This document summarizes Aquinas's perspective on Aristotle's theory of natural slavery. It begins by outlining Aristotle's view that some men are naturally slaves based on their inferior rational capacities. It then discusses how Aquinas engages and comments on Aristotle's theory in his work, noting that Aquinas finds some limitations in Aristotle's doctrine. The document aims to highlight both the similarities and differences between Aristotle and Aquinas's positions on slavery.
XAT Sample Paper with Answer. XAT Essay Writing Tips | Outsourcing | Alcohol Intoxication. Essay Writing (Mock XAT-1 Essay). XAT 2022 Essay Writing | How to Tackle This Section | Last Lap to XAT .... Scholarship essay: Xat essay. XAT 2017 Exam Date is Release | Types of essay, Exam, Essay writing. XAT Essays Tips | Past Paper Topics | Must Watch - YouTube. All about Essay Writing in XAT l What you should expect - YouTube. Central Idea of Essay in Xat | Essays | Socialism. Xat Essay Topics TILL NOW FOR DOWNLOAD. Essay writing for XAT- Strategy | Sample Essays | Important topics. Xat Essay. Essay writing tips for xat minglebox com. Xat 2017 strategy to write essay in 20 minutes. XAT : Essay Writing Workshop - YouTube. XAT 2023 - Important Essay Topics & Guidelines | How to prepare and .... XAT 2018: Essay Writing Tips for MBA aspirants. XAT Exam Preparation and Coaching for Decision Making, General .... GB's take on XAT Essay Writing | How to attempt XAT Essay Writing .... XAT Essay Writing - YouTube. Xat essay writing. 005 Essay Example Bunch Ideas Of Sample Opinion Essays Free Change .... Top 25 Essay topics for XAT 2018 | XAT Essay Topics | College. XAT- Question Papers 2018 PDF Free Download - EduGorilla Study Material. XAT 2015 Previous Year Question Paper. XAT Exam Pattern 2023: Check Marking Scheme, Paper Pattern, Duration .... Xaam.in-improving Essay Writing by Ias Topper Gaurav Aggrawal | Essays .... Essay Writing Tips and Topics for XAT. Xat essay 2011 / biblioteca.fundaciononce.es. Xat essay writing – Equilibrium.biz. XAT Essay Topics of past years. XAT 2014 Essay Writing and WAT in IIMs : Role, Importance and Weightage Xat Sample Essays
This document summarizes a book review written by Jack M. Balkin of Andrew Altman's book "Critical Legal Studies: A Liberal Critique." The summary is as follows:
1) Altman analyzes the Critical Legal Studies movement from the perspective of liberal political theory, but Balkin argues Altman misunderstands some key developments in CLS, failing to address feminist and critical race theory influences.
2) Altman claims there are two strands of CLS - radical and moderate - but Balkin argues this distinction is spurious and based on Altman projecting his own assumptions about social theory onto CLS authors.
3) The social theory underlying CLS views social reality as a dialectic between
1.Describe Plato’s view of private property as it influenced.docxgasciognecaren
1.
Describe Plato’s view of private property as it influenced government. How are Plato’s views of property the same or different from those of Aristotle and the early Christians.
2.
Describe the difference between Chrematistics and Economics in Aristotle’s thought. How does Aristotle’s disdain for Chrematistics relate to the notion of evil we discussed with respect to the Garden of Eden Story?
3.
Discuss the differences between the Stoics, Epicureans, and Cynics. How do their views regarding consumption and well being compare to modern views of “rational Self-interest?
4.
From the Karma Theorems reading, how different was the conception of markets different in medieval times than in microeconomics today?
5.
Thomas Aquinas developed a notion of “the just price” that could be charged for a good. According to him, what made some prices “just” while others were not.
6.
In the introduction to his book, Sedlacek uses the Czech legend of St. Prokop (who harnesses the devil to plough his field) as a metaphor for a commonly-held concept of the “invisible hand”. He suggests that, like St. Prokop, civilization harnesses the evil of greed to accomplish “good” economic results. Based on what you have read here, does this argument make sense?
.
The document discusses the origins of philosophy and poetry according to Aristotle and others. It says that Aristotle believed wonder is the source of both, as it prompts people to seek understanding and knowledge. While Aristotle saw philosophy and poetry as having the same starting point in wonder, he believed they diverged into explanation (philosophy) versus myth-making (poetry). The document also discusses Plato's view of poetry and contrasts Aristotle and Plato's differing influences on later centuries.
The document summarizes information about slavery in ancient Athens. It notes that slavery was essential to Athens' economy and democracy, as slave ownership gave citizens the leisure to participate in government. War, piracy, and the slave trade supplied most slaves, though some were bred. Slaves came from foreign lands and were bought and sold, with their prices varying depending on origin and skills. While conditions likely varied, some slaves endured harsh circumstances like the silver mines.
This document summarizes Sartre's conception of truth as presented in his posthumous work Truth and Existence, and how it relates to the fundamental premises established in his earlier work Being and Nothingness. In Truth and Existence, Sartre thinks about truth from an ontological framework rather than one focused on knowledge. He conceives of truth as "luminosity" and as an act, critiquing both the modern paradigm of knowledge and the traditional view of truth as correspondence. While grounded in the ontology of Being and Nothingness, Truth and Existence also hints at ideas that will be further developed in Critique of Dialectical Reason, such as the intrinsic relationship between truth and history.
