1
                  APA Advanced:
                   Preparing for
                FSEHS Final Review
                                      (Using APA 6th ed.)
APA Advanced: preparing for FSEHS Final Review (using APA 2007 Style Guide)
Hot off the press in 2009!
   Publication Manual of the
American Psychological Association
             6th ed.
http://www.schoolofed.nova.edu/arc
Title:




         Student’s Name




Info on Applied Dissertation




            Institution
            Year
Disable Auto-Formatting in Word

                Before you type a word:
                • Go to Format
                • Lines and Page Breaks
                • Uncheck first 4 boxes

                It is OK to turn off
                   Widow/Orphan control.
Table of Contents

• Do NOT use a row of
  periods in the TOC!
  Need to use a “dot
  leader”.

• How to Set Up Tabs
  and Dots for TOC:
  http://www.schoolofed
  .nova.edu/arc/word/
  tochowto.doc
Use ERIC Thesaurus to Identify
 ERIC Descriptors for Abstract


             Abstract
Free Version of ERIC Thesaurus
Pagination
• Use roman numerals in
  first section for
  Acknowledgments,
  Abstract, and TOC – at
  bottom in the middle of
  the page
Pagination in Body of Paper
• Page numbers go in
  upper right-hand
  corner

• Use a section break to
  divide the paper into
  sections to change
  from roman
  numerals at bottom to
  numbers in upper right
Pagination in Word 2007
• Page numbers go in
  upper right-hand
  corner

• Use a section break to
  divide the paper into
  sections to change
  from roman
  numerals at bottom to
  numbers in upper right
No running headers                                 12

• 1½ inch left
                          Margins
margin for
dissertation.

• For the final               See ARC document,
dissertation                  Tips for Correct Margins
report, use a                 http://www.schoolofed.nova.
                              edu/arc/word/margins.doc
ruler
Tip: Try setting
bottom margin
at 0.95 inches.

• Tables and
appendices MUST
have correct margins!
Spacing
APA Headings
• Bolding used
                                                                                                              72
  for headings &   Formatting rules for the paper – no bolding, no underlining, not bullets, APA headings


  mathematical                                                    Chapter 3                                        Level 1
  symbols but               Use double-spacing throughout the paper including the title


  not text.            page, abstract, body of the document, reference list, appendixes,

                       tables, and figure captions. APA does permit single spacing within

• No underlining       references but double spacing between references. (See p. 326

                       of the Publication Manual.)

• No                     Methodology                                                                               Level 2
  Introduction               Major headings require specific formatting (a) The first word of
  section              the heading is capitalized as well as all major words; (b) articles,

                       short prepositions, and coordinating conjunctions are not

                       capitalized; and (c) the heading is not italicized.

                            Exceptions forPopulation. Other issues also need to be
                             Sample and dissertation.                                                              Level 3
Headings       --APA (6th ed.) , p. 62

           Use Level 1 Headings



 Level 2 – Flush Left, Bold, Upper and
 Lower Case Side Heading




      Level 3 is indented, bold, uses
 lowercase, and ends with a period.
Don’t use Microsoft Word
        headings
 Ahah!


Do not use
Word’s
headings to
format the
different levels
of APA
headings.
Level 2
                                       This is not
   Definition of Terms
                                       numbered so
              Formatting definitions
       For the purposes of this study, do not use
    the following terms are defined. a colon.
Level 3 Information literacy. This phrase refers to a
    set of standards approved by …
        Outcomes. For the purposes of this applied
    dissertation, outcome refers to ….
        Assessment. This term refers to …
                              Italicized -- APA, p. 91


      Note bolding and period after word or phrase being
      defined when using Level 3 format. Use complete
      sentence(s) for the definition of the term or phrase.
Paragraph Seriation         Numbered list for conclusions,
                            steps in a process, chronology,
 Method
     Formatting research questions
                            or priority.
     The methodology of this applied dissertation
 followed the following three steps:
      1. The sample and participants were
 identified. ….                         The arabic
                                        numerals
      2. Assessment measures were selected…. by
                                        followed
      3. Implementation took place over a period
                                        a period.
 of one school year….

Paragraph seriation – Indented. The second line
wraps back to margin. APA manual, pp. 63-64
Seriation for items in a
     A colon is not                     sentence or paragraph
     used when the    Seriation in paragraph       APA, p. 64
     list is not
     numbered

     The ACRL Information Literacy
Comprehensive Standards address the ability
of students (a) to determine the nature and
extent of the information need, (b) to access
information efficiently and accurately, and (c)
to evaluate information critically.

     Items are not indented. Use lowercase letters in
     parentheses. Do not italicize.
Seriation in paragraph




          The ACRL Information Literacy
     Comprehensive Standards address the ability
     of students (a) to determine the nature and
     extent of the information need, (b) to access
     information efficiently and accurately, and (c)
     to evaluate information critically.

Use commas to separate 3 or more elements. If
there are no internal commas, use commas. If
there are internal commas, use semicolons.
Appendices
• Must have correct margins and
  all pages in appendices must be
  numbered

• Each appendix must have an
  individual cover page

• Do not include any appendices
  that are not mentioned in the text

• Do not include IRB information

• If there is only one appendix,
  just use Appendix,
  not Appendix A
Slang vs                     Use quotation
                                    marks for slang,
Key or Linguistic Term              coined, or ironic
                                    terms. p. 91
• The students felt “slammed” by the email.

• The term school media specialist is defined
  in this study to include only librarians with
  MLS degrees and state certification.
• The letter b was used to …
                        Italicize linguistic
                        examples and
                        technical or key
                        terms. p. 91
Use
        sparingly
                      Abbreviations and
                         Acronyms:
                       Abbreviations and acronyms




         Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)
         Nova Southeastern University (NSU)
           • Spell out first time
           • Must abbreviate thereafter
Parenthetical           Nonparenthetical (in the text)
Use Latin              Use English
(e.g., )               for example,
(i.e., )               that is,
(, etc. )              , and so forth
                    APA, pp. 106-111
Statistical Abbreviations and
                Symbols
• Use standard typeface for Greek letters,
  subscripts, superscripts, and abbreviations
  that function as identifiers, not variables.
  sin, log, β
• Symbols for vectors and matrices are
  bolded.
  V, ∑

                APA manual, p. 118
Statistical Abbreviations and
                 Symbols
• Italicize letters used as statistical symbols:
   f     – frequency
  Mdn – median
   n     – number in a subsample
   N – number in a sample
   p     – probability
   P – percentage, percentile
    t    – computed value for t test


               APA manual, pp. 119-121
Numbers: See APA pp. 111-114
• Use figures for numbers 10 and above:

       343 students in 26 classes

• The numbers between one and nine should be spelled out:

      A total of six experiments went awry.
Numbers: See APA pp. 111-114

• Use figures for all times – years, months, days, hours, minutes

  The teachers take 3 hours to complete the work.
  3 months ago      2 weeks later      11:30 a.m.

