diplomatic or official passport holders from over 80 countries do not require a visa and can stay up to 90 days. The document lists all the countries in each category along with any bilateral agreements that provide different entry conditions.
Countering corruption from one or two sides? Cooperation between government a...ROBERTO VILLARREAL
This presentation conveys the contents of an analytical paper on the same topic submitted to an international workshop on civil society and anticorruption organized by the University of Surrey. Concrete ways to develop over time an effective participation of society to prevent and counter corruption are identified following the United Nations Convention against Corruption UNCAC.
This document summarizes a presentation given by Professor Michael Porter on Chile's competitiveness and the demands of the new era. Porter discusses Chile's strong macroeconomic policies but notes fundamentals of the business environment could still be improved. Specifically, Chile has benefited from rising copper demand but must shift focus to increasing productivity and innovation to sustain prosperity as external factors recede. Porter also analyzes Chile's competitive advantages and disadvantages across factors that determine national competitiveness.
During the budget session of 2024-25, the finance minister, Nirmala Sitharaman, introduced the “solar Rooftop scheme,” also known as “PM Surya Ghar Muft Bijli Yojana.” It is a subsidy offered to those who wish to put up solar panels in their homes using domestic power systems. Additionally, adopting photovoltaic technology at home allows you to lower your monthly electricity expenses. Today in this blog we will talk all about what is the PM Surya Ghar Muft Bijli Yojana. How does it work? Who is eligible for this yojana and all the other things related to this scheme?
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Call me 9040963354
WhatsApp 9040963354
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Similar to Arbitration of Government Contracts in Latin America: Peru, the Example to Follow?
Inge G. Thulin Executive Vice President, International Operationsfinance10
This document discusses 3M's international operations and growth strategies. It notes that 3M has subsidiaries in 69 countries representing 61% of sales. Key points include:
1) 3M focuses on developing local market knowledge and solutions through its extensive international subsidiary network.
2) 3M pursues growth in both developed and developing markets by emphasizing customer success, operational excellence, and engaged employees.
3) 3M's customer technology centers allow it to collaborate closely with customers and develop local applications of its technologies.
The document is a corruption perceptions index for 176 countries published in 2012 by Transparency International. It shows each country's score on a scale of 0-100, with 0 being highly corrupt and 100 being very clean. Over two-thirds of the countries scored below 50. The average worldwide score was 43. Countries at the top of the index included Denmark, Finland, and New Zealand, while countries at the bottom included Somalia, North Korea, and Afghanistan.
The slide is from Dr Geoffrey Nicholson, the inventor of 3M post-it notes. On 20th March, he did the presentation in Nhouse NUS.
It is important to sustain innovation in an organization, and here goes the slides.
Strengthening the demand-side for improved public investmenticgfmconference
This document discusses ways to strengthen demand for improved public investment through greater transparency and accountability. It proposes using participatory budgeting and monitoring to create better incentives in the budget cycle. Evidence shows community monitoring of infrastructure projects in Indonesia and health services in Uganda improved quality and reduced corruption. The Construction Sector Transparency Initiative applies disclosure and assurance protocols through local multi-stakeholder groups to improve transparency in public construction projects. Bringing transparency and accountability together can encourage informed public reaction to demand better efficiency and quality.
This document outlines Northern Trust's Corporate & Institutional Services business. It discusses their strategic priorities which include competing globally, using complexity to drive innovation, offering a broad array of solutions, having a unique global operating model, and extending their industry-leading technology platform. It highlights their success in key regions around the world and with target client segments. It also discusses their asset servicing solutions, global operating model, growth in assets under custody and management, financial performance, and strategic growth initiatives focused on key regions.
Digital Marketing Live: Earn your owned mediaKantar TNS
The document discusses how brands can leverage social media and advocacy. It shows that while internet penetration is high in many countries, only a small percentage of internet users actively engage with brands online through activities like writing about brands or researching brands. The impact of advocacy also depends on how involved different product categories are. While mobile phones see high impact and quantity of online discussions, tobacco sees very little online chatter. The conclusion is that brands need creative strategies to drive higher engagement from consumers online.
The document summarizes the key determinants of national competitiveness according to Professor Michael Porter. It discusses that competitiveness depends on productivity, which arises from microeconomic and macroeconomic factors. At the microeconomic level, competitiveness is determined by the quality of the national business environment, the development of industry clusters, and the sophistication of companies. Macroeconomic competitiveness involves social and infrastructure factors as well as macroeconomic policies that can support high productivity.
