This presentation is based on about 20 research papers around animation in user interfaces, and goes into more detail for about 10 of them. It explains what we really know about the effects of animation in user interfaces, trying to cut through all the opinions and assumptions that have been established in the field of interaction design and user experience.
Lecture 5 in the COMP 4010 course on Augmented and Virtual Reality. This lecture talks about spatial audio and tracking systems. Delivered by Bruce Thomas and Mark Billinghurst on August 23rd 2016 at University of South Australia.
I held a 15 minute presentation in front of the IxDA (Sydney Chapter) in August 2012 about pie / radial menus. I spent a little bit of time talking about their history, and about various classifications of this menu type, and then went into detail about the academic research that has been done in that field. I summarized about 10 articles in this field, but the main body of the academic part is based on an excellent research thesis by Krystian Samp.
All references are on the second last slide, in case you are interested in the source material.
Learning The Rules to Break Them: Designing for the Future of VRMichael Harris
The VR developer space is riddled with a myriad of design guides, advice, and prohibitions. This talk will provide a survey of the current state of best practices for VR design and discuss how this new human-computer interface provides unique opportunities and challenges for designers. With three years experience developing for every commercially available VR and AR platform, the speaker will also address some unique lessons learned experimenting with this new space and discuss how bending or breaking these emerging design paradigms might unlock exciting new possibilities for the future of VR interfaces. By the end of this talk, participants will have:
Explored the extent to which VR interfaces relate to and differ from more traditional human-computer interfaces.
Received a comprehensive overview and analysis of current emerging VR design paradigms.
Explore the potential for the future of VR interfaces through the practical experiences gained from several years spent in VR design.
Lecture 5 in the COMP 4010 course on Augmented and Virtual Reality. This lecture talks about spatial audio and tracking systems. Delivered by Bruce Thomas and Mark Billinghurst on August 23rd 2016 at University of South Australia.
I held a 15 minute presentation in front of the IxDA (Sydney Chapter) in August 2012 about pie / radial menus. I spent a little bit of time talking about their history, and about various classifications of this menu type, and then went into detail about the academic research that has been done in that field. I summarized about 10 articles in this field, but the main body of the academic part is based on an excellent research thesis by Krystian Samp.
All references are on the second last slide, in case you are interested in the source material.
Learning The Rules to Break Them: Designing for the Future of VRMichael Harris
The VR developer space is riddled with a myriad of design guides, advice, and prohibitions. This talk will provide a survey of the current state of best practices for VR design and discuss how this new human-computer interface provides unique opportunities and challenges for designers. With three years experience developing for every commercially available VR and AR platform, the speaker will also address some unique lessons learned experimenting with this new space and discuss how bending or breaking these emerging design paradigms might unlock exciting new possibilities for the future of VR interfaces. By the end of this talk, participants will have:
Explored the extent to which VR interfaces relate to and differ from more traditional human-computer interfaces.
Received a comprehensive overview and analysis of current emerging VR design paradigms.
Explore the potential for the future of VR interfaces through the practical experiences gained from several years spent in VR design.
This paper examines gaze gestures and their applicability as a generic selection method for gaze-only controlled interfaces.
The method explored here is the Single Gaze Gesture (SGG), i.e. gestures consisting of a single point-to-point eye movement. Horizontal and vertical, long and short SGGs were evaluated on two eye tracking devices (Tobii/QuickGlance (QG)). The main findings show that there is a significant difference in selection times between long and short SGGs, between vertical and horizontal selections, as well as between the different tracking systems.
Animation can make our designs easier to use and more meaningful when we use it well. The key is knowing where animation can be most useful when it comes to user-focused design.
The Human Brain Relationship: Advanced and Adaptive User Interfacesgoodfriday
Come learn how Windows Presentation Foundation can be used to create a flexible and adaptive UI that matches our cognitive abilities. Learn how to create a UI that solves the "too hard for beginners, and too easy for pros" problem. Find out what it takes to create real, efficient UX using adaptive UI, and review real production applications that implement the paradigm.
COMP4010 Lecture 4 - VR Technology - Visual and Haptic Displays. Lecture about VR visual and haptic display technology. Taught on August 16th 2016 by Mark Billinghurst from the University of South Australia
Learning Solutions 2011 #LS2011 presentation on Learner Experience Design. Address what instructional design can learn from Ux (User Experience Design).