• Numbers representing dates, age, exact sums of money
   April 16, 2007 2-year-olds      reimbursed $5

• Exception --Use word when a number is the first word in the
  sentence.

 Two hours is more than enough time.
Numbers, cont.

More exceptions:


• Numbers denoting a specific place in a series, book, or table
Table 5
Session 3
Grade 7


• Percentages, fractions, ratios, percentiles, quartiles
Twenty-four percent replied but 76% did not.



                   APA manual, pp. 111-114
• In Grade 1, the students … (APA, p. 125f)
• In Grade 1, the students … (APA, p. 125f)
• In first grade, the students… (APA, p. 125f)
                   but
  In 12th grade, the students …
• In Grade 1, the students … (APA, p. 125f)
• In first grade, the students… (APA, p. 125f)
                   but
  In 12th grade, the students …
          (Note: Do NOT use superscript -- 12th grade)
• In Grade 1, the students … (APA, p. 125f)
• In first grade, the students… (APA, p. 125f)
                   but
  In 12th grade, the students …
          (Note: Do NOT use superscript -- 12th grade)
  Twelfth grade presents….
• In Grade 1, the students … (APA, p. 125f)
• In first grade, the students… (APA, p. 125f)
                   but
  In 12th grade, the students …
          (Note: Do NOT use superscript -- 12th grade)
  Twelfth grade presents….
• The first-grade students …
  (hyphenated compound adjective APA, p. 91)
                    but
  The 12th-grade students (APA p. 128, 3.45)
1. Tenth-grade students ate in the cafeteria.
                 or
                                                     √
 2. 10th-grade students ate in the cafeteria.


  1. The seventh grade went on a field trip.
                       or
                                               √
  2. The 7th grade went on a field trip.


1. Students in Grades 4 and 5 took the test.             √
                       or
2. Students in grades 4 and 5 took the test.
                       or
3. Students in grades four and five took the test.
Compound Adjectives
• Role playing           • Role-playing technique
• High anxiety           • High-anxiety situations
• Seventh grade          • Seventh-grade students
                                  but

                          • Type II error
                          • Post hoc comparisons
                          • randomly assigned
                            participants

           APA manual, pp. 98 - 100
Commas
Use commas:
 • Between independent clauses:
      Jane went to school, but Dick stayed home.




              APA (6th ed.), pp. 88-89
Commas
Use commas:
 • Between independent clauses:
      Jane went to school, but Dick stayed home.
 • Series of three or more
      Jane, Dick, and Harry argued about money.




              APA (6th ed.), pp. 78-79
Commas
Use commas:
 • Between independent clauses:
      Jane went to school, but Dick stayed home.
 • Series of three or more
      Jane, Dick, and Harry argued about money.
 • Nonessential or nonrestictive clauses
      Direct TV, which is available in south
      Florida, offers some nice features.




              APA (6th ed.), pp. 78-79
Commas
  Use commas:
   • Between independent clauses:
         Jane went to school, but Dick stayed home.
    • Series of three or more
         Jane, Dick, and Harry argued about money.
    • Nonessential or nonrestictive clauses
         Direct TV, which is available in south
         Florida, offers some nice features.
  But:
• Comma are not used to separate a compound predicate
    Jane baked a cake and worked on her homework.
                 APA (6th ed.), pp. 78-79
Rules for Capitalizing Titles
                                                 APA manual, p. 101

                        Capitalize first word after a hyphen in text
                        title but not in reference list.
• Article title:
    – In text: The article entitled “An Assessment of the Reading Skills of
      Inner-City Students” settled the question about appropriate
      techniques.
    – In reference citation:
        Smith, D. (1999). An assessment of reading skills of inner-city
             students. The Reading Teacher, 14(3), 45-46.
• Book title:
    – In text: The book, The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, is words
                                                       Capitalize all a
      modern classic.                                  of four letters or
    – In reference citation:                           more as well as
        Gibbon, E. (1963). The decline and fall of the Roman in text but not
                                                       verbs Empire.
      New
              York: Dell.                              reference list.
Capitalizing Proper Names of School/
   University Departments and Courses
• Department of Education, Valparaiso
  University
• Doctoral Studies Orientation 8000
• Educational Assessment 101
                                    Proper names




                 APA manual, pp. 96-97
Capitalizing Proper Names of School/
   University Departments and Courses
• Department of Education, Valparaiso University
• Doctoral Studies Orientation 8000
• Educational Assessment 101
                       but
                                    Trade names
• an education department
• a doctoral orientation
• an educational assessment course
                 APA manual, p. 102
Other Proper Names
• In the third week, the class will be…
  but
• In Week 3, the class will be …

• In the second chapter, read the section …
  but
• In Chapter 2, read the section on ….
Formatting for Direct Quotes:
In midsentence
       The principal stated, “Instructors may or may not want to require an abstract for class
                                                quotes


       assignments” (Tunon, 2006, p. 34), but she concluded that they always summarized

       the essential content of the paper.

At end of a sentence
      Tunon (2006) found that “instructors may or may not want to require an abstract for class

      assignments” (p. 34).                                    Use a colon if there
                                                               is a complete
Block quote                                                    introductory phrase.
        Students at Nova Southeastern University have faced challenges in learning how to

     use APA formatting. When discussing the challenges, Tunon (2006) found the following:

       Use quotes around an article title or book chapter, but italicize the title of a book,
       journal, … or report when used in the body of the paper. Use a shot [sic] title
       in the parenthetical citation or complete title if the title is short. NOTE Non-periodical
       titles like books and book titles have all the important words capitalized in the text
       citations, but these same book titles do not have all the important words capitalized
       in the reference list. (p. 342)
When Citing Direct Quotes
                        Citing direct quotes




“… victims of emotional abuse” (O’Higgins,
2004, p. 237) .

