This document outlines a research paper on the flaws and contradictions of imperialist discourse in western philosophy. The paper will analyze how supposed universal philosophical theories from figures like Kant and Hegel failed to achieve objectivity and instead justified the exclusion and exploitation of Africa. It will examine how these theories portrayed Africa as irrational and denied its people's humanity in order to motivate colonization. The outline discusses sources to be used, and describes how the introduction will establish the context of western philosophy before analyzing specific theories from Kant and Hegel that denied Africa's rationality. The body will further examine flaws in categorization and accounts of Africa, and how imperialist visions from travel narratives influenced colonization. It concludes that western philosophy revealed itself as
The Depiction of the Metaphysical in German and African Fiction: a study of s...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal edited by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR).The Journal provides a common forum where all aspects of humanities and social sciences are presented. IOSR-JHSS publishes original papers, review papers, conceptual framework, analytical and simulation models, case studies, empirical research, technical notes etc.
This document provides an overview of the history and definitions of rhetoric in Western thought. It begins with definitions of rhetoric from ancient Greek philosophers like Aristotle, Plato, and others. It then outlines the origins and development of rhetoric from its emergence in ancient Greece and Sicily to its treatment by major thinkers through Roman, medieval, Renaissance, and Enlightenment periods. It discusses how rhetoric was both embraced and criticized depending on the era. The document concludes with a brief discussion of rhetoric's revival in the 20th century with new approaches and the formation of rhetoric organizations and degree programs.
This document summarizes and analyzes Vladimir Bartol's 1938 novel Alamut, which uses the historical context of 11th century Iran to allegorically critique Plato's model of the ideal state in The Republic. It argues that Alamut portrays a totalitarian state similar to regimes that arose in Europe in the 1930s. Specifically, the novel shows how the leader of such a state, like Plato's philosopher-king, can construct and enforce an ideology to manipulate people and pursue unjust ends. The document analyzes parallels between Alamut's leader Hasan and real-life totalitarian leaders like Mussolini, Hitler, and Stalin. Overall, it uses Alamut to show that an ideology developed by an unchecked
George Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel was a German philosopher born in 1770 who developed a complex philosophical system. He was a professor of philosophy at several universities. Some of his major works included Phenomenology of Mind, Phenomenology of Logic, and Philosophy of Right. Hegel believed that philosophy was a unique discipline dealing with unique objects and methods. He developed a dialectic logic that viewed thought as dynamic, self-transcending, and fundamentally dialectic. For Hegel, reality is constituted by our thoughts, even if our thoughts involve contradictions, as contradictions can be reconciled into a higher unity through dialectic reasoning. Hegel viewed reason as governing both our thinking and the world, with the rational being the real
THE CONCEPT OF SPACE AND TIME: AN AFRICAN PERSPECTIVEijrap
The document discusses the African perspective on the concepts of space and time. It begins by examining the ancient Egyptian understanding of space and time, noting they divided time into precise units and developed one of the earliest calendars. It then explores the Bantu concept of space as the original void and time as an invisible, continuous reality independent of events. Africans view space and time holistically and non-linearly, tied to phenomena like seasons. The author argues the African perspective could provide new insights for physics by challenging Western linear notions of time.
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
The document provides a brief historical introduction to ancient philosophy, dividing it into three periods: the Pre-Socratics, the Greek triumvirate of Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle, and the Post-Aristotelian schools. It discusses several important Pre-Socratic philosophers like Thales, Anaximander, and Anaximenes and their theories about the fundamental elements that compose the world. It then summarizes contributions of philosophers in the Greek triumvirate period like Socrates' use of dialectic, Plato's theories of knowledge and forms, and Aristotle's work in logic, metaphysics and various sciences. Finally, it outlines some major Post-Aristotelian
This document provides an overview of Orientalism and discusses some key issues related to it. It begins by defining Orientalism and noting that it often led to misunderstandings due to differences in cultural and epistemic contexts between the West and East. It then discusses three periods of Western activity in the East - the Crusades from 1095-1291, the period from 1507 to the end of World War II, and the post-Cold War era. The document also contrasts traditional Orientalism, which served colonial interests, with modified neo-Orientalism and notes differences in their perspectives. Finally, it acknowledges the West's intellectual capabilities but notes Orientalism was not without assumptions of Western superiority that could motivate dominance over others
The Depiction of the Metaphysical in German and African Fiction: a study of s...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal edited by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR).The Journal provides a common forum where all aspects of humanities and social sciences are presented. IOSR-JHSS publishes original papers, review papers, conceptual framework, analytical and simulation models, case studies, empirical research, technical notes etc.
This document provides an overview of the history and definitions of rhetoric in Western thought. It begins with definitions of rhetoric from ancient Greek philosophers like Aristotle, Plato, and others. It then outlines the origins and development of rhetoric from its emergence in ancient Greece and Sicily to its treatment by major thinkers through Roman, medieval, Renaissance, and Enlightenment periods. It discusses how rhetoric was both embraced and criticized depending on the era. The document concludes with a brief discussion of rhetoric's revival in the 20th century with new approaches and the formation of rhetoric organizations and degree programs.
This document summarizes and analyzes Vladimir Bartol's 1938 novel Alamut, which uses the historical context of 11th century Iran to allegorically critique Plato's model of the ideal state in The Republic. It argues that Alamut portrays a totalitarian state similar to regimes that arose in Europe in the 1930s. Specifically, the novel shows how the leader of such a state, like Plato's philosopher-king, can construct and enforce an ideology to manipulate people and pursue unjust ends. The document analyzes parallels between Alamut's leader Hasan and real-life totalitarian leaders like Mussolini, Hitler, and Stalin. Overall, it uses Alamut to show that an ideology developed by an unchecked
George Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel was a German philosopher born in 1770 who developed a complex philosophical system. He was a professor of philosophy at several universities. Some of his major works included Phenomenology of Mind, Phenomenology of Logic, and Philosophy of Right. Hegel believed that philosophy was a unique discipline dealing with unique objects and methods. He developed a dialectic logic that viewed thought as dynamic, self-transcending, and fundamentally dialectic. For Hegel, reality is constituted by our thoughts, even if our thoughts involve contradictions, as contradictions can be reconciled into a higher unity through dialectic reasoning. Hegel viewed reason as governing both our thinking and the world, with the rational being the real
THE CONCEPT OF SPACE AND TIME: AN AFRICAN PERSPECTIVEijrap
The document discusses the African perspective on the concepts of space and time. It begins by examining the ancient Egyptian understanding of space and time, noting they divided time into precise units and developed one of the earliest calendars. It then explores the Bantu concept of space as the original void and time as an invisible, continuous reality independent of events. Africans view space and time holistically and non-linearly, tied to phenomena like seasons. The author argues the African perspective could provide new insights for physics by challenging Western linear notions of time.
