our anatomy assignment 2018

1. ANATOMY ASSIGNMENT FOR
FIRST YEAR PUBLIC HEALTH
STUDENTS
Group Five

2. ANATOMY OF FOREBRAIN

3. BRAIN
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The brain is an amazing three-pound organ that
controls all functions of the body,
It interprets information from the outside world.
Intelligence, creativity, emotion, and memory are
a few of the many things governed by the brain.
Protected within the skull,
The brain is composed of the cerebrum,
cerebellum, and brainstem.

4. Cont…
The brain is made of three main parts:
the forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain.
The forebrain consists of the cerebrum,
thalamus, and hypothalamus (part of the
limbic system).

5. Cont…
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Forebrain controls everything from
voluntary movement and the integration of
sensory information to all our higher
abstract thought, logic, speech, and
emotions.
The forebrain is the largest brain division.
It includes the cerebrum, which counts for
about two-thirds of the brain's mass and
covers most other brain structures.

6. Cerebrum
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It makes up around 85% of the brain and
consists primarily of grey matter, divided into
two hemispheres.
The cerebrum is where most of the important
brain functions happen, such as thinking,
planning, reasoning, language processing, and
interpreting and processing inputs from our
senses, such as vision, touch, hearing, taste
and smell.

7. Cont…

8. Location
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The cerebrum is located in the upper part
of the cranial cavity, which is a space
inside the top of the skull.
It is divided into a right hemisphere and a
left hemisphere by a deep groove known
as the longitudinal fissure.

9. Lobes and Functions
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The right half of the cerebrum controls the
left side of the body. The left half of the
cerebrum controls the right side of the body.
The cerebrum is divided into four regions
called lobes that control senses, thoughts,
and movements.
The four lobes are the occipital, temporal,
frontal, and parietal lobes.

10. Cont…
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The occipital lobe, found in the back of your
cerebrum, plays a role in processing visual
information.
There are two temporal lobes, one in each
hemisphere - close to where your ears are. It
primarily functions in auditory processing.
However, it may also be involved in emotion,
learning, and pronunciation/learning a new
language.

11. Cont…
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The frontal lobe allows you to solve a
complex task, undergo voluntary movement
of your body parts, form complete
sentences, and is responsible for your
personality traits.
For example think about the last time you
had a difficult exam, what was your first
reaction?

12. Cont…
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The parietal lobe functions in general
sensation and feeling. If you stand too
close to a campfire, you probably take a
few steps backwards to avoid the
excessive heat.
The parietal lobe is found in between the
frontal and occipital lobe.

13. Cont…

14. Thalamus
• Thalamus is a structure in the middle of
the brain. It is located between the
cerebral cortex and the midbrain. It works
to correlate several important processes,
including consciousness, sleep, and
sensory interpretation

15. Location
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If you were able to split the brain directly
down the center, you would find the
thalamus sitting at the top of the brain stem.
The thalamus is composed of two parts,
often referred to as lobes.
These lobes are symmetrical and are about
the size of a walnut.

16. Functions
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Relaying of sensory signals,
Relaying of motor signals, to the cerebral
cortex, and
The regulation of consciousness, sleep,
and alertness.

17. Hypothalamus
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The hypothalamus is an integral part of
the brain.
It is a small cone-shaped structure that
projects downward from the brain, ending
in the pituitary (infundibular) stalk, a
tubular connection to the pituitary gland.

18. Cont…

19. Cont…
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The hypothalamus contains a control
centre for many functions of
the autonomic nervous system, and
It has effects on the endocrine
system because of its complex interaction
with the pituitary gland.

20. Location
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region of the brain lying below
the thalamus and making up the floor of
the third cerebral ventricle.
located below the thalamus and is part of
the limbic system.

21. Arteries of forebrain

22. Venous supply of forebrain

23. ANATOMY OF NECK

24. Cont…
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The neck is a structure that stretches from the
base of the skull and the inferior margin of the
mandible above, to the shoulders and thorax
below.
It is formed of four major compartments: the
vertebral compartment, that includes the cervical
vertebrae and the associated postural muscles;
the visceral compartment, that contains glands
like the thyroid, parathyroid, and thymus, as well
as parts of both the respiratory and digestive
tracts (larynx, pharynx, trachea, and esophagus)

25. Bones
• The bony framework of the neck is
comprised of the seven cervical vertebrae,
hyoid bone, manubrium of the sternum,
and the clavicles.