Vest (2008) reported that "empirical research
verified compliance" (p. 48).

in a definition (Merriam-Webster's Collegiate
Dictionary, 2001, p. 346).

             See APA manual, pp. 92, 171-173.
Text Cites of Electronic Resources
In another case, Scanlon, Gallego, Duran, and Reyes
(2005) found that the results should be “based on
assumptions that individuals are capable of self-directed
and self-initiated learning” (Methods section, para. 7).
                                        Use name of section.
“The qualitative research methods discussed by Durango
were challenged by Bambang and Totonumu” (Pival,
Falcao, & Quinlan, 2009, “Problems with Qualitative
Resarch,” para. 5).
                         Use shortened title in quotation marks.


                  See APA (6th ed.), p. 172
Paraphrasing
• To avoid plagiarizing, express other
  people’s ideas, theories, and research in
  your own words.
• You still must give credit to the author(s) by
  citing the source using author-date of
  publication method.
• Self-plagiarism.
Paraphrasing
Direct quote
  “Signed into law in January 2002 by President George W. Bush, the No Child
  Let Behind (NCLB) Act signaled the nation’s most sweeping education reform
  of federal education policy in decades. NCLB laid the groundwork for
  education reforms and the president’s attempt to strengthen America’s
  education system” (Smith, 2004, p. 212).

                     More than 50% reworded
Paraphrased
  When the No Child Let Behind (NCLB) Act was signed into law in January of
  2002 by President Bush, the law provided the most sweeping education
  reform in the United States in decades and provided a foundation for
  strengthening educational policy at the national level for years to come
  (Smith, 2004).

                     APA manual, p. 349
46% of Paper Plagiarized Found Using
                  Turnitin       Words in blue
                                                                        were taken
•   Researchers have noted adjustment problems during a rising ninth grader’s
                                                                      verbatim from
    transition period. The rising ninth graders’ grade point averages and attendance
    tend to decrease. The upcoming freshman experience feelings of one source.
                                                                       connectedness,
    and co-curricular participation. They also experience an increase
    in anxiety concerning school procedures and older students, social difficulties. So
    far,            Words in red
    transition programs have varied widely within schools, and designs range from a one-day
     Dropout There were taken
                     is a high school dropout epidemic in America. Each year, almost
                  verbatim from a
    one-third of all public high school students – and nearly one-half of all blacks,
    Hispanics andsecond source.
                   Native Americans – fail to graduate from public high school
    (Bridgeland, Dilulio, Jr., and Morison, 2006).
    The most common reasons for dropping out of high school are
    attitude towards school, poor school performance, and poor relationship with
    teachers. Dropouts also had lower academic performance, decreased motivation,
    and an increased sense of alienation from the school environment (Lan & Lanthier,
    2003). Research also revealed that high school students often consider the
Thesocial organizational changes and academic work as the most difficult part of
     original idea was
 from Lan & Lanthier,2004). & Lanthier, 2003).
    transition (Akos,       (Lan
but the source of this
“paraphrase” was not                                                       Only a few
         cited.                                                           words were
                                                                         paraphrased.
Basic Citation Styles
Citations in text:
Quinlan, Jones, Byron, and Montgomery (2008) stated
Quinlan et al. (2008) observed
       (et al. is used after first use when there are
        three or more authors)

Parenthetical citations in text:
(Quinlan, Jones, Byron, & Montgomery, 2008)
(Quinlan et al., 2008)

One work by six or more authors:
Wienhorst et al. (2009)       Always use et al. for
(Wienhorst et al., 2009)      six or more authors.


                 See APA manual, p. 177
Groups as Authors
 American Psychological Association (APA) was founded in…
 First citation in text:
 American Psychological Association (APA, 2009) stated…
 Subsequent citations in text:
 APA (2009) observed…

 Parenthetical citations in text:
 (American Psychological Association [APA], 2009)
 (APA, 2008)

 NOTE: Always use abbreviation after it is introduced in the text. Do
 not switch back and forth between the full name and the abbreviation.
See APA manual, pp. 106-107 for abbreviations, p. 177 for group authors
Groups as Authors
American Psychological Association (APA) was founded in…
First citation in text:
American Psychological Association (APA, 2009) stated…
Subsequent citations in text:
APA (2008) observed…

Parenthetical format, first and subsequent citations:
(American Psychological Association [APA], 2009)
(APA, 2008)

NOTE: Always use abbreviation after it is introduced in the text. Do
not switch back and forth between the full name and the abbreviation.
                      See APA manual, p. 177
Citing Several Resources
          Within Same Parentheses
                       Citing sevral resources




A couple of experiments (Jordan, 2004, 2007)
found….

A couple experiments (Eifrig & Gehring, 1976;
Skinner, 1956) found....

Several studies (Department of Defense, 2002,
2008, in press-a; Smith & Jones, 2009a, 2009b)
              See APA manual, pp. 176-178.
Secondary Sources

Text citation:
    Seidenberg and McClelland’s study (as
    cited in Coltheart, Curtis, Atkins, & Haller,
    1993) …
List the primary source in the reference list entry:
  Coltheart, M., Curtis, B., Atkins, P., & Haller,
   M. (1993.) Models of reading aloud.
   Psychological Review, 100(5), 589-608.
Formatting Reference List
        Citations
Eight or More Authors in Reference List

Zapeta, L., Ramirez, L., Jones, K., Smith, R.
  Bardeen, E., Stonebraker, M. B., …
   Obata, H. (2007). The greening of
   America. Journal of Environmental
   Studies, 12(4), 43-47.

When you have eight or more authors, list the first six authors’
names and then insert three ellipses, followed by the last author’s
name.
               See APA manual, pp. 184, 198
Spacing after Punctuation:
    Use the find and replace feature
                       Students’ scores
                       improved. The study
                       demonstrated that …

Brown, J. D. (2003). Pitfalls of formatting.
    Reading Teacher, 24(3), 22-24.
Exception: Hyphenated initials
Smith, E.-R. (2009).
Magazines, Newsletters, and Newspapers:
      Formatted Differently Than Journals

  Kandel, E. R., & Squire, L. R. (2000, November 10).
    Neuroscience: Breaking down scientific barriers. Science,
    20, 1113-1120.