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
The document provides a brief historical introduction to ancient philosophy, dividing it into three periods: the Pre-Socratics, the Greek triumvirate of Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle, and the Post-Aristotelian schools. It discusses several important Pre-Socratic philosophers like Thales, Anaximander, and Anaximenes and their theories about the fundamental elements that compose the world. It then summarizes contributions of philosophers in the Greek triumvirate period like Socrates' use of dialectic, Plato's theories of knowledge and forms, and Aristotle's work in logic, metaphysics and various sciences. Finally, it outlines some major Post-Aristotelian
This document provides an overview of Orientalism and discusses some key issues related to it. It begins by defining Orientalism and noting that it often led to misunderstandings due to differences in cultural and epistemic contexts between the West and East. It then discusses three periods of Western activity in the East - the Crusades from 1095-1291, the period from 1507 to the end of World War II, and the post-Cold War era. The document also contrasts traditional Orientalism, which served colonial interests, with modified neo-Orientalism and notes differences in their perspectives. Finally, it acknowledges the West's intellectual capabilities but notes Orientalism was not without assumptions of Western superiority that could motivate dominance over others
Este documento describe los estándares de calidad para el diseño de algoritmos. Explica que al desarrollar software, los analistas y desarrolladores deben aplicar características de calidad como la eficiencia y eficacia para satisfacer las necesidades de los usuarios. También define conceptos clave como algoritmo, programa, dato, y métodos para representar y probar algoritmos como diagramas, pseudocódigo. El objetivo es desarrollar software de alta calidad mediante el análisis y diseño eficiente de algoritmos.
The document discusses various music videos the author has watched to gather inspiration for their own music video. They note elements they liked from each video, such as close-up shots of hands in a car representing escapism, the use of classic cars, desaturated lighting and colors giving an old-fashioned look, narratives that are intertwined with the artist's performance, coffee shop locations, and overlapping clips reflecting thoughts. The author aims to incorporate these elements like classic cars, lighting effects, interwoven narratives and performances, and coffee shop locations in their own video.
Teachers reflecting about the implementation of an ePortfolio to encourage s...Ann Davidson
This paper examines the first steps of the implementation of an ePortfolio to encourage self-regulation in learners. First, it presents the Québec political context from which the necessity of providing students with a competency based education arises. Second, a brief literature review provides some arguments about the development of technological competencies in learners and teachers and about the orientation that pedagogy can take. This study tried to answer the following two research questions: 1) After using an ePortfolio during a school year, what are the pedagogical activities that teachers identify as being valuable to conduct with students? 2) What are the teachers’ perceptions of the variables that influence student learning and their pedagogy when using an ePortfolio? A focus group was conducted with French Québécois teachers. The preliminary results show that the ePortfolio software was a good experience for one of the teachers, but two teachers faced more important issues during the implementation phase.
La presentación resume la gestión del capital humano en la Universidad de El Salvador (UES). La UES es la institución académica pública más importante del país. Gestiona su recurso humano a través de concursos públicos y ofrece varios beneficios a sus empleados como seguros y apoyo para investigación. Sin embargo, su estructura administrativa semi descentralizada y la Subgerencia de Personal centralizada generan burocracia.
1) Un tensor es una magnitud matemática que generaliza los conceptos de escalar, vector y operador lineal.
2) Los tensores tienen N componentes que se transforman mediante ecuaciones lineales bajo cambios de sistema de referencia.
3) Los tensores son importantes en física e ingeniería para representar magnitudes que se transforman de forma covariantes bajo cambios de coordenadas.
Python and H2O with Cliff Click at PyData Dallas 2015Sri Ambati
This document discusses H2O.ai, an open source in-memory machine learning platform. It can perform distributed machine learning on large datasets using algorithms like generalized linear modeling, gradient boosted machines, random forests, and deep learning. The platform provides APIs and interfaces for R, Python, Scala, Spark, and other languages. It can handle big data from sources like HDFS, S3, and NFS without sampling. The document includes an overview of H2O's architecture and demonstrates its use on a bike sharing dataset with over 10 million rows.
Este documento presenta 6 ejercicios resueltos sobre interés simple. El primer ejercicio calcula el tiempo requerido para que un capital de 25.000 Bs.F. al 5% anual se convierta en 30.000 Bs.F. El segundo ejercicio calcula la tasa de interés anual implícita cuando 45.000 Bs.F. se prestan y al cabo de 1 año, 4 meses y 20 días se reciben 52.500 Bs.F. Los ejercicios 3 a 6 calculan tasas de interés, capitales e intereses para diferentes escen
Este documento presenta orientaciones para la enseñanza de matemáticas en 1° y 2° grado de secundaria. Describe los fundamentos y definiciones de la matemática, las competencias y capacidades matemáticas que se deben desarrollar, y ofrece orientaciones didácticas para cada competencia. El objetivo es que los estudiantes aprendan matemáticas de manera significativa a través de situaciones de la vida real para que puedan resolver problemas complejos.
An ecosystem is a community of living organisms interacting with each other and their non-living environment. A food web shows how energy and nutrients flow between organisms in an ecosystem through trophic levels. It consists of interconnected food chains with producers like plants at the bottom providing energy, a variety of consumers at higher trophic levels that eat other organisms, and decomposers that break down waste and dead organisms.
Eddiemar Romano is applying for a Safety Officer position. He has over 10 years of experience as a Safety Officer, most recently with ANTIndustrial WorksInc. in Cavite. Romano has a BSBA in Management and additional safety training. He is responsible for inspection, orientation, reporting violations, and spearheading safety programs. His objective is to apply his knowledge of hazard identification, risk assessment, loss control and safety precautions.
The African Philosophical Conflicts and Developmentiosrjce
The differences in African philosophical thinking between the ethno-philosophical and professional
school of thought shows the involvement of philosophical conflicts in the African development process. The
philosophical debate does no more than revive the entrenched views of development theories, namely the
conflict between tradition and modernity. While ethno-philosophy thinks that the rehabilitation of African
traditions, drive to successful modernization, especially after the disparaging discourse of colonialism,
professional philosophy is of the opinion that success depends on the exchange of the traditional culture for
modern ideas and institutions. This paper evaluates the major arguments developed by the two conflicting
schools of thought in support of their position. The outcome is that both are right on their affirmations.
Accordingly, the paper suggests that the conception of development as validation is alone able to reconcile the
positive contribution of each school, since validation is how a traditional personality is judged according to
modern norms, and thus achieves worldly success.
African Proverbs A Method Of Knowledge Production In AfricaAudrey Britton
This document discusses African proverbs as a methodology for knowledge production in Africa. It makes three key points:
1) African proverbs contain insights on reality and represent compressed frameworks and conclusions arrived at through induction or deduction, making them an essential part of indigenous critical thinking that should be further interrogated and integrated into mainstream knowledge production.
2) Early colonial ethnographers recognized the value of African traditions like proverbs in understanding African philosophy and ontology. Thinkers like Tempels located the essence of African being in traditional thought and the view that "force is being."
