Iswa Solid Waste World Congress Annals

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CONGRESS ANNALS
ISWA 2014
September 08th - 11th
São Paulo, Brazil

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Solid Waste World Congress ISWA 2014 - Brazil Chairman ISWA World Congress 2014
Carlos R. V. da Silva Filho
Chairman Scientific Committee
José Fernando Thomé Jucá Honorary Chairman
Dr. Antonis Mavropoulos
Scientific Committee: Amiya Kumar Sahu Ana Paula Bortoletto Andreas Bartl Atilio Savino Bettina Kamuk Björn Appelqvist Christopher Godlove Christoph Scharff Costas Velis Dalson Chung David Ross David Wilson Darci Barnech Campani Derek Greedy Dimitris Dermatas Edmund Fleck
Erik de Baedts Flávio Ribeiro Francisco Oliveira Gary Crawford Geraldo Reichert Gesner Oliveira Goran Vujic Gunilla Carlsson Guah Eng Hok Haiyun Xu Hans Bjork Helmut Rechberger Helmut Stadler Hermann Huisman Hua Tao Humberto Carvalho Jr. Jim Michelsen Joachim Quoden John Skinner José Dantas de Lima José Henrique Penido Luis Marinheiro Maarten Goorhuis Marco Ricci Maria Cecilia L. dos Santos Mário Russo C. Rudra Charan Mohanty Pariatamby Agamuthu Rainer Kronberger Rodrigo Navia
Promoted by Organized by

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Sumário
ORAL PRESENTATIONS
Theme SP001: Aftercare Landfills and Dump Sites ............................................................................. 5
Theme SP002: Challenges and Limits of Recycling ............................................................................ 8
Theme SP003: Climate Change and Waste Management .................................................................. 10
Theme SP004: Communication on Waste........................................................................................... 11
Theme SP005: Energy from Waste ...................................................................................................... 13
Theme SP006: Integrating the Informal Sector .................................................................................. 16
Theme SP007: International Waste Trade ........................................................................................... 17
Theme SP008: Legislation and Regulation Enforcemen ................................................................... 18
Theme SP009: Management and Impact of Urban Hygiene in Cities’ Sustainability ....................... 20
Theme SP010: Management of Special Waste Streams (Hazardous, Healthcare, Eee, Elv Etc) ..... 22
Theme SP011: Organics Treatment and Recovery ............................................................................ 25
Theme SP012: Planning on Waste Management ................................................................................ 26
Theme SP013: Reverse Logistics of Post Consumption Products / Epr .......................................... 30
Theme SP014: Swm in Developing Countries and Transition Economies ....................................... 32
Theme SP016: Waste and Health ........................................................................................................ 34
Theme SP017: Waste Data and Information Systems ........................................................................ 36
Theme SP018: Funding and Tariffs ..................................................................................................... 37
Theme SP019: Waste to Resources .................................................................................................... 37
Theme SP020: Zero Waste and Waste Prevention ............................................................................. 40
Theme SP021: Waste Collection, Transportation and Transfer Technologies ................................ 42

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POSTER PRESENTATIONS
Theme SP001: Aftercare Landfills and Dump Sites ........................................................................... 44
Theme SP002: Challenges and Limits of Recycling .......................................................................... 52
Theme SP003: Climate Change and Waste Management .................................................................. 54
Theme SP004: Communication on Waste........................................................................................... 56
Theme SP005: Energy from Waste ...................................................................................................... 57
Theme SP006: Integrating the Informal Sector .................................................................................. 61
Theme SP008: Legislation and Regulation Enforcemen ................................................................... 62
Theme SP009: Management and Impact of Urban Hygiene in Cities’ Sustainability ....................... 65
Theme SP010: Management of Special Waste Streams (Hazardous, Healthcare, Eee, Elv Etc) ..... 67
Theme SP011: Organics Treatment and Recovery ............................................................................ 74
Theme SP012: Planning on Waste Management ................................................................................ 80
Theme SP013: Reverse Logistics of Post Consumption Products / Epr .......................................... 90
Theme SP014: Swm in Developing Countries and Transition Economies ....................................... 95
Theme SP015: Waste and Design ....................................................................................................... 99
Theme SP016: Waste and Health ...................................................................................................... 100
Theme SP017: Waste Data and Information Systems ...................................................................... 102
Theme SP019: Waste to Resources .................................................................................................. 105
Theme SP020: Zero Waste and Waste Prevention ........................................................................... 108
Theme SP021: Waste Collection, Transportation and Transfer Technologies .............................. 110

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ORAL PRESENTATIONS
Theme SP001: AFTERCARE LANDFILLS AND DUMP SITES
032 - LANDFILL – AN ACCEPTABLE ENVIRONMENTAL OPTION
Derek Greedy
Iswa, Ansley - Reino Unido
Open dump landfilling in economically developing countries quite rightly receives adverse comment about its environmental acceptability. However landfilling has advanced much beyond this today and can deliver an environmentally sound solution for managing waste whereby the emissions from the anaerobic decay of biodegradable matter are controlled, treated and often put to good use.
Even in economically developed countries landfilling is progressing from the open dump through to the controlled landfill where very simple measures such as the covering of wastes and the placement of a low permeability cap, to the engineered landfill where modest engineering of the base and sides is provided and now to the sanitary landfill which predominates in developed economies and too a much lesser but increasing extent in developing economies. To make landfill a step further bioreactor landfills are being developed to try and establish the truly sustainable and environmentally acceptable landfill.
Despite the many reservations landfill is environmentally acceptable. Clearly it is now well planned rather than the indiscriminate approach of yesteryear. It will be regulated by statutory bodies through a permit with the effective management and control of emissions. There will be documented operational procedures ensuring that the aesthetic impact of landfilling is greatly reduced. Provision will be required and in place for monitoring and aftercare but note that if the bioreactor principle is adopted the time required for this is likely to be greatly reduced.