Keynote speech given by Mark Billinghurst at the CHIuXiD conference in Jakarta, Indonesia on April 14th 2016. This talk describes the research area of Empathic Computing and examples from research projects in this area.
VSMM 2016 Keynote: Using AR and VR to create Empathic ExperiencesMark Billinghurst
Keynote talk given by Mark Billinghurst at the VSMM 2016 conference on October 19th 2016.This talk was about how AR and VR can be used to create Empathic Computing experiences.
Delight by Motion: Investigating the Role of Animation in MicrointeractionsOmar Sosa-Tzec
This paper focuses on the role of animation in making microinteractions delightful. We first draw on customer experience literature to propose that a microinteraction is delightful when it surprises, captivates, and communicates need fulfillment. Following this notion and drawing on social semiotics, we analyze a collection of examples of microinteractions posted on dribbble.com. Observations derived from this analysis show that animation contributes to a microinteraction’s delightfulness by contextualizing, clarifying, metaphorizing, and creating a micro-narrative around its purpose, development, or outcome. A microinteraction’s animation has the power to produce “aha! moments,” in which the user notices something meaningful concerning her goals, actions, and expectations, and about the context of use. As microinteractions seriously influence the user experience, it becomes imperative to promote motion design literacy, including identifying strategies and tropes for user interface animation, among UI/UX designers.
Paper presented in MoDE 21 Motion Design Education Summit (online conference) on June 11, 2021
This paper examines gaze gestures and their applicability as a generic selection method for gaze-only controlled interfaces.
The method explored here is the Single Gaze Gesture (SGG), i.e. gestures consisting of a single point-to-point eye movement. Horizontal and vertical, long and short SGGs were evaluated on two eye tracking devices (Tobii/QuickGlance (QG)). The main findings show that there is a significant difference in selection times between long and short SGGs, between vertical and horizontal selections, as well as between the different tracking systems.
Animation can make our designs easier to use and more meaningful when we use it well. The key is knowing where animation can be most useful when it comes to user-focused design.
The Human Brain Relationship: Advanced and Adaptive User Interfacesgoodfriday
Come learn how Windows Presentation Foundation can be used to create a flexible and adaptive UI that matches our cognitive abilities. Learn how to create a UI that solves the "too hard for beginners, and too easy for pros" problem. Find out what it takes to create real, efficient UX using adaptive UI, and review real production applications that implement the paradigm.
COMP4010 Lecture 4 - VR Technology - Visual and Haptic Displays. Lecture about VR visual and haptic display technology. Taught on August 16th 2016 by Mark Billinghurst from the University of South Australia
Learning Solutions 2011 #LS2011 presentation on Learner Experience Design. Address what instructional design can learn from Ux (User Experience Design).
Keynote speech given by Mark Billinghurst at the CHIuXiD conference in Jakarta, Indonesia on April 14th 2016. This talk describes the research area of Empathic Computing and examples from research projects in this area.
VSMM 2016 Keynote: Using AR and VR to create Empathic ExperiencesMark Billinghurst
Keynote talk given by Mark Billinghurst at the VSMM 2016 conference on October 19th 2016.This talk was about how AR and VR can be used to create Empathic Computing experiences.
Delight by Motion: Investigating the Role of Animation in MicrointeractionsOmar Sosa-Tzec
This paper focuses on the role of animation in making microinteractions delightful. We first draw on customer experience literature to propose that a microinteraction is delightful when it surprises, captivates, and communicates need fulfillment. Following this notion and drawing on social semiotics, we analyze a collection of examples of microinteractions posted on dribbble.com. Observations derived from this analysis show that animation contributes to a microinteraction’s delightfulness by contextualizing, clarifying, metaphorizing, and creating a micro-narrative around its purpose, development, or outcome. A microinteraction’s animation has the power to produce “aha! moments,” in which the user notices something meaningful concerning her goals, actions, and expectations, and about the context of use. As microinteractions seriously influence the user experience, it becomes imperative to promote motion design literacy, including identifying strategies and tropes for user interface animation, among UI/UX designers.
