This presentation is about the human kidney and its anatomical features including a detailed description and images of the internal structure, functions, and clinical significance of the kidney.

2.  INTRODUCTION TO KIDNEY
 LOCATION
 FUNCTIONS
 EXTERNAL FEATURES
 COVERINGS
 SUPPORTS OF KIDNEY
 RENAL STRUCTURES
 RELATIONS
 BLOOD SUPPLY
 LYMPHATIC DRAINAGE
 NERVE SUPPLY
 APPLIED ANATOMY

3.  ALSO CALLED RENE.
 PAIR OF EXCRETORY ORGAN.
 SITUATED ON POSTERIOR ABDOMINAL
WALL ON BOTH SIDE OF VERTEBRAL
COLUMN.
 KIDNEYS OCCUPY -
EPIGASTRIC,HYPOCHONDRIAC,LUMBAR
AND UMBLICAL REGION.
 T12 TO L3.
 THEY ARE RETROPERITONEAL.
KIDNEY

4. .
LOCATION

6. FUNCTIONS
 REMOVES METABOLIC WASTE,
EXCESS WATER AND SALT FROM
BLOOD.
 MAINTAINS pH of BLOOD
 SECRETES RENIN FOR BLOOD
PRESSURE
 ERYTHROPOIETIN FOR RBC
MATUARATION.
 VITAMIN D CHOLECALCIFEROL FOR
CONTROL OF CALCIUM.

7. MEASUREMENTS
 THICKNESS 1INCH
 BREADTH 2 INCHES
 LENGTH 4 INCHES
 WEIGHT 5 OUNCES

8. EXTERNAL FEATURES
 SHAPE
 SURFACES
 BORDERS
 POLE

9.  BEAN SHAPED ORGAN
 2 POLES- UPPER &
LOWER
 2 BORDERS- MEDIAL &
LATERAL
 2 SURFACES-ANTERIOR
&POSTERIOR
 HILUM.

10. POLES
 UPPER POLE IS BROAD AND IT IS IN
CLOSE CONTACT WITH
CORRESPONDING SUPRARENAL
GLAND.
 LOWER POLE IS POINTED

11. SURFACES
 ANTERIOR SURFACE IRREGULAR
AND CONVEX
 POSTERIOR SURFACE IS FLAT.

12. BORDERS
 LATERAL BORDER IS COVEX
 MEDIAL BORDER IS CONCAVE
SHOWING A DEPRESSION CALLED
HILUM

13. HILUM
 IT IS A DEPRESSION PRESENT ON
THE MEDIAL BORDER OF THE
KIDNEY.

14. STRUCTURES PRESENT IN HILUM
POSTEROR TO ANTERIOR
 RENAL VEIN
 RENAL ARTERY
 RENAL PELVIS
 IT IS EXPANDED UPPER END OF THE
URETER.

15. COVERINGS
KIDNEY HAVE FOLLOWING COVERINGS
FROM INSIDE TO OUTSIDE
 TRUE OR FIBROUS CAPSULE
 PERIRENAL FAT
 RENAL FASCIA
 PARARENAL FAT

17.  FIBROUS OR TRUE CAPSULE
 IT IS A THIN MEMBRANE CLOSELY
SURROUNDING THE OUTER
SURFACE KIDNEY.
 LINES THE RENAL SINUS
 MADE UP OF ELASTIC AND
COLLAGEN FIBRES.

18.  PERIRENAL FAT / PERINEPHRIC FAT
 LAYER OF ADIPOSE TISSUE.
 COVERS THE FIBROUS CAPSULE.
 FILL UP EXTRA SPACE IN RENAL
SINUS.

19.  RENAL FASCIA / FALSE CAPSULE
MADE UP OF 2 SEPARATE LAYERS
 POSTERIOR LAYER
FASCIA OF ZUCKERKANDAL
 ANTERIOR LAYER
FASCIA OF GEROTA

20.  Pararenal Fat
 IT THE FAT LYING OUTSIDE THE
RENAL FASCIA.
 IT IS PRESENT ABUNDANTLY ON THE
POSTERIOR SURFACE AND
TOWARDS THE LOWER POLE.

21. SUPPORTS OF KIDNEY
 INTRA-ABDOMINAL PRESURE.
 PRESENCE OF SURROUNDING
ORGANS AROUND KIDNEY.
 THE RENAL CAPSULE OR COVERING.
 RENAL VESSELS.