3) Nationalist leaders applied concepts of African identity and ontology to politics. Movements like Négritude and philosophies like Ujamaa emphasized
This document summarizes the history of systematic African philosophy from the early 1920s to the present. It discusses the different periods (early, middle, late, new era), schools of thought (ethnophilosophy, nationalist/ideological, hermeneutical, literary, professional, conversational), and movements (excavationism, afro-constructionism, critical reconstructionism, conversationalism). Key figures and works from each period are also mentioned. The criteria for what constitutes "African philosophy" and different methods used (communitarian, complementarity, conversational) are outlined.
This document provides an overview of African philosophy. It discusses some of the tensions and questions that have arisen in African philosophy, including debates over whether African philosophy exists, what constitutes African identity, and how to define the boundaries and nature of African philosophy. It summarizes some of the key trends in African philosophy identified by philosopher Henry Odera Oruka, including ethnophilosophy, sage philosophy, nationalist philosophy, and professional philosophy. The document examines questions around where Africa is located geographically and intellectually, and who can be considered African.
Continuity and discontinuity in traditional african narrative ethicsAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a paper that discusses continuity and discontinuity in traditional African narratives. It argues that there are two parallel narratives about Africa: a traditional self-reflexive narrative and a conventional narrative imposed by colonialists. The conventional narrative, which was based on ideas of racial superiority, led to the loss of cultural memory among many African peoples as it replaced the traditional narrative. This discontinuity of the traditional African narrative has had significant ethical implications in West Africa. The paper examines how narrative ethics connects identity and morality, and suggests that understanding the nature of the discontinuity in West African narratives can help explain some ethical challenges in the region.
AFRICA AND INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS THEORY ACQUIESCENCE AND RESPONSES.pdfTiffany Daniels
This document discusses Africa's relationship with international relations theory. It argues that international relations theory has been dominated by a Eurocentric perspective that ignores the African experience. Colonialism imposed Western concepts of statehood, sovereignty, and borders on Africa that did not align with traditional African societies and politics. As a result, post-colonial African states face unique challenges like porous borders and competing transnational identities that are not well understood through mainstream international relations theories. The document calls for more interdisciplinary approaches and consideration of alternative perspectives to develop global understanding of international relations.
Liu Zhao 1
Liu Zhao 4
Liu Zhao
Professor Ms. Williams
AAS 271
11 April 2020
Rough draft - Afrocentricity
Also known as Afrocentric, Afrocentricity is the study of the history of the world that focuses on the history of the current African descent. Afrocentricity refers to an African initiative culture that attempts to bring Africa to the center of the whole thing. This is regarding everything that began in Africa yet comprehensively; they are said to be Africa-American based. Furthermore, Afrocentricity has been employed significantly to scholarly work where Africans need acknowledgment as they are the ones putting effort on the works coming from Africa. Similarly, the fact that they have a broad scope of masterminds who are capable and have had the option to think of scholarly work, Afrocentricity at its most straightforward attempts to put Africa as a continent at the focal point, all things considered, attempts to put African history within proper context rather than Europe assuming the acknowledgment in what it has not done and accomplished. In this manner, this point of view ought not to be viewed as attempting to put African at any predominance but the way that Africa's source, culture, and conduct ought to be valued (Ince). (I would follow up with explaining the significance of this reference) (unclear thesis) Comment by Claire E Logan: I would use a different definition--afrocentricity is a framework, not an actual study Comment by Claire E Logan: confusing--would scrap the whole sentence Comment by Claire E Logan: confusing-- re-word
The exponents of Afrocentrism support the statement that the contributions made by black African people have been discredited as part of the history of colonialism and the pathology of slavery, more so in the act writing Africans out of history. Afrocentricity has its own critics, some of the critics such as Mary Lefkowitz, term who describe Afrocentricity to be obstinately therapeutic as well as pseudohistory (reference needed). Other critics, like Kwame Appiah, view Afrocentricity as a strategy to disrupt the history of the world by trying to replace Eurocentricity with a curriculum that is hierarchical and ethnocentric (reference needed). The critics in support of this approach also claim that Afrocentricity negatively portrays the culture of Europe and people of European descent. (I would take a stance here by disproving these critiques in a way that addresses your thesis)
Afrocentricity is followed back to the African-American who was brought up in Europe after Africa nations were colonized, and some were sold as captives to the European countries (unclear sentence). Afrocentricity is dated back to the 19th century and the early 20th century. It is believed to be the work of intellectuals of Africans in Africa and those in the diaspora as well (a. It was a reform brought about by social reforms in Africa and the United States of America after the end o.
Cosmological, Ontological, Epistemological Assumptions and Methodological Per...RBG Communiversity
This document discusses the author's cosmological, ontological, and epistemological perspectives and how they are interconnected. The author embraces African cosmology as it reclaims their denied identity and allows them to thrive in a postcolonial landscape. African cosmology is described as holistic and understanding the world as interconnected. It posits that spirituality, the intellectual, emotional and physical are not separate. Some key aspects of African cosmology highlighted include a both/and approach to life, striving for balance, and viewing time as relational rather than linear. The author argues for the importance of reclaiming Africa's contributions to knowledge that have often been denied or belittled.
1. The document provides 6 essay prompts related to Plato's "Allegory of the Cave" and Virginia Woolf's essay "A Room of One's Own". The prompts ask the reader to analyze the allegory, discuss its implications, and evaluate Plato and Woolf's depictions of gender roles.
2. One prompt asks the reader to consider Socrates' view that the most intelligent should be compelled to rule, and whether this would lead to an ideal society.
3. Another prompt discusses Woolf's argument that women throughout history lacked the freedom and resources afforded by having "a room of one's own", and whether this is still relevant today.
African philosophy originated from the reflections of ancient Africans on fundamental questions about human existence and the universe. It was originally an oral tradition but is now an academic field of study. Early European scholars denied the existence of African philosophy, viewing Africans as irrational. However, African scholars have established that philosophy in Africa was as rigorous and logical as in other parts of the world. African philosophy is characterized by its spirituality, communitarian nature, and view of an interconnected universe. It can be studied through its ancient roots, transitional post-colonial identity period, and modern expressions in universities. The major trends in African philosophy aim to address challenges facing Africa. Topics of African philosophy include metaphysics, epistemology, ethics
Education as a Tool of Liberation from Corrupt Leadership in Africa: A Compar...AJHSSR Journal
This document provides a summary and analysis of Plato's Allegory of the Cave and Julius Nyerere's Allegory of the Mountain. Both allegories view education as a tool for liberation. In Plato's allegory, prisoners represent ignorant people who see only shadows, while the escaped prisoner comes to understand true reality. Nyerere's allegory depicts people living in a valley facing challenges, while reaching the mountain's peak allows one to see clearly and help others. The document argues that education can liberate Africa from poor leadership, by analyzing how the allegories promote education as liberating people from ignorance.
Este documento describe los estándares de calidad para el diseño de algoritmos. Explica que al desarrollar software, los analistas y desarrolladores deben aplicar características de calidad como la eficiencia y eficacia para satisfacer las necesidades de los usuarios. También define conceptos clave como algoritmo, programa, dato, y métodos para representar y probar algoritmos como diagramas, pseudocódigo. El objetivo es desarrollar software de alta calidad mediante el análisis y diseño eficiente de algoritmos.
