Ancient Greece was a civilization in southern Europe that developed from 1100 BC until it became a Roman province in 146 BC. Its history is categorized into five periods, including the pre-Homeric, Homeric, archaic, classical, and Hellenistic periods, characterized by the rise and fall of city-states like Athens and Sparta. The early formation of the Greek people was influenced by Cretan and Mycenaean cultures, shaped by the arrival of Indo-European peoples around 2000 BC.

1. Ancient Greece
Ancient Greece was a civilization that developed in southern Europe, more precisely in the
Balkans, extending to the Peloponnese and along the entire Mediterranean coast. This
civilization developed from 1100 BC and its history continued until 146 BC when it was ruled by
the Romans.
Traditionally, historians divide Greek history into five periods, with the ancient and classical
periods corresponding to the heights of this civilization. The great hallmark of the Greeks was
the development of the city-state, a city-state whose two main cities were Athens and Sparta,
each representing a mode of action.
Periods of greek history
The history of the Greek people in antiquity is one of the longest and richest we know.
If we add the period of formation of the people, we are talking about two thousand
years of history. Naturally, this entire trajectory was marked by ups and downs and,
based on that fact, it was divided by historians into five periods. These periods take into
account the formation of the people and the fundamental characteristics of their
civilizations.
These are approximate divisions and not seen in plaster.
The periodization of Greek history is as follows:
• Pre-Homeric period: corresponds to the period of formation of the people and in it the
existence of the Mycenaean Minoan civilizations stands out.
• Homeric Period: characterized by large gaps in historical knowledge. Historians know
that this was a time of retreat due to the destruction of the Mycenaeans by the Dorians.
• Archaic period: phase of emergence of the polis, the Greek for the city-state. Greek
culture spread across the Mediterranean as a result of colonization and significant
advances such as the invention of the phonetic alphabet - had
• Classical period: corresponds to the apogee of Greek civilization, due to the great
advance achieved by Greek art and culture. Two major wars took place in Greece.
• Hellenistic period: decline of Greek civilization, now by the Macedonians, responsible
for the diffusion of Greek to the East. At the end of this period, Greece was a Roman
protectorate.
Formation of the Greek people
As we have seen, the formative period of Greek became known as Pre-Homeric.
This phase continued through almost the entire second BC.
and became known for the existence of two great ones: the Cretan and the
Mycenaean.

2. The formation of the Greek people was made by the Cretan culture with that of the
Indo-European peoples in the region of Greece.
Indo-European peoples started arriving in Greece in 2000 BC.
They were formed by Ionians, Achaeans, Aeolians and Dorians.
The first Indo-European peoples arrived in Greece made a great civilization developed
from 2000
We speak of Cretans, also known as Minoans.
Cretans
The Cretans were a people born in Asia Minor who migrated to the islands that exist in
the Aegean Sea, Crete being the main one.
In Crete, they survived through agriculture and livestock and developed trade links with
the Mediterranean region.
The expansion of the Cretans is confirmed by the fact that the writing form is found
elsewhere in Greece, as well as in Minor and even in the region of Israel.
Around 1400 BC, the Cretan civilization ceased to be replaced by the Mycenaeans.
It is believed that the weakening of the Cretans is related to the excessive use of the
land, in addition to natural disasters, that earthquakes and volcanic eruptions,
compromised their survival in Crete.

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