22. RENAL STRUCTURES
1. AN OUTER- REDDISH BROWN
CORTEX.
2. AN INNER- PALE MEDULLA.
3. A SPACE- THE RENAL SINUS.

24. RENAL MEDULLA
 COMPOSED CONICAL MASSES
CALLED RENAL PYRAMIDS.
 THE BASE OF PYRAMIDS ARE
TOWARDS THE CORTEX.
 RENAL PAPLLAE- THE APICES ARE
PROJECTING MEDIALLY INDENTING
THE MINOR CALYCES.
 MEDULLARY RAYS-THE STRIATIONS
EXTENDING FROM CORTEX INTO
MEDULLA.

25. RENAL CORTEX
IT IS DIVIDED IN 2 PARTS-
 CORTICAL ARCHES / LOBULES
 THEY FORM CAP OVER THE BASE OF
PYRAMIDS.
 RENAL COLUMNS
THE CORTEX EXTENDING BETWEEN
ADJACENT PYRAMIDS AS COLUMNS.

26. RENAL SINUS
IT IS THE SPACE EXTENDING INTO THE
KIDNEY FROM HILUS.
A. BRANCHES OF RENAL ARTERY
B. TRIBUTARIES OF RENAL VEIN
C. RENAL PELVIS.

27. RENAL PELVIS
 IT DIVIDES INTO 2-3 MAJOR CALYCES
 7-13 MINOR CALYCES WHICH ARE
INDENTED BY RENAL PAPILLAE.

28. THE KIDNEYS ARE
RETROPERITONEAL ORGAN
THAT IS COVERED BY
PERITONEUM ONLY
ANTERIORLY.
RELATIONS

29. Relations common to both kidneys
A. UPPER POLE- SUPRARENAL GLAND.
B. MEDIAL BORDER- HILUM.
C. POSTEROR RELATIONS.

31. POSTERIOR RELATIONS
a. DIAPHRAGM
b. MEDIAL AND LATERAL ARCUATE
LIGAMENTS.
c. PSOAS MAJOR.
d. QUADRATUS LUMBORUM.
e. TRANSVERSUS ABDOMINIS.
f. 12th RIBS.
g. SUBCOSTAL NERVE,ILIOHYPOGASTRIC
NERVE,ILIOINGUINAL NERVE.

32. ANTERIOR RELATIONS
 RIGHT KIDNEY
1. RT.SUPRARENAL
GLAND
2. LIVER
3. 2nd PART OF
DUODENUM
4. ASCENDING
COLON
5. HEPTIC FLEXURE
 LEFT KIDNEY
1. LT.SPRERENAL
GLAND
2. STOMACH
3. SPLEEN
4. PANCREAS
5. DESCENDING
COLON
6. JEJUNUM

34. BLOOD SUPPLY
 RENAL ARTERY DERIVES FROM
AORTA.
 RENAL ARTERY IS END ARTERY
 BLOOD PASSES THROUGH 2
CAPILLARY PLEXUS AND 5
VASCULAR SEGMENTS.
 RENAL ARTEY DRAINS INTO IVC.

35.  RIGHT RENAL ARTERY PASSES
BEHIND THE INFERIOR VENACAVA.
 LEFT RENAL VEIN PASSES IN FRONT
OF AORTS AND IMMEDIATELY BELOW
ORIGIN OF SUPERIOR MESENTRIC
ARTERY.
 LEFT RENAL VEIN RECEIVES LEFT
SPURARENAL VEIN AND LEFT
GONADAL VEIN AS TRIBUTARIES.

39. LYMPHATIC DRAINAGE
LYMPHATICS OF KIDNEY DRAIN INTO
LATERAL AORTIC NODES.

40. NERVE SUPPLY
 SYMPATHETIC- RENAL PLEXUS.
 PARASYMPATHETIC-VAGUS NERVE.

41. APPLIED ANATOMY
 RENAL ANGLE-BETWEEN 12TH RIB
AND ERECTOR SPINE TO ELICIT
TENDERNESS IN KIDNEY.
 PALPATED BIMANUALLY
 NEPHRITIS
 PYELONEPHRITIS
 TUBERCULOSIS OF KIDNEY
 STONES AND TUMORS OF KIDNEY
 RENAL TRANSPLANT

42.  NEPHROLITHOTOMY-OPENING IN
KIDNEY.
 PYLOLITHOTOMY-OPENING IN
PELVIS.
 PYLOGRAPHY.
 KUB X-RAY.

46. CONGENITAL ANOMALY
a) POLYCYSTIC KIDNEY
b) HORSE SHOE KIDNEY
c) UNDESCENDED KIDNEY
d) ACCESSORY RENAL ARTERY
e) FLOATING KIDNEY