The document discusses various music videos the author has watched to gather inspiration for their own music video. They note elements they liked from each video, such as close-up shots of hands in a car representing escapism, the use of classic cars, desaturated lighting and colors giving an old-fashioned look, narratives that are intertwined with the artist's performance, coffee shop locations, and overlapping clips reflecting thoughts. The author aims to incorporate these elements like classic cars, lighting effects, interwoven narratives and performances, and coffee shop locations in their own video.
Teachers reflecting about the implementation of an ePortfolio to encourage s...Ann Davidson
This paper examines the first steps of the implementation of an ePortfolio to encourage self-regulation in learners. First, it presents the Québec political context from which the necessity of providing students with a competency based education arises. Second, a brief literature review provides some arguments about the development of technological competencies in learners and teachers and about the orientation that pedagogy can take. This study tried to answer the following two research questions: 1) After using an ePortfolio during a school year, what are the pedagogical activities that teachers identify as being valuable to conduct with students? 2) What are the teachers’ perceptions of the variables that influence student learning and their pedagogy when using an ePortfolio? A focus group was conducted with French Québécois teachers. The preliminary results show that the ePortfolio software was a good experience for one of the teachers, but two teachers faced more important issues during the implementation phase.
La presentación resume la gestión del capital humano en la Universidad de El Salvador (UES). La UES es la institución académica pública más importante del país. Gestiona su recurso humano a través de concursos públicos y ofrece varios beneficios a sus empleados como seguros y apoyo para investigación. Sin embargo, su estructura administrativa semi descentralizada y la Subgerencia de Personal centralizada generan burocracia.
1) Un tensor es una magnitud matemática que generaliza los conceptos de escalar, vector y operador lineal.
2) Los tensores tienen N componentes que se transforman mediante ecuaciones lineales bajo cambios de sistema de referencia.
3) Los tensores son importantes en física e ingeniería para representar magnitudes que se transforman de forma covariantes bajo cambios de coordenadas.
Python and H2O with Cliff Click at PyData Dallas 2015Sri Ambati
This document discusses H2O.ai, an open source in-memory machine learning platform. It can perform distributed machine learning on large datasets using algorithms like generalized linear modeling, gradient boosted machines, random forests, and deep learning. The platform provides APIs and interfaces for R, Python, Scala, Spark, and other languages. It can handle big data from sources like HDFS, S3, and NFS without sampling. The document includes an overview of H2O's architecture and demonstrates its use on a bike sharing dataset with over 10 million rows.
Este documento presenta 6 ejercicios resueltos sobre interés simple. El primer ejercicio calcula el tiempo requerido para que un capital de 25.000 Bs.F. al 5% anual se convierta en 30.000 Bs.F. El segundo ejercicio calcula la tasa de interés anual implícita cuando 45.000 Bs.F. se prestan y al cabo de 1 año, 4 meses y 20 días se reciben 52.500 Bs.F. Los ejercicios 3 a 6 calculan tasas de interés, capitales e intereses para diferentes escen
Este documento presenta orientaciones para la enseñanza de matemáticas en 1° y 2° grado de secundaria. Describe los fundamentos y definiciones de la matemática, las competencias y capacidades matemáticas que se deben desarrollar, y ofrece orientaciones didácticas para cada competencia. El objetivo es que los estudiantes aprendan matemáticas de manera significativa a través de situaciones de la vida real para que puedan resolver problemas complejos.
An ecosystem is a community of living organisms interacting with each other and their non-living environment. A food web shows how energy and nutrients flow between organisms in an ecosystem through trophic levels. It consists of interconnected food chains with producers like plants at the bottom providing energy, a variety of consumers at higher trophic levels that eat other organisms, and decomposers that break down waste and dead organisms.
Eddiemar Romano is applying for a Safety Officer position. He has over 10 years of experience as a Safety Officer, most recently with ANTIndustrial WorksInc. in Cavite. Romano has a BSBA in Management and additional safety training. He is responsible for inspection, orientation, reporting violations, and spearheading safety programs. His objective is to apply his knowledge of hazard identification, risk assessment, loss control and safety precautions.
The African Philosophical Conflicts and Developmentiosrjce
The differences in African philosophical thinking between the ethno-philosophical and professional
school of thought shows the involvement of philosophical conflicts in the African development process. The
philosophical debate does no more than revive the entrenched views of development theories, namely the
conflict between tradition and modernity. While ethno-philosophy thinks that the rehabilitation of African
traditions, drive to successful modernization, especially after the disparaging discourse of colonialism,
professional philosophy is of the opinion that success depends on the exchange of the traditional culture for
modern ideas and institutions. This paper evaluates the major arguments developed by the two conflicting
schools of thought in support of their position. The outcome is that both are right on their affirmations.
Accordingly, the paper suggests that the conception of development as validation is alone able to reconcile the
positive contribution of each school, since validation is how a traditional personality is judged according to
modern norms, and thus achieves worldly success.
African Proverbs A Method Of Knowledge Production In AfricaAudrey Britton
This document discusses African proverbs as a methodology for knowledge production in Africa. It makes three key points:
1) African proverbs contain insights on reality and represent compressed frameworks and conclusions arrived at through induction or deduction, making them an essential part of indigenous critical thinking that should be further interrogated and integrated into mainstream knowledge production.
2) Early colonial ethnographers recognized the value of African traditions like proverbs in understanding African philosophy and ontology. Thinkers like Tempels located the essence of African being in traditional thought and the view that "force is being."
3) Nationalist leaders applied concepts of African identity and ontology to politics. Movements like Négritude and philosophies like Ujamaa emphasized
This document summarizes the history of systematic African philosophy from the early 1920s to the present. It discusses the different periods (early, middle, late, new era), schools of thought (ethnophilosophy, nationalist/ideological, hermeneutical, literary, professional, conversational), and movements (excavationism, afro-constructionism, critical reconstructionism, conversationalism). Key figures and works from each period are also mentioned. The criteria for what constitutes "African philosophy" and different methods used (communitarian, complementarity, conversational) are outlined.
This document provides an overview of African philosophy. It discusses some of the tensions and questions that have arisen in African philosophy, including debates over whether African philosophy exists, what constitutes African identity, and how to define the boundaries and nature of African philosophy. It summarizes some of the key trends in African philosophy identified by philosopher Henry Odera Oruka, including ethnophilosophy, sage philosophy, nationalist philosophy, and professional philosophy. The document examines questions around where Africa is located geographically and intellectually, and who can be considered African.
Continuity and discontinuity in traditional african narrative ethicsAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a paper that discusses continuity and discontinuity in traditional African narratives. It argues that there are two parallel narratives about Africa: a traditional self-reflexive narrative and a conventional narrative imposed by colonialists. The conventional narrative, which was based on ideas of racial superiority, led to the loss of cultural memory among many African peoples as it replaced the traditional narrative. This discontinuity of the traditional African narrative has had significant ethical implications in West Africa. The paper examines how narrative ethics connects identity and morality, and suggests that understanding the nature of the discontinuity in West African narratives can help explain some ethical challenges in the region.
