This document discusses the relationship between civil society organizations (CSOs) and businesses in the water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) sector. It finds that while CSOs and businesses may have some differing objectives, with CSOs focused on community and businesses focused on profit, their roles can also be complementary. Evidence from literature and field work in Indonesia shows that CSOs work with businesses in various ways, such as providing training, acting as intermediaries between donors and social enterprises, and helping ensure solutions are sustainable in the long-term. Both incompatible perspectives and opportunities for collaboration are found to exist between CSOs and businesses in improving access to WASH.