Microfinance Forum 2008 (4.Scb MF and Role Of Investors Tokyo1108)Living in Peace
2008年11月28日に世界銀行東京ラーニングセンターで行われたマイクロファイナンス・フォーラムの資料です。
4.Scb MF and Role Of Investors Tokyo1108
スタンダード・チャータードがマイクロファイナンスに見出しているビジネス機会、投資パフォーマンスについて
Prashant Thakker 氏(Standard Chartered銀行 マイクロファイナンス グローバルビジネスヘッド)
※Living in Peace(リビング・イン・ピース)について
本フォーラムの主催団体であるLiving in
Peaceは、経済開発に関心のある金融機関関係者を中心に2008年10月に設立されました。その他にも公務員、国際機関関係者、学生などがメンバーになっており、2009年4月にNPO法人格を取得いたしました。また現在、ミュージックセキュリティーズと提携してマイクロファイナンス・ファンドの組成準備中です。(HP:http://www.living-in-peace.org/
旧Blog;http://d.hatena.ne.jp/microfinance/)
International comparisons on per capita income, growth, inequality and povertyROBERTO VILLARREAL
dnetThis presentation shows: 1) the evolution of average income per capita over the past fifty years in the entire world and in major regions; 2) an international comparison of both average income per capita and icome inequality measured by the Gini coefficient for a considerably large set of countries in all regions of the world; an 3) a similar comparison looking at average income per capita and poverty rates in numerous countries.
The document discusses the benefits of affiliating with the CENTURY 21 real estate brand. It notes that CENTURY 21 has over 8,000 offices globally in 72 countries, providing agents with a large network and market presence. It also highlights various brand awareness, business benefits, tools/systems, national advertising, and online/social media programs and services that the CENTURY 21 brand offers to help agents achieve their goals.
Century 21 Americana's Alicia Gomez Recruiting Office Highlights Century 21 Americana
century21realestate
realty world
centry21
housesforsale
ranch homes for sale
relocation services
cheap homes for sale
california property search
cheap houses for sale
century 21 masters
century 21 rent
commercial real estate california
century 21 listings
century 21 realtors
california moving
century 21 careers
corporate relocation services
century 21 reality
century 21 online
houses for sale in covina ca
california mover
century 21 for rent
west covina houses for sale
california real state
century 21 houses for sale
ca property search
real estate century 21
find my home
century 21 agents
california real property search
century 21 website
commercial real estate ca
homes for rent
century 21 california
local homes for sale
houseforsale
century 21 realestate
century 21 homes
home finder
realty companies
century 21 realty
house for rent
property search
century21
pictures of homes for sale
real estate ca
houses on sale
iLoop Mobile operates live campaigns in 68 countries globally and has the capability to support campaigns in 247 countries total, including territories, colonies, and dependencies of independent countries. The document lists all 247 countries and territories that iLoop Mobile's platform supports.
The document contains information about global trends in renewable energy investment, Australia's solar future, and the need for additional signatures for the Kyoto Protocol '2'.
It includes charts and graphs showing annual global investment in new renewable capacity increasing from $50 billion in 2004 to over $300 billion in 2020. It also shows Australia's solar capacity projected to grow from 1.5 gigawatts in 2020 to over 15 gigawatts by 2040.
Additionally, it provides a table listing countries that have and have not signed the Kyoto Protocol '2', with notable countries not signing including Australia, New Zealand, Canada, Russia, Japan, and the United States.
An introduction to BPI group and our services.
This presentation highlights our new Leadership Development coaching program, Navigate. Outstanding for High Potential Endeavors, Team Algnment, and Engagement Models. For more information please contact directly at 770-399-8400
Cytec is a global specialty chemicals and materials company with $2.75 billion in 2010 net sales. It has 5,500 employees across 16 countries and 35 manufacturing facilities. Cytec is transitioning from traditional paper-based processes to an electronic BAM (eBAM) platform called Infinium to streamline workflows and provide a digital signature capability across many countries. The new system aims to maximize efficiency and connectivity across Cytec's global operations.
