This very short document contains no sentences or paragraphs, consisting of only the single word "Middle". There is little that can be summarized from such limited information.
A Hundred and One Rules! A Short Reference for Arabic SyntacticSonali Jannat
This document provides an overview of the history and development of Arabic grammar rules. It discusses how early Arabic grammarians beginning in the 7th-9th centuries CE systematically analyzed and codified the rules of Arabic morphology, syntax and phonology. It describes the works of early grammarians like Abu Al-Aswad Al-Du'ali, Sibawayh, and Al-Khalil ibn Ahmad and how they drew upon sources like the Quran and poetry to establish the first Arabic grammar rules and frameworks that are still used today. The document also discusses how grammarians viewed the language of bedouins as preserving pure Arabic and consulted them as sources.
This document provides an introduction and overview of the Arabic language and its grammar. It discusses the following key points:
- Arabic is classified as a South Central Semitic language and is written from right to left. It has 28 letters that are all consonants.
- There are three main varieties of Arabic: Classical/Koranic Arabic, Modern Standard Arabic, and Colloquial/Dialectal Arabic. Modern Standard Arabic is used for formal speaking and writing.
- The document outlines the Arabic alphabet, including the names and pronunciations of each letter. It provides guidance on pronouncing some difficult consonants that are unique to Arabic.
- Words in Arabic are formed by joining adjacent letters
This document provides an introduction and guidelines for using a booklet that lists and defines the most common words found in the Quran, accounting for 82.6% of words. It explains that the words are grouped topically and listed with their most common meanings and grammatical information. Key points include only listing the most frequent meanings, showing the number of times each noun or verb occurs, and providing sample verb conjugations. The goal is to help students learn and understand the Quran by learning its core vocabulary.
This document examines the writing system of Old Hiragana and questions the traditional view of the relationship between graphemes and allographs. It finds that in Old Hiragana, contrasts at the sub-mora level may constitute distinct graphemes rather than just allographic variations. Evidence from Jesuit missionary presses in Japan shows some sub-mora characters had unique associations with phonetic values. This implies their independence in the writing system and supports analyzing them as distinct graphemes rather than allographs. Introducing the concept of grapheme classes allows reanalyzing contrastiveness criteria and the division of grapheme types in the writing system.
This document is an excerpt from "The Art of Speech-Arabic Idioms Chapter" by Hussein Maxos. It provides an introduction and overview of the book, which contains Arabic idioms organized alphabetically. The introduction explains that idioms were collected from various sources and only common ones were included. It also describes how the idioms are arranged, translated, and classified. Synonyms, variations, and usage are discussed. The book aims to help non-native Arabic speakers understand and use idiomatic Arabic expressions.
God (or devil) in the details: text typographyKeith Tam
1. The document discusses various aspects of text typography including orthography, capitalization, hyphenation, quotation marks, abbreviations, acronyms, italics, dates, and figures.
2. It provides examples and guidelines for the proper usage of these typographic elements, such as using en dashes instead of "to" in date ranges and capitalizing the first letter of acronyms.
3. The document recommends using proportional oldstyle figures instead of tabular lining figures for continuous text as they integrate better visually with lowercase letters.
This document provides an introduction to and overview of the first chapter of the textbook "Basic Arabic Grammar: Part A". The chapter focuses on forming basic nominal sentences in Arabic. It discusses definite and indefinite nouns and adjectives, and how they are used in nominal sentences of the form "subject is/are predicate". It also introduces the singular detached pronouns that can replace nouns as subjects, and the conjunction "and" which can join multiple predicates or nominal sentences. Several example sentences are provided to illustrate these concepts.
This document discusses typography detailing including orthography, numerals, ligatures, quotation marks, abbreviations, dates, dimensions, footnotes and more. It provides examples of proper and improper typographic conventions and recommends best practices for typesetting different elements consistently and readably according to orthographic rules.
A Hundred and One Rules! A Short Reference for Arabic SyntacticSonali Jannat
This document provides an overview of the history and development of Arabic grammar rules. It discusses how early Arabic grammarians beginning in the 7th-9th centuries CE systematically analyzed and codified the rules of Arabic morphology, syntax and phonology. It describes the works of early grammarians like Abu Al-Aswad Al-Du'ali, Sibawayh, and Al-Khalil ibn Ahmad and how they drew upon sources like the Quran and poetry to establish the first Arabic grammar rules and frameworks that are still used today. The document also discusses how grammarians viewed the language of bedouins as preserving pure Arabic and consulted them as sources.
This document provides an introduction and overview of the Arabic language and its grammar. It discusses the following key points:
- Arabic is classified as a South Central Semitic language and is written from right to left. It has 28 letters that are all consonants.
- There are three main varieties of Arabic: Classical/Koranic Arabic, Modern Standard Arabic, and Colloquial/Dialectal Arabic. Modern Standard Arabic is used for formal speaking and writing.
- The document outlines the Arabic alphabet, including the names and pronunciations of each letter. It provides guidance on pronouncing some difficult consonants that are unique to Arabic.
- Words in Arabic are formed by joining adjacent letters
This document provides an introduction and guidelines for using a booklet that lists and defines the most common words found in the Quran, accounting for 82.6% of words. It explains that the words are grouped topically and listed with their most common meanings and grammatical information. Key points include only listing the most frequent meanings, showing the number of times each noun or verb occurs, and providing sample verb conjugations. The goal is to help students learn and understand the Quran by learning its core vocabulary.
This document examines the writing system of Old Hiragana and questions the traditional view of the relationship between graphemes and allographs. It finds that in Old Hiragana, contrasts at the sub-mora level may constitute distinct graphemes rather than just allographic variations. Evidence from Jesuit missionary presses in Japan shows some sub-mora characters had unique associations with phonetic values. This implies their independence in the writing system and supports analyzing them as distinct graphemes rather than allographs. Introducing the concept of grapheme classes allows reanalyzing contrastiveness criteria and the division of grapheme types in the writing system.