Paper presented in MoDE 21 Motion Design Education Summit (online conference) on June 11, 2021
Can AI do good? at 'offtheCanvas' India HCI preludeAlan Dix
Invited talk at 'offtheCanvas' IndiaHCI prelude, 29th June 2024.
https://www.alandix.com/academic/talks/offtheCanvas-IndiaHCI2024/
The world is being changed fundamentally by AI and we are constantly faced with newspaper headlines about its harmful effects. However, there is also the potential to both ameliorate theses harms and use the new abilities of AI to transform society for the good. Can you make the difference?
Between Filth and Fortune- Urban Cattle Foraging Realities by Devi S Nair, An...Mansi Shah
This study examines cattle rearing in urban and rural settings, focusing on milk production and consumption. By exploring a case in Ahmedabad, it highlights the challenges and processes in dairy farming across different environments, emphasising the need for sustainable practices and the essential role of milk in daily consumption.
White wonder, Work developed by Eva TschoppMansi Shah
White Wonder by Eva Tschopp
A tale about our culture around the use of fertilizers and pesticides visiting small farms around Ahmedabad in Matar and Shilaj.
Transforming Brand Perception and Boosting Profitabilityaaryangarg12
In today's digital era, the dynamics of brand perception, consumer behavior, and profitability have been profoundly reshaped by the synergy of branding, social media, and website design. This research paper investigates the transformative power of these elements in influencing how individuals perceive brands and products and how this transformation can be harnessed to drive sales and profitability for businesses.
Through an exploration of brand psychology and consumer behavior, this study sheds light on the intricate ways in which effective branding strategies, strategic social media engagement, and user-centric website design contribute to altering consumers' perceptions. We delve into the principles that underlie successful brand transformations, examining how visual identity, messaging, and storytelling can captivate and resonate with target audiences.
Methodologically, this research employs a comprehensive approach, combining qualitative and quantitative analyses. Real-world case studies illustrate the impact of branding, social media campaigns, and website redesigns on consumer perception, sales figures, and profitability. We assess the various metrics, including brand awareness, customer engagement, conversion rates, and revenue growth, to measure the effectiveness of these strategies.
The results underscore the pivotal role of cohesive branding, social media influence, and website usability in shaping positive brand perceptions, influencing consumer decisions, and ultimately bolstering sales and profitability. This paper provides actionable insights and strategic recommendations for businesses seeking to leverage branding, social media, and website design as potent tools to enhance their market position and financial success.
7 Alternatives to Bullet Points in PowerPointAlvis Oh
So you tried all the ways to beautify your bullet points on your pitch deck but it just got way uglier. These points are supposed to be memorable and leave a lasting impression on your audience. With these tips, you'll no longer have to spend so much time thinking how you should present your pointers.
Book Formatting: Quality Control Checks for DesignersConfidence Ago
This presentation was made to help designers who work in publishing houses or format books for printing ensure quality.
Quality control is vital to every industry. This is why every department in a company need create a method they use in ensuring quality. This, perhaps, will not only improve the quality of products and bring errors to the barest minimum, but take it to a near perfect finish.
It is beyond a moot point that a good book will somewhat be judged by its cover, but the content of the book remains king. No matter how beautiful the cover, if the quality of writing or presentation is off, that will be a reason for readers not to come back to the book or recommend it.
So, this presentation points designers to some important things that may be missed by an editor that they could eventually discover and call the attention of the editor.
2. A common way to win arguments in UX:
Shout your opinion louder than the other guy.
Unsubstantiated ‘arguments’ Unsubstantiated ‘arguments’ for
against animation: animation:
• Waste of time, both for • Reduces cognitive load
users and designers • Makes the interaction
• Annoys users enjoyable and therefore
• Looks ‘less professional’ ultimately more usable
• Suspiciously • Good when done well
skeuomorphic (which is • Helps compute change in an
like a death sentence) interface
• Can reduce climate change
by 0.4 degrees in 2100
3. So I started to research. And dug deep.
Two of the first and most cited ‘research
pieces’ in this field:
• Cone Trees: Animated 3D
Vizualisations of hierarchical
information (1991)
• From Cartoons to the user interface
(1993)
Oh wait, they were also just opinions.
No research.
Talk about shaky foundations…
4. Let’s draw a line in the sand:
From here on, we only consider
stuff ‘worth believing’ if it’s
backed up by at least one
empirical study.
Main findings:
First research piece (1996) • Animations in user interfaces are better when they
“Does animation in user are smoother
interfaces affect decision • Enjoyability of animated UIs NOT statistically
making?” significant
Talk about a great start here. Umpf.