Nationals from several countries are entitled to visa exemptions or visas on arrival when entering Thailand depending on their passport type. Ordinary passport holders from over 50 countries can receive a visa on arrival valid for 15 or 30 days, while diplomatic or official passport holders from over 80 countries do not require a visa and can stay up to 90 days. The document lists all the countries in each category along with any bilateral agreements that provide different entry conditions.
Countering corruption from one or two sides? Cooperation between government a...ROBERTO VILLARREAL
This presentation conveys the contents of an analytical paper on the same topic submitted to an international workshop on civil society and anticorruption organized by the University of Surrey. Concrete ways to develop over time an effective participation of society to prevent and counter corruption are identified following the United Nations Convention against Corruption UNCAC.
This document summarizes a presentation given by Professor Michael Porter on Chile's competitiveness and the demands of the new era. Porter discusses Chile's strong macroeconomic policies but notes fundamentals of the business environment could still be improved. Specifically, Chile has benefited from rising copper demand but must shift focus to increasing productivity and innovation to sustain prosperity as external factors recede. Porter also analyzes Chile's competitive advantages and disadvantages across factors that determine national competitiveness.
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During the budget session of 2024-25, the finance minister, Nirmala Sitharaman, introduced the “solar Rooftop scheme,” also known as “PM Surya Ghar Muft Bijli Yojana.” It is a subsidy offered to those who wish to put up solar panels in their homes using domestic power systems. Additionally, adopting photovoltaic technology at home allows you to lower your monthly electricity expenses. Today in this blog we will talk all about what is the PM Surya Ghar Muft Bijli Yojana. How does it work? Who is eligible for this yojana and all the other things related to this scheme?
Satta matka fixx jodi panna all market dpboss matka guessing fixx panna jodi kalyan and all market game liss cover now 420 matka office mumbai maharashtra india fixx jodi panna
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Time and again, the business group has taken up new business ventures, each of which has allowed it to expand its horizons further and reach new heights. Even amidst the Adani CBI Investigation, the firm has always focused on improving its cement business.
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Arbitration of Government Contracts in Latin America: Peru, the Example to Follow?
1.
2. Arbitration of Government Contracts in Latin
America: Peru, the Example to Follow?
Franz Kundmüller
fkundmuller@limaarbitration.net
www.limaarbitration.net
3. • Global Environment
– Globalization´s Density
• Perú in Numbers
• Dispute Settlement
– Evolution of the DS tools
• Peruvian Legal Framework
– Access of the State to Arbitration
• State Arbitration Experience
– Procurement, Graphics
– Best Practices in Investment Disputes
5. Global Environment
• Since 1990, the exchange of goods and services grew to
45% of the global GDP
• FDI has grown 2000% since the eighties
• 100 biggest global organizations; 49 are States and 51
are transnational companies
• Increasing number of States
• 50,000 international treaties registered in UN
• Global crisis
CASSESE, Sabino (2002) El Espacio jurídico Global; Revista de
Administración Pública No. 157, Enero-Abril 2002
7. Global - Legal Environment
Multilaterales Treaties 1995
3731 Multilateral Treaties
•Economic issues, 1622, 43%
•Politics and Diplomacy, 838, 22%
•Human Rights and Hum. Law, 311, 9%
•Military, 162, 4%
•Environment, 319, 8%
•Others, 479, 14%
KING, ALLEN, DIRLING (2003); International Law and Globalization: Allies, Antagonists or
Irrelevance?; Syracuse Journal of International Law and Commerce, Winter 2003 .