This document is an excerpt from "The Art of Speech-Arabic Idioms Chapter" by Hussein Maxos. It provides an introduction and overview of the book, which contains Arabic idioms organized alphabetically. The introduction explains that idioms were collected from various sources and only common ones were included. It also describes how the idioms are arranged, translated, and classified. Synonyms, variations, and usage are discussed. The book aims to help non-native Arabic speakers understand and use idiomatic Arabic expressions.
God (or devil) in the details: text typographyKeith Tam
1. The document discusses various aspects of text typography including orthography, capitalization, hyphenation, quotation marks, abbreviations, acronyms, italics, dates, and figures.
2. It provides examples and guidelines for the proper usage of these typographic elements, such as using en dashes instead of "to" in date ranges and capitalizing the first letter of acronyms.
3. The document recommends using proportional oldstyle figures instead of tabular lining figures for continuous text as they integrate better visually with lowercase letters.
This document provides an introduction to and overview of the first chapter of the textbook "Basic Arabic Grammar: Part A". The chapter focuses on forming basic nominal sentences in Arabic. It discusses definite and indefinite nouns and adjectives, and how they are used in nominal sentences of the form "subject is/are predicate". It also introduces the singular detached pronouns that can replace nouns as subjects, and the conjunction "and" which can join multiple predicates or nominal sentences. Several example sentences are provided to illustrate these concepts.
This document discusses typography detailing including orthography, numerals, ligatures, quotation marks, abbreviations, dates, dimensions, footnotes and more. It provides examples of proper and improper typographic conventions and recommends best practices for typesetting different elements consistently and readably according to orthographic rules.
The document provides an introduction to morphology and discusses several key concepts:
[1] Morphology is the study of word formation and structure. It examines the relationship between phonology, syntax, semantics, and other linguistic domains.
[2] A morpheme is the smallest unit of meaning or function. Words can consist of single or multiple morphemes. Morphemes can be free or bound, lexical or functional, derivational or inflectional.
[3] Defining the word is complex as words can vary in spelling, phonology, syntax, and semantics. Words exist on a continuum with phrases and compound formations. Context and meaning play a role in distinguishing homophones and related
The document provides notes on various Arabic grammar topics:
- The difference between "this" (اَذَه) and "that" (ََكِلَذ) in Arabic.
- Solar and lunar letters in the Arabic alphabet.
- Joining and isolated hamzas.
- Examples from the Quran that demonstrate these grammatical features.
- The difference between interrogative pronouns "what" (اَم) and "who" (َْنَم
This document summarizes the morphological structure of words in Common Germanic (CG). It discusses how words could be divided into three types - simple, derived, and compound - based on the number and character of their components. The stem of a word consisted of a root morpheme plus affixes. Over time, the morphological structure simplified as affixes fused with roots or were lost. Ablaut, or vowel alternation, was a prominent feature used to indicate grammatical forms. Parts of speech like nouns and verbs had categories like case, number, gender, tense, mood, and person that were indicated synthetically through changes to the word stem rather than using separate words.
The document provides information about writing the Arabic alphabet and language. It explains that 22 of the 28 Arabic letters have four variants depending on their position in a word. It also lists each letter of the Arabic alphabet and its possible forms. Additionally, it gives background on the origins and development of the Arabic script and discusses the different types of written Arabic.
Stylistic differentiation of english vocabularyjverftukli
This document discusses stylistic differentiation in the English language with respect to vocabulary used in different functional styles. It provides examples of how the same concepts can be expressed using neutral, colloquial, formal, scientific, or slang terminology. It also discusses characteristics of the colloquial style, such as use of shortened forms, ellipses, and informal phrases. Additionally, it defines terms, professionalisms, and the process of "determinisation" where terms enter common vocabulary.
Chapter 5 Acquiring And Teaching A New Writing SystemMing Chuan
This document discusses various aspects of writing systems including what constitutes a writing system, different types of writing systems, correspondence rules between sounds and letters, and considerations for teaching writing systems to students whose native language has a different writing system. It covers spelling rules, common spelling mistakes, and the purpose and use of punctuation in writing.
Sdev stylistic differentiation of the english vocabularyjverftukli
The document summarizes the stylistic differentiation of the English vocabulary. It divides the vocabulary into three main layers or strata: the literary layer, neutral layer, and colloquial layer. Each layer contains subgroups of words that share a common property or aspect. The literary layer has a bookish character, the colloquial layer has a lively spoken character, and the neutral layer has a universal character that can be used in all styles. The document further breaks down the subgroups within the literary and colloquial layers, such as terms, poetic words, archaic words, slang, etc. and discusses their stylistic functions and usage.
This document contains the agenda and instructions for an English class. It discusses the following:
- Students will work in teams to earn participation points through class discussions, sharing original work, and vocabulary games.
- The class will discuss haiku poetry and its conventions. Blank verse form, meter, and structure will also be covered through a lecture and guided writing exercise.
- Students will write a 10 verse "color poem" in the form of blank verse to describe qualities of a color through senses, music, dance, smell, food, events, places, people, animals, games, and books. Guiding questions are provided for each verse.
This document contains a series of exercises in Portuguese focusing on words beginning with the letter B. Students are asked to identify, write, color, cut out and paste images and words starting with B. They also complete words with missing letters and match images to words or signs. The exercises reinforce letter and word recognition skills.
The document provides information about poetic forms and terms related to sonnets. It discusses the characteristics of Shakespearean, Petrarchan, and Spenserian sonnets including their form, content, meter, and rhyme schemes. It also analyzes Shakespeare's famous Sonnet 18 as an example, noting how it follows the Shakespearean structure with a quatrain-quatrain-quatrain-couplet rhyme scheme and contains a "turn" or shift in meaning at lines 9-10.