26. Cont…
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The hyoid bone is a small U-shaped bone that’s
independent from any direct skeletal articulations in the
head and neck regions. It anchors several muscles and
soft tissue structures in the head and neck, and is highly
mobile.
The manubrium is the broad superior portion of the
sternum. It has a large oval-shaped fossa on each side
that articulates with the medial half of the clavicle,
which has a sternal end that is triangular and enlarged.
The clavicle connects the trunk region with the upper
limb.

27. Muscles
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Muscles of the neck can be grouped based on
function, innervation, and embryological origin.
Pharyngeal muscles constrict and elevate the
pharynx,
the muscles of the larynx adjust the dimensions of
the air pathway.
The strap muscles are responsible for positioning
both the larynx and hyoid bone in the neck,
the postural muscles position the neck and head.

28. Cont…

29. Neurovasculature
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The neck’s main vascular supply is
comprised of both the left and right
common carotid arteries,
the external and internal jugular veins.
Its innervation is mainly provided by the
cervical plexus and the bilateral phrenic
nerve.

30. Arteries of the neck

31. Veins of the neck

32. Nerves of the neck

33. Triangle of Neck
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This space is subdivided into two large
triangles by the Sternocleidomastoideus,
which passes obliquely across the neck,
from the sternum and clavicle below, to the
mastoid process and occipital bone above.
The triangular space in front of this muscle
is called the anterior triangle; and that
behind it, the posterior triangle.

34. Anterior triangle
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The anterior triangle is bounded, in front, by the
middle line of the neck;
behind, by the anterior margin of the
Sternocleidomastoideus;
its base, directed upward, is formed by the lower
border of the body of the mandible, and a line
extending from the angle of the mandible to the
mastoid process;
its apex is below, at the sternum.

35. Posterior triangle
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The posterior triangle is bounded, in front, by the
Sternocleidomastoideus;
behind, by the anterior margin of the Trapezius;
its base is formed by the middle third of the clavicle;
its apex, by the occipital bone.
The space is crossed, about 2.5 cm. above the
clavicle, by the inferior belly of the Omohyoideus,
which divides it into two triangles,
an upper or occipital, and a lower or subclavian.

36. Contents posterior triangle
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A) Nerves and Plexuses:
Spinal accessory nerve (Cranial Nerve XI)
Branches of cervical plexus
Roots and trunks of brachial plexus
Phrenic nerve (C3,4,5)
B) Vessels:
Subclavian artery (Third part)
Transverse cervical artery
Suprascapular artery
Terminal part of external jugular vein

37. Cont…
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C) Lymph Nodes:
Occipital
Supraclavicular
D) Muscles:
Inferior belly of omohyoid muscle
Anterior Scalene
Middle Scalene
Posterior Scalene
Levator Scapulae Muscle
Splenius

38. Contents of the anterior triangle
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The contents of the anterior triangle include
muscles,
nerves,
arteries,
veins and
lymph nodes.

39. Cont…
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Suprahyoid Muscles
Stylohyroid
Digastric
Mylohyoid
Geniohyoid
Infrahyoid Muscles
Omohyoid
Sternohyoid
Thyrohyoid
Sternothyroid

40. Cont…
• There are several important vascular
structures within the anterior triangle.
The common carotid artery bifurcates
within the triangle into the external and
internal carotid branches. The internal
jugular vein can also be found within this
area – it is responsible for venous drainage
of the head and neck.

41. Cont…

42. Cont…
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Numerous cranial nerves are located in the
anterior triangle. Some pass straight through,
and others give rise to branches which innervate
some of the other structures within the triangle.
The cranial nerves in the anterior triangle are the
facial [VII],
glossopharyngeal [IX],
vagus [X],
accessory [XI], and
hypoglossal [XII] nerves.

43. Thank You!!
Group Members
1,Eden Hailegiorgis
2,Gutema Habte
3,Yemisirach Dalbo
4,Yaecob Lijalem
5,Ashenafi Fuge
6,Bezabih Bafa

44. Websites
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Gray's anatomy 3rd edition
Moore clinically oriented anatomy 7th
edition
www.wikipedianeck.com
www.slidshare.com