XAT Sample Paper with Answer. XAT Essay Writing Tips | Outsourcing | Alcohol Intoxication. Essay Writing (Mock XAT-1 Essay). XAT 2022 Essay Writing | How to Tackle This Section | Last Lap to XAT .... Scholarship essay: Xat essay. XAT 2017 Exam Date is Release | Types of essay, Exam, Essay writing. XAT Essays Tips | Past Paper Topics | Must Watch - YouTube. All about Essay Writing in XAT l What you should expect - YouTube. Central Idea of Essay in Xat | Essays | Socialism. Xat Essay Topics TILL NOW FOR DOWNLOAD. Essay writing for XAT- Strategy | Sample Essays | Important topics. Xat Essay. Essay writing tips for xat minglebox com. Xat 2017 strategy to write essay in 20 minutes. XAT : Essay Writing Workshop - YouTube. XAT 2023 - Important Essay Topics & Guidelines | How to prepare and .... XAT 2018: Essay Writing Tips for MBA aspirants. XAT Exam Preparation and Coaching for Decision Making, General .... GB's take on XAT Essay Writing | How to attempt XAT Essay Writing .... XAT Essay Writing - YouTube. Xat essay writing. 005 Essay Example Bunch Ideas Of Sample Opinion Essays Free Change .... Top 25 Essay topics for XAT 2018 | XAT Essay Topics | College. XAT- Question Papers 2018 PDF Free Download - EduGorilla Study Material. XAT 2015 Previous Year Question Paper. XAT Exam Pattern 2023: Check Marking Scheme, Paper Pattern, Duration .... Xaam.in-improving Essay Writing by Ias Topper Gaurav Aggrawal | Essays .... Essay Writing Tips and Topics for XAT. Xat essay 2011 / biblioteca.fundaciononce.es. Xat essay writing – Equilibrium.biz. XAT Essay Topics of past years. XAT 2014 Essay Writing and WAT in IIMs : Role, Importance and Weightage Xat Sample Essays
This document summarizes a book review written by Jack M. Balkin of Andrew Altman's book "Critical Legal Studies: A Liberal Critique." The summary is as follows:
1) Altman analyzes the Critical Legal Studies movement from the perspective of liberal political theory, but Balkin argues Altman misunderstands some key developments in CLS, failing to address feminist and critical race theory influences.
2) Altman claims there are two strands of CLS - radical and moderate - but Balkin argues this distinction is spurious and based on Altman projecting his own assumptions about social theory onto CLS authors.
3) The social theory underlying CLS views social reality as a dialectic between
1.Describe Plato’s view of private property as it influenced.docxgasciognecaren
1.
Describe Plato’s view of private property as it influenced government. How are Plato’s views of property the same or different from those of Aristotle and the early Christians.
2.
Describe the difference between Chrematistics and Economics in Aristotle’s thought. How does Aristotle’s disdain for Chrematistics relate to the notion of evil we discussed with respect to the Garden of Eden Story?
3.
Discuss the differences between the Stoics, Epicureans, and Cynics. How do their views regarding consumption and well being compare to modern views of “rational Self-interest?
4.
From the Karma Theorems reading, how different was the conception of markets different in medieval times than in microeconomics today?
5.
Thomas Aquinas developed a notion of “the just price” that could be charged for a good. According to him, what made some prices “just” while others were not.
6.
In the introduction to his book, Sedlacek uses the Czech legend of St. Prokop (who harnesses the devil to plough his field) as a metaphor for a commonly-held concept of the “invisible hand”. He suggests that, like St. Prokop, civilization harnesses the evil of greed to accomplish “good” economic results. Based on what you have read here, does this argument make sense?
.
The document discusses the origins of philosophy and poetry according to Aristotle and others. It says that Aristotle believed wonder is the source of both, as it prompts people to seek understanding and knowledge. While Aristotle saw philosophy and poetry as having the same starting point in wonder, he believed they diverged into explanation (philosophy) versus myth-making (poetry). The document also discusses Plato's view of poetry and contrasts Aristotle and Plato's differing influences on later centuries.
The document summarizes information about slavery in ancient Athens. It notes that slavery was essential to Athens' economy and democracy, as slave ownership gave citizens the leisure to participate in government. War, piracy, and the slave trade supplied most slaves, though some were bred. Slaves came from foreign lands and were bought and sold, with their prices varying depending on origin and skills. While conditions likely varied, some slaves endured harsh circumstances like the silver mines.
This document summarizes Sartre's conception of truth as presented in his posthumous work Truth and Existence, and how it relates to the fundamental premises established in his earlier work Being and Nothingness. In Truth and Existence, Sartre thinks about truth from an ontological framework rather than one focused on knowledge. He conceives of truth as "luminosity" and as an act, critiquing both the modern paradigm of knowledge and the traditional view of truth as correspondence. While grounded in the ontology of Being and Nothingness, Truth and Existence also hints at ideas that will be further developed in Critique of Dialectical Reason, such as the intrinsic relationship between truth and history.
Full Page Printable Lined Paper - Printable World HoLeonard Goudy
1. The document provides instructions for creating an account on the HelpWriting.net site and submitting requests for paper writing assistance. It outlines a 5-step process for registering, submitting a request, reviewing bids from writers, revising the paper if needed, and ensuring satisfaction.
2. The bidding system matches requests with qualified writers. Customers can choose a writer based on qualifications, history, and feedback, then pay a deposit to start the assignment. Revisions are allowed to ensure satisfaction.
3. HelpWriting.net promises original, high-quality content and refunds for plagiarized work. Customers can request assistance confidently knowing their needs will be fully met.
Concept Paper Examples Philippines Educational SLeonard Goudy
The document provides instructions for requesting writing assistance from HelpWriting.net, including creating an account, completing an order form with instructions and deadline, and reviewing writer bids before authorizing payment upon completion of revisions. The process aims to match clients with qualified writers based on qualifications and feedback to ensure high quality, original content through potential revisions until the client's needs are fully met.
How To Improve An Essay In 7 Steps SmartessayrewritLeonard Goudy
You visited Busch Gardens in Tampa, Florida for the first time and were overwhelmed by the beautiful scenery and playful atmosphere of the park during the holidays, though you were hesitant to ride the huge rollercoasters that were much larger than what you were used to at other parks, making your skin shiver from their fast speeds and people's screams that you weren't sure stemmed from happiness or fear. After eating for an hour to contemplate facing your anxiety, you finally overcame your nerves and tried the rollercoasters to the annoyance of your impatient siblings.
INTERESTING THESIS TOPICS FOR HIGH SCHOLeonard Goudy
1. It provides significant business opportunities for local companies to win contracts to supply goods and services for the Games. This can amount to billions of dollars and create thousands of new jobs.
2. Hosting boosts tourism both during and long after the Games, as people visit to experience Olympic venues and sites. This provides an ongoing economic boost to the tourism industry.
3. It promotes the host city and country on a global stage, increasing international awareness and positive perceptions that can attract new foreign investment, events, and tourism in subsequent years.
