The document appears to be a presentation on cardiology topics including sudden collapse and bradycardia management. It was presented by Dr. Azim Anwar, a resident in cardiology at BSMMU, under the chairpersonship of Prof. Jahanara Arzu, the unit chief of cardiology at BSMMU. The presentation covers algorithms for responding to sudden collapse, guidelines for breathing and CPR, and medications for treating conditions like bradycardia. It concludes with asking if there are any questions.
Mr. M, age 55, presented with 8 hours of chest pain. ECG and echo showed normal findings except for inferior wall hypokinesia and EF of 50%. The target vessel for intervention was the proximal right coronary artery (RCA), which showed a visible proximal cap but distal vessel not visible, with Rentrop class 2 collaterals. The document discusses techniques for chronic total occlusion percutaneous coronary intervention including antegrade and retrograde approaches, tools used such as guidewires, balloons, microcatheters and imaging catheters. Challenges of CTO PCI include procedural failure and complications, though successful procedures can improve regional contractility. Experience and suitable anatomy are needed for acceptable outcomes.
This document discusses strategies for chronic total occlusion (CTO) percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). It begins by defining a CTO as a coronary artery occlusion of at least 3 months. It then reviews angiographic analysis, guidewires, balloons, microcatheters, and imaging tools used in CTO PCI. Special techniques like antegrade and retrograde wiring are presented. Challenges of CTO PCI include high failure rates. However, successful CTO PCI can improve regional heart function. Experience is important for optimal outcomes of this complex revascularization.
This document outlines the agenda and guidelines for assessing cancer patients from a cardiac perspective before starting chemotherapy. It discusses performing a history, clinical exam, and investigations including ECG, echocardiogram, biomarkers and stress testing. Based on risk factors and test results, patients may be referred to a cardiologist. It also covers monitoring patients after chemotherapy, managing cardiovascular risks and treating acute cardiac issues that could arise during cancer treatment.
This document discusses the use of echocardiography in selecting and evaluating patients for cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT). It defines CRT as a biventricular pacemaker that sends electrical signals to both lower chambers of the heart. Guidelines recommend CRT for patients with heart failure, reduced ejection fraction, and prolonged QRS duration. Echocardiography can assess dyssynchrony through parameters like septal-to-posterior wall motion delay, left ventricular electromechanical delay, and apical rocking. CRT success is defined as โฅ10-15% reduction in end-systolic volume after 3-6 months. The document reviews echocardiographic techniques for evaluating dyssynchrony and
Dr. Azim Anwar presents the case of a 19-year-old male, Mr. Sabbir, with progressive shortness of breath over 15 days and bilateral ventricular failure, mitral regurgitation, tricuspid regurgitation, and severe pulmonary hypertension. The patient's symptoms worsened despite treatment at multiple centers. Examination revealed signs of right and left heart failure. The working diagnosis was biventricular failure, mitral regurgitation, tricuspid regurgitation, and severe pulmonary hypertension. The patient's history was reviewed which showed hypothyroidism and iron deficiency anemia but no rheumatic fever. The cause of mitral valve prolapse was discussed, which can occur in
This document discusses four clinical cases involving patients on antiplatelet and anticoagulant therapy:
1. A STEMI patient with LV thrombus found on echocardiogram who is currently on dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT). The document recommends adding prophylactic anticoagulation with a vitamin K antagonist (VKA) or non-vitamin K oral anticoagulant (NOAC).
2. An NSTEMI patient currently on long-term DAPT who underwent PCI years ago. The document recommends continuing prasugrel as part of DAPT in this high thrombotic risk patient.