  The new health-care lexicon. (1993, Spring). Copy Editor, 4,
    1-2.
Newspaper
  New drug appears to sharply cut risk of death from heart
    failure. (1993, July 15). The Washington Post, p. A12.

                 See APA manual, p. 200
Digital Object Identifiers (DOI)
How to find a DOI for an article?


Ingham, R. J., Warner, A., Byrd, A., & Cotton, J. (2006). Speech
   effort measurement and stuttering: Investigating the     chorus
   reading effect. Journal of Speech, Language, and         Hearing
   Research, 49(3), 660-670.
Coming soon! DOI lookup tool
Reference with a DOI


Ingham, R. J., Warner, A., Byrd, A., & Cotton, J. (2006). Speech
   effort measurement and stuttering: Investigating the     chorus
   reading effect. Journal of Speech, Language, and         Hearing
   Research, 49(3), 660-670. doi:10.1044/1092
        -4388(2006/048)
Article and Book with Assigned DOIs

 Borman, W. C. (1993). Role of early supervisory
   experience in supervisor performance. Journal of
   Applied Psychology, 78(5), 443-449.
   doi:10.1037 /0002-9432.76.4.482

 Schaeffer, A. (2009). Life in the fast lane.
   doi:10.2312/ 2342113949
• No URL is needed because the DOI functions as both a
unique identifier of the content and a link to the content.
• No location or publisher is included for an electronic version
of a book.
When to Use Retrieval Statements:
• If there is no DOI, then ask:
• Was it obtained from an open access source or
  can you provide URL?
DOI available
            Compare two formats
   Borman, W. C. (1993). Role of early supervisory
     experience. Journal of Applied Psychology, 78,
     43-49. doi:10.1037/0002-9432.76.4.482
Exact URL for open access journal
   Borman, W. C. (1993). Role of early supervisory
     experience. Journal of Applied Psychology, 78,
     43-49. Retrieved from http://ojs.swin.edu.au
     /index.php/ejap/article/view/71/100
From a subscription database, no DOI (FSEHS recommendation)
   Borman, W. C. (1993). Role of early supervisory
     experience. Journal of Applied Psychology, 78,
     43-49.
In-Press Article and Advance Online Publication

Clark, K. F. (in press). What can I say besides “sound it out”?
     Coaching word recognition in beginning reading. The Reading
     Teacher. Retrieved from http://rtprints.org/2009/1/clark.pdf

Clark, K. F. (2009). What can I say besides “sound it out”?
     Coaching word recognition in beginning reading. The Reading
     Teacher. Advance online publication. doi:10.2134/palgrave
     .jnro.231623
• Use (in press) when the article is not yet officially published. Use Advance
online publication when it has not been formatted for final production.
• Use the exact URL when the article is informally published and available
through a preprint archive .
• Update the reference with the final version of the reference when finally
published.                                    APA (6th ed.) pp. 199-200
Unpublished Dissertations
(Such as NSU MARPs and Practicums)

   Batson-George, A. (2008). Evaluating the library training
     programs for graduate psychology students (Unpublished
     doctoral dissertation). Nova Southeastern University,
     Fort Lauderdale, FL.

• Identify unpublished dissertation or theses in parentheses after
  title.



                                         APA (6th ed.) pp. 207-208
Dissertation from a Commercial Database:
  ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Database
       DAI – vol.#, issue #, p. #, etc




• If the dissertation is available through PD&T, give the accession
  number in parentheses at the end of the reference.
• Use (UMI No. 9934633) Do not put a period after the number.

                                             APA (6th ed.) p. 208
Dissertation Obtained from PD&T
Published dissertation citation –
Clarke, D. C. (2001). Differences in
   student dropout th
                    rate, attendance rate,
             5 ed.
    and grade point average after the
    implementation of the North Carolina
   Dropout Prevention/Drivers License Law
  (Doctoral dissertation). Available from
   ProQuest Dissertations and Theses
   database. (UMI No. 45689011)

• ProQuest Dissertations and Theses is a commercial
  database so include (Doctoral dissertation) in parentheses
  after the dissertation title.
• Use Available from since the name of the database is
   provided where the document can be obtained.
• Use (UMI No. XXXXXXXX) instead of (AAT XXXXXXXX).
                                  APA manual, p. 208, # 40
Online Newspaper Citation:
  “Give the URL of the home page when the online version of
  the article is available by search to avoid nonworking URLs”
  (APA, 2009, p. 201) .

Hilts, P. J. (1999, February 16). In forecasting
 their emotions, most people flunk out. The
 New York Times. Retrieved http://www
 .nytimes.com/

                        Break URLs after slash or before
     No period          period. (APA, p. 271)
     after Web          Before most punctuation (APA p.
     addresses.         192)
Electronic-Only Book
Peltier-Davis, C., & Renwick, S. (Eds.) (2007).
  Caribbean libraries in the 21st century
  [Monograph]. Retrieved from
  http://www .infotoday .com/1212.html

 Include http:// in the URL and remove hyperlink.
Do not use superscript for 21st
 Use [Monograph] to clarify the type of resource.
 Use “Retrieved from” instead of “Available from”
when the URL leads to information to the material
itself rather than on how to obtain the cited material.
Archival Documents
• Discontinued journals, monographs,
  dissertations, or papers not formally
  published.
• If you cannot easily located through
  primary publishing channels, give the home
  or entry page URL for online archives such
  as ERIC and JSTOR.


                                 APA (6th ed.), p. 192
ERIC Report
ERIC Citation



Boone, Young, & Associates. (1984). Minority
enrollment in graduate and professional
schools: Recruitment, admissions, financial
assistance [Handbook]. Princeton, NJ: Educational
Testing Service. Retrieved from ERIC database.
(ED396652)
Data Sets
U.S. Department of Education, Institution of Education
  Sciences, National Center for Educational Statistics.
  (2008). Profiles of undergraduates in U.S. postsecondary
  institutions [Data file]. Retrieved from http://nces.ed
  .gov/globallocator/col_info _popup.asp?ID=136215


• Italicize the title of a data set.
• In brackets immediately after the title, identify the type of
  source – [Data file].


                                       APA manual, pp. 210-211
Software
  NVivo 8, SPSS, Excel -- proper name of standard
   software is only referenced in text.

 Tunon, J. (2007). Citation analyzer [Computer

    software]. Nova Southeastern University,
    Fort Lauderdale, FL.
• The name of the computer is not italicized.
• Put [Computer software] in brackets.
• If it is not published, then it needs to be cited in the reference list.