Landfilling despite being at the bottom of the waste hierarchy does form an integral part of the overall strategy for managing waste. First and foremost it is robust and is tried and tested technology. It will accommodate quite readily changes in waste composition with no detrimental impact on the process which other technologies might not be as able to accommodate.
Landfill is environmentally acceptable but perhaps more importantly it provides an economic solution for developing economies where there will be other priorities vying for the limited funds available. Landfill is substantially lower in capital cost terms than many other waste and resources management technologies which will allow the available funds to be defrayed to other priorities.
Landfill is a proven option and continues to be for many developed economies and despite what the waste hierarchy now depicts it is a base upon which future more sustainable solutions can be developed.
Landfills can provide a satisfactory environmentally acceptable solution to waste and resources management with minimal impact on the environment. It can be considered as the storage of resources with the potential for exploitation in the longer term. It is a technology that has a 24 hours a day, 7 days a week and 52 weeks a year availability.
110 - INNOVATIVE USES OF LANDFILL GAS ENERGY
Lori H Edwards1; Swarupa Ganguli2; Lori H Edwards3
1,3.Scs Engineers, Geneva - Estados Unidos; 2.Us Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Washington DC - Estados Unidos
The number of landfills implementing landfill gas (LFG) energy projects continues to grow each year worldwide. In the United States (U.S.) over 620 projects produced almost 2,000 megawatts (MW) of electricity and supplied over 4,500 cubic meters per hour (m3/hr) of LFG in 2013. There has been an increase in electricity generation from worldwide in the past years and more are expected to go online in the near future.
LFG energy projects that are operating worldwide are predominately generating electricity. Whereas, in the U.S. two-thirds of the LFG energy projects generate electricity and one-third pipe the gas to a nearby industrial end user for direct thermal or boiler applications. Landfill gas energy projects have a track record of economically viability, improving the environment by reducing greenhouse gas emissions, and expanding renewable energy generation capacity. In recent years, several open dumps particularly in Turkey have been rehabilitated with the installation of an active landfill gas collection and control systems. The observation has been that some of these landfills do not generate enough LFG for a viable electricity generation project; however, other innovative small scale uses of the LFG may be a viable option in Turkey and other parts of the world.
This proposed presentation will discuss some of the more common barriers to LFG energy project development including low LFG production. Through the use of case studies, the presentation will showcase unique and innovative projects that have been brought online utilizing smaller volumes of LFG including the production of compressed natural gas/liquefied natural gas, the use of LFG as an energy source for artisan studios, combining LFG with other sources of methane to make a project viable, the establishment of “renewable energy parks,” among others.
The development of traditional LFG electricity and direct use projects is still important. However, this proposed presentation will focus on smaller scale new and innovate ways landfills are utilizing their LFG for energy production.
111 - DEGRADATION INDICES OF MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE SAMPLES OF DIFFERENT LANDFILLING AGES
Ana Elisa Silva De Abreu; Orencio Monje Vilar
São Carlos School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, Analandia - SP – Brasil
A wide research concerning landfill slope stability is currently taking place at São Carlos School of Engineering. One of its goals is to evaluate whether the biochemical changes that municipal solid waste (MSW) undergoes after its placement affect its mechanical resistance or not. Stability indices are needed to access the degradation state of the six samples, which were submitted to mechanical tests. Therefore physicochemical and biological tests were performed on these samples. The surveyed materials were excavated from an experimental landfill, from a dumpsite and from a sanitary landfill in São Carlos, Brazil, and their landfilling ages range from 1 to 25 years. BOD5, COD, total organic carbon and pH were measured on the eluates of solubilization tests and COD was measured on the eluates of leaching tests. Loss on ignition and total organic carbon were evaluated by combustion of the solid samples. The use of these parameters, as well as the BOD5/COD ratio, the gravimetric composition and the gradation as indicators of MSW biological stability is discussed. Finally, the samples were grouped according to their state of degradation, which allowed the planning of the mechanical testing campaign.
145 - MULTI-FUNCTIONAL SEALING OF THE IHLENBERG WASTE DISPOSAL SITE
Berend Krueger1; Caroline Kobel2; Norbert Jacobsen3; Thomas Wemhoff4; Franz Saenger5
1,2,3.Iag, Selmsdorf - Alemanha; 4.Umtec, Bremen - Alemanha; 5.Itn Zittau/Görlitz, Görlitz - Alemanha
At the Ihlenberg waste disposal site, the active part for hazardous waste is to be separated from the decommissioned part of the landfill per legal requirements using a multi-functional sealing.
In the planning phase t, different design variations of the structural separation between two parts of the landfill were developed. A horizontal base connection was evaluated to be the preferred variation. For this, the old section is covered up to the base sealing system that conforms to the Directive and then structurally connected. The construction project is the sealing of plateau areas in the roof profile and waste embankments in approx. 1:3 slope inclinations with an average approx. 60 m slope lengths.
A sealing system was stipulated for the design, which satisfies the superior requirements of the surface sealing and base sealing. In detail, the multi-functional sealing at the Ihlenberg waste disposal site is made up as follows (from top to bottom):
• Weather-proof cover for white water collection before the start of waste depositing
• At least 30 cm of frost protection cover
• PP filter fleece, BAM–licensed
• 30 or 50 cm drainage layer
• Protective layer made of compressed sand, BAM-licensed
• 2.5 mm PEHD plastic sealant membrane and sealant inspection system, BAM-licensed
• 50 cm mineral sealing, 2-layer
• 100 cm gas, supporting and equalising layer with geogrid (BAM-licensed)
A plan authorisation with preliminary environmental compatibility assessment was requested for the project as required by law. As part of the authorisation process, an external expert was consulted as an official expert together with various technical authorities. The core element of the authorisation conditions regulated the settlements due to the foundation on an existing waste body including its effects on the sealing system. E.g. the updating of the settlement prognosis with regards the minimum inclines, on the basis of the measurements including the adaptation of the construction documentation to take into account the updating of the settlement prognosis. After a limited invitation to tender, the 1st section of the project, could be completed in 2012/13. The increased quality requirements for the implementation of this building measure are reflected in the quality requirements of those involved in the construction. In addition to those usually involved in waste disposal site construction measures, such as third-party auditors for polymers, minerals and measurements, and local building inspection and site management, a technical settlement monitoring of the construction sites is also being carried out alongside the construction using hydrostatic, linear height measurement systems.