This document discusses different types of writing systems. It begins by outlining the history of writing in Sumerians, Mesoamerica, and China. It then describes the main types of writing systems as alphabets that represent consonants and vowels, and syllabaries that represent syllables. Within these types there are subdivisions like abjads/consonant alphabets, alphabets, syllabic alphabets/abugidas, and syllabaries. The document provides details on characteristics of each type, such as how abjads indicate vowels and how syllabic alphabets combine consonants and inherent vowels. It also mentions less common types like semanto-phonetic and undeciphered writing systems
«Stylistic classification of the english vocabulary»jverftukli
This document provides an introduction and overview of the topic of stylistic classification of the English vocabulary. It begins by establishing that the same proposition can be expressed in different ways depending on the communicative situation. It then outlines the aims of the work, which are to learn about the peculiarities of stylistic differentiation in English vocabulary and to examine different scholars' approaches. The document presents a classification system that divides the English vocabulary into three main layers - literary, neutral, and colloquial - with various subgroups within each layer. It provides examples and analysis of how words from these different layers compare and interact with each other stylistically. Special attention is given to terms as a subgroup within the literary vocabulary.
This document discusses different types of writing systems. It begins by dividing writing systems into two main types: alphabets and syllabaries. Alphabets represent consonants and vowels, while syllabaries represent syllables. The document then describes several subcategories of writing systems, including abjads/consonant alphabets, alphabets, syllabic alphabets/abugidas, syllabaries, semanto-phonetic writing systems, undeciphered writing systems, and other communication systems such as codes. Each category is explained with examples to illustrate the characteristics of the writing system.
Stylistic Classification of English VocabularyIrina K
The document discusses the classification and development of English vocabulary. It covers:
- Common words, literary words, colloquial words, slang words, and technical words can be classified by level of usage.
- The historical development of English vocabulary from Old English, Middle English to Modern English, with influences from Latin, French, and other languages.
- After WWII, rapid growth in vocabulary was driven by advances in science/technology, socio-economic changes, and influence from other cultures and languages. New words emerged in many domains like space, computers, social movements, education and more.
This document outlines English language arts writing conventions standards for kindergarten through third grade. It covers capitalization, punctuation, spelling, grammar, and vocabulary skills. Specific standards are listed for each grade level, covering areas such as capitalizing sentences, using end punctuation, spelling phonically regular words, and understanding word categories and their functions in sentences. The document emphasizes demonstrating mastery of standard English conventions when writing and speaking.
The document discusses different types of writing systems. It describes:
1) The main types are alphabets, where letters represent sounds, and syllabaries, where symbols represent syllables.
2) Alphabets can be divided into categories like abjads (consonant alphabets like Arabic), alphabets, and alphasyllabaries.
3) Syllabaries use symbols to represent consonant-vowel combinations, with diacritics changing vowels.
The document provides examples of scripts from different languages to illustrate these categories.
This document introduces Sindhi letters and pronunciation. It provides the Sindhi letter, its phonetic pronunciation using IPA notation, and an example English word for comparison. It explains basic concepts like right-to-left reading order and combining letters. Examples of Sindhi words and their meanings in English are given. Rules for vowel changes when combining with certain letters are described. The purpose is to teach beginners to read and pronounce Sindhi letters, combinations, and sample words.
Stylistic classification of english vocabulary presentation transcriptjverftukli
This document discusses the stylistic classification and historical development of English vocabulary. It covers:
1. The classification of words by level of usage including common, literary, colloquial, slang, and technical words.
2. The historical development of English vocabulary over three periods - Old English, Middle English, and Modern English - and the influences of Latin, French, and other languages at different stages.
3. The rapid growth of the English vocabulary after World War II due to advances in science, technology, and socio-economic changes.
The document provides an overview of the Arabic language including its history, alphabet, grammar, and literature. Some key points:
- Arabic is a Semitic language with 28 letters written from right to left and has 3 forms: Classical, Modern Standard, and local dialects.
- Vowels are indicated with diacritical marks above or below consonants. The alphabet was developed between the 4th-8th centuries CE.
- Grammar differs from English with word order being verb-subject-object and nouns/adjectives having gender and plural forms.
- Classical Arabic literature flourished in the pre-Islamic and early Islamic periods with famous poets and the rise of poetry in Baghdad.
morphological analysis of arabic and english languageSamerYaqoob
This document compares the morphological systems of Arabic and English languages. Some key similarities include both languages having similar derivational structures through suffix addition to form verbs, nouns and adjectives. They also share similar parts of speech. Differences include Arabic having a root-based system with consonantal roots and patterns to derive words, while English roots contain vowels. Arabic morphology is more complex, distinguishing between 3 numbers, 2 genders and 3 cases for nouns, while English has 2 numbers. Learning the similarities and differences can help solve problems for Arabic students learning English by familiarizing language teachers with both structural systems and their difficulties regarding morphology.
This document provides an introduction and guidelines for using a booklet that lists the most common words in the Quran, accounting for over 80% of words. The booklet is intended to help readers learn and memorize the Quran. It explains that the words are arranged alphabetically and include the most common meanings of each word. Verbs are grouped by type and include conjugations. Dual/feminine forms and some less common meanings are not emphasized for beginning students. The goal is to facilitate understanding and pondering the Quran's verses.
The document provides an introduction to morphology and discusses several key concepts:
[1] Morphology is the study of word formation and structure. It examines the relationship between phonology, syntax, semantics, and other linguistic domains.
[2] A morpheme is the smallest unit of meaning or function. Words can consist of single or multiple morphemes. Morphemes can be free or bound, lexical or functional, derivational or inflectional.
[3] Defining the word is complex as words can vary in spelling, phonology, syntax, and semantics. Words exist on a continuum with phrases and compound formations. Context and meaning play a role in distinguishing homophones and related
The document provides notes on various Arabic grammar topics:
- The difference between "this" (اَذَه) and "that" (ََكِلَذ) in Arabic.
- Solar and lunar letters in the Arabic alphabet.
- Joining and isolated hamzas.
- Examples from the Quran that demonstrate these grammatical features.