                                           APA (6th ed.), pp. 210-211
Measurement Instrument
Unpublished instrument
   Malkasian, C. (2007). Malkasian Information
    Literacy Scale. Unpublished instrument.
    Available from http://www.nova.edu/malkasian/
  • Do not italicize the names of software, programs, or languages.
  • Use Unpublished instrument.
Published instrument
  Bass, B. M., & Avolio, B. J. (2002). Multifactor
    Leadership Inventory. Published instrument.
    Available from http://www.mindgarden.com/

                                          APA (6th ed.), pp. 210-211
Ahah! What about using
 citation software?


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Apa advanced lr

  • 1.
    1 APA Advanced: Preparing for FSEHS Final Review (Using APA 6th ed.) APA Advanced: preparing for FSEHS Final Review (using APA 2007 Style Guide)
  • 2.
    Hot off thepress in 2009! Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association 6th ed.
  • 3.
  • 4.
    Title: Student’s Name Info on Applied Dissertation Institution Year
  • 5.
    Disable Auto-Formatting inWord Before you type a word: • Go to Format • Lines and Page Breaks • Uncheck first 4 boxes It is OK to turn off Widow/Orphan control.
  • 6.
    Table of Contents •Do NOT use a row of periods in the TOC! Need to use a “dot leader”. • How to Set Up Tabs and Dots for TOC: http://www.schoolofed .nova.edu/arc/word/ tochowto.doc
  • 7.
    Use ERIC Thesaurusto Identify ERIC Descriptors for Abstract Abstract
  • 8.
    Free Version ofERIC Thesaurus
  • 9.
    Pagination • Use romannumerals in first section for Acknowledgments, Abstract, and TOC – at bottom in the middle of the page
  • 10.
    Pagination in Bodyof Paper • Page numbers go in upper right-hand corner • Use a section break to divide the paper into sections to change from roman numerals at bottom to numbers in upper right
  • 11.
    Pagination in Word2007 • Page numbers go in upper right-hand corner • Use a section break to divide the paper into sections to change from roman numerals at bottom to numbers in upper right
  • 12.
    No running headers 12 • 1½ inch left Margins margin for dissertation. • For the final See ARC document, dissertation Tips for Correct Margins report, use a http://www.schoolofed.nova. edu/arc/word/margins.doc ruler Tip: Try setting bottom margin at 0.95 inches. • Tables and appendices MUST have correct margins!
  • 13.
  • 14.
    APA Headings • Boldingused 72 for headings & Formatting rules for the paper – no bolding, no underlining, not bullets, APA headings mathematical Chapter 3 Level 1 symbols but Use double-spacing throughout the paper including the title not text. page, abstract, body of the document, reference list, appendixes, tables, and figure captions. APA does permit single spacing within • No underlining references but double spacing between references. (See p. 326 of the Publication Manual.) • No Methodology Level 2 Introduction Major headings require specific formatting (a) The first word of section the heading is capitalized as well as all major words; (b) articles, short prepositions, and coordinating conjunctions are not capitalized; and (c) the heading is not italicized. Exceptions forPopulation. Other issues also need to be Sample and dissertation. Level 3
  • 15.
    Headings --APA (6th ed.) , p. 62 Use Level 1 Headings Level 2 – Flush Left, Bold, Upper and Lower Case Side Heading Level 3 is indented, bold, uses lowercase, and ends with a period.
  • 16.
    Don’t use MicrosoftWord headings Ahah! Do not use Word’s headings to format the different levels of APA headings.
  • 17.
    Level 2 This is not Definition of Terms numbered so Formatting definitions For the purposes of this study, do not use the following terms are defined. a colon. Level 3 Information literacy. This phrase refers to a set of standards approved by … Outcomes. For the purposes of this applied dissertation, outcome refers to …. Assessment. This term refers to … Italicized -- APA, p. 91 Note bolding and period after word or phrase being defined when using Level 3 format. Use complete sentence(s) for the definition of the term or phrase.
  • 18.
    Paragraph Seriation Numbered list for conclusions, steps in a process, chronology, Method Formatting research questions or priority. The methodology of this applied dissertation followed the following three steps: 1. The sample and participants were identified. …. The arabic numerals 2. Assessment measures were selected…. by followed 3. Implementation took place over a period a period. of one school year…. Paragraph seriation – Indented. The second line wraps back to margin. APA manual, pp. 63-64
  • 19.
    Seriation for itemsin a A colon is not sentence or paragraph used when the Seriation in paragraph APA, p. 64 list is not numbered The ACRL Information Literacy Comprehensive Standards address the ability of students (a) to determine the nature and extent of the information need, (b) to access information efficiently and accurately, and (c) to evaluate information critically. Items are not indented. Use lowercase letters in parentheses. Do not italicize.
  • 20.
    Seriation in paragraph The ACRL Information Literacy Comprehensive Standards address the ability of students (a) to determine the nature and extent of the information need, (b) to access information efficiently and accurately, and (c) to evaluate information critically. Use commas to separate 3 or more elements. If there are no internal commas, use commas. If there are internal commas, use semicolons.
  • 21.
    Appendices • Must havecorrect margins and all pages in appendices must be numbered • Each appendix must have an individual cover page • Do not include any appendices that are not mentioned in the text • Do not include IRB information • If there is only one appendix, just use Appendix, not Appendix A
  • 22.
    Slang vs Use quotation marks for slang, Key or Linguistic Term coined, or ironic terms. p. 91 • The students felt “slammed” by the email. • The term school media specialist is defined in this study to include only librarians with MLS degrees and state certification. • The letter b was used to … Italicize linguistic examples and technical or key terms. p. 91
  • 23.
    Use sparingly Abbreviations and Acronyms: Abbreviations and acronyms Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) Nova Southeastern University (NSU) • Spell out first time • Must abbreviate thereafter Parenthetical Nonparenthetical (in the text) Use Latin Use English (e.g., ) for example, (i.e., ) that is, (, etc. ) , and so forth APA, pp. 106-111
  • 24.
    Statistical Abbreviations and Symbols • Use standard typeface for Greek letters, subscripts, superscripts, and abbreviations that function as identifiers, not variables. sin, log, β • Symbols for vectors and matrices are bolded. V, ∑ APA manual, p. 118