8. Devlin (2002), Integration and Trade Agreements;Pacífic Basin,
“spaghetti bowl”
FTAA
PR China
CACM
Hong Kong
Brunei Costa
Panama
Taiwan Rica
Cambodia
El Salvador
Russia
Canada Guatemala Uruguay
Indonesia
Honduras Paraguay
Laos Argentina Brazil
Nicaragua
Japan Mercosur
Malaysia USA
Myanmar
Philippines
Mexico
Bolivia
ASEAN
Colombia
Singapore
South Korea Chile
Venezuela
Ecuador Bahamas
Thailand
Andean Dominican
APEC Vietnam New Zealand
Community Republic
Intra-LAC APEC Peru CARICOM
in force
Australia Dominica Trinidad & Tobago
Intra-Asia-
Suriname Grenada Barbados
Pacific in force
Jamaica St. Vincent & Grenadines
Intra-LAC
Papua New Guinea Guyana Antigua & Barbuda
Under Negotiation
St. Kitts & Nevis Belize
Trans-Pacific
Haiti St. Lucia
Under Negotiation
Negotiations under
strong consideration Source: Ando, Estevadeordal, Miller (2002)
12. Perú in numbers
• 3,080 km Coastline, 5 neighbour countries
• 200 miles of Territorial Sea
• 1´285,215 km2 total area, 3rd biggest country after Brasil and
Argentina in the region
• 12 cities with over 200 thousand habitants
• Coast Stripe (Deserts and Valleys); 87hab x km2: 11%;
Mountains (Sierra); 22hab x km2: 30%;
• Amazon Basin (Jungle); 4hab x km2: 59%
• High biodiversity, 20% of the total of birds; 40 to 50,000 types
of plants
• Over 84 “micro climates” (114 in the world), over 75 “eco
systems” within a single country
13. Perú 1981 – 2010 (UNCTAD)
Perú 1981 - 1990 1991 - 2000 2001 - 2010
Population 21.76 millions 25.66 millions 29.54 millions
Per Cápita GDP US$1,354.- US$2,078.- US$9,200.-
% GDP Growth - 0.9% 4.45% 8.9%
FDI inflows, millions
of US$ 29 3,106 9,200
% of the GDP 19.3% 20.16% 29.1%
Exp.% of the GDP 15.76% 16% 28.05%
Imp.% of the GDP 13.83% 18.16% 20%
14. Happiness Index Erasmus University Rotterdam
http://worlddatabaseofhappiness.eur.nl Assessed at: 03-Feb-2008
• Denmark 8.2 • Chile 6.7
• Colombia 8.1 • Uruguay 6.7
• Mexico 7.6 • France 6.5
• USA 7.4 • Greece 6.4
• Germany 7.2
• China 6.3
• Britain 7.1
• • India 6.2
Italy 6.9
• Spain 6.9 • Japan 6.2
• Argentina 6.8 • Peru 6.0
• Brasil 6.8 • Bolivia 5.8
• Venezuela 6.8 • Russia 4.4
15. Peruvian Statistics Institute; March 2012
(Instituto Peruano de Estadísticas e Informática)
• Urban Poverty in Perú until 2010
20% of the population
• Rural Poverty in Perú until 2010
61% of the population
• Poverty reduction
2004: 58.5% 2007: 42.4% 2010: 30.8%
2005: 55.6% 2008: 37.3% Extreme Poverty:
2006: 49.1% 2009: 33.5% 7.6%
• Infrastructure Deficit: 30 to 40 BillionUS$
16. Peruvian infrastructure deficit 2008
National Competitiveness Council (Consejo Nacional de
la Competitividad)
Sector Deficit US$ millions
Transport 13,961
Water and Sewage 6,306
Electric Power 8,329
Gas 3,721
Telecom 5,446
Total 37,760
17. Three Goals and Competitiveness Agenda
• Peruvian Minister of Economy (April 2012):
– Perú should reach the No. 1 position until 2014
• Investment; Perú is No. 2 in the Region
• Doing Business; Perú is No. 2 in the Region
• Human Development; Perú is No. 16 in a group of 24
countries
– Perú has a competitiveness Agenda in 7 issues (STI,
Entrepreneurship and Edu, Internationalization,
Infrastructure, ICT, Environment, Doing B)
– Competitiveness slightly above the average of the region
20. Confidence and Judiciary (IDB; 1997)
• Japan 68% • Chile 27%
• Germany 67% • Colombia 26%
• UK 66% • El Salvador 25%
• France 55% • Mexico 22%
• Uruguay 53% • Venezuela 22%
• USA 51% • Bolivia 21%
• Italy 43% • Perú 21%
• Spain 41% • Ecuador 16%
21. GDP and
Confidence GDP per capita
•Japan 19,390 US$
Less GDP per capita means •Germany 19,770 US$
less confidence in the
Judiciary? •France 18,430 US$
•Uruguay 6,670 US$
International cooperation
•Chile 7,060 US$
for the reform of the
Judiciary Systems during •Colombia 5,460 US$
the nineties •Perú 3,110 US$
•Ecuador 4,140US$
22. Judiciary, duration of the judicial process
• Argentina, over 2 years in the 45% of cases
• Chile, 2 years and 9 months
• Colombia, 2 years and 9 months
• Costa Rica, 10 months
• Paraguay, over 2 years
• Perú, 4 years and 6 months
• Uruguay, 8 months
• Peru procurement disputes: over 4 years, legal
limitations for State-arbitration
23. New Legal Framework for Arbitration, following sources
(UNCITRAL, ICSID, Conv. NY.)