The multi-functional sealing is a technically demanding structure, with which the final decommissioning o the “old section” of the Ihlenberg waste disposal site has begun, while guaranteeing the remaining fill capacity of the active part of the landfill.
150 - INTENSIFIED MONITORING DURING LANDFILL AFTERCARE AS A BASIS FOR AFTERCARE COMPLETION
David Laner; Christian Brandstaetter; Johann Fellner
Vienna University of Technology, Vienna – Áustria
Municipal solid waste (MSW) landfills represent a source of potential pollution for long periods of time and therefore need to be managed after closure. This period of aftercare lasts until the authorities consider a landfill not to pose a threat to human health and the environment. In order to evaluate aftercare, it is necessary to gain an understanding of the waste emission behavior, the long-term barrier performance, and the impact of substances released to the environment. Because appropriate models for emissions from waste are highly dependent on full-scale monitoring data, it is the aim of this study to illustrate monitoring procedures suitable for generating data to establish and calibrate such models. Based on monitoring data from old MSW landfills, important factors to be considered in aftercare monitoring are identified and their effects on emission modelling are highlighted. All the selected case study landfills are located in Austria, but the climatic conditions differ substantially between individual sites with annual precipitation ranging from around 500 mm per year to 2000 mm per year. Emission models are established for each landfill, the differences between model predictions and observed data are analyzed, and adapted monitoring schemes (e.g. observation of leachate dynamics and the effect on leachate quality) are presented as a basis for improving the data available for model development and calibration. In the context of aftercare management, these efforts are fundamental to enable robust predictions of future emission levels at these sites and are therefore a crucial element of the documentation necessary to complete landfill aftercare.
177 - THE INFLUENCE OF SOFT PLASTIC IN SHEAR STRENGTH ANALYSIS OF MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE
Christiane Lyra Corrêa1; José Fernando Thomé Jucá2; Eduarda De Queiroz Motta3
1.Faculdade Damas, Recife - PE - Brasil; 2.UFPE, Recife - PE - Brasil; 3.DNIT, Recife - PE – Brasil
This research presents an analysis of the shear strength of municipal solid waste with reduced thermoplastic in landfills. In this sense, it is investigated through laboratory testing the contribution of that kind of plastic in the strength parameters of MSW and evaluates the variation of these parameters in landfills if plastic bags are banned from supermarkets. For the development of this research a comparative analysis between the two main thermoplastic (soft plastic: HDPE – high density polyethylene and LDPE – low density polyethylene) present in Brazilian landfills was carried out by testing the tensile strength of plastics and direct shear tests of sample prepared with different percentage of plastic mixed with granular material simulating old solid waste. The survey results confirm the importance of plastic as fibrous element in MSW landfills, because they are responsible for the high values of strength parameters due to tensile forces caused by these fibers. The values of friction angle had a mobilization approximately 16º in the sample prepared with LDPE and 10º in the sample prepared with LDPE, which represents 67 and 42% increase, respectively. The cohesion

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presented a mobilization up to 43 kPa in the sample prepared with HDPE and 15 kPa in the sample prepared with LDPE, which represent 1229 and 429% increase, respectively. Therefore, it was verified that even with the reduction of plastic bags in MSW landfills due to its prohibition in supermarkets, other soft plastics that continue to be landed in the waste mass can check the effect of fiber reinforcement without damage to the slope stability of landfills.
189 - RENEWABLE ENERGY GENERATION WITH BIOGAS FROM LOMA LOS COLORADOS LANDFILL – SANTIAGO DE CHILE
Gaston Cáceres
KDM Empresas, Santiago – Chile
In 1996, KDM built the first landfill in Chile fulfilling the whole sanitary and environmental legislation. This installation rapidly became the biggest landfill of Chile. Nowadays, Loma Los Colorados receives almost 2 million tons per year of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW), 58% of which become biogas and is then used to generate electric energy to feed the national system.
Since the beginning of the project, the operation of the landfill became a large technical challenge due to the necessity of controlling tenths of millions of biogas released to the atmosphere each year.
In 1998, KDM installed one of the most modern biogas plants in Latin America. The operation in this plant continued until 2006 when the firm decided to modernize it. After improvements the project became one of the largest clean development mechanism projects of the country, reducing each year CO2 emissions for 600,000 tons.
The biogas is captured in the landfill, using more than 300 wells connected by high density polyethylene pipes.
Once the biogas flow reaches the biogas treatment plant, it is compressed and cleaned before its use. The biogas not used for generation is then burned in an enclosed flare where it is transformed into elementary substances under temperatures higher than 800 °C.
Once dried and cleaned, the biogas is sent to Loma Los Colorados power plant, where it is used as fuel. The power plant has an installed capacity of 22 MW, given by 16 motors. Currently, this project is the largest in Chile using biogas as fuel.
For the injection of the production of electricity into the public grid, KDM built a [110 kV] transmission line of 21 km.
The energy produced can supply the electrical needs of a population around 250,000 people.
This project, as others in Chile, was supported by modifications to Chilean General Law on Electric Services, introduced in 2008, encouraging the entry of unconventional renewable energy (ERNC) into the energy matrix, through tariff incentives. This modification, in practice, was a legal recognition of the importance of renewable energy generation and the first real incentive for electric generation with unconventional renewable sources.
Due to the increase of waste volumes, it is foreseen that the installed capacity of the electrical plant will grow in a reason around 1,5 MW of installed capacity per year, reaching a peak for 55 MW in year 2045.
198 - RECOMMENDED PRINCIPLES OF MACHINE FLEET AND OPERATION SOLID WASTE COMPACTION IN SANITARY LANDFILLS
Stephane Bertrand; Neil Leblanc
Caterpillar, Grenoble – França
When it comes to mobile equipment operation in sanitary landfills, there are multiple choices in terms of machine types, sizes and options. The purpose of this paper is to provide guidance to landfill site managers in these critical choices, by explaining how they can influence the final density of solid waste, and lifetime of the landfill site.