  • 25.
    Statistical Abbreviations and Symbols • Italicize letters used as statistical symbols: f – frequency Mdn – median n – number in a subsample N – number in a sample p – probability P – percentage, percentile t – computed value for t test APA manual, pp. 119-121
  • 26.
    Numbers: See APApp. 111-114 • Use figures for numbers 10 and above: 343 students in 26 classes • The numbers between one and nine should be spelled out: A total of six experiments went awry.
  • 27.
    Numbers: See APApp. 111-114 • Use figures for all times – years, months, days, hours, minutes The teachers take 3 hours to complete the work. 3 months ago 2 weeks later 11:30 a.m. • Numbers representing dates, age, exact sums of money April 16, 2007 2-year-olds reimbursed $5 • Exception --Use word when a number is the first word in the sentence. Two hours is more than enough time.
  • 28.
    Numbers, cont. More exceptions: •Numbers denoting a specific place in a series, book, or table Table 5 Session 3 Grade 7 • Percentages, fractions, ratios, percentiles, quartiles Twenty-four percent replied but 76% did not. APA manual, pp. 111-114
  • 29.
    • In Grade1, the students … (APA, p. 125f)
  • 30.
    • In Grade1, the students … (APA, p. 125f) • In first grade, the students… (APA, p. 125f) but In 12th grade, the students …
  • 31.
    • In Grade1, the students … (APA, p. 125f) • In first grade, the students… (APA, p. 125f) but In 12th grade, the students … (Note: Do NOT use superscript -- 12th grade)
  • 32.
    • In Grade1, the students … (APA, p. 125f) • In first grade, the students… (APA, p. 125f) but In 12th grade, the students … (Note: Do NOT use superscript -- 12th grade) Twelfth grade presents….
  • 33.
    • In Grade1, the students … (APA, p. 125f) • In first grade, the students… (APA, p. 125f) but In 12th grade, the students … (Note: Do NOT use superscript -- 12th grade) Twelfth grade presents…. • The first-grade students … (hyphenated compound adjective APA, p. 91) but The 12th-grade students (APA p. 128, 3.45)
  • 34.
    1. Tenth-grade studentsate in the cafeteria. or √ 2. 10th-grade students ate in the cafeteria. 1. The seventh grade went on a field trip. or √ 2. The 7th grade went on a field trip. 1. Students in Grades 4 and 5 took the test. √ or 2. Students in grades 4 and 5 took the test. or 3. Students in grades four and five took the test.
  • 35.
    Compound Adjectives • Roleplaying • Role-playing technique • High anxiety • High-anxiety situations • Seventh grade • Seventh-grade students but • Type II error • Post hoc comparisons • randomly assigned participants APA manual, pp. 98 - 100
  • 36.
    Commas Use commas: •Between independent clauses: Jane went to school, but Dick stayed home. APA (6th ed.), pp. 88-89
  • 37.
    Commas Use commas: •Between independent clauses: Jane went to school, but Dick stayed home. • Series of three or more Jane, Dick, and Harry argued about money. APA (6th ed.), pp. 78-79
  • 38.
    Commas Use commas: •Between independent clauses: Jane went to school, but Dick stayed home. • Series of three or more Jane, Dick, and Harry argued about money. • Nonessential or nonrestictive clauses Direct TV, which is available in south Florida, offers some nice features. APA (6th ed.), pp. 78-79
  • 39.
    Commas Usecommas: • Between independent clauses: Jane went to school, but Dick stayed home. • Series of three or more Jane, Dick, and Harry argued about money. • Nonessential or nonrestictive clauses Direct TV, which is available in south Florida, offers some nice features. But: • Comma are not used to separate a compound predicate Jane baked a cake and worked on her homework. APA (6th ed.), pp. 78-79
  • 40.
    Rules for CapitalizingTitles APA manual, p. 101 Capitalize first word after a hyphen in text title but not in reference list. • Article title: – In text: The article entitled “An Assessment of the Reading Skills of Inner-City Students” settled the question about appropriate techniques. – In reference citation: Smith, D. (1999). An assessment of reading skills of inner-city students. The Reading Teacher, 14(3), 45-46. • Book title: – In text: The book, The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, is words Capitalize all a modern classic. of four letters or – In reference citation: more as well as Gibbon, E. (1963). The decline and fall of the Roman in text but not verbs Empire. New York: Dell. reference list.
  • 41.
    Capitalizing Proper Namesof School/ University Departments and Courses • Department of Education, Valparaiso University • Doctoral Studies Orientation 8000 • Educational Assessment 101 Proper names APA manual, pp. 96-97
  • 42.
    Capitalizing Proper Namesof School/ University Departments and Courses • Department of Education, Valparaiso University • Doctoral Studies Orientation 8000 • Educational Assessment 101 but Trade names • an education department • a doctoral orientation • an educational assessment course APA manual, p. 102
  • 43.
    Other Proper Names •In the third week, the class will be… but • In Week 3, the class will be … • In the second chapter, read the section … but • In Chapter 2, read the section on ….
  • 44.
    Formatting for DirectQuotes: In midsentence The principal stated, “Instructors may or may not want to require an abstract for class quotes assignments” (Tunon, 2006, p. 34), but she concluded that they always summarized the essential content of the paper. At end of a sentence Tunon (2006) found that “instructors may or may not want to require an abstract for class assignments” (p. 34). Use a colon if there is a complete Block quote introductory phrase. Students at Nova Southeastern University have faced challenges in learning how to use APA formatting. When discussing the challenges, Tunon (2006) found the following: Use quotes around an article title or book chapter, but italicize the title of a book, journal, … or report when used in the body of the paper. Use a shot [sic] title in the parenthetical citation or complete title if the title is short. NOTE Non-periodical titles like books and book titles have all the important words capitalized in the text citations, but these same book titles do not have all the important words capitalized in the reference list. (p. 342)
  • 45.
    When Citing DirectQuotes Citing direct quotes “… victims of emotional abuse” (O’Higgins, 2004, p. 237) . Vest (2008) reported that "empirical research verified compliance" (p. 48). in a definition (Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary, 2001, p. 346). See APA manual, pp. 92, 171-173.
  • 46.