3. An NSTEMI patient who developed deep vein thrombosis while
Dr. Azim Anwar presented on a 59-year-old male patient with uncontrolled diabetes mellitus and refractory angina who previously underwent PCI to the LAD artery in March 2021. The patient's investigations showed elevated HbA1c and ECG changes. Echocardiography revealed anterior wall hypokinesis with 40% ejection fraction. Coronary angiography demonstrated in-stent restenosis of 60% within the drug-eluting stent in the LAD artery, as well as 95% stenosis in the OM2 artery. Treatment options for in-stent restenosis were discussed, including balloon angioplasty, restenting, cutting balloon, and vascular brachytherapy. Risk
The document appears to be a presentation on cardiology topics including sudden collapse and bradycardia management. It was presented by Dr. Azim Anwar, a resident in cardiology at BSMMU, under the chairpersonship of Prof. Jahanara Arzu, the unit chief of cardiology at BSMMU. The presentation covers algorithms for responding to sudden collapse, guidelines for breathing and CPR, and medications for treating conditions like bradycardia. It concludes with asking if there are any questions.
Mr. M, age 55, presented with 8 hours of chest pain. ECG and echo showed normal findings except for inferior wall hypokinesia and EF of 50%. The target vessel for intervention was the proximal right coronary artery (RCA), which showed a visible proximal cap but distal vessel not visible, with Rentrop class 2 collaterals. The document discusses techniques for chronic total occlusion percutaneous coronary intervention including antegrade and retrograde approaches, tools used such as guidewires, balloons, microcatheters and imaging catheters. Challenges of CTO PCI include procedural failure and complications, though successful procedures can improve regional contractility. Experience and suitable anatomy are needed for acceptable outcomes.
This document discusses strategies for chronic total occlusion (CTO) percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). It begins by defining a CTO as a coronary artery occlusion of at least 3 months. It then reviews angiographic analysis, guidewires, balloons, microcatheters, and imaging tools used in CTO PCI. Special techniques like antegrade and retrograde wiring are presented. Challenges of CTO PCI include high failure rates. However, successful CTO PCI can improve regional heart function. Experience is important for optimal outcomes of this complex revascularization.
This document outlines the agenda and guidelines for assessing cancer patients from a cardiac perspective before starting chemotherapy. It discusses performing a history, clinical exam, and investigations including ECG, echocardiogram, biomarkers and stress testing. Based on risk factors and test results, patients may be referred to a cardiologist. It also covers monitoring patients after chemotherapy, managing cardiovascular risks and treating acute cardiac issues that could arise during cancer treatment.
This document discusses the use of echocardiography in selecting and evaluating patients for cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT). It defines CRT as a biventricular pacemaker that sends electrical signals to both lower chambers of the heart. Guidelines recommend CRT for patients with heart failure, reduced ejection fraction, and prolonged QRS duration. Echocardiography can assess dyssynchrony through parameters like septal-to-posterior wall motion delay, left ventricular electromechanical delay, and apical rocking. CRT success is defined as โฅ10-15% reduction in end-systolic volume after 3-6 months. The document reviews echocardiographic techniques for evaluating dyssynchrony and
Dr. Azim Anwar presents the case of a 19-year-old male, Mr. Sabbir, with progressive shortness of breath over 15 days and bilateral ventricular failure, mitral regurgitation, tricuspid regurgitation, and severe pulmonary hypertension. The patient's symptoms worsened despite treatment at multiple centers. Examination revealed signs of right and left heart failure. The working diagnosis was biventricular failure, mitral regurgitation, tricuspid regurgitation, and severe pulmonary hypertension. The patient's history was reviewed which showed hypothyroidism and iron deficiency anemia but no rheumatic fever. The cause of mitral valve prolapse was discussed, which can occur in
This document discusses four clinical cases involving patients on antiplatelet and anticoagulant therapy:
1. A STEMI patient with LV thrombus found on echocardiogram who is currently on dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT). The document recommends adding prophylactic anticoagulation with a vitamin K antagonist (VKA) or non-vitamin K oral anticoagulant (NOAC).
2. An NSTEMI patient currently on long-term DAPT who underwent PCI years ago. The document recommends continuing prasugrel as part of DAPT in this high thrombotic risk patient.