Bolivia, 1997 Guatemala, 1995
Brasil, 1996 Honduras, 2000
Colombia, 1998 México, 1993
Costa Rica, 1997 Panamá, 2002
Chile, internacional 2004 Paraguay, 2000
Ecuador, 1997 Perú 2008
El Salvador, 2002 Venezuela, 1998
25. Peruvian Constitution 1993
• Art. 139: Arbitration, “independent” Jurisdiction such as
the Military Jurisdiction (?!); origin: 1979
• Art. 63
– … the (peruvian) State and the peruvian public entities can
submit to national or international arbitration their disputes
concerning contractual relations, through the form established
by law
• Art. 62
– … the conflicts deirved from contractual relations can only be
settled through arbitration or judicial means, according to the
rules of protection of the contract or those established by law.
Through “stability contracts”, the peruvian state can establish
contractual warranties and security. These contracts can not be
modified by new laws
26. Peruvian Arbitration Law: State
• Art. 4
– Definition of the concept of State: Includes every public
organization and government level (central, regional and
local)
– Disputes among public organizations can be arbitrated too
– The state can arbitrate disputes derived from contracts
with nationals or foreigners, domiciliated or non
domiciliated within peruvian territory
– Disputes derived from financial activities could be
arbitrated too
• 14th Complementary Rule; recognition of awards to be
enforced according with ICSID rules
27. International Treaties and “stability contracts”
Investment Arbitration (our own “Spaghetti Bowl”)
• 10 Free Trade Agreements (USA, China, Chile, Japan
…)
• 3 Economic Complementation Agreements (Mexico,
Cuba and Mercosur)
• 36 Bilateral Investment Treaties 53 Investment
Agreements
• 769 Tributary Stability Agreements
28. Arbitration and legal framework
• NY and Panamá Convention for the recognition and
enforcement of arbitral awards
• Washington (ICSID) Convention
• Peruvian Arbitration Law 2008, harmonized with international
standards and global environment
• Aprox. 60 sectorial laws, decrees and rules, which include the
Peruvian Procurement Law
• Procurement: Settlement of disputes derived from the
execution phase of the contract; Peruvian Procurement Law:
DL 1071
29. Arbitration Agreement in Procurement Contracts
• Mandatory clauses in the contract
– That could be triggered by the State
• Bails
• Rescissory clauses
– That could be triggered by the State and the Private
Contracting Party
• Conciliation and Arbitration
• The obligation to include these clauses is established
in the Peruvian Procurement Law (Development of
the Art. 138 of the Constitution).
31. State Immunity
– European Convention on State Immunity 1972
– US Foreign Immunities Act 1976
– UK State Immunity Act 1978
– UN Convention on State Immunity, 2004; Art. 1 y 2
(signed by the PRCH)
• Mercantile transactions excluded
– Sell and Buy of goods and services
– Financing activities and warranties
– Any other mercantile activity, including works
contracts and others
– From Structuralism to Functionalism
32. Arbitration and State
• Domestic Level: Democratization of the dispute settlement
needs derived from the contract
– Gravitational Force of State Sovreignty
– Weak institutions and poor annual budget execution
– State: “Complex” decisionmaking
• Interests, sectors involved, civil society, etc.
– Tendence to “evasive practices” due to auto-control and
audit activities
– Privilege in the control of information
– Political risks (electoral years vs. “normal” years)
– Delays in payment (Budgetary Laws and Rules)
33. Study: Arbitration in Procurement
• 1,400 Cases
• 1998 – 1st quarter of 2010
• Total disputed amount:
– Aprox. 1,2 BiUS$
• Total Contracts:
– Aprox. 13 BiUS$
South- South / Blocs (Mercosur) South-South / Hub & Spoke (Mexico/Chile) North-South / Bloc (NAFTA/FTAA) North-South / Hub & Spoke (EU or US or CA bilaterals)