AFRICA AND INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS THEORY ACQUIESCENCE AND RESPONSES.pdfTiffany Daniels
This document discusses Africa's relationship with international relations theory. It argues that international relations theory has been dominated by a Eurocentric perspective that ignores the African experience. Colonialism imposed Western concepts of statehood, sovereignty, and borders on Africa that did not align with traditional African societies and politics. As a result, post-colonial African states face unique challenges like porous borders and competing transnational identities that are not well understood through mainstream international relations theories. The document calls for more interdisciplinary approaches and consideration of alternative perspectives to develop global understanding of international relations.
Liu Zhao 1
Liu Zhao 4
Liu Zhao
Professor Ms. Williams
AAS 271
11 April 2020
Rough draft - Afrocentricity
Also known as Afrocentric, Afrocentricity is the study of the history of the world that focuses on the history of the current African descent. Afrocentricity refers to an African initiative culture that attempts to bring Africa to the center of the whole thing. This is regarding everything that began in Africa yet comprehensively; they are said to be Africa-American based. Furthermore, Afrocentricity has been employed significantly to scholarly work where Africans need acknowledgment as they are the ones putting effort on the works coming from Africa. Similarly, the fact that they have a broad scope of masterminds who are capable and have had the option to think of scholarly work, Afrocentricity at its most straightforward attempts to put Africa as a continent at the focal point, all things considered, attempts to put African history within proper context rather than Europe assuming the acknowledgment in what it has not done and accomplished. In this manner, this point of view ought not to be viewed as attempting to put African at any predominance but the way that Africa's source, culture, and conduct ought to be valued (Ince). (I would follow up with explaining the significance of this reference) (unclear thesis) Comment by Claire E Logan: I would use a different definition--afrocentricity is a framework, not an actual study Comment by Claire E Logan: confusing--would scrap the whole sentence Comment by Claire E Logan: confusing-- re-word
The exponents of Afrocentrism support the statement that the contributions made by black African people have been discredited as part of the history of colonialism and the pathology of slavery, more so in the act writing Africans out of history. Afrocentricity has its own critics, some of the critics such as Mary Lefkowitz, term who describe Afrocentricity to be obstinately therapeutic as well as pseudohistory (reference needed). Other critics, like Kwame Appiah, view Afrocentricity as a strategy to disrupt the history of the world by trying to replace Eurocentricity with a curriculum that is hierarchical and ethnocentric (reference needed). The critics in support of this approach also claim that Afrocentricity negatively portrays the culture of Europe and people of European descent. (I would take a stance here by disproving these critiques in a way that addresses your thesis)
Afrocentricity is followed back to the African-American who was brought up in Europe after Africa nations were colonized, and some were sold as captives to the European countries (unclear sentence). Afrocentricity is dated back to the 19th century and the early 20th century. It is believed to be the work of intellectuals of Africans in Africa and those in the diaspora as well (a. It was a reform brought about by social reforms in Africa and the United States of America after the end o.
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2. One prompt asks the reader to consider Socrates' view that the most intelligent should be compelled to rule, and whether this would lead to an ideal society.
3. Another prompt discusses Woolf's argument that women throughout history lacked the freedom and resources afforded by having "a room of one's own", and whether this is still relevant today.
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This document discusses the selective memory of Palestinian women leaders during the British Mandate period in Palestine from 1920-1948. It notes that while certain women leaders are continually referenced in modern nationalist narratives, their prominence contradicts historical sources from the time period. In particular, Zlikha Shihabi is often invoked despite limited evidence of her actual role. More broadly, the women's movement has been marginalized in the national narrative, only referenced when politically convenient. This disconnect between historical remembering and forgetting highlights how memory, gender, and history can be politicized.
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EAS 209 Second Response Paper Topic Assignment Due .docxjoellemurphey
EAS 209
Second Response Paper Topic
>>>Assignment Due Date: Friday, October 12, 2018<<<
Write 350 words, excluding works cited and references, on the following topic:
Dipesh Chakrabarty cites John Stuart Mill to show one dimension of historicist
consciousness: “a recommendation to the colonized to wait.” What does Chakrabarty
mean by this phrase? Consider, e.g. why, according to Mill, “Indians, Africans, and other
‘rude’ nations” had to be consigned to what Chakrabarty called “an imaginary waiting
room of history.”
To respond to this question, you might find it helpful to consider Chakrabarty’s discussion
on historicism or “stagist theory of history.”
▪ Submit a hard copy in your Tutorial Section on Friday, October 12.
▪ Papers must be type-written, double-spaced, appearing in 12 points Times New Roman font or
its equivalent with 1” margins. Do not exceed 400 words. You are responsible for keeping an
extra copy of your own paper.
▪ The assignment does not ask you to conduct additional research. Papers that do not respond
to the given topic or do not follow the specific instructions described above will receive no
marks. No resubmission allowed.
▪ You need to present your argument logically and clearly, fully demonstrate the precise
understanding of Chakrabarty’s argument and substantiate your argument convincingly and
with details.
▪ Observe the Chicago Manual of Style referencing practice and properly cite the passages you
quote (i.e. author, title, page number, etc.). Works cited or references should not be counted
toward the 350 word limit.
▪ Any ideas or expressions that are not your own must be placed in quotation marks and
referenced with page number. Academic misconduct will not be tolerated. See:
http://www.artsci.utoronto.ca/osai/The-rules/what-is-academic-misconduct
▪ You may share notes and discuss your ideas with others for preparation. But the paper you
submit must be exclusively written by you alone and in your own words clearly distinguishable
from others’. Papers that plagiarize, replicate others, or contain identical or near-identical
passages that appear in other papers will not be accepted or credited.
▪ You must proof-read before submission. Sentences that are incomplete or unintelligible will
not be read or credited.
▪ Late submission and papers submitted via e-mail will not be accepted or credited unless
under extraordinary circumstances. ABSOLUTELY NO EXCPETION!
http://www.artsci.utoronto.ca/osai/The-rules/what-is-academic-misconduct
I N T R O D U C T I O N
The Idea of Provincializing Europe
Europe . . . since 1914 has become provincialized, . . .
only the natural sciences are able to call forth a
quick international echo.
(Hans-Georg Gadamer, 1977)
The West is a name for a subject which gathers itself in
discourse but is also an object constituted discursively;
it is, evidently, a name always associating itself with
those regions, communities, and peoples.
Contemporary Emergent Issues In Decolonization And The Invented AfricaStephen Onyango
This document summarizes a paper about decolonization and the invented Africa. The paper examines how the continent can rise based on its own cultural and historical context. It explores the process of rediscovering African autonomy from European imperialism. The document discusses how Europeans constructed an identity of Africa to make it easy to dominate and control. It describes the Western social constructs that portrayed Africans as fundamentally inferior to justify colonization and exploitation. The strategies used included denying Africans reason and defining them as lacking moral sensibility and esthetic beauty. The goal was to marginalize African identities and locate Africans at the extremes outside the centers of power.