The document discusses attrition from higher education institutions, specifically pre-registration nursing programs. It notes that attrition rates are a concern for universities, the government, and the NHS due to the need for qualified nurses. While specific attrition rate data is difficult to obtain, the Department of Health reported the attrition rate from pre-registration nursing programs is 16%. Factors that influence attrition include academic difficulties, personal issues, and lack of support. Universities must identify students at risk of dropping out in order to provide support and reduce attrition rates.
Persuasive Essay Site That Writes Essays For You FreeLeonard Goudy
This document summarizes a site that provides free essay writing services. It outlines a 5-step process: 1) Create an account with an email and password. 2) Complete an order form providing instructions, sources, and deadline. 3) Review bids from writers and choose one. 4) Review the completed paper and authorize payment. 5) Request revisions until satisfied. It claims to provide original, high-quality content with a refund if plagiarized.
The document provides instructions for using the HelpWriting.net service to get writing assistance. It outlines a 5-step process: 1) Create an account; 2) Submit a request with instructions and deadline; 3) Review bids from writers and select one; 4) Review the completed paper and authorize payment; 5) Request revisions if needed, as HelpWriting provides free revisions.
Example Of Methodology In Research Paper - Free EssLeonard Goudy
1. The document discusses abuse of power in Margaret Atwood's novel "The Handmaid's Tale".
2. It describes how the totalitarian society of Gilead is designed to control and restrict its inhabitants through strict laws and rules.
3. Key figures like the Wives and commanders manipulate the system to fulfill their own desires, going against the purpose of the laws they established.
Persuasive Essays Examples And Samples EsLeonard Goudy
This document discusses the importance and benefits of genetic screenings while also acknowledging concerns about potential social stigma and discrimination. It notes that genetic screenings can help identify health risks and guide treatment and prevention, but there are debates around privacy and whether results should be publicly released given risks of ethnic discrimination. While screenings can benefit public health by furthering medical research and policy, there are worries that revealing results could lead to social or ethnic quarantining of groups more susceptible to certain conditions. The document examines both sides of this complex issue regarding genetic screenings.
The document provides instructions for requesting writing assistance from HelpWriting.net. It outlines a 5-step process: 1) Create an account with an email and password. 2) Complete a 10-minute order form providing instructions, sources, and deadline. 3) Review bids from writers and select one based on qualifications. 4) Review the completed paper and authorize payment if satisfied. 5) Request revisions to ensure satisfaction, with the option of a full refund for plagiarized work.
A Multimedia Visualization Tool For Solving Mechanics Dynamics ProblemLeonard Goudy
This document describes a multimedia visualization tool developed to help students learn mechanics dynamics problems involving projectile motion. The tool uses multimedia elements like text, graphics, audio and animation to present problem steps and solutions in an interactive virtual environment. A study found the tool effectively promoted learning by enabling visualization and interactivity. It allowed students to solve problems quickly by exploring on their own pace. The tool aims to complement traditional teaching through interactive virtual experiments.
A3 Methodology Going Beyond Process ImprovementLeonard Goudy
This document discusses the A3 methodology for problem solving and continuous improvement. It begins with an overview of lean thinking and how companies use approaches like A3, PDCA, and DMAIC to reduce waste and streamline processes. The document then provides details on the A3 methodology, which presents problem information concisely on a single page. The A3 approach structures key data about an issue using elements like history, current conditions, objectives, analysis, countermeasures, and follow-up. It is based on the PDCA cycle and utilizes tools like five whys for root cause analysis. The case study showed implementing A3 at a motorcycle company reduced machine setup time by 70.4%, eliminating the need for an extra production
This document summarizes two narratives about asexuality from individuals with disabilities. Donna Williams, an author with autism, writes about having been taught to perform sexuality without experiencing desire herself. She asserts that asexuality is a normal state. The second narrative is from "Miss Jane", a woman with a physical disability, who describes herself as a virgin and finds pleasure in sensuality rather than sexuality. The document examines how narratives from those with disabilities who identify as asexual challenge social norms around sexuality and ability.
A Short Essay Of Three Research Methods In QualitativeLeonard Goudy
This document discusses and compares three qualitative research methods: interviews, focus groups, and ethnography. Interviews involve conducting one-on-one conversations to understand perspectives on issues. Focus groups involve group discussions to understand attitudes and how people construct meaning collectively. Ethnography involves observing groups through participation and methods like interviews to examine social phenomena as groups experience them. Each method has advantages and limitations for gaining insights into topics depending on the research questions and context.
An Interactive Educational Environment For Preschool ChildrenLeonard Goudy
The document proposes an interactive educational environment for preschool children that utilizes smart handheld devices equipped with NFC and wireless sensors. It aims to create a fun and educational environment where children can learn through play. The authors developed an application for Android that prompts children to search for and count objects to learn basic number skills. The application provides feedback on the child's counting and supports collaborative tasks between children. Evaluation of the approach focused on developing tasks related to counting objects using a 1-to-1 correspondence as an important early math concept.
An Apology For Hermann Hesse S SiddharthaLeonard Goudy
This document provides context for an apology being written for Hermann Hesse's novel Siddhartha. It discusses how Hesse was exposed to Eastern philosophy from a young age through his missionary parents. While Siddhartha drew on some Eastern concepts like rebirth and the possibility of liberation, it is argued that Hesse used these motifs more as a vehicle to explore his own spiritual struggles rather than accurately representing Indian philosophy. The apology aims to acknowledge that while Siddhartha inspired many to learn about Eastern traditions, Hesse's depictions were a romanticized cultural appropriation rather than a precise representation of South Asian religious concepts.
Here are a few key points about laws and dimensionless laws:
- A law is an equation that relates physical quantities and describes a physical phenomenon. It depends on variables with specific dimensions.
- The dimensions of each variable are specified by a dimension matrix, which shows how the fundamental dimensions (like length, mass, time) combine to form the dimensions of each variable.
- A dimensionless law is one where all the terms are dimensionless, meaning the dimensions cancel out. This occurs when the variables are related in such a way that their dimensions are proportional.
- Dimensional analysis and identifying dimensionless groups is useful for developing and simplifying mathematical models of physical systems. Dimensionless laws allow models to be scaled up
A Survey Of Unstructured Outdoor Play Habits Among Irish Children A Parents ...Leonard Goudy
This document is a dissertation submitted by Orla Gallagher to fulfill requirements for a degree in Early Childhood Care and Education. The dissertation examines unstructured outdoor play habits among Irish children ages 3-6 from parents' perspectives. Gallagher conducted a survey of 120 parents to understand children's access to outdoor environments, types of play, and barriers. The research found that children engage in outdoor play in homes, communities, and educational settings. Play includes various activities and materials. Outdoor play in educational settings may be limited by attitudes, weather, or other factors. Parents recognize benefits but also barriers to children's outdoor play.
