The document discusses various topics related to the analysis of phenolic compounds found in plants. It describes sample preparation techniques including drying and grinding. It then covers different extraction methods for phenolics like solid-liquid extraction, ultrasound-assisted extraction, microwave-assisted extraction, and supercritical fluid extraction. Chromatographic and spectroscopic methods for analysis are also summarized such as HPLC, GC, and UV-Vis spectroscopy. The document concludes with a section on antioxidant evaluation methods including DPPH and ABTS assays.

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primary metabolites. They are more limited in
distribution being found usually in specific families.
They are not necessary for growth and development,
but may serve as pollination attractants,
environmental adaptations, or protection.
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9. (
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10. Polyphenols Simple phenols Miscellaneous
Liganas
Tannins 0 1
Cumarins
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Lignins
Resveratrol
Flavones
Flavonols
Flavan-3-ol
Isoflavones
Flavanols
Anthocyanins
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14. Freeze-drying, Air drying, Oven drying,
Grinding, Homogenization
Sample pre-
treatment
! Solid-liquid extraction
Conventional Modern
Extraction
Percolation UAE, MAE, SFE, PLE,
Maceration PHWE ,
Soxhlet, Refluxing, Infusion
Clean- up -
UV, Isolation
EC, CC-fractionation, Filtration, Evaporation,
FLU, LLE, SPE, SPME, SDME
Instrumental
TLC
analysis
MS
GC
LC
LC
FID, ECD MS, MS/MS
UV , 10/21/2012 Minaleshewa Atlabachew
Electo.Chem., FLU, MS, MS/MS, NMR 14

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Filtration
Pooled
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two-three
Solvent
Sample
Stirred
Shacken
Solvent
Sample
Universal
Prolonged ext. time improves efficiency but
10/21/2012 Minaleshewa Atlabachew 17

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US irradiation
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Recently , UAE is widely used
for all types of phenolic cpds
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Heating
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expansion and rupture of cell walls
Weakening van der Waals forces between solute & matrix
liberation of phenolics
Only polar solvents are used for MAE
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D
Plant flavonoids
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-4
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30. 2)
100 atm to 200 atm
5 G
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Multiple extraction ( for static)
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35. &
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36. &2 SDME-GC-MS
SDME-in syringe derivatization
• &2D &
- Hexyl acetate
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SDME-in syringe derivatization
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GC/MS 36

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38. K (
Derivatization
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Individual
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(2, 2 -diphenyl-1-pycryl-hydrazyl) 44

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47. 10/21/2012 Minaleshewa Atlabachew 47