5. Some call me a hero…
In chronological order:
• Cone Trees: Animated 3D Visualizations of hierarchical information – 1991: www2.parc.com/.../UIR-1991-06-Robertson-CHI91-Cone.pdf
• Animation: from cartoons to the user interface – 1993:
http://faculty.washington.edu/aragon/classes/hcde411/w13/readings/Chang_AnimationInUI_UIST93.pdf
• Does animation in user interfaces improve decision making? – 1996: http://hss.cmu.edu/departments/sds/ddmlab/papers/gonzalez1996.pdf
• TO SEE OR NOT TO SEE: The Need for Attention to Perceive Changes in Scenes – 1997:
http://www.cs.ubc.ca/~rensink/publications/download/PsychSci97-RR.pdf
• Does Animation Help Users Build Mental Maps of Spatial Information? – 1998: http://www.cs.umd.edu/hcil/jazz/learn/papers/CS-TR-3964.pdf
• Moving Icons: Detections and distractions – 2001: http://www.cs.kent.edu/~jmaletic/softvis/papers/Bartram01.pdf
• Evaluating Animation in the Periphery as a Mechanism for Maintaining Awareness – 2001:
http://www.cc.gatech.edu/~john.stasko/papers/interact01.pdf
• Interfaces for staying in the flow – 2004: http://ubiquity.acm.org/article.cfm?id=1074069
• Benefits of animated scrolling – 2004: http://hcil2.cs.umd.edu/trs/2004-14/2004-14.html
• Phosphor: Explaining Transitions in the User Interface Using Afterglow Effects – 2006: http://research.microsoft.com/pubs/64304/uist2006-
phosphor.pdf
• Rethinking the progress bar – 2007: http://chrisharrison.net/projects/progressbars/ProgBarHarrison.pdf
• Improving Users’ Comprehension of Changes with Animation and Sound: An Empirical Assessment – 2007: http://oatao.univ-
toulouse.fr/5620/1/Chatty_5620.pdf
• Interfaces That Flow: Transitions as Design Elements – 2007: http://www.uxmatters.com/mt/archives/2007/04/interfaces-that-flow-transitions-as-
design-elements.php
• The effect of animated transitions in zooming interfaces – 2008: http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1385569.1385642
• Animated Versus Static User Interfaces: A Study of Mathsigner™ - 2008: https://www.waset.org/journals/ijhss/v3/v3-6-59.pdf
• Effectiveness of Animation in Trend Visualization – 2008: http://research.microsoft.com/en-us/um/redmond/groups/cue/publications/tvcg2008-
trendvis.pdf
• Cognitive processes involved in smooth pursuit eye movements. – 2008: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18848744
• Animations in User Interface Design - Essential Nutrient Instead of Eye Candy – 2010: http://www.centigrade.de/en/blog/article/animations-in-user-
interface-design-essential-nutrient-instead-of-eye-candy/
• Animated UI Transitions and Perception of Time – a User Study on Animated Effects on a Mobile Screen – 2010:
http://dmrussell.net/CHI2010/docs/p1339.pdf
• Faster Progress Bars: Manipulating Perceived Duration with Visual Augmentations – 2010:
http://www.chrisharrison.net/projects/progressbars2/ProgressBarsHarrison.pdf
• Using Text Animated Transitions to Support Navigation in Document Histories – 2010: http://www.lri.fr/~anab/publications/diffamation-CHI2010.pdf
• Temporal Distortion for Animated Transitions – 2011: http://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/docs/00/55/61/77/PDF/timedistort.pdf
• Showing User Interface Adaptivity by Animated Transitions – 2011: http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?doid=1996461.1996501
• Acceptance and speed of animation in business software- 2011:
http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=2042283.2042345&coll=DL&dl=GUIDE&CFID=256181127&CFTOKEN=65177658
6. Let me take you on a journey
of discovery and adventure
Less than 3 hours, 2D
Sense of vision
Comprehension
Memory
Even the
perception of
time itself
8. Your eyes have only two modes:
triggered endogenously to
Scanning saccades explore
Saccades
triggered exogenously by
the appearance of a
Reflexive saccades peripheral stimulus, or by
the disappearance of a
fixation stimulus.