An Exploration Of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) As A Lever For Employ...Leonard Goudy
This dissertation examines how corporate social responsibility (CSR) practices influence employee engagement at Metallon Gold Mining Zimbabwe from 2002-2012. Through a survey of 100 Metallon employees, the study analyzed Metallon's CSR programs and policies and their impact on employee trust, commitment, satisfaction, and organizational reputation. The results found that CSR practices positively influenced some engagement factors but knowledge and participation in CSR needed improvement. The study recommends Metallon focus more on internal CSR communication and involvement to further boost engagement. It also calls for a government CSR policy to provide guidance for the mining industry in Zimbabwe.
A Major Project Report On Quot VEHICLE TRACKING SYSTEM USING GPS AND GSM Q...Leonard Goudy
This document is a project report on a vehicle tracking system using GPS and GSM. It was submitted by four students to Rajiv Gandhi Prodyogiki Vishwavidyalaya, Bhopal, India under the guidance of Dr. Dilip Sharma of the Electronics and Communication Engineering department at Ujjain Engineering College. The project involved developing a system that uses a GPS module to track the location of a vehicle and send it via GSM to a predefined number or laptop when activated. The system can also be activated by detecting accidents, fire, or theft. The report includes sections on methodology, requirements, coding, advantages, results, and conclusions.
Full Page Printable Lined Paper - Printable World HoLeonard Goudy
1. The document provides instructions for creating an account on the HelpWriting.net site and submitting requests for paper writing assistance. It outlines a 5-step process for registering, submitting a request, reviewing bids from writers, revising the paper if needed, and ensuring satisfaction.
2. The bidding system matches requests with qualified writers. Customers can choose a writer based on qualifications, history, and feedback, then pay a deposit to start the assignment. Revisions are allowed to ensure satisfaction.
3. HelpWriting.net promises original, high-quality content and refunds for plagiarized work. Customers can request assistance confidently knowing their needs will be fully met.
Concept Paper Examples Philippines Educational SLeonard Goudy
The document provides instructions for requesting writing assistance from HelpWriting.net, including creating an account, completing an order form with instructions and deadline, and reviewing writer bids before authorizing payment upon completion of revisions. The process aims to match clients with qualified writers based on qualifications and feedback to ensure high quality, original content through potential revisions until the client's needs are fully met.
How To Improve An Essay In 7 Steps SmartessayrewritLeonard Goudy
You visited Busch Gardens in Tampa, Florida for the first time and were overwhelmed by the beautiful scenery and playful atmosphere of the park during the holidays, though you were hesitant to ride the huge rollercoasters that were much larger than what you were used to at other parks, making your skin shiver from their fast speeds and people's screams that you weren't sure stemmed from happiness or fear. After eating for an hour to contemplate facing your anxiety, you finally overcame your nerves and tried the rollercoasters to the annoyance of your impatient siblings.
INTERESTING THESIS TOPICS FOR HIGH SCHOLeonard Goudy
1. It provides significant business opportunities for local companies to win contracts to supply goods and services for the Games. This can amount to billions of dollars and create thousands of new jobs.
2. Hosting boosts tourism both during and long after the Games, as people visit to experience Olympic venues and sites. This provides an ongoing economic boost to the tourism industry.
3. It promotes the host city and country on a global stage, increasing international awareness and positive perceptions that can attract new foreign investment, events, and tourism in subsequent years.
The document discusses attrition from higher education institutions, specifically pre-registration nursing programs. It notes that attrition rates are a concern for universities, the government, and the NHS due to the need for qualified nurses. While specific attrition rate data is difficult to obtain, the Department of Health reported the attrition rate from pre-registration nursing programs is 16%. Factors that influence attrition include academic difficulties, personal issues, and lack of support. Universities must identify students at risk of dropping out in order to provide support and reduce attrition rates.
Persuasive Essay Site That Writes Essays For You FreeLeonard Goudy
This document summarizes a site that provides free essay writing services. It outlines a 5-step process: 1) Create an account with an email and password. 2) Complete an order form providing instructions, sources, and deadline. 3) Review bids from writers and choose one. 4) Review the completed paper and authorize payment. 5) Request revisions until satisfied. It claims to provide original, high-quality content with a refund if plagiarized.
The document provides instructions for using the HelpWriting.net service to get writing assistance. It outlines a 5-step process: 1) Create an account; 2) Submit a request with instructions and deadline; 3) Review bids from writers and select one; 4) Review the completed paper and authorize payment; 5) Request revisions if needed, as HelpWriting provides free revisions.
Example Of Methodology In Research Paper - Free EssLeonard Goudy
1. The document discusses abuse of power in Margaret Atwood's novel "The Handmaid's Tale".
2. It describes how the totalitarian society of Gilead is designed to control and restrict its inhabitants through strict laws and rules.
3. Key figures like the Wives and commanders manipulate the system to fulfill their own desires, going against the purpose of the laws they established.
Persuasive Essays Examples And Samples EsLeonard Goudy
This document discusses the importance and benefits of genetic screenings while also acknowledging concerns about potential social stigma and discrimination. It notes that genetic screenings can help identify health risks and guide treatment and prevention, but there are debates around privacy and whether results should be publicly released given risks of ethnic discrimination. While screenings can benefit public health by furthering medical research and policy, there are worries that revealing results could lead to social or ethnic quarantining of groups more susceptible to certain conditions. The document examines both sides of this complex issue regarding genetic screenings.
The document provides instructions for requesting writing assistance from HelpWriting.net. It outlines a 5-step process: 1) Create an account with an email and password. 2) Complete a 10-minute order form providing instructions, sources, and deadline. 3) Review bids from writers and select one based on qualifications. 4) Review the completed paper and authorize payment if satisfied. 5) Request revisions to ensure satisfaction, with the option of a full refund for plagiarized work.