- The difference between interrogative pronouns "what" (اَم) and "who" (َْنَم
This document summarizes the morphological structure of words in Common Germanic (CG). It discusses how words could be divided into three types - simple, derived, and compound - based on the number and character of their components. The stem of a word consisted of a root morpheme plus affixes. Over time, the morphological structure simplified as affixes fused with roots or were lost. Ablaut, or vowel alternation, was a prominent feature used to indicate grammatical forms. Parts of speech like nouns and verbs had categories like case, number, gender, tense, mood, and person that were indicated synthetically through changes to the word stem rather than using separate words.
The document provides information about writing the Arabic alphabet and language. It explains that 22 of the 28 Arabic letters have four variants depending on their position in a word. It also lists each letter of the Arabic alphabet and its possible forms. Additionally, it gives background on the origins and development of the Arabic script and discusses the different types of written Arabic.
Stylistic differentiation of english vocabularyjverftukli
This document discusses stylistic differentiation in the English language with respect to vocabulary used in different functional styles. It provides examples of how the same concepts can be expressed using neutral, colloquial, formal, scientific, or slang terminology. It also discusses characteristics of the colloquial style, such as use of shortened forms, ellipses, and informal phrases. Additionally, it defines terms, professionalisms, and the process of "determinisation" where terms enter common vocabulary.
Chapter 5 Acquiring And Teaching A New Writing SystemMing Chuan
This document discusses various aspects of writing systems including what constitutes a writing system, different types of writing systems, correspondence rules between sounds and letters, and considerations for teaching writing systems to students whose native language has a different writing system. It covers spelling rules, common spelling mistakes, and the purpose and use of punctuation in writing.
Sdev stylistic differentiation of the english vocabularyjverftukli
The document summarizes the stylistic differentiation of the English vocabulary. It divides the vocabulary into three main layers or strata: the literary layer, neutral layer, and colloquial layer. Each layer contains subgroups of words that share a common property or aspect. The literary layer has a bookish character, the colloquial layer has a lively spoken character, and the neutral layer has a universal character that can be used in all styles. The document further breaks down the subgroups within the literary and colloquial layers, such as terms, poetic words, archaic words, slang, etc. and discusses their stylistic functions and usage.
This document contains the agenda and instructions for an English class. It discusses the following:
- Students will work in teams to earn participation points through class discussions, sharing original work, and vocabulary games.
- The class will discuss haiku poetry and its conventions. Blank verse form, meter, and structure will also be covered through a lecture and guided writing exercise.
- Students will write a 10 verse "color poem" in the form of blank verse to describe qualities of a color through senses, music, dance, smell, food, events, places, people, animals, games, and books. Guiding questions are provided for each verse.
This document contains a series of exercises in Portuguese focusing on words beginning with the letter B. Students are asked to identify, write, color, cut out and paste images and words starting with B. They also complete words with missing letters and match images to words or signs. The exercises reinforce letter and word recognition skills.
The document provides information about poetic forms and terms related to sonnets. It discusses the characteristics of Shakespearean, Petrarchan, and Spenserian sonnets including their form, content, meter, and rhyme schemes. It also analyzes Shakespeare's famous Sonnet 18 as an example, noting how it follows the Shakespearean structure with a quatrain-quatrain-quatrain-couplet rhyme scheme and contains a "turn" or shift in meaning at lines 9-10.
This document discusses different types of writing systems. It begins by outlining the history of writing in Sumerians, Mesoamerica, and China. It then describes the main types of writing systems as alphabets that represent consonants and vowels, and syllabaries that represent syllables. Within these types there are subdivisions like abjads/consonant alphabets, alphabets, syllabic alphabets/abugidas, and syllabaries. The document provides details on characteristics of each type, such as how abjads indicate vowels and how syllabic alphabets combine consonants and inherent vowels. It also mentions less common types like semanto-phonetic and undeciphered writing systems
«Stylistic classification of the english vocabulary»jverftukli
This document provides an introduction and overview of the topic of stylistic classification of the English vocabulary. It begins by establishing that the same proposition can be expressed in different ways depending on the communicative situation. It then outlines the aims of the work, which are to learn about the peculiarities of stylistic differentiation in English vocabulary and to examine different scholars' approaches. The document presents a classification system that divides the English vocabulary into three main layers - literary, neutral, and colloquial - with various subgroups within each layer. It provides examples and analysis of how words from these different layers compare and interact with each other stylistically. Special attention is given to terms as a subgroup within the literary vocabulary.
This document discusses different types of writing systems. It begins by dividing writing systems into two main types: alphabets and syllabaries. Alphabets represent consonants and vowels, while syllabaries represent syllables. The document then describes several subcategories of writing systems, including abjads/consonant alphabets, alphabets, syllabic alphabets/abugidas, syllabaries, semanto-phonetic writing systems, undeciphered writing systems, and other communication systems such as codes. Each category is explained with examples to illustrate the characteristics of the writing system.
Stylistic Classification of English VocabularyIrina K
The document discusses the classification and development of English vocabulary. It covers:
- Common words, literary words, colloquial words, slang words, and technical words can be classified by level of usage.
- The historical development of English vocabulary from Old English, Middle English to Modern English, with influences from Latin, French, and other languages.
- After WWII, rapid growth in vocabulary was driven by advances in science/technology, socio-economic changes, and influence from other cultures and languages. New words emerged in many domains like space, computers, social movements, education and more.
This document outlines English language arts writing conventions standards for kindergarten through third grade. It covers capitalization, punctuation, spelling, grammar, and vocabulary skills. Specific standards are listed for each grade level, covering areas such as capitalizing sentences, using end punctuation, spelling phonically regular words, and understanding word categories and their functions in sentences. The document emphasizes demonstrating mastery of standard English conventions when writing and speaking.
The document discusses different types of writing systems. It describes:
1) The main types are alphabets, where letters represent sounds, and syllabaries, where symbols represent syllables.