This will be achieved not only when selecting his fleet, but also by applying different machine operation techniques.
This document will give provide you guidance on what additional compaction brings to a landfill site, which machines are better suited for each task, and how they perform when working as a team. As a result, landfill sites managers will know how to optimize solid waste compaction, further reduce the impact on the environment, and lower the costs of handling waste for the community while improving returns.
203 - IMPACT OF LEACHATE LEVEL ABOVE LINER SYSTEM ON SLOPE STABILITY DURING LANDFILL OPERATION
H. James Law
Scs Engineers, Raleigh - Estados Unidos
ABSTRACT: The ability to predict the slope stability of a sanitary landfill during operation in inclement weather conditions is very important to a landfill manager or operator. This is particularly true for a landfill located in an area that is exposed to seasonal monsoon or tropical rain storm events where the landfill surface cannot provide meaningful runoff to rid off excess liquid from entering into the waste mass. This paper focuses on illustrating the effect of liquid levels above the liner system to the operational landfill slope stability. However, the knowledge presented herein also applies to any uncapped landfills or dump sites. During typical landfill operations, many steep slopes and relatively pervous surface may result from daily waste placement, especially when there is a rain event causing delay in applying a daily cover soil over an active area.
As the waste mass is exposed during landfill operations, infiltration to the waste mass will increase especially during seasonal heavy rainfall event(s) where there is no cap system to control excessive infiltration into the waste mass. The liquid level within the landfill may raise to a level that may trigger a slope instability condition. Because of this concern, a parametric slope stability analysis will be presented and discussed in this paper to evaluate the effect of liquid levels within the waste mass on any operational landfill sites.
A model was developed for this parametric case study: the landfill operational slope varies between 1(V):2.5(H) and 1(V):3.5(H); the landfill height varies at 6, 15, 24 to 37 m; and the liquid head varies between 0, 0.7 and 1.5 m, measured above the bottom liner system. The goal of this parametric analysis is to identify any potential instability issues during operations. Results of this landfill operational slope stability analysis are summarized in tables and plotted in graphs. These graphs can be used to estimate the factor of safety (FS) against slope stability for conditions depicted and within the slope configuration and liquid level limits assumed in the paper. Visual graphical charts presented in the paper can be used by a landfill operator to identify any slopes with potential instability.
The analytical results presented indicate that FS above 1.5 are achieved for the all slopes modeled, provided that leachate head levels are less than 0.7 m above the liner. For the 1:2.5 slope, the FS values drop below 1.5 if the liquid level above the liner is greater than 0.7 m. For the 1:3.5 and 1:3 slopes, the FS values is less than 1.5 when the liquid level above the liner is greater than 0.7 m.
The graphical presentation in this paper can be utilized as an important guide for a landfill site manager who may be excavating through waste mass for whatever reasons and resulting with a steep and exposed waste slope. However, this graphical chart should be developed for site-specific use and based on its landfill design criteria and site conditions.
243 - COMPOSITION OF DEPOSITED WASTE MATERIALS IN MASS-WASTE LANDFILLS OF AUSTRIA AND ITS INFLUENCE ON TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES
Tanja Wolfsberger
Montanuniversitaet Leoben - Chair of Waste Processing Technology and Waste Management, Leoben – Áustria
In this paper, the theoretical and practical experience in landfill mining based on a project initiated by the Chair of Waste Processing Technology and Waste Management of the Montanuniversity of Leoben, Austria, in cooperation with different communal and industrial partners, is presented.
Landfilling has long been considered as the best and cheapest way for disposal of waste materials. As waste may contain a variety of contaminants and biological and chemical conversion processes take place in landfill sites, however, old deposits constitute risks to the environment (i.e. water, soil, air) and human health. Furthermore, due to the lack of certain raw materials, new resources must be found for economy. One possibility to minimize the risk and to gain potential secondary raw materials represents landfill deconstruction, where deposited materials are removed, processed and fed to different treatment facilities for energy or material recovery. In the best case, only the non-recyclable fraction has to be landfilled again. A number of landfill mining projects have already been implemented in the past, the first one 1953 in Israel for the extraction of soil improvers. Due to the change of waste management towards resource management, the importance of recovery of secondary raw materials from waste, such as iron and non-ferrous metals, plastics or a fraction with high net calorific value, rises.
The feasibility of a landfill mining project is mainly depending on the amount of valuable waste fractions but also on the price for estate, especially in urban (city) places. However, the considered landfill location has to be analysed and prospected accurately. These investigations are mostly based on historical data (e.g. administration files, old business permissions and registrations and registers or newspapers) or waste compositions. To obtain reliable information about the real composition of the landfill body, drilling, test pitting and sorting of the excavated materials are necessary.
This paper therefore aims to compare different landfill compositions worldwide with Austrian excavated waste materials from mass-waste landfills. Furthermore, as the modest quality of the secondary raw materials recovered from a landfill body constitutes a high challenge for the existing sorting technologies, the efficiency of a state of the art treatment facility for conventional household and commercial waste in Austria as a treatment possibility for excavated mass-waste landfill materials shall be examined. As a result, information about water content, net calorific value and potential contaminants (i.e. heavy metals) of the waste materials as well as potential problems in treatment and possible solutions shall be obtained.