A Multimedia Visualization Tool For Solving Mechanics Dynamics ProblemLeonard Goudy
This document describes a multimedia visualization tool developed to help students learn mechanics dynamics problems involving projectile motion. The tool uses multimedia elements like text, graphics, audio and animation to present problem steps and solutions in an interactive virtual environment. A study found the tool effectively promoted learning by enabling visualization and interactivity. It allowed students to solve problems quickly by exploring on their own pace. The tool aims to complement traditional teaching through interactive virtual experiments.
A3 Methodology Going Beyond Process ImprovementLeonard Goudy
This document discusses the A3 methodology for problem solving and continuous improvement. It begins with an overview of lean thinking and how companies use approaches like A3, PDCA, and DMAIC to reduce waste and streamline processes. The document then provides details on the A3 methodology, which presents problem information concisely on a single page. The A3 approach structures key data about an issue using elements like history, current conditions, objectives, analysis, countermeasures, and follow-up. It is based on the PDCA cycle and utilizes tools like five whys for root cause analysis. The case study showed implementing A3 at a motorcycle company reduced machine setup time by 70.4%, eliminating the need for an extra production
This document summarizes two narratives about asexuality from individuals with disabilities. Donna Williams, an author with autism, writes about having been taught to perform sexuality without experiencing desire herself. She asserts that asexuality is a normal state. The second narrative is from "Miss Jane", a woman with a physical disability, who describes herself as a virgin and finds pleasure in sensuality rather than sexuality. The document examines how narratives from those with disabilities who identify as asexual challenge social norms around sexuality and ability.
A Short Essay Of Three Research Methods In QualitativeLeonard Goudy
This document discusses and compares three qualitative research methods: interviews, focus groups, and ethnography. Interviews involve conducting one-on-one conversations to understand perspectives on issues. Focus groups involve group discussions to understand attitudes and how people construct meaning collectively. Ethnography involves observing groups through participation and methods like interviews to examine social phenomena as groups experience them. Each method has advantages and limitations for gaining insights into topics depending on the research questions and context.
An Interactive Educational Environment For Preschool ChildrenLeonard Goudy
The document proposes an interactive educational environment for preschool children that utilizes smart handheld devices equipped with NFC and wireless sensors. It aims to create a fun and educational environment where children can learn through play. The authors developed an application for Android that prompts children to search for and count objects to learn basic number skills. The application provides feedback on the child's counting and supports collaborative tasks between children. Evaluation of the approach focused on developing tasks related to counting objects using a 1-to-1 correspondence as an important early math concept.
An Apology For Hermann Hesse S SiddharthaLeonard Goudy
This document provides context for an apology being written for Hermann Hesse's novel Siddhartha. It discusses how Hesse was exposed to Eastern philosophy from a young age through his missionary parents. While Siddhartha drew on some Eastern concepts like rebirth and the possibility of liberation, it is argued that Hesse used these motifs more as a vehicle to explore his own spiritual struggles rather than accurately representing Indian philosophy. The apology aims to acknowledge that while Siddhartha inspired many to learn about Eastern traditions, Hesse's depictions were a romanticized cultural appropriation rather than a precise representation of South Asian religious concepts.
Here are a few key points about laws and dimensionless laws:
- A law is an equation that relates physical quantities and describes a physical phenomenon. It depends on variables with specific dimensions.
- The dimensions of each variable are specified by a dimension matrix, which shows how the fundamental dimensions (like length, mass, time) combine to form the dimensions of each variable.
- A dimensionless law is one where all the terms are dimensionless, meaning the dimensions cancel out. This occurs when the variables are related in such a way that their dimensions are proportional.
- Dimensional analysis and identifying dimensionless groups is useful for developing and simplifying mathematical models of physical systems. Dimensionless laws allow models to be scaled up
A Survey Of Unstructured Outdoor Play Habits Among Irish Children A Parents ...Leonard Goudy
This document is a dissertation submitted by Orla Gallagher to fulfill requirements for a degree in Early Childhood Care and Education. The dissertation examines unstructured outdoor play habits among Irish children ages 3-6 from parents' perspectives. Gallagher conducted a survey of 120 parents to understand children's access to outdoor environments, types of play, and barriers. The research found that children engage in outdoor play in homes, communities, and educational settings. Play includes various activities and materials. Outdoor play in educational settings may be limited by attitudes, weather, or other factors. Parents recognize benefits but also barriers to children's outdoor play.
An Exploration Of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) As A Lever For Employ...Leonard Goudy
This dissertation examines how corporate social responsibility (CSR) practices influence employee engagement at Metallon Gold Mining Zimbabwe from 2002-2012. Through a survey of 100 Metallon employees, the study analyzed Metallon's CSR programs and policies and their impact on employee trust, commitment, satisfaction, and organizational reputation. The results found that CSR practices positively influenced some engagement factors but knowledge and participation in CSR needed improvement. The study recommends Metallon focus more on internal CSR communication and involvement to further boost engagement. It also calls for a government CSR policy to provide guidance for the mining industry in Zimbabwe.
A Major Project Report On Quot VEHICLE TRACKING SYSTEM USING GPS AND GSM Q...Leonard Goudy
This document is a project report on a vehicle tracking system using GPS and GSM. It was submitted by four students to Rajiv Gandhi Prodyogiki Vishwavidyalaya, Bhopal, India under the guidance of Dr. Dilip Sharma of the Electronics and Communication Engineering department at Ujjain Engineering College. The project involved developing a system that uses a GPS module to track the location of a vehicle and send it via GSM to a predefined number or laptop when activated. The system can also be activated by detecting accidents, fire, or theft. The report includes sections on methodology, requirements, coding, advantages, results, and conclusions.
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
Leveraging Generative AI to Drive Nonprofit InnovationTechSoup
In this webinar, participants learned how to utilize Generative AI to streamline operations and elevate member engagement. Amazon Web Service experts provided a customer specific use cases and dived into low/no-code tools that are quick and easy to deploy through Amazon Web Service (AWS.)
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
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2. H. ZAGAL, Aquinas on Slavery: An Aristotelian Puzzle
p. 2
study of these confrontations and arguments is the well known book by
Lewis Hanke, Aristotle and the American Indians.
Now that the motives have been exposed, the justification to include this
paper in a Thomistic Congress becomes easier. These motives are more than
enough to justify the importance of the topic.
I chose to write about Thomas Aquinas to underline his importance as a
figure of the Scholastic; his reputation as a Christian commentator of Aristotle is
indisputable.
