This document discusses various tools and threats related to cybercrime and cyberterrorism, as well as countermeasures taken by governments. It outlines how technologies like mobile devices, digital currency software, and cyber espionage have created new vulnerabilities but also new tools for criminal acts. The document also examines laws and policies enacted post-9/11 to combat terrorism, such as the 2010 Protecting Cyberspace as a National Asset Act, which aims to enhance cyber and critical infrastructure security in the US. Overall, the document analyzes the growing threats in cyber space and how governments and security infrastructures must continue adapting to address vulnerabilities from new technologies and non-physical forms of attack.

1. IS 3868 Nicole Gaehle
Assignment 1
Analysis: New Threats & Countermeasure in Crime and Cyber Terrorism
“Cyberwarfare isquicklybecomingthe methodof warfare andthe tool of militarystrategies.
Additionally,ithasbecome atool forgovernmentstoaidor exploitfortheirownpersonal benefits.For
cyberterroriststhere hasbeenan overwhelminglyabundance of new toolsandtechnologiesavailable
that have allowedcriminalactsto occur virtuallyanywhere inthe world.” (Dawson&Omar,2015) As
technologygrowsimmenselyandrapidlyfastthe worldwide webbecomeslarger. Whenthisoccurs
thisallowsforvulnerabilitiestogrowinthe networkingof the webaswell asthroughnew technologies
that have beenadvancingaswell.These new technologieswouldactuallybecomeatool foranyone to
use includingthe governmenttoaidtheircountryor exploitothercountriestotheirownadvantage.
Whenyouthinkof a tool you maythinkof householdtools.However,thatisnotthe case at thistime.
The toolsconsistof mobile devices,digitalcurrencysoftware,cyberespionage andsecrecy,alongwith
lawsand policiestocombatterrorism.
As we are aware of the toolsthat can be usedwe needtobe aware of what can happen.
“Attackscan be initiatedfromanywhere inthe worldfrombehindacomputerwithamaskedInternet
Protocol (IP) address.Thistype of warfare,cyberwarfare,changesthe landscape of waritself.Thistype
of warfare removesthe needtohave aphysicallycapable militaryandrequiresthe demandforaforce
that has a strongtechnical capacitye.g.computerscience skills.”(Dawson&Omar,2015) We have a
total of 195 countriesinthe world.Thismeansthat we couldhave a Chinese attacker,Japanese
attacker,Americanattacker,Spanishattacked,Britainattacker,Africaattacker,orany othercountry
that youcan thinkof.Whenyoutake intoinconsiderationthatanattacker can be anywhere inthe world
thenyou(as a governmentofficial)wouldwanttoconsidermanyprocessesandstepstotake.
PersonallyIwouldwanttoensure ourgovernment andcountryissafe byadvancingour ownpersonal
securitymeasuresinmultiplestates.Thiscaninclude entitiesinWashingtonD.C.,StLouisMO,San
DiegoCA,DallasTX, or anyother cityand state.It wouldbe asif we as a countrywere underattack by
anothercountryon our ownUS soil.However,thismeansthatwe maybe attackedon ownsoil but the
attackercan be on Britainsoil.“These attackshelpleadtorapiddevelopmentof cyberdefense
organizationsthroughoutEurope whichhasraisedthe profile of cyber-attackstoincludeawarenessto
the potential severityof attacks.”(Dawson&Omar, 2015) WhetheritisJapan attackingPeruor U.S.
attackingJapan,a countrylike Europe (inthiscase) wouldwanttodeveloporganizationsrapidlytobe
able to prepare forany possibilitiesthattheymaybe attackedor wouldneedtoattack someone else.
No matterwhatcountry youconsider,all 195 of themneedtohave a defense organizationtowatchout
for maliciousattacksdone tothemthroughthe cyberworld.Attackscan be done viamobile networks.