2) Alphabets can be divided into categories like abjads (consonant alphabets like Arabic), alphabets, and alphasyllabaries.
3) Syllabaries use symbols to represent consonant-vowel combinations, with diacritics changing vowels.
The document provides examples of scripts from different languages to illustrate these categories.
This document introduces Sindhi letters and pronunciation. It provides the Sindhi letter, its phonetic pronunciation using IPA notation, and an example English word for comparison. It explains basic concepts like right-to-left reading order and combining letters. Examples of Sindhi words and their meanings in English are given. Rules for vowel changes when combining with certain letters are described. The purpose is to teach beginners to read and pronounce Sindhi letters, combinations, and sample words.
Stylistic classification of english vocabulary presentation transcriptjverftukli
This document discusses the stylistic classification and historical development of English vocabulary. It covers:
1. The classification of words by level of usage including common, literary, colloquial, slang, and technical words.
2. The historical development of English vocabulary over three periods - Old English, Middle English, and Modern English - and the influences of Latin, French, and other languages at different stages.
3. The rapid growth of the English vocabulary after World War II due to advances in science, technology, and socio-economic changes.
The document provides an overview of the Arabic language including its history, alphabet, grammar, and literature. Some key points:
- Arabic is a Semitic language with 28 letters written from right to left and has 3 forms: Classical, Modern Standard, and local dialects.
- Vowels are indicated with diacritical marks above or below consonants. The alphabet was developed between the 4th-8th centuries CE.
- Grammar differs from English with word order being verb-subject-object and nouns/adjectives having gender and plural forms.
- Classical Arabic literature flourished in the pre-Islamic and early Islamic periods with famous poets and the rise of poetry in Baghdad.
morphological analysis of arabic and english languageSamerYaqoob
This document compares the morphological systems of Arabic and English languages. Some key similarities include both languages having similar derivational structures through suffix addition to form verbs, nouns and adjectives. They also share similar parts of speech. Differences include Arabic having a root-based system with consonantal roots and patterns to derive words, while English roots contain vowels. Arabic morphology is more complex, distinguishing between 3 numbers, 2 genders and 3 cases for nouns, while English has 2 numbers. Learning the similarities and differences can help solve problems for Arabic students learning English by familiarizing language teachers with both structural systems and their difficulties regarding morphology.
This document provides an introduction and guidelines for using a booklet that lists the most common words in the Quran, accounting for over 80% of words. The booklet is intended to help readers learn and memorize the Quran. It explains that the words are arranged alphabetically and include the most common meanings of each word. Verbs are grouped by type and include conjugations. Dual/feminine forms and some less common meanings are not emphasized for beginning students. The goal is to facilitate understanding and pondering the Quran's verses.
The document provides an introduction to the Arabic language, including its history, alphabet, grammar, and current status. It discusses how Arabic evolved from early forms in the Arabian Peninsula to become the dominant language of the Islamic empire and the liturgical language of over a billion Muslims today. The document also outlines the Arabic alphabet, consonants, vowels, gender, number, word order, and other key grammatical features. Sample texts are provided to demonstrate the script.
This document provides an overview of the key concepts in the Arabic language that are covered in this textbook. It maps out the Arabic language by explaining that articulations are divided into meaningful and meaningless words. Meaningful words are then divided into single words and compound words. Single words consist of nouns, verbs, and particles. Compound words are beneficial, forming complete ideas, or non-beneficial, forming incomplete ideas. The textbook will focus on conjugating single words, specifically verbs and nouns. This high-level summary outlines the framework and scope of what is to be covered.
The document discusses weak and strong syllables in English. It defines a syllable and describes their structure, including onset, nucleus, coda, and rime. It states that strong syllables contain full vowels while weak syllables often contain reduced vowels like schwa. Examples are provided to demonstrate how vowels are shortened, lower in intensity, and changed in quality in weak syllables compared to strong ones. The document also notes that some weak syllables contain only consonants. It examines spelling patterns that can indicate the vowel sound in a strong pronunciation of a weak syllable. Finally, it discusses the close front and back vowels that may occur in weak syllables and problems transcribing them phonemically.
This document provides an overview of a book that contrasts the phonology, morphology, and syntax of English and Arabic. It summarizes each of the book's nine chapters, which cover topics like phonetics, consonants, morphology, syntax, and specific syntactic constructions. The document also includes examples and discussions of linguistic concepts in both English and Arabic, such as consonant features, gemination, and consonant clusters.
This document discusses coreference resolution in Arabic texts. It begins with an introduction to coreference and characteristics of the Arabic language. It then discusses related work on coreference resolution, the methodology used including an MT-based stemmer and coreference resolution process. It discusses challenges of Arabic information extraction due to its complex morphology. It also covers annotated Arabic corpora and tools used for annotation. In conclusion, it summarizes information on coreference resolution in Arabic.
The Arabic alphabet is an abjad script consisting of 28 letters used for writing the Arabic language. It is written from right to left in a cursive style. The letters originated from Proto-Sinaitic scripts like Phoenician and Aramaic. Each letter has different forms depending on its position in a word. Vowels are not usually written, making the script an abjad. The letters also have numeric values and are used as numerals.
Sanskrit Origin of Ancient Greek ScriptNetizensstop
These slides show origin of Greek Script from Devanagiri Script. Devanagri which is Sanskrit's script. An Indian Script. Forgotten Glorious Indian.
These slides explain origin of (Modern & Ancient) Greek alphabets like Alpha (Α, α); Beta (Β, β); Gamma (Γ, γ); ...Omega (Ω, ω) from overlap of Sanskrit alphabetic names or corresponding Greek alphabetic names & writing systems.
This document provides an introduction to phonetics and phonology, the linguistic subfields concerned with speech sounds. It explains that phonetics studies the physical properties of speech sounds, while phonology studies how sounds are represented mentally within languages. The document then introduces the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA), which provides symbols to accurately represent all speech sounds across languages. It presents the IPA symbols for the basic consonant and vowel sounds in North American English, explaining the symbols and their pronunciation values. The goal is to establish a systematic way to transcribe sounds beyond English spelling conventions.