320 - MONITORING OF WATER AT LANDFILLS AND DUMPS IN THE STATE OF SÃO PAULO, BRAZIL
Adriana Antunes Lopes1; Valdir Schalch2
1.Instituto Federal Goiano, Campus Rio Verde, Rio Verde - GO - Brasil; 2.Escola de Engenharia de São Carlos, USP, São Carlos - SP – Brasil
Leachate generated by the decomposition of solid waste in landfills and dumps can reach the groundwater and surface water and change its natural features. The aim of this study was to analyze the water quality in the área of influence of five areas, including landfills and dumps in the Tietê - Jacaré waterbasin (state of São Paulo, Brazil), through sample collection from monitoring wells and nearby streams during one year, in accordance with standard 6410 "Sampling and monitoring of groundwater" Environmental Company of São Paulo (Cetesb, 1999). The samples were subjected to physico - chemical , microbiological and ecotoxicological analyzes in the School of Engineering of São Carlos (EESC/USP) laboratories as APHA (1998 ). The water level as well as pH, Electrical Conductivity, Salinity, Dissolved Oxygen and Temperature parameters were obtained in situ. The results of the groundwater samples were compared to limits of Ordinance 518/2004 of the Ministry of Health (updated in 2011) which provides for the Standards of potability, as the NBR 13896 "Landfills for non-hazardous waste - Criteria for design, deployment and operation" (ABNT, 1997) recommends that the groundwater quality in the area of influence of the landfill meets the potability standards established by current legislation. The results of surface water samples were compared with the limits of CONAMA 357/2005. Significant changes in some parameters , indicating leakage was detected. Of the 76 groundwater samples analyzed, 11 showed high concentrations parameters: Color, Turbidity, Ammonia Nitrogen, Total Dissolved Solids, Chloride, Iron, Manganese, Chromium, Zinc, Lead and Aluminum. Of the 54 surface water samples analyzed, 18 showed high concentrations parameters : Color, Total Coliforms, Phosphorus, Total Nitrogen, Fecal Coliforms, Biological Oxygen Demand, Turbidity, Ammonia Nitrogen, Total Dissolved Solids, Nitrogen Nitrate, Fluoride, Chloride, Copper, iron, Zinc, Manganese, Chromium and Aluminum. In ecotoxicological assays, wells of 41 samples analyzed, 53.65 % had acute toxicity, chronic toxicity 26.82% , 17.07 % sign of acute toxicity and 9.75 % showed no toxic effect, whereas 28 samples streams analyzed, 64.28 % showed no toxic effect, 28.57 % had chronic toxicity and acute toxicity 7.14. Based on the visits and the results obtained, it could be concluded that there is no integrated solid waste management in the Tietê – Jacaré waterbasin, unless advances in some municipalities. Municipal landfills are improving gradually in order to meet the requirements of environmental agencies, but it was found that the measures are emergency and corrective. Investment of the government in regard to prevention of negative impacts lack.
323 - UTILIZAÇÃO DO FATOR DE ESCALA NA AVALIAÇÃO DE CICLO DE VIDA - ESTUDO DE CASO: SISTEMA DE RESÍDUOS SÓLIDOS URBANOS DE SALVADOR
Lindolfo Braga Silveira; Thais Andrade Lopes; Luciano Matos Queiroz; Viviana Maria Zanta; Asher Kiperstok
Federal University of Bahia, Salvador - BA – Brasil
Aglomerados urbanos produzem resíduos independentemente do seu grau de desenvolvimento. Os sistemas de saneamento asseguram a sua adequada coleta e tratamento, proporcionando qualidade de vida à comunidade. A importância dos impactos ambientais decorrentes do saneamento é secundário frente aos requisitos econômicos e sociais.
O Brasil possui déficit em sua estrutura de saneamento. As políticas públicas destinadas a corrigir este problema, foram iniciadas em 2005, com a resolução do padrão de descargas de efluentes. O plano nacional de resíduos sólidos está em discussão pública, e o plano nacional de saneamento sua elaboração aprovada em dezembro de 2013.

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O trabalho delimita o estudo ao Sistema de resíduos sólidos de Salvador, cujo plano segue as recomendações da Agenda 21: não geração, minimização, reutilização, reciclagem, tratamento e destino final adequado.
A ecologia industrial busca aprimorar as atividades humanas reduzindo os impactos ambientais e proporcionando ganhos econômicos com suas melhorias. A determinação dos processos preferenciais é um aspecto decisivo para a eficácia da metodologia. A ferramenta mais eficaz para a graduação das prioridades de acordo com os potenciais impactos ambientais é a Avaliação do Ciclo de Vida.
O fator de escala caracteriza-se pela não linearidade dos custos de implantação de equipamentos ou unidades industriais. A técnica conhecida como six-tenths rule é a aproximação de que o custo de um equipamento ou instalação é derivado da quantidade dos materiais utilizados, uma aproximação aceitável.
Foram analisados quatro cenários: linear em relação à capacidade volumétrica do aterro (LBV); expoente de Wibowo e capacidade volumétrica do aterro (FBV); fator de escala de Peters a capacidade volumétrica do aterro (FBP) e a comparação dos três cenários anteriores (LVF).
A transposição do inventário obtido para o banco de dados utilizando o fator de escala, e comparando com sua não aplicação demonstra a importância do método proposto. A literatura não apresenta variedade de estudos teóricos ou aplicados da utilização do método six-tenths rule aplicado a construção civil, sendo campo aberto para novos estudos. A utilização do fator de escala resultou no aumento dos potenciais impactos para o sistema.
A principal categoria de impacto dos cenários foi a Ecotoxicidade Marinha, o elevado valor é devido a seu acumulo ao longo do ciclo de vida, os principais insumos para o sistema (combustíveis, cimento e metais) possuem elevado uso de água em seus processos de produção.
O uso de combustível para a coleta do resíduo foi a etapa do processo mais relevante, como esperado, mas a construção do aterro sanitário como segundo fator de importância não era esperado. A implantação de aterros sanitários possuem dessa forma fator de grande relevância para os impactos ambientais do sistema, sendo o ponto central na sua minimização, seja numa otimização do projeto e dos materiais utilizados, seja na avaliação da tecnologia a ser aplicada.