Liu Zhao 1
Liu Zhao 4
Liu Zhao
Professor Ms. Williams
AAS 271
11 April 2020
Rough draft - Afrocentricity
Also known as Afrocentric, Afrocentricity is the study of the history of the world that focuses on the history of the current African descent. Afrocentricity refers to an African initiative culture that attempts to bring Africa to the center of the whole thing. This is regarding everything that began in Africa yet comprehensively; they are said to be Africa-American based. Furthermore, Afrocentricity has been employed significantly to scholarly work where Africans need acknowledgment as they are the ones putting effort on the works coming from Africa. Similarly, the fact that they have a broad scope of masterminds who are capable and have had the option to think of scholarly work, Afrocentricity at its most straightforward attempts to put Africa as a continent at the focal point, all things considered, attempts to put African history within proper context rather than Europe assuming the acknowledgment in what it has not done and accomplished. In this manner, this point of view ought not to be viewed as attempting to put African at any predominance but the way that Africa's source, culture, and conduct ought to be valued (Ince). (I would follow up with explaining the significance of this reference) (unclear thesis) Comment by Claire E Logan: I would use a different definition--afrocentricity is a framework, not an actual study Comment by Claire E Logan: confusing--would scrap the whole sentence Comment by Claire E Logan: confusing-- re-word
The exponents of Afrocentrism support the statement that the contributions made by black African people have been discredited as part of the history of colonialism and the pathology of slavery, more so in the act writing Africans out of history. Afrocentricity has its own critics, some of the critics such as Mary Lefkowitz, term who describe Afrocentricity to be obstinately therapeutic as well as pseudohistory (reference needed). Other critics, like Kwame Appiah, view Afrocentricity as a strategy to disrupt the history of the world by trying to replace Eurocentricity with a curriculum that is hierarchical and ethnocentric (reference needed). The critics in support of this approach also claim that Afrocentricity negatively portrays the culture of Europe and people of European descent. (I would take a stance here by disproving these critiques in a way that addresses your thesis)
Afrocentricity is followed back to the African-American who was brought up in Europe after Africa nations were colonized, and some were sold as captives to the European countries (unclear sentence). Afrocentricity is dated back to the 19th century and the early 20th century. It is believed to be the work of intellectuals of Africans in Africa and those in the diaspora as well (a. It was a reform brought about by social reforms in Africa and the United States of America after the end o.
The document discusses the concept of African Humanism, which refers to a philosophy that values the welfare of all humans, especially Africans. It focuses on traditional African values like hospitality, respect for life, solidarity, and communal living. African Humanism is described as ambiguous but anchored in ideology. It possesses mechanisms to resist threats like racism, apartheid, and corrupt leadership. The document argues that harnessing African Humanism could help address social, political, economic, and other challenges on the continent.
2. 2
1. ResearchQuestion
The utility of the European Flaw.
Within this essay I would like to analyse the nature of imperialism and its implements more
thoroughly. Our present readings have focused strongly on notifying us of false, imperialist
historiography and its contemporary consequences. I would however like to achieve a more
thorough knowledge of imperialist narratives and discourses. Asking; “How the supposed
universal rationality of imperialist discourse reveals itself to contradict its very essence”. This
essence being the achievement of an objective universal, which in the case of western
philosophical tradition, has failed in achieving the totality of scientific inquiry? The
arrogance and superiority present within western imperialist thought reveals it true nature and
agenda. In culmination, the wealth of western philosophical tradition forms itself to be, in
Africa’s context merely a case of irrational discourses and categories that falsify the truth.
Conclusively, I would like to illuminate how these falsified accounts of Africa motivate
certain discourses to justify colonization and exploitation.
2. ResearchPaper Outline
Sources utilised:
Stumpf Samuel, Enoch., 1982, Socrates to Sartre, McGraw-Hill, Inc., United States
Taiwo, Olufemi. 1998. Exorcising Hegel’s Ghost: Africa’s Challenge to Philosophy.
African Studies Quarterly 1(4): 3-16
African Blood for Imperial Interests. The First and Second Scrambles for Africa.
Daniel Tetteh Osabu-Kle . http://carleton.ca/africanstudies/wp-
content/uploads/African-Blood-For-Imperialist-Interests.
Travel Narrative and Imperialist Vision. Pratt M,L.
http://ohiostatepress.org/Books/Complete PDFs/Phelan Understanding/10.pdf
www. Slideshare.net/cblockus/what-problems-can-categorization-cause.
Introduction
3. 3
The analysis of philosophical discourse, here, is very pertinent. As we have seen the
influences of the western philosophical tradition has resulted in grave misconceptions,
resulting in actions of colonization and blood-shed in Africa.
To understand this false implementation upon Africa, we must first understand its
roots.
The problem of universals reveals itself as a fundamental concept within philosophy.
How one person may refer to an object, naturally may differ from how another refers
to it, in another part of the world.
This premise may represent the true goal of philosophical inquiry, subjectivity is
never a consideration. However, the loss of philosophical integrity may not be an
important consideration for the propagators of the enlightenment such as Hegel and
Kant. But may reveal it as important to us, as it reveals imperialist agenda.
I would attempt to describe how the supposed universal propagated by western
philosophical tradition, has revealed itself to be nothing more than false categories
implemented out of context. Questioning why only one narrative is encouraged and
the concept of multiple narratives is rendered impossible.
I will add some concrete ways in which this false reality has been implemented. These
concrete ways or rather occurrences, referring to describing imperialistic entry in
Africa.
Body
Briefly citing Hegel’s ‘Philosophy of History’ and Kant’s ‘The Categorical
Imperative’ to highlight the foundation of the enlightenment’s ideological nature. This
is translated into European Philosophical Tradition.
Describing my personal perception of philosophical purpose and revealing how this
purpose is misguided in imperialist discourse.
Explaining the flaws prevalent in categorisation and flawed accounts of the African
and his life.
Elaborating on how this misguided discourse is applied for profit.
Defining imperialism through use of Daniel Tetteh Osabu-Kle’s work. Also
describing Imperialist entry into Africa through colonization and neo-colonization.
Elaborating on Mary Louise Pratt’s work on traveller logs and imperialist vision.
Revealing how subjective traveller accounts of Africa were.
4. 4
Then questioning how certain discourses were utilised to encourage colonization and
the perception of European thought as the universal.
Describing with all these things taken into account, how these philosophies have
become all-engulfing ideologies that motivated a certain manner of thought that in
turn motivated false justifications for colonization. Focusing on ‘the civilizing
mission’ and the ‘democratization project.
Conclusion
These philosophical discourses were based on subjective accounts of an experience in
Africa and that false categories and theories were created to justify imperialist
thought. How Philosophy vindicated the west and their actions of domination and
colonization.