03- Phonetics and Phonology- with GLOSSARY.pdfDrTawas1
This document provides an introduction to phonetics and phonology, the linguistic subfields concerned with speech sounds. It explains that phonetics studies the physical properties of speech sounds, while phonology studies how sounds are represented mentally within languages. The document then introduces the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA), which provides symbols to accurately represent all speech sounds across languages. It presents the IPA symbols for the basic consonant and vowel sounds in North American English, explaining the symbols and their pronunciation values. The goal is to establish a systematic way to transcribe sounds beyond English spelling conventions.
This document provides an introduction to botanical Latin, including an overview of its evolution and differences from classical Latin. It discusses the Latin alphabet and how Latin is a highly inflected language where word endings indicate aspects like number, gender, and case. The summary then explains the five declensions of nouns in Latin and provides examples of first declension nouns like bractea and Malva declined through their cases. It concludes by listing relevant references for further study.
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This document discusses and compares the structure of noun phrases in Standard Arabic and Standard English. It notes that Arabic noun phrases can be in either the free state or construct state, and modifiers follow the noun in Arabic but precede it in English. The document outlines principles governing nominal expressions in both languages, including noun movement and adjective ordering. It concludes that while Arabic and English noun phrases differ structurally, both languages share underlying syntactic principles.
The document provides information to help understand language change for an A Level English Language exam. It discusses exam format and assessment objectives, focusing on Section B which examines language change over time and context. Key points include comparing texts from different periods/locations; analyzing grammar, vocabulary, sounds and language features; and considering external influences like time, place and cultural background. The document also provides sample exam questions and advice on answering them effectively.
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Reading Quran following Tajweed is always seen as a challenging task. Through this publication, we wanted to create a very basic Tajweed introduction covering different Makharij and some of the Arabic letters. Learning Quran with Tajweed should become easy from the first read.
The document provides an introduction to the Cherokee language and syllabary. It discusses how the syllabary was created in 1819 to write the Cherokee language using characters that each represent a syllable. It describes how the syllabary was widely adopted and is still used today to write Cherokee. While little new material is published in Cherokee, it continues to be used for things like recipes, stories, and signage. Knowledge of the syllabary is important for full Cherokee citizenship. The number of Cherokee speakers has been increasing since 1930 and the language remains strong.
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These materials are perfect for enhancing your business or classroom presentations, offering visual aids to supplement your insights. Please note that while comprehensive, these slides are intended as supplementary resources and may not be complete for standalone instructional purposes.
Frameworks/Models included:
Microsoft’s Digital Transformation Framework
McKinsey’s Ten Guiding Principles of Digital Transformation
Forrester’s Digital Transformation Framework
IDC’s Digital Transformation MaturityScape
MIT’s Digital Transformation Framework
Gartner’s Digital Transformation Framework
Accenture’s Digital Strategy & Enterprise Frameworks
Deloitte’s Digital Industrial Transformation Framework
Capgemini’s Digital Transformation Framework
PwC’s Digital Transformation Framework
Cisco’s Digital Transformation Framework
Cognizant’s Digital Transformation Framework
DXC Technology’s Digital Transformation Framework
The BCG Strategy Palette
McKinsey’s Digital Transformation Framework
Digital Transformation Compass
Four Levels of Digital Maturity
Design Thinking Framework
Business Model Canvas
Customer Journey Map
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3. Strategyzer’s Business Model Innovation
4. Lean Startup Methodology
5. Agile Innovation Framework
6. Doblin’s Ten Types of Innovation
7. McKinsey’s Three Horizons of Growth
8. Customer Journey Map
9. Christensen’s Disruptive Innovation Theory
10. Blue Ocean Strategy
11. Strategyn’s Jobs-To-Be-Done (JTBD) Framework with Job Map
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13. The Double Diamond
14. Lean Six Sigma DMAIC
15. TRIZ Problem-Solving Framework
16. Edward de Bono’s Six Thinking Hats
17. Stage-Gate Model
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19. Microsoft’s Digital Transformation Framework
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Arabic Personal Names
1. Middle Eastern Naming Arabic is a Semitic language, like Hebrew. The Arabic language is divided
Conventions into three groups: classical written Arabic (used in the Koran); Modern
Standard Arabic (MSA, a modern version of classical written Arabic used in
newspapers and textbooks); and spoken, colloquial, or dialectic Arabic.
Introduction The differences in spoken Arabic can be so profound from region to region
that a form spoken by one group is often incomprehensible to any other
Arabic-speaking people. Not only do local vocabulary and grammar differ,
but syntax and meanings differ from region to region. However, Modern
Standard Arabic is consistent throughout the world. Regardless of what local
dialect is spoken, any literate Arabic-speaking person can read MSA and
understand most radio and television broadcasts (which are usually delivered
in a spoken version of MSA).
Unlike modern English and the English alphabet, Modern Standard Arabic
and the Arabic alphabet have not changed in over twelve centuries. Modern
Standard Arabic takes its grammar and syntax from classical Arabic, which is
the language of the Koran.
The Arabic Alphabet The Arabic alphabet consists of 16 characters which, when combined with
& Transliteration one to three dots placed above, below, or beside a character, form 28 signs or
letters. Although 3 of the letters have vowel-like qualities (a, i, u), they are all
consonants. One letter, hamza, is not even pronounced, but denotes a stop or
pause. Indeed, vowels are not letters; rather, vowel sounds take the context of
the combinations of letters. For example, Mohammad is actually written
mhmd; therefore, the confusion when the English transliteration of the name
is used: Muhamad, Mohammad, Mohammed, etc. The term Modern Standard
Arabic would be written mdrn stndrd rbc.
As set out above, there are no vowels written in Arabic (nor in Hebrew!). But
there are, in fact, 6 vowels. These vowels may sometimes appear in
beginners’ texts, school books, or in some religious texts in order to aid the
reader; but in practice they are omitted because the reader is expected to
supply them from their understanding of the language and the context in
which the words appear.