Aquinas had a fundamental role in the assimilation of some of Aristotle’s
works in Western Europe. When some of the Aristotelic works began to appear
in Christian Europe, unknown until that moment, a movement against this
Philosopher arose since his introduction by the Arabs. It must be taken into
consideration that the Fathers of the Church – especially Saint Augustine – had
drunk the waters of Neo-Platonism and, therefore, Aristotle was – to a certain
degree – a stranger to the ruling Christian culture. The achievement made by
Aquinas was to discover the textual Aristotle – free of Arabic interpretations –
and the consequent insertion in the Scholastic structure.
The purpose of this paper is double:
a) To point out the existing differences between Aristotle and Thomas
Aquinas on the topic of slavery.
b) To explain the limits that Aquinas finds in the Aristotelic doctrine.
To do so, I will concentrate on Thomas Aquinas’ commentary to the
Politics. I center on this text for it is the most extended locus on the topic. Other
references made to the Corpus thomisticum are merely incidental.
However, the approach will not be easy, due mainly to the lack of clarity
on Aquinas’ behalf to distinguish when he is or is not critical of the authors he
comments, especially when they are an authority. This deference or
comprehension must be understood in the context of the medieval tradition of
expositio. To expose – or to comment in the Thomistic sense – is to explain a
particular text in the light of the text itself and its author. To expose is not to
criticize and a minimum of interpretation is called for. To expose is to make
explicit and, in some cases, to do so considering the frame that the Opera omnia
of the commented author provides. Consequently, it is difficult to distinguish
those theses assumed by Aquinas from those that are not. It is thus convenient
to make a reference to the strictly Aristotelic thesis on slavery.
3. Congresso Tomista Internazionale
p. 3
Aristotle’s texts
Aristotle makes his way in the dissertation starting from the existence of
relations between masters and slaves in the household, in a domestic
environment. Meaning, “a complete household consist of slaves and freemen”
(Aristotle, Politics, I, 2, 1253b4).1
The departure point is the factum of slavery. Aristotle simply applies the
method explained in his Ethics (to consider, first, the fact). Regarding such
event, Aristotle exposes two opposite opinions: that of those who consider the
despotic lordship natural and that of those who consider that slavery lacks a
natural fundament.
Aristotle will try to reconcile both opinions by distinguishing “natural
slavery” from “conventional slavery”. Meaning that there are legal slaves who
ought to be free, and legally free slaves who should be, by nature, slaves. Either
way, Aristotle accepts the existence of men whose natural disposition is that of
a slave.
A slave (doulos) is:
he who is by nature not his own but another’s man, is by nature a slave; and he may be
said to be another’s man who, being a slave, is also a possession. And a possession may be
defined as an instrument of action, separable from the possessor.
(Politics, I, 2, 1254a 15 ff.)
And the he adds:
But is there any one thus intended by nature to be a slave, and for whom such a
condition is an expedient and right, or rather is not all slavery a violation of nature?
There is no difficulty in answering this question, on grounds both of reason and of fact.
For that some should rule and others be ruled is a thing not only necessary, but
expedient; from the hour of their birth, some are marked out for subjection, others for
rule.
(Politics, I, 2, 1254a 17 ff.)
Aristotle tries to prove the existence of persons born to either rule or
serve in two ways:
1) With the argument:
1 Translated by B. Jowett. The Complete Works of Aristotle. Edited by Jonathan Barnes.
Ptinceton University Press, 1991.
4. H. ZAGAL, Aquinas on Slavery: An Aristotelian Puzzle
p. 4
For in all things which form a composite whole and which are made up of parts,
whether continuous or discrete, a distinction between the ruling and the subject
element comes to light. Such a duality exists in living creatures, originating from nature
as a whole.
(Politics, I, 2, 1254a 29 ff.)
2) Enunciating a series of examples from which he can make an analogical
induction:
a) The domain of the soul over the body in the living being.
b) The relationship between man and domestic animals.
c) The relationship between male and female.
In the examples listed – according to Aristotle – the best for the inferior is
the subordination to the superior, for such a relationship is natural. Thus,
within the multiple relations of men, there must be a similar relationship, some
are born to rule and others to obey. For both kinds of men the best is to rely on
their natural disposition.
However, in spite of the clarity with which the Stagirite exposes his
theory, he is aware of the pragmatic difficulty to determine who is by nature a
slave. To solve such difficulty, Aristotle proposes prima facie a rather large
criterion which he will explore later on:
Where then there is such a difference as that between soul and body, or between men
and animals (…), the lower sort are by nature slaves, (…). For he who can be, and
therefore is, another’s, and he who participates in reason enough apprehend, but not to
have…
(Politics, I, 2, 1254b 15 ff.)
Still, the problem will be to determine who is more like an animal rather
than a man and who uses the mind in such a rudimentary way that he is not likely
to rule, but to obey.
To define the degree of rationality Aristotle discards the following:
a) The criterion of body, for he recognizes that sometimes a slave has the
same body as a man.
b) The criterion of soul, for the beauty (quality) of the soul is hardly visible.
c) The criterion of the conqueror, for even the most rational can be defeated
by the strongest.
d) The criterion of the c
radle (birth), since superior parents can give birth to
inferior sons.
5. Congresso Tomista Internazionale
p. 5
In spite of the difficulties to determine who is a slave and who is not,
Aristotle seems willing to accept the convenience of slavery:
We see then that there is some foundation for this difference of opinion, and that all are
not either slaves by nature or freemen by nature, and also that there is in some cases a
marked distinction between the two classes…
(Politics, I, 2, 1255b 5 ff.)
Unfortunately Aristotle fails to tell us how he distinguished those well
defined cases of natural servitude.
Saint Thomas’ interpretation
First, an observation of a hermeneutic nature, elementary perhaps, but
still relevant: the Greek doulos, the Roman servus and the Medieval servus do not
have the same meaning for the simple reason that the Aristotelic doulos is
contextualized in a pro-slavery society and the Thomistic servus in a feudal
society. We must not forget that feudal servitude is not equivalent to Greek
slavery, since when Moerbeke translated for Saint Thomas the term doulos for
servus, he was making a literal translation without considering the social
context.