331 - "TAKING LESSONS LEARNED AROUND THE WORLD" A CASE STUDY OF IMPROVING LANDFILL GAS COLLECTION SYSTEM PRODUCTION AND OPERATIONS IN THE UNITED STATES AND BRAZIL
J Morgan
Scs Engineers, Charlotte - Estados Unidos
This presentation will outline how lessons learned providing engineering and design services for Landfill Gas Collection Systems in the United States were applied to a site in Brazil. A general overview of assessment techniques and benchmarks will be discussed along with a case study of specific examples of typical problems encountered at both the United States site and the Brazilian site. This presentation will compare some of the problems encountered and highlight how they were alike and different due to the location of the site. Specifically the impacts of designing and assessing a Landfill Gas Collection System for a Subtitle D Landfill in the United States will be compared to impacts of a site in Brazil that did not have compaction or daily cover and how each effected the Landfill Gas System. The presentation will also discuss how the recommendations to repair and improve the Landfill Gas System in the United States and the Brazilian site were the same and different. The presentation will include data and pictures from the two sites in the case study.
364 - SITE SELECTION METHODOLOGY FOR MSW LANDFILLS IMPLANTATION - A BRAZILIAN EXPERIENCE
Thiago Villas Bôas Zanon; Alexandre De Almeida Prado Ferrari; Fabio Fabio Massatomo Ono Fujii; Luzia Alegre Ruas Galdeano
Vega Engenharia Ambiental, São Paulo - SP – Brasil
It´s widely known that the waste final disposal is an important activity to the proper management of municipal solid waste (MSW). Landfills, environmental and technical works suitable for such disposal, bring many benefits, especially for sanitary aspect; however, there are negative impacts, such as vegetation removal, superficial and groundwater quality change, among others. The choice of the site for landfill implantation and operation is an important step, which can assist in minimizing the negative environmental impacts of such development.
This choice involves several technical and environmental aspects to be observed as: hydrogeological site conditions (depth of water), geologic and geotechnical subsoil profile (soil quality assessment for waterproofing and operational and final covers), the existence of surface water courses, neighborhood land use.
The desirable knowledge of the subsoil profile is quite limited in this site choice step. The detailed investigation of such a profile is performed, in most projects, after contracting projects and studies required for licensing the landfill, in other words, after the site has been chosen.
This article aims to build the site selection methodology for MSW landfills implantation of a brazilian company for choosing sites based on experience in evaluating dozens of locals. A hydrogeological, geological and geotechnical conditions research method will be presented to support decision the site selection stage for landfill recently employed, which allows the bottom liner specification.
392 - ENGINEERING IMPROVEMENTS AT THE SANITARY LANDFILL OF SANTA CRUZ DE LA SIERRA – A CASE OF STUDY
Alexandre De Almeida Prado Ferrari; Thiago Villas Bôas Zanon; Luzia Alegre Ruas Galdeano; Fabio Fabio Massatomo Ono Fujii
Vega Engenharia Ambiental, São Paulo - SP – Brasil
In Latin America, sanitary landfills are still the most appropriate way for municipal solid waste (MSW) disposal. The challenge for the next years is to close inadequate solid waste dumps, construct modern landfills and improve the operation and management of these landfills. Santa Cruz de la Sierra is the capital of the Santa Cruz department in eastern Bolivia and the largest city in the country, with more than 1.600.000 inhabitants. The actual sanitary landfill received engineering improvements, qualifying this site to be a modern landfill. The landfill was designed to receive about 1.000 ton of MSW per day.
This paper describes the engineering improvements implemented in the sanitary landfill of Santa Cruz de la Sierra as building dikes to maximize it volumetric capacity, implementation of new leachate and biogas drainage systems, leachate treatment, biogas monitoring, geotechnical monitoring and the new final cover system. Below are shown the four key points deployed at the sanitary landfill of Santa Cruz de la Sierra.
1. Increased volumetric capacity
New engineering design was developed to increase the volumetric capacity of the landfill. For this were detailed perimetral dike, steeper slopes and higher elevation of the landfill (Figure 1). Figure 1. New landfill design
2. New leachate and biogas drainage system
The new drainage system of leachate and biogas was a very important improvement in this landfill, allowing the waste densification with controlled fluids drainage. The principal elements of this system were vertical wells and horizontal trenches (Figure 2).
Figure 2. Execution of vertical wells and horizontal trenches
3. Leachate treatment
An increase of leachate generation was observed after the implementation of the new leachate drainage system. The site has an internal leachate treatment system, but with the new quantity of leachate generation it was necessary consider an external leachate treatment option (Figure 3).
Figure 3. External leachate treatment
4. New final cover system
The new final cover will be important to reduce the amount of leachate generation and biogas emissions (Figure 4). With these engineering improvements, the sanitary landfill of Santa Cruz de la Sierra is being qualified to be a modern landfill, contributing to advance the waste management in Latin America.
Figure 4. New cover system and perimetral dike
429 - INFLUENCE OF GRASSY AND GRASS ON THE FLOW OF GASES OF LANDFILL COVER LAYER
Suetonio Bastos Mota; Gemmelle Oliveira Santos
Universidade Federal Do Ceará, Brazil, Fortaleza - CE – Brasil
This work aimed at evaluating reductions of CH4 and CO2 emissions to the atmosphere, due to a grassy and four types of grass planted in cover landfill ground: Cynodon dactylon (Bermuda grassy), Andropogon gayanus cv. Planaltina (Andropogon grass), Cenchrus ciliaris L. (Buffel grass), Panicum maximum cv Massai (Massai grass) and Panicum maximum cv Mombaça (Mombaça grass). Emission estimates were performed by means of tests with static flow plate in conventional layer (bare soil), comparing with the layers with crops. The volumetric flows in bare soil were (mean): 4.0 x 10-6 and 5.7 x 10-6 m3/m2.s CH4 (1st measurement and 2nd measurement, respectively) and 7.0 x 10-6 and 8.8 x 10-6 m3/m2.s CO2 (1st measurement and 2nd measurement, respectively. The planting of grasses and grassy resulted in reduced emissions of CH4 and CO2 through the Experimental cell cover layer. Compared to the untreated soil, the layer planted Mombaça grass had capacity of retaining on average 40% CH4 mass flow during the first measurement and 39% during the second measurement (for CO2 was obtained 39% in both measurements). Thus, the Mombaça grass was the best answer to the research purpose. Compared to the untreated soil, the layer planted with grass Buffel had capacity of retaining on average 4% CH4 mass flow during the first measurement and 3% during the second measurement (0% was obtained in two measurements for CO2). Thus, Buffel grass was the worst responding to the research purpose.