The most rational (European philosophical tradition) has revealed itself to be quite
irrational, through ignorance, imperialist agenda and a blinding ambition to prove the
validity of imperial universality. However, this irrationality may be of little concern to
some. The false reality that was formed by these discourses allotted situations in
which colonization were made prominent goals for the European. It is almost as if
these discourses were the foundation for expansion. I will mention the “white man’s
burden” here.
A brief statement of where Africa stands today and how we could conceive to move
forward.
5. 5
3. The utility of the European Flaw.
Within this essay I would like to analyse the nature of imperialism and its implements more
thoroughly. Our present readings have focused strongly on notifying us of false, imperialist
historiography and its contemporary consequences. I would however like to achieve a more
thorough knowledge of imperialist narratives and discourses.
Asking; “How the supposed universal rationality of imperialist discourse reveals itself to
contradict its very essence”. This essence being the achievement of an objective universal,
which in the case of western philosophical tradition, has failed in achieving the totality of
scientific inquiry?
The arrogance and superiority present within western imperialist thought reveals it true nature
and agenda. In culmination, the wealth of western philosophical tradition forms itself to be,
in Africa’s context merely a case of irrational discourses and categories that falsify the truth.
Conclusively, I would like to illuminate how these falsified accounts of Africa motivate
certain discourses to justify colonization and exploitation.
My approach to this analysis will start with a brief description of Kant and Hegel’s supposed
universal philosophical theories. This description will closely resemble Olufemi Taiwo’s
paper on “Hegel’s Ghost”; the purpose culminating in revealing the particularity of the
supposed Western Universal. Both the prudent philosophers revolutionized philosophy and
were very much responsible for the emergence of enlightened thought. Specific emphasis was
placed upon rational thought and reason.
This emphasis, largely assisting the move away from the romanticism and superstition
prevalent in the previous era. Kant emphasised the structure of rational thought. He states;
“there are two sources of human knowledge, which perhaps spring from a common but to us
unknown root, namely sensibility and understanding (Stumpf, 1982).
Kant describes his categorical imperative as applying to all men and to all rational beings,
adding that it speaks of the universality of moral law and affirms the supreme worth of each
rational person. Take note that I mean not to analyse the validity or truth present within these
philosophical descriptions. My aim is merely to affirm Taiwan’s mentioned “absence of
Africa from the western philosophical tradition”.
6. 6
Through affirming this fact, I will reveal the consequence of denying the African of his
rationality. I will now provide a brief description of Hegel’s “the history of Philosophy”. As
Taiwo has affirmed, the African is denied his humanity through his association with the
pervasiveness of immediacy, “Africa is where nature rules in its blindest fury” (Taiwo, 1998).
Taiwo responds to the inaccurate and biased associations and perceptions people have in
regard to Africa.
The way in which Hegel’s argument is constructed clearly illuminates his agenda’s.
However, I reaffirm that these theories are utilised herein only to demonstrate Africa’s
exclusion from western philosophical tradition. This brings me to the most prudent question
of why? Why Africa is excused, why are philosophical arguments so manipulated to exclude
Africa? Are there valid justifications present?
These philosophies were certainly monumental achievements when conceptualised in the
context wherein which they were created. But in the present context, that being the context of
the African. Where does he fit in, when denied of his morality and rationality? The very
absence of Africa from this tradition reveals how these theories were used as ideological
apparatus in order to justify future actions. I find myself sitting here, somewhat flabbergasted
by these revelations. Within philosophy, Kant and Hegel where some of the most renowned
philosophers to be studied in the discipline. Yet the evident irrationality of their contextual
rationality is moderately shocking.
The contradictions they present through their false justifications and subjective theories will
be analysed within the subsequent paragraph. Now, what is the supposed purpose of
philosophical inquiry? Could it be the pursuit of wisdom and knowledge? This pursuit
characterised by reason and logic? How would this logic and reason be defined?
Through this inquiry it is revealed how illogical and subjective western philosophical
discourse could be. As it seems perfectly plausible to assume that one person’s reason and
logic may differ from another’s. If one were to assume that this is plausible then it would be
plausible to also assume that to provide one definition of reason and logic would be a
redundancy.
However, throughout this paper it will become clear, that it certainly is not a redundancy to
Imperialist Europe. Taking into account that the conceptualisation of reason and logic differs
from one person to the next. The concept of a universal is negated. In the context of Western
7. 7
Philosophical Tradition, it must be recognized as a false universal which they emphasise as
the only universal and the one truth. This is what Hegel, Kant and other propagators of the
enlightenment where blind to see. Or as it will be demonstrated, what wasn’t profitable to
perceive.
If they were intelligent enough to create false categories to justify their claims, it would be
probable that they were intelligent enough to perceive this arrogant flaw. As stated however,
this wouldn’t be profitable nor motivate their future hopes of expansion. This revealing the
prominent imperialist agenda, encouraged by these ideologies.
Herein I will attempt to briefly describe the essential problem present within the Western
Philosophical tradition. Hopefully, highlighting that it was not only their imperialist vision
that motivated Africa’s absence but also the structure of their discourses. If one were to
consider the structure of Western Philosophical discourse, the classic problems that
categorization encourage are present.
Let us for the purpose of objective analysis, momentarily ignore the purposive denial of
Africa to the Western Philosophical Tradition as well as the beneficial nature this discernible
denial had for Imperialist Vision.
As stated, two categories are naturally formed by the western philosophical tradition, these
being; 1. The European Universal and 2. An Other, this being Africa’s category. However,
both these categories contain a myriad of slighter philosophical categories, these slighter
categories then validating either presence in one or two. Thus, Imperialist discursive
domination is not the only prudent consideration here. The very structure of these supposed
universal discourses must also be considered.
As stated, these discourses have not only encouraged a false consciousness of Africa, but also
a false consciousness of Europe. False consciousness clearly propagates a false conception of
reality. The utility of this false reality has been asserted but I would like to connect this,
specifically with categorization. As iterated, ‘An Other’ would be plausible to consider. But
‘an Other’ evidently was not brought into consideration no matter how logical it may have
been or seemed.
The very historical structure of European’s Philosophy’s classification system, in itself is
flawed. “One problem with classifications, any classifications, is that everything is relative.
There is no universal classification for everything” (c2.com/cgi/wiki? Classification
8. 8
Problem). When an object or place is classified or categorized, a criterion must be set forth in
order to validate an object or places ‘presence within a specific category.
It becomes clear that European classification systems were manipulated to ensure their claims
had validation or that the structure was of such a form that Africa was placed into the
category of ‘an Other’ by default. Subsequently as established, a criterion for Africa’s
placement into the category of ‘an Other’ was never appropriately set out. One may argue in
contention that differences are always clear and obvious. But due to imperialist motivation of
its universality and global relevance, Africa would be placed into the category opposing the
European universal by default.
This highlighting that Imperialist stubbornness and their powerful assertions to universal
status were not the only factors motivating Africa’s absence or as we now see the refusal to
consider Africa’s presence within their tradition. As is perceived, not only does the Western
philosophical discourse control the supposed ideological universal, but they also control the
criteria that validates their claims. What also becomes clear is the authority they perceive
within their own discourse resulting in a very conceited and self-involved structure of
argument.