3. An NSTEMI patient who developed deep vein thrombosis while
Dr. Azim Anwar presented on a 59-year-old male patient with uncontrolled diabetes mellitus and refractory angina who previously underwent PCI to the LAD artery in March 2021. The patient's investigations showed elevated HbA1c and ECG changes. Echocardiography revealed anterior wall hypokinesis with 40% ejection fraction. Coronary angiography demonstrated in-stent restenosis of 60% within the drug-eluting stent in the LAD artery, as well as 95% stenosis in the OM2 artery. Treatment options for in-stent restenosis were discussed, including balloon angioplasty, restenting, cutting balloon, and vascular brachytherapy. Risk
This document summarizes two upcoming cardiovascular trials to be presented at the ESC 2023 Congress. The STOP DAPT-3 trial will compare P2Y12 inhibitor monotherapy with dual antiplatelet therapy after PCI and found monotherapy is not superior due to higher rates of ischemic events. The FIRE trial found complete revascularization guided by full physiology to lower complications compared to culprit-only PCI in myocardial infarction patients. Both trials provide new insights into antiplatelet regimens and revascularization strategies after cardiovascular procedures.
A Case of dysphagia was evaluated properly and was diagnosed as a case of Ortners syndrome. This slides discuss the litereture review of ortners syndrome also
This document discusses strategies for percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) of coronary artery bifurcation lesions. It outlines considerations for revascularization versus medical optimization and discusses stenting techniques including provisional stenting, T/V/Culotte techniques, crush techniques (classic, mini, double kissing crush), and the importance of final kissing balloon inflation. Guidelines, wiring sequence, predilation, and intravascular ultrasound guidance are also reviewed. Successful results and unsatisfactory results are defined.
This document discusses four clinical cases involving patients on antiplatelet and anticoagulant therapy:
1. A STEMI patient with LV thrombus found on echocardiogram who is currently on dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT). The document recommends adding prophylactic anticoagulation with a vitamin K antagonist (VKA) or non-vitamin K oral anticoagulant (NOAC).
2. An NSTEMI patient currently on long-term DAPT who underwent PCI years ago. The document recommends continuing prasugrel as part of DAPT in this high thrombotic risk patient.
3. An NSTEMI patient who developed deep vein thrombosis while
Dr. Azim Anwar presents the case of a 19-year-old male patient named Sabbir who has been experiencing shortness of breath for 15 days that has progressively worsened. Upon examination, the patient shows signs of bi-ventricular failure, mitral regurgitation, tricuspid regurgitation, and severe pulmonary hypertension. The working diagnosis is acute congestive heart failure exacerbation with underlying mitral valve prolapse likely caused by a connective tissue disorder such as Ehlers-Danlos syndrome. Treatment was started including medication, oxygen supplementation, and fluid management.
This document discusses the use of echocardiography in selecting and evaluating patients for cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT). It defines CRT as a biventricular pacemaker that sends electrical signals to both lower chambers of the heart. Guidelines recommend CRT for patients with left ventricular dysfunction, prolonged QRS duration, and left bundle branch block morphology. Echocardiography can assess dyssynchrony through parameters like septal-to-posterior wall motion delay, left ventricular electromechanical delay, and apical rocking. CRT success is defined as โฅ10-15% reduction in end-systolic volume after 3-6 months. The document reviews echocardiographic techniques for evaluating dyssynchron
A 62-year-old hypertensive man presented with 18 hours of chest pain and breathlessness and was found to have an extensive anterior STEMI; despite receiving oxygen, medications, and consideration for rescue PCI, his condition deteriorated with recurrent cardiac arrest and he ultimately passed away.
The document discusses the autonomic nervous system (ANS). It describes the ANS as having sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions that control internal organs and tissues. The sympathetic division is responsible for the "fight or flight" response and prepares the body for emergencies. The parasympathetic division conserves energy and is active during rest. The document outlines the anatomy and neurotransmitters of both divisions. It provides examples of specific organ innervation, such as the heart receiving sympathetic stimulation to increase rate and the eye receiving parasympathetic and sympathetic fibers to control the iris and lacrimal gland.