Mobile networksare anetworkinwhichusesa data service onthe go usingcellulardevicesor
mobile devicessuchasiPadsandothertablets. “Thusthe importance of securityinmobile networkingis
essential tomaintainingsecurityandprivacyforeverydaycitizens.” (Dawson&Omar,2015) We as
citizensonthe go relyonour mobile carrierstohave such securityintheirdatabasestoensure we can
utilize ourdataas needed.Ifindthatthe securityinmobile networkingisveryimportantbecause how
am I supposedtoknowif a website wouldharmmymobile device. Mymobile device couldbe atablet,
laptop,cell phone,orevenakindle.“Manyindividualsrely ontheirmobiledevicesfortexting,checking
email,makingonline purchases,andevenremote controllingtheirhome alarmsystem.” (Dawson&
Omar, 2015) As a cellulardevice user,Iuse myphone heavilyfortexting,emailing, andevenplaying

2. IS 3868 Nicole Gaehle
games.I sometimesuse mycell phoneformakingpurchasesbutheavilyrelyonmymobile personal
computer(laptop) tomake purchases.Manycollege level studentsandcorporate executivescarrya cell
phone anda laptopforeverydayuse. Yes,Iam a college studentbutif Iwas a corporate executive it
wouldbe worse thanwhat itis already.Isaythis because if Iwas bothI wouldhave twolaptopsanda
couple of cell phonesonme at all times.“Understandingthe HumanComputerInteraction (HCI) and
behavioral issueswithmobile devicesisastart inunderstandinghumanpitfallsinsecurity.” (Dawson&
Omar, 2015) What the authors are sayinghere isthat everyone needstounderstandthatwe are all
humanand a simple mistake canoccur.Eventhougha single humaninteractswithacomputertohelp
manage cyber-attacksona mobile networkdoesn’tmeanthateverythinghasbeentouchedon.So
technicallyspeakingavulnerabilitycouldbe there thatthe personisnotaware of until a malicious
attack happensonthe mobile network.Otherthanthe mobile networkattackscan alsohappenon
digital currency.
Digital currencyiswhere a transactionisdone ultimatelybywebbetweentwophysical
accounts.“Digital currency has become anew commerce that isgrowlyquicklyandgainingthe attention
of large financial institutions.”(Dawson&Omar,2015) As financial institutionsgrow,consumers
demandtobe able totransfermoneyfromone bank accountto anotherin sucha quickmethod.This
methodhasbecome a part of digital currency.The infrastructure hastobe setto such highdemandsto
meetsucha newcommerce thatison the rise.“The technical infrastructureof thisdecentralizeddigital
currencyreliesonseveral cryptographictechnologies.” (Dawson&Omar,2015) Financial institutions
alreadyhave tohave a highstandardsetfor the infrastructure due tothe multiple consumersthatutilize
themto banktheirmoneyandprotect itfromthieves.However,the thievesthe consumersthinkthey
are protectingfromare the onesthat come in to someone’shouse/carphysicallyorgetintotheir
personal mail.Inregardstothis,the financial institutionshave tobuildtheirinfrastructure withmore
detailsandlevelsof securitytobe able tomake the consumerhappy.Onthe otherhand,the consumers
don’trealize thateventhoughtheirmoneyisinasafe place and theycan easilyhitthe transferbutton
online doesn’tmeanthattheycan keepawayfromcurrencybeingtakenfromthem.“Furthercyber
criminalscouldstore stolendigital fundsonany device thatcanbe usedasstorage.This couldpose a
threatas laundered,stolen,orself-generatedfundscanbe takenanywhere onastorage device suchas
a micro Secure Digital (SD) thatcan holdup to 64 gigabytes(GB).”(Dawson&Omar,2015) Cyber-attacks
can happento those individualsusingacell phone orcomputertotransferfundsfromone account to
another.The attack on such devicescangainvital informationforbothaccounts(whichbank,routing
number,andaccount number) andstore those onsome kindof card to be utilizedsomewhere else.
Most thinkthiscouldbe calledidentitytheft(whichcouldbe the case) butitreallyisnot.It’sjusta
simple bugtothe attacker to be able to gainsuch information.Thismaybe consideredcyberwarfare
howeverthiscouldalsobe underCyberEspionage andSecrecy.
