Antimicrobial resistance is a serious global public health threat that causes nearly 700,000 deaths per year. Bacteria develop resistance through natural and acquired mechanisms such as modifying drug targets, inactivating drugs, or pumping drugs out of cells. Resistance is increasing due to overuse and misuse of antibiotics in medicine, agriculture, and consumer products. Effective solutions require coordinated efforts across all sectors to slow the development of antimicrobial resistance.
Antibiotic resistance A major source of morbidity and mortality worldwide.pptxSmitha Vijayan
Antibiotic resistance is a naturally occurring process.
However, increases in antibiotic resistance are driven by a combination of germs exposed to antibiotics, and the spread of those germs and their resistance mechanisms
Antibiotic resistance A major source of morbidity and mortality worldwide.pptxSmitha Vijayan
Antibiotic resistance is a naturally occurring process.
However, increases in antibiotic resistance are driven by a combination of germs exposed to antibiotics, and the spread of those germs and their resistance mechanisms
To understand the mechanisms of antimicrobial action and the classification of antimicrobial drugs.
To explain the process of microbial resistance.
To understand the spread of resistant microbes.
Outlines the prevention of microbial resistance.
Introduction to bacterial resistance to antibiotics, types of resistance, brief explaining & examples
The lecture was presented at Al-Mahmoudiya General Hospital at Wed, 17th Nov. 2021
Represented & updated as part of the training course for fresh appointed pharmacist at 16/5/2023
To understand the mechanisms of antimicrobial action and the classification of antimicrobial drugs.
To explain the process of microbial resistance.
To understand the spread of resistant microbes.
Outlines the prevention of microbial resistance.
Introduction to bacterial resistance to antibiotics, types of resistance, brief explaining & examples
The lecture was presented at Al-Mahmoudiya General Hospital at Wed, 17th Nov. 2021
Represented & updated as part of the training course for fresh appointed pharmacist at 16/5/2023
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control program
antibiotcresistance-191028163013.pptx
1.
2. Antimicrobial Resistance
⚫ Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is one of the
most serious public health threats of the
twenty-first century .
⚫ Resistance to antimicrobial agents has
become a major source of morbidity and
mortality worldwide.
3. ⚫Nearly 700,000 people around
the world die every year due to
drug- resistant infections.
4. Antimicrobial agents
⚫Antimicrobial agents can be divided into groups based on the
mechanism of antimicrobial activity.
1. Agents that inhibit cell wall synthesis.
2. Depolarize the cell membrane.
3. Inhibit protein synthesis.
4. Inhibit nuclei acid synthesis.
5. Inhibit metabolic pathways in bacteria.
6. Factors contributing to Antibiotic Resistance
1 Environmental Factors.
2 Drug Related Factors.
3 Patient Related Factors.
4 Physician Related Factors.
7. 1. Environmental Factors
1. Huge populations and overcrowding
2. Rapid spread – increased travelling
3. Poor sanitation
4. Increases community acquired resistance
5. Ineffective infection control program
6. Increasing national and international travel.
7. Widespread use of antibiotics in animal husbandry and
agriculture and as medicated cleansing products.
8. 2- Drug Related Factors
1. Fake drugs.
2. Quality of the drug.
3. Soaring use of antibiotics.
4. Over the counter availability of antimicrobials.
5. Irrational fixed dose combination of antimicrobials
6. Counterfeit and substandard drug causing sub-optimal
blood concentration
9. 3. Patient Related Factors
1. Poor adherence of dosage Regimens
2. Poverty .
3. Lack of sanitation concept.
4. Lack of education.
5. Self-medication.
6. Misconception.
10. 4-Physician / Prescriber Related Factors
1. Inappropriate use of available drugs.
2. Increased empiric poly-antimicrobial use.
3. Overuse of antimicrobials.
4. Inadequate dosing.
5. Lack of current knowledge and training.
11. ⚫So also just remember , there is natural
resistances of bacteria against antibiotics
, so it is not fault on these four factors.
15. ⚫ Intrinsic or natural (always expressed in the species),
It is the innate ability of a bacterium to resist a class
of antibiotics.
⚫ The most common bacterial mechanisms involved
in intrinsic resistance are reduced permeability of
the outer membrane (LPS) and the natural activity
of efflux pumps.
16. b) Acquired resistance whereby a naturally susceptible
microorganism acquires ways of not being affected by
the drug.
⚫ Bacteria acquire any genetic material: transformation,
transposition, and conjugation (all termed horizontal
gene transfer-HGT), plus, the bacteria may experience
mutations to its own chromosomal DNA.
18. Mechanism of Antimicrobial Resistance
⚫Bacteria develop antimicrobial resistance by several
mechanisms.
1. Limiting uptake of a drug. (natural)
2. Modification of a drug target.
3. Inactivation of a drug.
4. Active efflux of a drug.
19. Mechanism of Antimicrobial Resistance
⚫Because of differences in structure, there is variation in the
types of mechanisms used by Gram negative bacteria versus
Gram positive bacteria.
⚫Gram negative bacteria make use of all four main
mechanisms, whereas Gram positive bacteria less
commonly use limiting the uptake of a drug (don't have an
LPS outer membrane), and don't have the capacity for
certain types of drug efflux mechanisms.
21. 1. Limiting uptake of a drug.
⚫There is a natural difference in the ability of bacteria
to limit the uptake of antimicrobial agents.
⚫The structure and functions of the LPS layer in
G- bacteria provides a barrier to certain types of
molecules.