In fact, what kind of servi knew Thomas? The feudal servi, especially
during the decadency of the feudal regime, already previewed a change in the
socioeconomic structure. Thomas Aquinas would hardly have a complete
comprehension of what the Greek slavery meant.
In his study – as always – Aquinas makes no judgment on the Stagirite;
he simply exposes and systemizes. Evidently a certain sympathy towards
Aristotle can be observed, and may lead us to affirm that Saint Thomas does
assume, at least partially, the Aristotelic doctrine. We infer this sympathy from
the lack of open criticism, for Thomas does not generally hesitate to be
disagreeable when he needs to (i.e. the Arab authors).
Still, the Thomist interpretation of the Stagirite is “soft” enough to escape
from radical slavery; as to what Thomas’ doctrine concerns, it is preferable to
speak of a natural servitude rather than of a natural slavery.
Aquinas considers that servitude is just, for there are naturally men
capable of ordering and men capable of complying to these orders:
6. H. ZAGAL, Aquinas on Slavery: An Aristotelian Puzzle
p. 6
“Propter eminentiam rationis in quibusdam, et defectum in aliis isti sunt naturaliter
domini aliorum, secundum quod etiam Salomon dicit (Prov. XI, 29), quod ‘quid stultus
est, serviet sapienti’”
(In octo libros Politicorum Aristotelis expositio, I, lec. 3)
Although Aquinas thinks that Aristotle does indeed demonstrate the
existence of natural servitude, he does not consider such a conclusion
conditioned:
Postquam Philosophus ostendit, quod aliqui naturaliter sunt servi quibus expendit
servire et iustum est, hic ostendit, quod etiam contraria opinio est secundum aliquam
partem vera.
(Aquino, In Pol., I, 4, 43)
The way in which Thomas variegates the justice within servitude is
rather clever, to understand it fully it is necessary to comprehend a few
metaphysical terms. If not, we would incur to think that Thomas simply glosses
over this particular passage of the Politics:
Dicitur enim iustum simpliciter quod est iustum secundum suam naturam: iustum
autem secundum quid quod refertur ad commoditatem humanam, quam lex intendit,
quia propter utilitatem hominum omnes leges positae sunt.
Quia igitur hoc non est i
ustum secundum naturam quod quicumque ab hostibus
vincuntur sint servi, cum plerumque contingat sapientes ab insipientibus superari, dicit
hoc non esse simpliciter iustum; est tamen ad commodum humanae vitae.
(Aquino, In Pol., I, 4, 47)
Thomas considers servitude something just, yet he distinguishes two
kind of justice: justice simpliciter and justice secundum quid. Servitude is not just
simpliciter, since all men are equal by essence, even more since all men have
been redeemed by the blood of Christ. Human nature is not predicable
equivocally for every individual. Servant are as humans as their masters. Every
man is truly a human person and, subsequently, is an individual substance of
rational nature with an eternal destiny that is loved personally by the Creator.
Attending to human nature considered in itself, all men are equal and, because
of that, there is no preeminence of one over the other. The master as participant
of the human nature has no domain over the servant. Servant and lord are
essentially men.
Servitude is just secundum quid, under a particular scope. “Dicitur iustum
simpliciter quod est iustum secundum suam naturam: iustum autem secundum
quid quod refertur ad commoditatem humanam”.
This idea is complemented in Summa Theologiae II-II, 57, 3, ad. 2:
7. Congresso Tomista Internazionale
p. 7
Ad secundum dicendum quod hunc hominem esse servum, absolute considerando,
magis cuam alium, non habet rationem naturalem: sed solum secundum aliquam
utilitatem consequentem, inquantum utile est huic quod regatur a sapientiori, et illi
quod ab hoc iuvetur, ut dicitur in “Politica”. Et ideo servitus pertinens ad ius gentium
est naturalis secundo modo, sed non primo.
In other words, servitude is legit by its consequences. The relationship
between servant and lord is just only and only if it implies retribution, a
wellbeing for both of the parts that constitute the relation. “
Human comfort” is
the fundament of this relationship.
“Human comfort” does not refer to the lord, for whom having a servant
is certainly a commodity. “Human comfort” refers solely to the servant. Just
servitude implies comfort for the servant, otherwise the relationship is unfair.
The definition of “human comfort” constitutes a problem. Aquinas is not
explicit enough about the definition, however, it is certainly not a comfort
constituted on materiality. By “comfort” Aquinas understands the group of
material commodities, as well as cultural and spiritual, that allow men to reach
their final end, namely God.
To accuse Aquinas’ doctrine of being “angelical” would not be entirely
correct. Firstly, the context where Aquinas develops is Christian. Subsequently,
men have a spiritual dimension, and human plenitude can only be achieved
within the same. When Thomas points out that authority exists only to make it
possible for men to reach God freely and willingly, he is being consistent with
his anthropology.
On the other hand, Aquinas is conscious of the material needs that man
has. In fact, Thomas even affirms that virtue is easier to achieve when there is a
minimum of satisfied needs. Nothing farther than a justification of any
grotesque vision that would imply the justification of an unfair practice:
“endure the injustices of your master on earth, for you, servant, will be
rewarded in heaven”.
The key aspect of the doctrine is the conception of rationality that
Aristotle and Thomas have. For both, rationality is multiform, whether it is that
of a carpenter, physician, philosopher or politician. However, these distinct
types of rationality do not have the same function. The rationality of the
carpenter is ordered to the production of chairs, yet not to cure any sickness; the
mind of the philosopher will do to prove arguments, not to the ruling of people.
8. H. ZAGAL, Aquinas on Slavery: An Aristotelian Puzzle
p. 8
In other words, if human nature predicates equivocally for all the
members of its species, it is also true that nature’s predication has a certain
analogical character. Each man actualizes human nature in a different way:
there are robust and weak men, geniuses and simpletons, theorists and
pragmatists. If there are men more apt to certain practical activities rather than
theoretical ones, the logical conclusion is that those who are theorists refrain
from doing the work of the pragmatists, and vice versa. The platonic input –
received through Aristotle – is patent (we must remember the structure and
dynamic of the ideal republic). The comfort of a servant is originated by the
ruling of a proper master, the most apt to rule. The servant-lord relation is
complementary. The master possesses virtues that the servant has only to a
certain degree. The main difference between master and servant resides i
n their
own particular virtues, for virtues are habits, accidents of quality. The idea is
certainly paternalistic.