467 - ANÁLISE DO FLUXO DE GASES NA CAMADA DE COBERTURA DO ATERRO SANITÁRIO MUNICIPAL OESTE DE CAUCAIA-CE
Marisete Dantas De Aquino1; Cláudio Andre Almeida De Oliveira2; Arislete Dantas De Aquino3; Francisco José Freire Araujo4; Francisco Humberto De Carvalho Junior5
1.Universidade Federal Do Ceará, Fortaleza - Ce - Brasil; 2.Banco Do Nordeste Do Brasil, Fortaleza - Ce - Brasil; 3.Universidade Federal Do Parana, Curitiba - Pr - Brasil; 4.Universidade De Fortaleza, Fortaleza - Ce - Brasil; 5.Instituto Federal De Educação, Ciencias E Tecnologias Do Ceará, Fortaleza - Ce – Brasil
1. INTRODUÇÂO
A intensa cultura consumista, característica da sociedade moderna, causa o problema da geração, em excesso, de lixo. Incorporado a isso o inadequado manejo e destino final dos resíduos sólidos envolvem, além de questões socioeconômicas, aspectos ambientais, como a emissão descontrolada de gases de efeito estufa (GEE), podendo causar graves consequências num futuro próximo. Diante desta problemática, a procura por alternativas que visem compatibilizar os interesses econômicos ao desenvolvimento socioambiental sustentável é algo urgente. O objetivo deste estudo é analisar a emissão de gases através da camada de cobertura do Aterro Metropolitano Oeste de Caucaia (ASMOC) em Fortaleza- Ce – Brasil.
2. METODOLOGIA
Realizou-se o trabalho no Aterro Sanitário Metropolitano Oeste de Caucaia (ASMOC), que se situa no Município de Caucaia, Zona Oeste da Região Metropolitana de Fortaleza (RMF). Este foi selecionado devido a sua importância para as cidades que compõem a RMF e por ser o maior receptor de RSU do Estado do Ceará.
O ASMOC recebe resíduos de origem doméstica, industrial (Classe II ou não perigosos conforme ABNT NBR-10.004), pública (até 2008, recebia resíduos do serviço de saúde; estes são, hoje, incinerados em Fortaleza). Não há um processo de triagem para o material que chega; esse é pesado e, em seguida, levado para ser descarregado nas células de lixo. O acesso de recicladores às células de depósito não é permitido e a quantidade de lixo que o ASMOC recebe é em torno 3.600 t/dia (LINARD, 2010).
2.1. Calculo do fluxo de gases
Equipamentos utilizados no estudo
- Termômetro
- Detector infravermelho
- Placa de Fluxo Estática.
3. RESULTADOS
Foram obtidos resultados sobre a caracterização do solo. Dados de Ensaios com a placa de fluxo estático. Conforme item 2.5, a geração de 5.426.090 m3/ano de CH4 corresponderia a 6.420 mil litros de gasolina, supondo o valor de R$ 2,65/litro, o que seria equivalente a cerca de R$ 17 milhões por ano que seriam desperdiçados em virtude do não aproveitamento do metano lançado na atmosfera. A conversão de peso para volume e a comparação com a gasolina permitiram sugerir que a emissão é significativa e poderia ser aproveitada para fins comerciais. Vale ressaltar, também, o potencial econômico dos resíduos sólidos do ASMOC. A drenagem e a posterior queima do CH4 oferecem a possibilidade de acumular créditos de carbono. O não lançamento de 01 tonelada de CH4 gera 21 créditos de carbono. Sabe-se que cada crédito equivale à redução de uma tonelada de CO2. Assumindo que um crédito de carbono vale, na média anual, € 12,90 e, estipulando a cotação anual para o euro (€) de R$ 2,75, tem-se R$ 35,47 por tonelada de CO2. Portanto, das 9.452 t de CH4 seriam gerados 198.492 créditos de carbono, equivalentes a R$ 7.040.511,00/ano. Enquanto que para as emissões de CO2, que somaram 19.459 toneladas por ano, os créditos gerados equivaleriam a uma quantia de R$ 690.210,00.
4. CONSIDERAÇÕES FINAIS
Os resultados encontrados podem ser úteis para estudos de viabilidade econômica da geração e aproveitamento energético do biogás gerado no ASMOC, pois os dados foram coletados em campo e as medições obtidas se aproximam da realidade da emissão de gases do aterro.
Há necessidade de uma reformulação da política fiscal e tributária brasileira que seja compatível com a PNRS e que incentive as três esferas dos governos, as empresas e a sociedade civil no processo de coleta seletiva e solidária, trazendo benefícios sócio- ambientais e econômicos.

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487 - ACCELERATION OF LANDFILL STABILIZATION BY FULL-SCALE AMMONIUM OXIDATION SBR AND LEACHATE RECIRCULATION SYSTEM
Heechang Lee; Junghun Lee; Seungjun Kim; Seungcheon Back; Wookeun Bae
Hanyang University, Ansan – Coréia
A full-scale ammonium oxidation reactor was operated to accelerate the landfill stabilization by leachate recirculation after nitrification. Korean domestic wastes of Asan city had been reclaimed in the landfill from 1998 to 2001 for disposal. The foot print and volume of the landfill are approximately 2,000 m2 and 4,500 m3, respectively. The ammonium concentration of leachate is approximately 400-800 mg-N/L and only 55 mg/L of BOD, requiring additional carbon source to remove nitrogen by biological means. For ammonium oxidization, an on-site sequencing batch reactor (SBR) was operated 3 to 4 cycles a day with the leachate in a mobile container. The SBR was controlled such that ammonium was only partially oxidized to nitrite; the treated leachate containing nitrite was recirculated into the landfill to induce denitrification. Results of six-month operation so far showed that the leachate collected after the recirculation contained no nitrite, indicating it was completely denitrified by the organic solids in the landfill. Although the SBR was successful in nitrifying ammonium partially, the rate of nitrification was slow due to inhibition by free ammonia (FA). The FA concentration was frequently over 200 mg-N/L at the beginning of the react period, due to high initial pH and ammonium concentration. Intermittent fills of leachate to the SBR will be tested for another six months to reduce the initial FA concentration and to enhance the nitrification rate. Other operational conditions for the whole system will be discussed with the overall effectiveness of it.