22. ⚫Certain bacteria modify their cell membrane porin
channels; thereby preventing the antimicrobials from
entering into the cell. (genetics)
⚫There are two main ways in which porin changes
can limit drug uptake: a decrease in the number of
porins present, and mutations that change the
selectivity of the porin channel.
23. ⚫This strategy has been observed in many Gram-
bacteria such as Pseudomonas, Enterobacter and
Klebsiella species against drugs such as imipenem,
aminoglycosides and quinolones.
24. ⚫Gram positive bacteria, Staphylococcus aureus,
recently has developed resistance to vancomycin. Of the
two mechanisms that S. aureus uses against vancomycin.
⚫S. aureus produce a thickened cell wall which makes it
difficult for the drug to enter the cell and Provides an
intermediate resistance to vancomycin. These strains are
designated as VISA strains. (non-genetic)
25. 2. Modification of a drug target.
⚫There are multiple components in the bacterial
cell that may be targets of antimicrobial agents
and there are just as many targets that may be
modified by the bacteria to enable resistance to
those drugs. (genetic)
26. ⚫One mechanism of resistance to the β-lactam drugs
used almost exclusively by G+ bacteria is via
alterations in the structure and/or number of PBPs
(penicillin-binding proteins).
⚫PBPs are transpeptidases involved in the
construction of peptidoglycan in the cell wall.
27. ⚫A change in the number (increase in PBPs that have
a decrease in drug binding ability, or decrease in
PBPs with normal drug binding) of PBPs impacts the
amount of drug that can bind to that target.
28. ⚫A change in structure (e.g. PBP2a in S. aureus by
acquisition of the mecA gene) may decrease the ability of
the drug to bind, or totally inhibit drug binding.
29. ⚫The glycopeptides (e.g. vancomycin) also work by
inhibiting cell wall synthesis and lipopeptides (e.g.
daptomycin) work by depolarizing the cell membrane.
⚫Resistance to vancomycin has become a major issue in
the enterococci (VRE—vancomycin-resistant
enterococci) and in Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA-
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus).
30. ⚫Resistance is mediated through acquisition of van genes
which results in changes in the structure of peptidoglycan
precursors that cause a decrease in the binding ability of
vancomycin.
⚫Daptomycin requires the presence of calcium for binding.
Mutations in genes (e.g. mprF) change the charge of the
cell membrane surface to positive, inhibiting the binding of
calcium, and therefore, daptomycin.
31. ⚫Resistance to drugs that target the ribosomal
subunits may occur via ribosomal mutation
(aminoglycosides)
,ribosomal subunit methylation most commonly
involving erm genes, or ribosomal protection
(tetracyclines).
⚫These mechanisms interfere with the ability of
the drug to bind to the ribosome.
33. ⚫For drugs that target nucleic acid synthesis
(fluoroquinolones), resistance is via modifications in
DNA gyrase (G- bacteria e.g. gyrA) or topoisomerase
IV (G + bacteria e.g. grlA).
⚫These mutations cause changes in the structure of
gyrase and topoisomerase which decrease or
eliminate the ability of the drug to bind to these
components.
34. ⚫There are two main ways in which bacteria
inactivate drugs; by
1 Actual degradation of the drug, or by
2 Transfer of a chemical group to the drug.
3. Inactivation of a drug.
35. ⚫1-Actual degradation of the drug, or by
The β-lactamases are a very large group of drug
hydrolyzing enzymes .Another drug that can be
inactivated by hydrolyzation is tetracycline, via
the tetX gene.
36. ⚫2-Transfer of a chemical group to the drug.
Drug inactivation by transfer of a chemical group to the
drug most commonly uses transfer of acetyl group.
⚫There are a large number of transferases that have
been identified. Acetylation is the most diversely used
mechanism, and is known to be used against the
aminoglycosides.
37. ⚫Bacteria possess chromosomally encoded genes for efflux
pumps. Some are expressed constitutively, and others are
induced or overexpressed (high-level resistance is usually via
a mutation that modifies the transport channel) under certain
environmental stimuli or when a suitable substrate is present.
⚫The efflux pumps function primarily to rid the bacterial cell of
toxic substances, and many of these pumps will transport a
large variety of compounds (multi-drug [MDR] efflux pumps).
4. Active efflux of a drug.
38. ⚫Most bacteria possess many different types of efflux pumps.
⚫There are five main families of efflux pumps in bacteria
classified based on structure and energy source:
1 The ATP-binding cassette (ABC) family,
2The multidrug and toxic compound extrusion (MATE) family,
3-The small multidrug resistance (SMR) family,
4 The major facilitator superfamily (MFS), and
5 The resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) family.
39. ⚫Efflux pumps found in G + bacteria may confer intrinsic
resistance because of being encoded on the chromosome
(natural).
⚫There are also G + efflux pumps known to be carried on plasmids
(aquarid).
⚫These pumps include members of the MATE and MFS families.
⚫Efflux pumps found in G -bacteria are widely distributed and may
come from all five of the families, with the most clinically
significant pumps belonging to the RND family. 39
41. What is the difference between antibiotic and
antimicrobial resistance?
⚫Antibiotics are medicines used to prevent and treat bacterial
infections. Antibiotic resistance occurs when bacteria change in
response to the use of these medicines. Bacteria, not humans,
become antibiotic resistant. These bacteria may then infect
humans and are harder to treat than non-resistant bacteria.
⚫Antimicrobial resistance is a broader term, encompassing
resistance to drugs to treat infections caused by other microbes
as well, such as parasites (e.g. malaria), viruses (e.g. HIV) and
fungi (e.g. Candida).