“Cyberespionage orcyberspyingisyetanothermethodof cyberwarfare.Thismethodallows
for the abilitytoobtainsecretswithoutthe permissionof the dataowner.The rise incyberespionage is
yetanotherreasongovernment’smustimprove cybersecurityinfrastructure.” (Dawson&Omar,2015)
Many of us maythinkthat all of our data is safe onour computersor any of our devices.Thatmaybe
true in sucha waybut not fully.Cyberespionage isawaythat allowsattackersto gainaccessinto our
data withoutourpermission.Soif ProfessorMaurice Dawsonwantedinformationonme he could
simplyuse asoftware thatwouldbe able to obtainmyinformationwithoutmyknowledge.Technically
anythingIor someone else thatwouldputinformationonanydevice canbe gainedaccessto evenif we

3. IS 3868 Nicole Gaehle
are notthere to protectit. There couldbe a passwordon topof a password ontop of anotherpassword
to be able to protectour veryimportantvital informationthatwe donot wantanyone to know about.
However,anindividual canspyonyou throughyour computerbyputtinga bugon it that isinvisible to
the computersfirewall tobe able togainsuch information.Ourfirewall isthere toprotectusagainst
such attacks butthe firewall canonlycatch somany packetsbefore one getsloose intoyourcomputer
software tobe able to obtainsuch importantinformation.Whensecurityof informationisatriskthen
there are such lawsand policiestocombatterrorism.
Laws and Policiestocombatterrorismhasa large role to playforthe governmentsof the
countries.“The eventsof 9/11 not onlychangedpolicieswiththe U.S.butalsopolicieswithother
countriesinhowtheytreatand combat terrorism.The UnitedNations(U.N.) alteredArticle 51of the
U.N. charter.Thisarticle allowsmembersof the U.N.totake necessarymeasurestoprotectthemselves
againstan armedattack to ensure international peace andsecurity.However,thisarticle raises
importantissuesunderinternational law regardingthe use of force.” (Dawson&Omar, 2015) Such
eventsterrifymanyindividualsthroughoutthe nationsof the world.Insuchthe situationthatdidoccur
on 9/11 manyU.S. citizensfeltterrifiedof othernationalities.Thisalsogoesthe reverseway.Our
countrieshadthe rightto change lawsandpoliciestoabide tothe requestof U.S. citizens’demands.
Many differenttypesof attackscanhappen.Thiscouldbe by a physical attack,mental attack,or even
cyber-attack.We all have the right to protectourselvesinwhichevermannerwe wantbutwe alsohave
to abide bywhat ourgovernmentwouldalsobackuson.“The ProtectingCyberspace asaNational Asset
Act of 2010 wasan act that alsoamendsTitle 11 of the HomelandSecurityActof 2002. Thisact
enhancedsecurityandresiliencyof the cyberandcommunicationinfrastructure withinthe U.S.Thisact
isimportantas the Presidentdeclaredthatanycyberaggressionswouldbe consideredanactof war.
Thisis alsoimportantas Estonia’sentire digital infrastructure wastakendownbyhackerswho
supportedthe formerSovietRule. Thistype of attackcouldbe damagingto the infrastructure inthe U.S.
causinglossof powerfor daysor more whichcouldresultindeath.” (Dawson&Omar,2015) Acts such
as thisis putintoplayfor multiple reasons.One reasoncouldbe the governmentrealizedthere are
some seriousissuesoccurringonthe cyberworldfortheirnationandneedstoenhance it.Alsocouldbe
because one tomany attacks happenedtothe nationthathas causedchaos. Suchsecurityisput into
place to protectour nation(orone’snation) tobe able to make the citizensof the nationfeel safe even
thoughit maynot be the safestitcouldget.There isalwaysnotenoughsecuritytobe able to assistis
not havinga majoreventoccur e.g.the entire nation’sgridgoingintoblackoutfor daysonend.
In conclusion,manytoolssuchasmobile devices,digital currencysoftware,cyberespionageand
secrecy,alongwithlawsandpoliciestocombatterrorismare usedundersecuritymeasures.Thesetools
have vulnerabilitiesintheirsecuritybutalsohelpprovide practice onwhatcan happenona day to day
basis.The biggesttool wouldbe underthe lawsandpoliciestocombatterrorismwhichisthe Protecting
Cyberspace asa National AssetActof 2010 was an act whichamendsTitle 11 of the HomelandSecurity
Act of 2002. Havingsecurityinour nationor any nationthroughoutthe worldisimportant.

4. IS 3868 Nicole Gaehle
Bibliography
Dawson,M., & Omar, M. (2015). NewThreats and Countermeasurein Digital Crime and CyberTerrorism.
Hershey:InformationScience Reference (animprintof IGIGlobal).