A 27-year-old woman presented with shortness of breath over the past year and a history of antiphospholipid syndrome. Examination revealed edema, elevated jugular venous pressure, murmur, and signs of pulmonary hypertension. Echocardiogram showed severe tricuspid regurgitation, mild pulmonary regurgitation, dilated right atrium and ventricle, and elevated pulmonary artery systolic pressure of 110mmHg. The patient was diagnosed with pulmonary hypertension of unclear etiology and advised to undergo further tests and discharged on treatment for pulmonary arterial hypertension.
This slides contains all you need to know about "Status Epilepticus" in a nutshell. It includes definition, investigation, emergency management of status epilepticus. This educational material is suitable for med students, paramedics, nurses & neurology residents.
Leveraging Generative AI to Drive Nonprofit InnovationTechSoup
ย
In this webinar, participants learned how to utilize Generative AI to streamline operations and elevate member engagement. Amazon Web Service experts provided a customer specific use cases and dived into low/no-code tools that are quick and easy to deploy through Amazon Web Service (AWS.)
THE SACRIFICE HOW PRO-PALESTINE PROTESTS STUDENTS ARE SACRIFICING TO CHANGE T...indexPub
ย
The recent surge in pro-Palestine student activism has prompted significant responses from universities, ranging from negotiations and divestment commitments to increased transparency about investments in companies supporting the war on Gaza. This activism has led to the cessation of student encampments but also highlighted the substantial sacrifices made by students, including academic disruptions and personal risks. The primary drivers of these protests are poor university administration, lack of transparency, and inadequate communication between officials and students. This study examines the profound emotional, psychological, and professional impacts on students engaged in pro-Palestine protests, focusing on Generation Z's (Gen-Z) activism dynamics. This paper explores the significant sacrifices made by these students and even the professors supporting the pro-Palestine movement, with a focus on recent global movements. Through an in-depth analysis of printed and electronic media, the study examines the impacts of these sacrifices on the academic and personal lives of those involved. The paper highlights examples from various universities, demonstrating student activism's long-term and short-term effects, including disciplinary actions, social backlash, and career implications. The researchers also explore the broader implications of student sacrifices. The findings reveal that these sacrifices are driven by a profound commitment to justice and human rights, and are influenced by the increasing availability of information, peer interactions, and personal convictions. The study also discusses the broader implications of this activism, comparing it to historical precedents and assessing its potential to influence policy and public opinion. The emotional and psychological toll on student activists is significant, but their sense of purpose and community support mitigates some of these challenges. However, the researchers call for acknowledging the broader Impact of these sacrifices on the future global movement of FreePalestine.
How Barcodes Can Be Leveraged Within Odoo 17Celine George
ย
In this presentation, we will explore how barcodes can be leveraged within Odoo 17 to streamline our manufacturing processes. We will cover the configuration steps, how to utilize barcodes in different manufacturing scenarios, and the overall benefits of implementing this technology.
Level 3 NCEA - NZ: A Nation In the Making 1872 - 1900 SML.pptHenry Hollis
ย
The History of NZ 1870-1900.
Making of a Nation.
From the NZ Wars to Liberals,
Richard Seddon, George Grey,
Social Laboratory, New Zealand,
Confiscations, Kotahitanga, Kingitanga, Parliament, Suffrage, Repudiation, Economic Change, Agriculture, Gold Mining, Timber, Flax, Sheep, Dairying,
This document summarizes two upcoming cardiovascular trials to be presented at the ESC 2023 Congress. The STOP DAPT-3 trial will compare P2Y12 inhibitor monotherapy with dual antiplatelet therapy after PCI and found monotherapy is not superior due to higher rates of ischemic events. The FIRE trial found complete revascularization guided by full physiology to lower complications compared to culprit-only PCI in myocardial infarction patients. Both trials provide new insights into antiplatelet regimens and revascularization strategies after cardiovascular procedures.