Open-loop pursuits Eye focuses on it, assess
where it’s going. Ballistic
move. 100ms
Pursuits
Eye keeps retinal focus on
Closed-loop pursuits moving object without
any loss
9. How easy is it to spot a change on a screen?
TO SEE OR NOT TO SEE: The Need for Attention to Perceive Changes in Scenes - 1997
An interstimulus interval (ISI) is
the temporal interval between
the offset of one stimulus to the
onset of another
Where did the change happen? Average length of time to spot the change
“Central interest” areas 7.3 alternations (4.7 seconds)
“Marginal interest” areas 17 alternations (10.9 secs)
With prep in “marginal interest” areas Cut time by 70%
10. Why is this a problem?
If your eyes use scanning saccades to explore a picture and only see a
tiny portion of it at the same time, and…
…if you therefore only notice changes in areas you focus on, and …
…if even the smallest interruption between one state of an image and
the next can make you miss pretty much everything else…
…then ‘Change’ on a screen has a
serious discoverability problem
11.
12. Trigger those reflexive
saccades!
Remember: that’s when you involuntarily look at new stuff
in your peripheral vision
What triggers reflexive saccades best?
A study:
• 1 main task (browsing) for users to concentrate on
• 1 side task: icons changed in various animated ways
• What would be noted the fastest?
Outcome:
• Shape-changing or colour-changing icon registered
after 2-4 seconds
• Moving icon registered after 1 second
• Best way to animate: quick movement while anchored
Why did changes in colour or shape perform badly?
• Almost colour-blind in our peripheral vision
• 10 degrees away from our fixation, we only see one
tenth of the detail
• ‘Tunnel vision’ gets worse under stress
13. Clever!
Reflexive Users detect
Animation
saccades changes
So what about these Pursuits?
Can we use animation to help with
those?
14. How should moving objects be animated to help the eye
follow them?
A little test: Result:
- Randomized scatter cloud - Slow-in / Slow-out was best
- Animation for 1 second - Slow at start for open-loop pursuit
- Various ways of animation - Finishes closed-loop pursuit slowly
- Participants had to follow 1 dot so the eye doesn’t overshoot
Temporal Distortion for Animated Transitions - 2011
15. Could animation improve reading off a screen?
• Read out loud from a computer screen
• Count symbols in a long symbol text
Animation Reading Time Reading Error Read: Relative Counting Time Counting Count: Relative
Speed (ms) (sec) subject (sec) Error subject duration
duration
0 122.12 11.55 1.73% 102.49 9.49 -21.05%
100 117.86 7.73 1.92% 86.97 6.09 -5.53%
300 115.58 5.28 -1.85% 79.02 2.79 -1.28%
500 116.44 5.25 -5.20% 77.98 4.14 -3.00%
Animated scrolling…
• … reduces reading errors by up to 54% and
• … reduces task time by up to 3.1% for reading trials and by 24% for counting tasks
• ... subjectively helped 17 out of 20 participants.
17. Improving Users’ Comprehension of Changes with Animation and Sound: An
Empirical Assessment - 2007
Results
Parameter No animation Animation only
Missed changes 20% 0%
Which object changed? 21% correct 83% correct
Where did change start? 1.5% correct 51% correct
Where did change end? 7.5% correct 78% correct
19. Participants had to navigate two family trees and memorize them.
One was animated, the other one wasn’t.
Does Animation Help Users Build Mental Maps of
Spatial Information? - 1998
Answer questions about: Results:
• Who is who? • Knowledge questions - similar
• How do they relate to each • Task times - similar
other? • Recalling structure – Animation better
• Re-create the tree
21. Our perception of time is weird!
We judge time by remembered peaks,
not as a linear flow
We put a lot of emphasis on the end of
an experience
How could we use animation to
make things feel faster?
22. Progress bars!
• Participants were shown two progress bars in succession.
• Each one had a different way of filling up (accelerating, decelerating,
constant, etc.) but they all took the same time
• Participants had to state which ones they believed were faster
• A second study covered various colour animations inside the bar in the same
way
Progress bars are perceived faster when…
• … they started slow and the became faster at the end
• … a decelerating backwards-animated ribbon was used to fill the
bar (perceived about 11% faster)
23. And while we’re talking about time, let’s talk
about ‘task time’.
UI designers are worried that animation slows users down.
Au contraire!