It must be taken into consideration that while for Aristotle the doulos has
only the rational ability to comprehend his master’s orders, for Saint Thomas
the servant has full rational capabilities, though not the same type of rationality
as his master.
However, it must be reminded that both Aristotle and Aquinas speak
about two kinds of virtues: natural and acquired ones.
Acquired virtues are those habits subsequent to the repetition of any act,
moral or intellectual, according to the perfection of will and intellect. Natural
virtues are somewhat ambiguous. They are a special disposition of the
particular nature through which it is “easier” for a particular man, for example,
to be serene or orderly.
The best thing for a servus is to obey his master. Who is this master? Any
man with preeminent wisdom that can only be achieved with personal effort
and a certain natural disposition. In this sense it is just and natural that the wise
rules over the servant. This is, however, justice secundum quid, and for this it
cannot be considered a substantial inequality but merely incidental.
We find it convenient to warn that the Thomist notion of wisdom is more
complicated than the Aristotelic one. For Aristotle such a virtue is
fundamentally theoretical, for Thomas this notion can be found within the
veteran-testamentary tradition. The Sapientia ordis calls as much for prudence as
for a rectitude of the heart. In other words, wisdom is prudence and justice in a
sublime degree. Being so, should wise men rule, the benefit of the servants
ought to be even greater than if it were the servants who ruled themselves.
9. Congresso Tomista Internazionale
p. 9
So far we appear to encounter an Aquinas who justifies servitudo,
however, Aquinas – following in the footprints of Aristotle – finds great
difficulties in the practical application of the theory and ends up discarding it.
There are four main great difficulties. The first two can be found
explicitly en the Politics. The third one is explained by Saint Thomas. The fourth
and last is Aquinas’ original.
1) Sometimes the body of a slave has a free soul, and vice versa.
2) The beauty of the soul cannot be easily detected.
3) Nature does not operate with bare necessity, but with a relative one (
ut
in pluribus). Because of that, healthy and moral parents can spawn evil
and weak sons. This difficulty discards any racist or classicist
connotation in the notion of servitudo.
4) Education and costumes play a fundamental role in the formation of
habits:
Contingit autem quod filii diversificantur a parentibus in bonitate vel malitia non
solum propter dispositionem naturalem corporis sed etiam propter rationem quae non
ex necessitate sequitur naturalem inclinationem: unde contingit quod homines qui sunt
similes parentibus in dispositione naturali, propter aliam instructionem et
consuetudinem sunt in moribus dissimiles.
(Aquino, InPol., I, 4, 52)
These difficulties make it almost impossible to point out who is a servant
by natural disposition. Even more, servitudo is not by itself a definitive state, the
fact that someone lacks a certain natural disposition does not mean that he
cannot afford to reach the corresponding virtues by his own efforts. It simply
implies that this particular person, lacking the natural disposition, will have to
work harder and longer. Everyone needs all virtues to their own perfection;
some, however, according to their function and natural disposition, need a few
more virtues than others.
Conclusions
1) Apparently Aristotle and Saint Thomas speak of servitude in the same
way, but Aquinas discards Aristotle’s doctrine to the point of making
instead of a doctrine of slavery, a doctrine of the incidental inequality of
men. Men are unequal because of their education, costumes,
environment and their own natural dispositions, as well as the exercise
of freedom. The combination of these variables explains why some men
rule over others.
10. H. ZAGAL, Aquinas on Slavery: An Aristotelian Puzzle
p. 10
2) Consequently, Saint Thomas sees little utility or practical applications in
the existence of natural virtues. Aquinas recognizes the difficulties
implied in the detection of natural dispositions, and even more,
education seems to play an ever important role in the determination of a
person; the environment can certainly modify the natural dispositions of
a child. Should a child who was born with a “natural gift to command”
be raised in an environment that inhibits his abilities, he will lose them.
And vice versa, a youngster with little intellectual aptitude could grow
into a great intellectual should he be fed properly, raised among
cultivated men, study at Paris University and be taught by Albert
Magnus. It is in this point where Saint Thomas distances himself from
Aristotle. Apparently, the Stagirite’s naturalism did not allow Thomas to
move freely enough as his own notion of freedom did.
3) In Thomas’ interpretation of the Aristotelic doctrine a tendency to
explain it in order to fundament authority can be observed. Domain is
natural only if society – as a whole of order – requires a dominant
principle. The master is this dominant principle. This justification would
seem close to contractualism, mainly because the fundament of authority
is not human nature in se ipsam considered, but in terms of its
consequence. As men need others by nature (there is no contractualism
in this point), the organization which emerges from such group requires
dominant elements. The justification for such elements, the masters, is
nothing but their utility.
4) Only wise men are capable of intellectual and moral ordering to the
doing of good, and this makes it their moral duty to rule. However,
because of the difficulties to determine who is wise – mainly because of
difficulty number four – Thomas makes, prudently, no political proposal
parting from the theory of natural servitude.
5) The notion of wisdom is key to understanding the difference between
Aquinas and Aristotle. The Christian context where Aquinas develops
must not be overlooked. In Christianity wisdom is a synthetic virtue
with moral connotations. King David was a wise king not so much
because of his extended domains over Israel, but mainly because he
ruled with justice towards his people. This kind of wisdom is not strictly
intellectual but a modus vivendi. The Christian who is wise sees reality sub
specie aeternitatis, and while ruling he is conscious – he must be – that he
is in debt with God.
6) From society’s point of view, both doctrines are distinct. There is great
difference between Greek slavery and Feudal servitudo. The feudal servus
is not owned by his lord. Greek slaves were. The servus certainly lacked
liberties like free transit or willingly contracting himself to another feud,
just like a basketball player cannot willingly be contracted by another
team, being obligated by his previous contract. It is a good analogy, it
11. Congresso Tomista Internazionale
p. 11
underlines the contractual spirit of feudal servitude. The servus has, as
well as obligations, certain liberties. There is no point of comparison with
Greek slavery.
7) Finally, we must point out that this is perhaps the weakest passage of
Thomas’ philosophy. Aquinas never seemed to be completely confident
with it, and hoped to work on it at a later stage.2
It cannot be overlooked
that his other political text – De regimine principum – was never
completed.
2 As Professor Ignasi Saranyana made me notice while discussing the present
communication.