    Text Cites ofElectronic Resources In another case, Scanlon, Gallego, Duran, and Reyes (2005) found that the results should be “based on assumptions that individuals are capable of self-directed and self-initiated learning” (Methods section, para. 7). Use name of section. “The qualitative research methods discussed by Durango were challenged by Bambang and Totonumu” (Pival, Falcao, & Quinlan, 2009, “Problems with Qualitative Resarch,” para. 5). Use shortened title in quotation marks. See APA (6th ed.), p. 172
  • 47.
    Paraphrasing • To avoidplagiarizing, express other people’s ideas, theories, and research in your own words. • You still must give credit to the author(s) by citing the source using author-date of publication method. • Self-plagiarism.
  • 48.
    Paraphrasing Direct quote “Signed into law in January 2002 by President George W. Bush, the No Child Let Behind (NCLB) Act signaled the nation’s most sweeping education reform of federal education policy in decades. NCLB laid the groundwork for education reforms and the president’s attempt to strengthen America’s education system” (Smith, 2004, p. 212). More than 50% reworded Paraphrased When the No Child Let Behind (NCLB) Act was signed into law in January of 2002 by President Bush, the law provided the most sweeping education reform in the United States in decades and provided a foundation for strengthening educational policy at the national level for years to come (Smith, 2004). APA manual, p. 349
  • 49.
    46% of PaperPlagiarized Found Using Turnitin Words in blue were taken • Researchers have noted adjustment problems during a rising ninth grader’s verbatim from transition period. The rising ninth graders’ grade point averages and attendance tend to decrease. The upcoming freshman experience feelings of one source. connectedness, and co-curricular participation. They also experience an increase in anxiety concerning school procedures and older students, social difficulties. So far, Words in red transition programs have varied widely within schools, and designs range from a one-day Dropout There were taken is a high school dropout epidemic in America. Each year, almost verbatim from a one-third of all public high school students – and nearly one-half of all blacks, Hispanics andsecond source. Native Americans – fail to graduate from public high school (Bridgeland, Dilulio, Jr., and Morison, 2006). The most common reasons for dropping out of high school are attitude towards school, poor school performance, and poor relationship with teachers. Dropouts also had lower academic performance, decreased motivation, and an increased sense of alienation from the school environment (Lan & Lanthier, 2003). Research also revealed that high school students often consider the Thesocial organizational changes and academic work as the most difficult part of original idea was from Lan & Lanthier,2004). & Lanthier, 2003). transition (Akos, (Lan but the source of this “paraphrase” was not Only a few cited. words were paraphrased.
  • 50.
    Basic Citation Styles Citationsin text: Quinlan, Jones, Byron, and Montgomery (2008) stated Quinlan et al. (2008) observed (et al. is used after first use when there are three or more authors) Parenthetical citations in text: (Quinlan, Jones, Byron, & Montgomery, 2008) (Quinlan et al., 2008) One work by six or more authors: Wienhorst et al. (2009) Always use et al. for (Wienhorst et al., 2009) six or more authors. See APA manual, p. 177
  • 51.
    Groups as Authors American Psychological Association (APA) was founded in… First citation in text: American Psychological Association (APA, 2009) stated… Subsequent citations in text: APA (2009) observed… Parenthetical citations in text: (American Psychological Association [APA], 2009) (APA, 2008) NOTE: Always use abbreviation after it is introduced in the text. Do not switch back and forth between the full name and the abbreviation. See APA manual, pp. 106-107 for abbreviations, p. 177 for group authors
  • 52.
    Groups as Authors AmericanPsychological Association (APA) was founded in… First citation in text: American Psychological Association (APA, 2009) stated… Subsequent citations in text: APA (2008) observed… Parenthetical format, first and subsequent citations: (American Psychological Association [APA], 2009) (APA, 2008) NOTE: Always use abbreviation after it is introduced in the text. Do not switch back and forth between the full name and the abbreviation. See APA manual, p. 177
  • 53.
    Citing Several Resources Within Same Parentheses Citing sevral resources A couple of experiments (Jordan, 2004, 2007) found…. A couple experiments (Eifrig & Gehring, 1976; Skinner, 1956) found.... Several studies (Department of Defense, 2002, 2008, in press-a; Smith & Jones, 2009a, 2009b) See APA manual, pp. 176-178.
  • 54.
    Secondary Sources Text citation: Seidenberg and McClelland’s study (as cited in Coltheart, Curtis, Atkins, & Haller, 1993) … List the primary source in the reference list entry: Coltheart, M., Curtis, B., Atkins, P., & Haller, M. (1993.) Models of reading aloud. Psychological Review, 100(5), 589-608.
  • 55.
  • 56.
    Eight or MoreAuthors in Reference List Zapeta, L., Ramirez, L., Jones, K., Smith, R. Bardeen, E., Stonebraker, M. B., … Obata, H. (2007). The greening of America. Journal of Environmental Studies, 12(4), 43-47. When you have eight or more authors, list the first six authors’ names and then insert three ellipses, followed by the last author’s name. See APA manual, pp. 184, 198
  • 57.
    Spacing after Punctuation: Use the find and replace feature Students’ scores improved. The study demonstrated that … Brown, J. D. (2003). Pitfalls of formatting. Reading Teacher, 24(3), 22-24. Exception: Hyphenated initials Smith, E.-R. (2009).
  • 58.
    Magazines, Newsletters, andNewspapers: Formatted Differently Than Journals Kandel, E. R., & Squire, L. R. (2000, November 10). Neuroscience: Breaking down scientific barriers. Science, 20, 1113-1120. The new health-care lexicon. (1993, Spring). Copy Editor, 4, 1-2. Newspaper New drug appears to sharply cut risk of death from heart failure. (1993, July 15). The Washington Post, p. A12. See APA manual, p. 200
  • 59.
  • 60.
    How to finda DOI for an article? Ingham, R. J., Warner, A., Byrd, A., & Cotton, J. (2006). Speech effort measurement and stuttering: Investigating the chorus reading effect. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 49(3), 660-670.
  • 61.
    Coming soon! DOIlookup tool
  • 63.
    Reference with aDOI Ingham, R. J., Warner, A., Byrd, A., & Cotton, J. (2006). Speech effort measurement and stuttering: Investigating the chorus reading effect. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 49(3), 660-670. doi:10.1044/1092 -4388(2006/048)
  • 65.