• Every single study: fast animations work as
well as slow ones doesn’t have to be
slow
• Sweet spot is around 300ms for ‘changes
in a UI’ (SAP study about business
applications)
• In many studies, animation actually
improved task time
Average interaction designer after being told that
animation ‘slows users down’.
24. So animations can do no
wrong?
Not quite.
I found one study that was NOT positive about it.
25. During trend
visualizations, animations…:
• … had a negative effect on
analysis
• … often visually blocked a
clear view
• … confused users when
too many items were
moving
• … but participants enjoyed
animations a lot
Effectiveness of Animation in Trend Visualization - 2008
In all seriousness though:
• Massive bias in research pro animation
• No research paper that set out to prove animations were bad.
26. What have we learned?
• When showing change, avoid ISIs (or gaps) at all cost.
• You need to direct attention to areas of change. People will not see it by
themselves because saccades and induced change blindness will hinder them.
• To get attention and help users follow a movement, use slow-in/slow-out
• When users have to read on screen, help them by offering animated scrolling
• Animation doesn’t have to slow down task time, it often speeds it up
• If you want to grab attention in the periphery, anchor the icon and move it back
and forth
• Animating changes vastly improves recall of the actual change
• Apply animations when moving through a hierarchy for better spatial
understanding
• Animation can make users believe something is faster. For progress bars, start slow
then accelerate at the end, and fill with a backwards decelerating ribbon
animation.
• Keep standard animations at around 300ms, but more complex ones can take
longer
• Don’t animate too many things at the same time. The more focussed, the better.
27. Now that you know the truth about animation in user interfaces…
…you should keep those arguments with animation opponents civil.
… before you crush them with an empirical study!
28. Thank you!
Matthias “Matty” Schreck
@sardionerak
Yes, this presentation will be on
Slideshare. Why not leave a
nice comment when you
download it?
http://www.slideshare.net/mattyschreck
29. Some good resources
Meaningful transitions:
http://www.ui-transitions.com/#home
Windows – animations and transitions:
http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/desktop/aa511285.aspx
30. Picture sources
• Slide 2: http://thecripplegate.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/SP11.jpg (Street preacher)
• Slide 3: http://www.travlang.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2010/04/pisa_00.jpg (Tower of Pisa)
• Slide 4: http://farm2.static.flickr.com/1188/964853217_3736a1b688.jpg (Girl drawing line in the sand)
• Slide 6:
http://www.scmp.com/sites/default/files/styles/980w/public/2012/12/31/the_hobbit_an_unexpected_journey_movies_the_hobb_32983803.jpg
(the hobbit)
• Slide 7: http://www.theeyecarecompany.com.au/images/eye.jpg (eye)
• Slide 11: http://www.abc.net.au/news/image/642988-3x2-940x627.jpg (rescue dog)
• Slide 12: http://www.euronav.co.uk/Products/Leisure/RADARpc/FullRadar2ndMonitor.jpg (radar)
• Slide 16: http://hiphuntersblog.files.wordpress.com/2013/01/stacy-dash-mbc-net-movie-guide-clueless-87168.jpg (clueless)
• Slide 18: http://www.bboyscience.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/02/homerbrain.jpg (Homer brain)
• Slide 20: http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-QuBV_hrDEQM/UHDA1fZRGeI/AAAAAAAAANQ/Tc_xnXZypK0/s1600/the_persistence_of_memory_-
_1931_salvador_dali.jpg (Dali clock)
• Slide 22: http://blog.mclaughlinsoftware.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/02/Excel2011_ConfigureMySQLQuery02.png /
http://windows8transfer.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/10/windows8-file-copy-box.png (Progress bars)
• Slide 23: http://cultofmac.cultofmaccom.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/05/dawson-crying.jpg (crying)
• Slide 24: http://crazy-frankenstein.com/free-wallpapers-files/animal-wallpapers/cute-animals-wallpapers/cute-puppy-flower-animals-wallpapers-
1600x1200.jpg (puppy with flower)
• Slide 27: http://www.funny-potato.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2008/09/boxing-punch.jpg / http://www.glitters20.com/wp-
content/uploads/2012/11/Funny-Boxing-16.jpeg
I hereby declare that I really don’t know much about the digital rights of pictures, but that I simply hope that instead of being angry with me and ask me to
take it out, you simply enjoy this presentation and feel proud that your image was good enough that it made it in