In order to provide a fair and objective perception, which I have stated wasn’t provided by
these philosophers and their discourses in regard to Africa, I am compelled to question the
foundations of their claims. Forthwith, I will utilise Mary Louise Pratt’s paper on Travel
narratives. As asserted by Taiwo and Ayers, these mentioned discourses were formed either
before the time of exploration or just at the beginning of its commencement.
“Travel literature played an extremely important role in the production of consciousness and
the making of ideology in connection with the expansion enterprise, of particular interest is
its role in producing what is now fashionably called alterity, the process by which certain
people’s and places get constituted as an Other, positioned in varying ways in respect to a
normative European self” (Pratt, 1982). Herein, the assertion of the particularity of the
European universal is evident because as I have highlighted, the presence of differences
between people is clear.
Pratt continues to describe the traveller narratives and provides concrete examples of these
completely subjective descriptions. Her description of these narratives suggests that
9. 9
everything was anchored in the narrator protagonist “his immediate sensory experience, his
judgement, his agency, his desires” (Pratt, 1982).
Pratt continues, and cites Daniel Deferti in order to explain the false universal and to
plausibly account for Europe’s superiority complex, “Europe took consciousness of itself,
wrote about itself and read about itself more and more as the basis ( ‘principe’) of a planetary
process and not as a region of the world”( Deferti cited in Pratt, 1982 ).
Subsequently, Pratt affirms that travel literature, upon which the ‘enlightened’ Europeans
relied, was already, in itself, rife with conceit and superiority. Through their constant
assertions of their universal and the supposed particularity of an Other, they could solidify
their ideology in order to justify expansion. Thus it is revealed that their very basis of claim is
flawed. Contentions as to how it is flawed have been stated, I will now continue to explain
how this flaw, if it was or is perceived, turned out to benefit Europe.
The beneficial flaw, I will attempt to describe using Daniel Tetteh Osabu-Kle’s “African
Blood for imperial Interests”. The concept of “The White Man’s Burden” arises, this best
described as the justification for European colonization. After the affirmation of Africa’s
particularity and the assertion that Europe possesses the only Universal, the entrance of
Europe into Africa must be ideologically justified.
The following quote demonstrates the attempt at justification, “Although colonialism was to
satisfy the interests of European powers, imperialist conspirators thought it wise to present it
to their own people and to the whole world that it was a burden to be undertaken by the white
man, to civilize Africans”( Osabu-Kle ).
Osabu-Kle mentions the additional utility of the Church as an affective ideological apparatus;
to not only justify colonization to the world, but to justify it to the Africans themselves. These
apparatuses mystified the true purpose and agenda of the West.
Within the subsequent paragraphs I will attempt at a description of Imperialist agenda. As
established the ideological flaw necessitated the imperialist thought and provided the
rationale for colonization, this flaw also mystifying the truth of colonization. Described as
‘the civilizing mission’ and ‘the democratization project’, the colonization of Africa ensued
under a ruse. Imperialism can be defined as “the process of establishing colonial and neo-
colonial relationships. In a colonial relationship, the people and resources of one country
10. 10
called the colonized country are subjected to the power, authority and control of another
country called the colonial master” ( Osabu-Kle ).
In order to understand the imperial vision, one must too understand its necessity. Questioning
the very reason for the constant attempts at justification. A clear moral dilemma is
highlighted. By entering an unknown country or region, taking its people and resources for
your own gain and illustrating the exploitative character of imperialism, the Europeans would
contradict the essence of their useful morality. Thus they sought to make it seem right; the
operative word present is one of perception. What would mystify their true motives? What
were these motives?
Osabu-Kle states that the economic conditions in Europe provided the fuel. Undersupply of
raw materials to feed the industries meant the search for and control of areas from where raw
materials could be obtained cheaply. A prestige motive was also evident as control of various
areas animated the conception of national pride. Thus, the more colonies a European country
possessed, the greater potential for economic power and political clout.
His paper provides a palpable account of true Imperialist interests and demystifies their abuse
of the supposed universal. He states; “Imperialism is nothing new or a unique character of the
West. In ancient times the Egyptians, Assyrians, Persians, Mongols, Greeks, Huns, and Turks
engaged in it” (Osabu-Kle,).
In culmination I attempted to make the following evident; that subjective traveller logs
motivated the subjective, European contextual philosophical tradition. Continuing into a
philosophical tradition in which Europe was content to present itself as the universal and the
only correct way a life could be led. This structure and expansive necessity was mystified by
these very ideologies and justified through them. This motivating the action of expansion or
rather, this ideological formation and abuse motivating horrific and shocking occurrences and
events, all in the name of power and prestige.
I feel that it must be noted, that even in the contemporary day, these false realities and
perceptions are in themselves encouraged, not only by the descendants of the western
philosophers. But also by misconceptions of these discourses, which, when analysed
presently reveal themselves to be quite opaque and abstract. So for contemporary academics
to solely rely on these texts and motivate ideologies from them would be an unfair action.
11. 11
Thus the responsibility placed upon our educational institutions and the academics that fill
the halls, is very important indeed.
These philosophical discourses were based on subjective accounts of an experience in Africa
and that false categories and theories were created to justify imperialist thought. I have
described the manner in which their philosophy vindicated the west and their actions of
domination and colonization.
The most rational (European philosophical tradition) has revealed itself to be quite irrational,
through ignorance, imperialist agenda and a blinding ambition to prove the validity of
imperial universality. However, this irrationality may be of little concern to some. The false
reality that was formed by these discourses allotted situations in which colonization were
made prominent goals for the European. It is almost as if these discourses were the
foundation for expansion. Thus, it must be recognized that not only did Imperialist Discourse
motivate certain occurrences and events, but the fact that they controlled the qualities and
criterions which validate these discourses placed Africa, specifically, in a very vulnerable
position. In order to move forward the recognition of these false universals and realities are
paramount.
12. 12
Bibliography
Stumpf Samuel, Enoch., 1982, Socrates to Sartre, McGraw-Hill, Inc., United States
Taiwo, Olufemi. 1998. Exorcising Hegel’s Ghost: Africa’s Challenge to Philosophy.
African Studies Quarterly 1(4): 3-16
African Blood for Imperial Interests. The First and Second Scrambles for Africa.
Daniel Tetteh Osabu-Kle. http://carleton.ca/africanstudies/wp-
content/uploads/African-Blood-For-Imperialist-Interests.
Pratt, Mary Louise. “Conventions of Representation: Where Discourse and Ideology
Meet””. In Contemporary perceptions of Language: Interdisciplinary Dimensions.
Ed. By Heidi Byrnes, Washington D.C. Georgetown University Round Table, 1982.
Travel Narrative and Imperialist Vision. Pratt M,L.
http://ohiostatepress.org/Books/Complete PDFs/Phelan Understanding/10.pdf
www. Slideshare.net/cblockus/what-problems-can-categorization-cause.