    Article and Bookwith Assigned DOIs Borman, W. C. (1993). Role of early supervisory experience in supervisor performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 78(5), 443-449. doi:10.1037 /0002-9432.76.4.482 Schaeffer, A. (2009). Life in the fast lane. doi:10.2312/ 2342113949 • No URL is needed because the DOI functions as both a unique identifier of the content and a link to the content. • No location or publisher is included for an electronic version of a book.
  • 66.
    When to UseRetrieval Statements: • If there is no DOI, then ask: • Was it obtained from an open access source or can you provide URL?
  • 67.
    DOI available Compare two formats Borman, W. C. (1993). Role of early supervisory experience. Journal of Applied Psychology, 78, 43-49. doi:10.1037/0002-9432.76.4.482 Exact URL for open access journal Borman, W. C. (1993). Role of early supervisory experience. Journal of Applied Psychology, 78, 43-49. Retrieved from http://ojs.swin.edu.au /index.php/ejap/article/view/71/100 From a subscription database, no DOI (FSEHS recommendation) Borman, W. C. (1993). Role of early supervisory experience. Journal of Applied Psychology, 78, 43-49.
  • 68.
    In-Press Article andAdvance Online Publication Clark, K. F. (in press). What can I say besides “sound it out”? Coaching word recognition in beginning reading. The Reading Teacher. Retrieved from http://rtprints.org/2009/1/clark.pdf Clark, K. F. (2009). What can I say besides “sound it out”? Coaching word recognition in beginning reading. The Reading Teacher. Advance online publication. doi:10.2134/palgrave .jnro.231623 • Use (in press) when the article is not yet officially published. Use Advance online publication when it has not been formatted for final production. • Use the exact URL when the article is informally published and available through a preprint archive . • Update the reference with the final version of the reference when finally published. APA (6th ed.) pp. 199-200
  • 69.
    Unpublished Dissertations (Such asNSU MARPs and Practicums) Batson-George, A. (2008). Evaluating the library training programs for graduate psychology students (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL. • Identify unpublished dissertation or theses in parentheses after title. APA (6th ed.) pp. 207-208
  • 70.
    Dissertation from aCommercial Database: ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Database DAI – vol.#, issue #, p. #, etc • If the dissertation is available through PD&T, give the accession number in parentheses at the end of the reference. • Use (UMI No. 9934633) Do not put a period after the number. APA (6th ed.) p. 208
  • 71.
    Dissertation Obtained fromPD&T Published dissertation citation – Clarke, D. C. (2001). Differences in student dropout th rate, attendance rate, 5 ed. and grade point average after the implementation of the North Carolina Dropout Prevention/Drivers License Law (Doctoral dissertation). Available from ProQuest Dissertations and Theses database. (UMI No. 45689011) • ProQuest Dissertations and Theses is a commercial database so include (Doctoral dissertation) in parentheses after the dissertation title. • Use Available from since the name of the database is provided where the document can be obtained. • Use (UMI No. XXXXXXXX) instead of (AAT XXXXXXXX). APA manual, p. 208, # 40
  • 72.
    Online Newspaper Citation: “Give the URL of the home page when the online version of the article is available by search to avoid nonworking URLs” (APA, 2009, p. 201) . Hilts, P. J. (1999, February 16). In forecasting their emotions, most people flunk out. The New York Times. Retrieved http://www .nytimes.com/ Break URLs after slash or before No period period. (APA, p. 271) after Web Before most punctuation (APA p. addresses. 192)
  • 73.
    Electronic-Only Book Peltier-Davis, C.,& Renwick, S. (Eds.) (2007). Caribbean libraries in the 21st century [Monograph]. Retrieved from http://www .infotoday .com/1212.html  Include http:// in the URL and remove hyperlink. Do not use superscript for 21st  Use [Monograph] to clarify the type of resource.  Use “Retrieved from” instead of “Available from” when the URL leads to information to the material itself rather than on how to obtain the cited material.
  • 74.
    Archival Documents • Discontinuedjournals, monographs, dissertations, or papers not formally published. • If you cannot easily located through primary publishing channels, give the home or entry page URL for online archives such as ERIC and JSTOR. APA (6th ed.), p. 192
  • 75.
  • 77.
    ERIC Citation Boone, Young,& Associates. (1984). Minority enrollment in graduate and professional schools: Recruitment, admissions, financial assistance [Handbook]. Princeton, NJ: Educational Testing Service. Retrieved from ERIC database. (ED396652)
  • 78.
    Data Sets U.S. Departmentof Education, Institution of Education Sciences, National Center for Educational Statistics. (2008). Profiles of undergraduates in U.S. postsecondary institutions [Data file]. Retrieved from http://nces.ed .gov/globallocator/col_info _popup.asp?ID=136215 • Italicize the title of a data set. • In brackets immediately after the title, identify the type of source – [Data file]. APA manual, pp. 210-211
  • 79.
    Software NVivo8, SPSS, Excel -- proper name of standard software is only referenced in text. Tunon, J. (2007). Citation analyzer [Computer software]. Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL. • The name of the computer is not italicized. • Put [Computer software] in brackets. • If it is not published, then it needs to be cited in the reference list. APA (6th ed.), pp. 210-211
  • 80.
    Measurement Instrument Unpublished instrument Malkasian, C. (2007). Malkasian Information Literacy Scale. Unpublished instrument. Available from http://www.nova.edu/malkasian/ • Do not italicize the names of software, programs, or languages. • Use Unpublished instrument. Published instrument Bass, B. M., & Avolio, B. J. (2002). Multifactor Leadership Inventory. Published instrument. Available from http://www.mindgarden.com/ APA (6th ed.), pp. 210-211
  • 81.
    Ahah! What aboutusing citation software? n ce s fere Re at? f orm n atio Cit
  • 82.
    EndNote X2 • https://www.nova.edu/common-lib/ISI/ •http://www.nova.edu/library/dils/tutorials/endnote/
  • 83.
    No Short Cutfor Learning the APA Rules
  • 84.
    Still confused? Still confused? You can call your North Miami Beach Librarian at (800) 541-6682 ext. 28423 or email lucio@nova.edu
  • 85.
    Recommendation: Hire an Editorfor Final Review disse rt ation
  • 86.
    Considerations for Selectingan Editor: • The university does not assume responsibility for a student's contractual agreement with a private editor or typist or for the quality of the editor's or typist's work. • Fully communicate with editor about the services included, turn-around time, and costs. • Don’t send your only copy of manuscript to the editor.
  • 87.
    Get a copyof this PowerPoint
  • 88.