A Case of dysphagia was evaluated properly and was diagnosed as a case of Ortners syndrome. This slides discuss the litereture review of ortners syndrome also
This document discusses strategies for percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) of coronary artery bifurcation lesions. It outlines considerations for revascularization versus medical optimization and discusses stenting techniques including provisional stenting, T/V/Culotte techniques, crush techniques (classic, mini, double kissing crush), and the importance of final kissing balloon inflation. Guidelines, wiring sequence, predilation, and intravascular ultrasound guidance are also reviewed. Successful results and unsatisfactory results are defined.
This document discusses four clinical cases involving patients on antiplatelet and anticoagulant therapy:
1. A STEMI patient with LV thrombus found on echocardiogram who is currently on dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT). The document recommends adding prophylactic anticoagulation with a vitamin K antagonist (VKA) or non-vitamin K oral anticoagulant (NOAC).
2. An NSTEMI patient currently on long-term DAPT who underwent PCI years ago. The document recommends continuing prasugrel as part of DAPT in this high thrombotic risk patient.
3. An NSTEMI patient who developed deep vein thrombosis while
Dr. Azim Anwar presents the case of a 19-year-old male patient named Sabbir who has been experiencing shortness of breath for 15 days that has progressively worsened. Upon examination, the patient shows signs of bi-ventricular failure, mitral regurgitation, tricuspid regurgitation, and severe pulmonary hypertension. The working diagnosis is acute congestive heart failure exacerbation with underlying mitral valve prolapse likely caused by a connective tissue disorder such as Ehlers-Danlos syndrome. Treatment was started including medication, oxygen supplementation, and fluid management.
This document discusses the use of echocardiography in selecting and evaluating patients for cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT). It defines CRT as a biventricular pacemaker that sends electrical signals to both lower chambers of the heart. Guidelines recommend CRT for patients with left ventricular dysfunction, prolonged QRS duration, and left bundle branch block morphology. Echocardiography can assess dyssynchrony through parameters like septal-to-posterior wall motion delay, left ventricular electromechanical delay, and apical rocking. CRT success is defined as โฅ10-15% reduction in end-systolic volume after 3-6 months. The document reviews echocardiographic techniques for evaluating dyssynchron
A 62-year-old hypertensive man presented with 18 hours of chest pain and breathlessness and was found to have an extensive anterior STEMI; despite receiving oxygen, medications, and consideration for rescue PCI, his condition deteriorated with recurrent cardiac arrest and he ultimately passed away.
The document discusses the autonomic nervous system (ANS). It describes the ANS as having sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions that control internal organs and tissues. The sympathetic division is responsible for the "fight or flight" response and prepares the body for emergencies. The parasympathetic division conserves energy and is active during rest. The document outlines the anatomy and neurotransmitters of both divisions. It provides examples of specific organ innervation, such as the heart receiving sympathetic stimulation to increase rate and the eye receiving parasympathetic and sympathetic fibers to control the iris and lacrimal gland.
A 27-year-old woman presented with shortness of breath over the past year and a history of antiphospholipid syndrome. Examination revealed edema, elevated jugular venous pressure, murmur, and signs of pulmonary hypertension. Echocardiogram showed severe tricuspid regurgitation, mild pulmonary regurgitation, dilated right atrium and ventricle, and elevated pulmonary artery systolic pressure of 110mmHg. The patient was diagnosed with pulmonary hypertension of unclear etiology and advised to undergo further tests and discharged on treatment for pulmonary arterial hypertension.
This slides contains all you need to know about "Status Epilepticus" in a nutshell. It includes definition, investigation, emergency management of status epilepticus. This educational material is suitable for med students, paramedics, nurses & neurology residents.
Leveraging Generative AI to Drive Nonprofit InnovationTechSoup
ย
In this webinar, participants learned how to utilize Generative AI to streamline operations and elevate member engagement. Amazon Web Service experts provided a customer specific use cases and dived into low/no-code tools that are quick and easy to deploy through Amazon Web Service (AWS.)