To confuse matters more, the 6 Arabic vowels will appear when there is a
transliteration of Arabic into English. They are the equivalent of the letters a,
i, and u as “short” sounds (as in man, did, and bull, respectively) and as
“long” sounds (as in father, feet, and room, respectively).
The characters are read right to left, top to bottom. Thus, the first three letters
are ‘alif, baa’, and taa’. Interestingly, reading these three in succession gives
you alif-baa-taa, or alfabet – along with alpha-beta from ancient Greek, gives
you the origins of the english word “alphabet.”
At least three sounds common to English are not used in Arabic – the
equivalents of letters p, g, and v. At least six Arabic letters or sounds are not
common to English – these include the sound “sh” as in “English.”
In addition, depending on the system or origins of the transliteration, the same
Arabic words will be spelled differently in English. For example, the system
of transliteration used in “The Encyclopedia of Islam” (H. A. R. Gibb et al,
Leiden, Brill 1970) uses dj rather than j, and q rather than k, so that the word
jinn will appear as djinn, and the Koran or Kuran will be written as Quran.
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James Richards Page 1
Know Your Customer - Naming Conventions for Arabic, Russian, Chinese, Vietnamese, Western African,
& Hispanic Cultures; American Taxpayer Identification Numbers
January 14, 2002
2. Arabic Alphabet – www.café-syria.com
Arabic Naming Finally, three last rules on the Arabic alphabet and writing. First, words are
Conventions (con’t …) not capitalized. Second, Arabic is written in the cursive style, with all the
letters in a word joined together – there is no “printing” of the sort that exists
in English, so the form of the letters as set out in the table above is actually
the form if the letter was standing by itself: the form will change slightly
depending on whether the letter appears at the beginning, middle, or end of a
word. Finally, Arabic words are written from right to left (Arabic numbers,
however, are written left to right).
The bottom line is that there are no simple ways to ensure perfect
transliteration or translation from written Arabic to English. However, there
are 34 sounds – 28 consonants and 6 vowels – no written vowels, and endless
combinations of English spellings for common words.
Triliteral Root System Arabic also has very strict grammatical rules, where nearly all nouns and the
ten forms of verbs are built around a stem or root or three consonants. This
form of construction – called a “consonantal root system” or “triliteral root
system” makes it somewhat easier for English-speakers to identify certain
words. The triliteral root of a word represents a general, often neutral concept
of an action or state of being. Variations from that basic root refine that
concept – adding letters to the beginning or end of the root, changing the
vowels between the consonants of the root, adding consonants. Some
examples give insight:
! The root or stem s l m connotes the idea of religion or peace - Islam,
muslim, salam (meaning “peace”)
! The root or stem k t b connotes the idea of writing – kataba, the root
word, means “to write.”
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Know Your Customer - Naming Conventions for Arabic, Russian, Chinese, Vietnamese, Western African,
& Hispanic Cultures; American Taxpayer Identification Numbers
January 14, 2002
3. ! The root or stem d r s connotes the idea of studying – darasa means “to
study.”
! The root or stem q t l connotes the idea of killing – qatala means “to kill”
or “to murder.”
! The root or stem k s r connotes the idea of breaking – kasara means “to
break.”
! The root or stem t r k connotes the idea of leaving – taraka means “to
leave.”
! The root or stem d l s connotes the idea of cheating – dallasa means “to
swindle” (there is no dalasa)
Derivations of these words follow general patterns. For example, by doubling
the middle consonant, you get the words kattaba (to make someone write),
kassara (to smash). By doubling or lengthening the first vowel and
eliminating the last vowel, you get words such as kaatib (clerk – someone
who writes) or qaatil (killer – someone who kills). By adding the prefix ma to
some of these roots, we get words such as maktab (office – where someone
writes) and maktaba (library – where someone reads or writes), and madrasa
(school – where someone studies).
Although only a guide or pattern, the use of the three-consonant roots makes
it somewhat easier to identify most words – if the reader knows the root
action or state of being.
Basic Structure of Given these differences in alphabet and language, it becomes easier to
Arabic Names understand why there were, and continue to be, difficulties in getting the exact
names of suspected terrorists. For example, common names have multiple
spellings:
Riad … Riyad, Riyadh, Riadh, Ryad, Ryadh
Al-Ghamdi … Alghamdi, Al Ghamdi, Elghamdi, El Ghamdi, El-
Ghamdi, Ghamdi
Mohammad … Mohamed, Mohammed, Muhamad, Muhamed,
Mohammed
Abdel … Abd el, Abdul, Abdullah
With multiple spellings of each name, the number of combinations of possible
spellings increases dramatically: the name Mohammad Al-Ghamdi has at least
56 different possibilities. Even then, however, the suspect cannot be
identified: two names are insufficient to identify someone from the Middle
East. In a story published in the Washington Post on October 5, 2001, Gaafar
Mostafa Gaafar Allagany, chief of the Saudi Embassy's information office,
was quoted as saying that "In Saudi Arabia, we use four-part names… to get a
driver's license, a bank account or a phone number, you have to have four
names -- your first name, your father's name, your grandfather's name and
your family name." The Post reported that many Saudi diplomats in the
United States use only first and last names and a middle initial, like the
American pattern.
“First and last names alone are too common, amounting to Arabic versions of
John Smith or Joe Jones. Often, but not always … the family name is the
tribal name, which can be shared by as many as half a million people."
Allagany was then quoted as saying that "Saudi passports typically show four
names in Arabic. They also give the passport holder's full first and last names
in English, but only the initials of the second and third names. "It takes much
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Know Your Customer - Naming Conventions for Arabic, Russian, Chinese, Vietnamese, Western African,
& Hispanic Cultures; American Taxpayer Identification Numbers
January 14, 2002
4. longer [to write down all four names], and there isn't enough space… U.S.
consular officials, in issuing visas, copy the English version."
Unlike the Bible, the Quran actually provides some insight into the proper
ways to identify true Muslims, with significance given to names which “give
servitude or praise to Allah.” Perhaps the single most important thing to
know about Islamic or Muslim naming conventions are the words Abu, Ibn or
bin, and Abd. These words mean Father, Son, and Slave, respectively. A
name such as Abu Ibrahim means Father of Abraham; Ibn Mohammad means
Son of Mohammad, and Abd Allah or Abdullah means, literally Slave of God
or, more accurately, Servant of God.1
As set out above, classical Middle Eastern names require at least four
components. These are broken down into six general categories (some texts
have seven categories, breaking out the nisba into place of birth and
occupation). They generally appear in the following order:
1. Honorific Name (kunya or agronem) - as the father or
mother of. Usually the eldest son. eg., abu Da'ud (Father
of David) or Umm Salama (Mother of Salama).
2. Personal Name (ism) - common: Muhammad
(Mohammed), Ibrahim (Abraham), Hasan, Ahmad.
Rarely used socially, then only if the person is famous.
3. Descriptive Name (lakab or cognomen) - usually
religious, relating to nature or some admirable quality the
person has or would like to have. eg., 'Abd Allah
(Servant of God, often written Abdullah), Harun Al-
Rashid (Aaron the Rightly-Guided). Some cognomens are
also used as personal names, eg., Rashid and al-Rashid,
by adding ad-din (Nur ad-din, meaning Light of the
Religion).
4. Patronymic Name (nasab or lineage) - denotes the
pedigree, as the son or daughter of a certain person. eg.,
ibn 'Umar (son of Omar) or commonly spelled "bin"
Umar (as in Osama bin Laden). Usually limited to three
generations.
5. Geographical or Tribal Name (hisba or nisba) - derived
from the place of residence or birth or origin of the family
by using the prefix al or el and the suffix i, eg., Yusaf al-
Isfahani (Joseph of Isfahan) or Ahmed Alghamdi (Ahmed
of the Tribe of Ghamd).
6. Occupational Name or nickname (laqab) - derived from a
person's trade or family history, eg., Muhammad al-Hallaj
(Mohammed the Cotton Weaver) or by a nickname
1
One of the OFAC lists of names related to the World Trade Center tragedy includes the name Abdullah
Ahmed Abdullah with an alias “Abu Mariam.” Mariam is a female name; adding Abu makes the alias into
an insult, as a man will never be called “Father of” a girl. To do so is to insult the man, implying he is
effeminate or weak.
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James Richards Page 4
Know Your Customer - Naming Conventions for Arabic, Russian, Chinese, Vietnamese, Western African,
& Hispanic Cultures; American Taxpayer Identification Numbers
January 14, 2002
5. bestowed posthumously or during the person’s lifetime,
either as an honorific name or an insult or distinguishing
feature.
These names are often combined in great length ... Joseph, son of
Muhammad, grandson of Abraham, of the Ghamd tribe could be Abu
Muhammad Yusuf ibn Ibrahim Al-ghamdi. To illustrate, Osama bin
Laden is properly known as Ussamah bin Muhammed bin Awad bin
Ladin (Ussamah, son of Mohammed, grandson of Awad, great-
grandson of Ladin). And the spellings of Ussamah can equally be
Osama, Ossama, or Ussama; bin Laden is equally bin Ladin or
Binladin.
One great Islamic name is Abu al-Husayn Asakir ad-din Muslim ibn
al-Hajjaj ibn Muslim al-Qushayri al-Nisaburi. The reader can
determine that his name consists of name forms kunya laqab ism
nasab nasab nisba nisba. Another interesting name using the laqab,
or nickname is Amr ibn Bahr al-Basri al-Jahiz, one of the greatest
Muslim poets of all time. Known to most simply as al-Jahiz, his
name actually means “Amr, son of Bahr from the Basr region, also
known as Amr The Google-Eyed!”
Unfortunately, names can be indexed in different ways. Generally, names are
indexed by either their “nisba” (without the prefix al) or by his “ism” if
famous.
Geographical Well beyond the scope of this primer, certain geographical or tribal
Differences in Arabic names are linked through tribal alliances, rivalries, and historical ties
Names to the ruling Al Saud family. An understanding of these names is
important to understanding potential links between people.
Finally, Arabic names and naming conventions differ from region to region:
Northern African (including Egyptian and some Middle Eastern areas) have
different names and naming conventions than for those from the Arabian
peninsula. Some Sunni names will differ from Shiite names. Again, the
complexities are far beyond the scope of this primer.
Common Arabic Common female names include those of the wives of Muhammad – Khadeeja,
Names, and Meanings Sauda, Aaisha, Hafsa, Zainab, Salma, Javairia, Maimoona, Safia, and
Habeeba – and those of his daughters – Zainab, Ruqayya, Kolthoom, and
Faatima. Common male names include:
Name Meaning Name Meaning
Aadil Right Musaddiq Credible, Believable
Aaqib End, Termination Mustafaa Chosen, Selected
Abd-Allah Servant of Allah Mutahhar Purifier, Clarifier
Ahmad Commander Mutee Obedient, Willing
Aamir Commander Maloom Known, Famous
Ameen Honest, Trustworthy Muqtasid Wise, Intelligent
Basheer Forerunner, Precursor Mukarram Honored, Noble
Daa' Motive, Impulse Munajj Savior, Rescuer
Faatih Opener, Conqueror Mansoor Victorious, Triumphant
Haad Guide, Leader Muneer Luminous, Brilliant
Haamid Thankful, Grateful Mashdee Leader, Guide
Habeeb-Allah Friend of Allah Naah Prohibitor
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James Richards Page 5
Know Your Customer - Naming Conventions for Arabic, Russian, Chinese, Vietnamese, Western African,
& Hispanic Cultures; American Taxpayer Identification Numbers
January 14, 2002