THE SACRIFICE HOW PRO-PALESTINE PROTESTS STUDENTS ARE SACRIFICING TO CHANGE T...indexPub
ย
The recent surge in pro-Palestine student activism has prompted significant responses from universities, ranging from negotiations and divestment commitments to increased transparency about investments in companies supporting the war on Gaza. This activism has led to the cessation of student encampments but also highlighted the substantial sacrifices made by students, including academic disruptions and personal risks. The primary drivers of these protests are poor university administration, lack of transparency, and inadequate communication between officials and students. This study examines the profound emotional, psychological, and professional impacts on students engaged in pro-Palestine protests, focusing on Generation Z's (Gen-Z) activism dynamics. This paper explores the significant sacrifices made by these students and even the professors supporting the pro-Palestine movement, with a focus on recent global movements. Through an in-depth analysis of printed and electronic media, the study examines the impacts of these sacrifices on the academic and personal lives of those involved. The paper highlights examples from various universities, demonstrating student activism's long-term and short-term effects, including disciplinary actions, social backlash, and career implications. The researchers also explore the broader implications of student sacrifices. The findings reveal that these sacrifices are driven by a profound commitment to justice and human rights, and are influenced by the increasing availability of information, peer interactions, and personal convictions. The study also discusses the broader implications of this activism, comparing it to historical precedents and assessing its potential to influence policy and public opinion. The emotional and psychological toll on student activists is significant, but their sense of purpose and community support mitigates some of these challenges. However, the researchers call for acknowledging the broader Impact of these sacrifices on the future global movement of FreePalestine.
How Barcodes Can Be Leveraged Within Odoo 17Celine George
ย
In this presentation, we will explore how barcodes can be leveraged within Odoo 17 to streamline our manufacturing processes. We will cover the configuration steps, how to utilize barcodes in different manufacturing scenarios, and the overall benefits of implementing this technology.
Level 3 NCEA - NZ: A Nation In the Making 1872 - 1900 SML.pptHenry Hollis
ย
The History of NZ 1870-1900.
Making of a Nation.
From the NZ Wars to Liberals,
Richard Seddon, George Grey,
Social Laboratory, New Zealand,
Confiscations, Kotahitanga, Kingitanga, Parliament, Suffrage, Repudiation, Economic Change, Agriculture, Gold Mining, Timber, Flax, Sheep, Dairying,
Philippine Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) CurriculumMJDuyan
ย
(๐๐๐ ๐๐๐) (๐๐๐ฌ๐ฌ๐จ๐ง ๐)-๐๐ซ๐๐ฅ๐ข๐ฆ๐ฌ
๐๐ข๐ฌ๐๐ฎ๐ฌ๐ฌ ๐ญ๐ก๐ ๐๐๐ ๐๐ฎ๐ซ๐ซ๐ข๐๐ฎ๐ฅ๐ฎ๐ฆ ๐ข๐ง ๐ญ๐ก๐ ๐๐ก๐ข๐ฅ๐ข๐ฉ๐ฉ๐ข๐ง๐๐ฌ:
- Understand the goals and objectives of the Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) curriculum, recognizing its importance in fostering practical life skills and values among students. Students will also be able to identify the key components and subjects covered, such as agriculture, home economics, industrial arts, and information and communication technology.
๐๐ฑ๐ฉ๐ฅ๐๐ข๐ง ๐ญ๐ก๐ ๐๐๐ญ๐ฎ๐ซ๐ ๐๐ง๐ ๐๐๐จ๐ฉ๐ ๐จ๐ ๐๐ง ๐๐ง๐ญ๐ซ๐๐ฉ๐ซ๐๐ง๐๐ฎ๐ซ:
-Define entrepreneurship, distinguishing it from general business activities by emphasizing its focus on innovation, risk-taking, and value creation. Students will describe the characteristics and traits of successful entrepreneurs, including their roles and responsibilities, and discuss the broader economic and social impacts of entrepreneurial activities on both local and global scales.
This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the bodyโs response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
ย
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
31. โข Guidelines have increasingly focused on the steppedcare approach,
initiating treatment with different monotherapies and then
sequentially adding other drugs until BP control is achieved.