506 - NITRITATION AND DENITRITATION OF LANDFILL LEACHATE IN A SEQUENCING BATCH REACTOR
Lara Lessa Feijó; Dione Mari Morita; Pedro Alem Sobrinho; Ronan Cleber Contrera
Universidade De São Paulo, São Paulo - Sp – Brasil
According to the Diagnosis of Solid Waste (IPEA , 2012), Brazil had in 2008 58.3% of the total weight of its solid waste being disposed in landfills, thereby increasing the impact of environmental liabilities caused by landfills, among them, the leachate. Landfill leachate is a complex wastewater, which can be toxic to the environment and thus requires appropriate treatment. In this work, leachate coming from the landfill of the city of Paulínia, located 119km from São Paulo, was treated by a nitritation/denitritation process in a sequencing batch reactor to remove organic matter and nitrogen. The reactor performed eleven batches that started with an anoxic phase, for reduction of nitrite to nitrogen gas, followed by an aerobic phase, for oxidation of ammonia to nitrite. Leachate characterization showed an advanced stage of degradation exhibited in the ratio BOD/COT 0.41 mgO2/mgC, alkaline pH (8.40 ± 0.14), low concentrations of total volatile acids (98 ± 10 mg/L), phosphorus (9 ± 3 mg/L) and easily biodegradable organic matter (857 ± 475 mg/L). However, leachate showed high concentrations of ammonia (2343 ± 399 mg/L) and Total Organic Carbon (2066 ± 746) mg/L, composed mostly of recalcitrant matters, since the BOD concentration was at 857 ± 475 mg/L. The average N-NH3 removal was 49.4 %, with a maximum of 81 % and a minimum of 8.7%. Such removal was directly proportional to the dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration in aeration tank (R² = 0.91). The accumulation of nitrite was maintained above 95% throughout the whole experiment, since the key variables (pH, DO and concentrations of NH3 and HNO2) were maintained within optimum ranges recommended by the literature. The average removal of nitrite was 18.8 % and the main cause for the low removal was the lack of easily biodegradable organic matter present in the leachate. The accumulation of ammonia and nitrite along the batches increased the toxicity of the system. Also, there was accumulation of Total Organic Carbon, since bacteria were not able to use the recalcitrant matter to reduce nitrite. The obtained results suggest a leachate with high concentrations of recalcitrant organic matter require a pre or post treatment to obtain a substantial ammonia and nitrite removal efficiency. Potentially toxic substances present in the landfill leachate that inhibit biomass may accumulate in batch systems by further increasing their toxicity over time.
605 - ANÁLISE DE DESEMPENHO DOS SISTEMAS DE TRATAMENTO DE LIXIVIADOS DE ATERROS SANITÁRIOS LOCALIZADOS EM MINAS GERAIS
Alice Libânia Santana Dias1; Liséte Celina Lange2; Zuleika Stela Chiacchio Torquetti3
1,3.Fundação Estadual Do Meio Ambiente, Belo Horizonte - Mg - Brasil; 2.Universidade Federal De Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte - Mg – Brasil
O tratamento do lixiviado de aterro sanitário tem-se demonstrado um grande desafio à área do saneamento. A literatura internacional relata a necessidade de complementação dos tratamentos biológicos, por processos físico-químicos para o tratamento de lixiviados. No entanto, no Brasil o tratamento exclusivamente pela via biológica é uma realidade, sendo aceito pelos órgãos ambientais. Em um aparente contrassenso, os diplomas legais brasileiros, referentes ao tratamento de efluentes, reportam-se à níveis de exigências elevadas.
Para a realização do presente trabalho foram consultados dados secundários disponíveis nos órgãos ambientais do estado de Minas Gerais; os processos de licenciamento ambiental dos aterros sanitários em questão.
A análise de desempenho das ETL baseou-se em parâmetros físico-químicos e biológicos dos lixiviados, bruto e tratado. Também foi realizada análise dos parâmetros de projetos adotados em 5 ETL.
Calcularam-se as eficiências de remoção obtidas em relação aos parâmetros estudados e as taxas de violações aos valores estabelecidos pelas legislações pertinentes.
As ETL também foram analisadas entre si, buscando-se a identificação daquelas com melhor desempenho, verificando-se a ocorrência de diferenças estatisticamente significativas entre elas. Para tanto, foram empregados testes não paramétricos, tendo em vista que os dados não seguiam uma distribuição normal, ou, na maior parte dos casos, esses constituíam amostras relativamente pequenas para identificação do tipo de distribuição que seguiam.
Foram identificados 32 aterros sanitários licenciados pelo COPAM (Conselho Estadual de Política Ambiental), ano base 2009, com idades que variaram de 1 a 13 anos. Dentre esses, 75% apresentavam lagoas de estabilização em sua configuração, e 19% encaminhavam o lixiviado para tratamento conjunto em ETE municipal. No entanto, 17 dessas ETL, não apresentavam vazão efluente ao sistema, o que pode sugerir não ter ocorrido o procedimento de “partida” dessas unidades, inferindo-se que, apesar dessas ETL serem dimensionadas, e licenciadas, para tal função essas operavam como sistemas de acumulação e evaporação de lixiviados.
A Tabela 1 caracteriza as ETL dos 19 aterros estudados para a análise de desempenho.
Constatou-se que, mesmo para aqueles sistemas que desempenharam boa eficiência de remoção em termos de DBO e DQO, os valores a jusante das ETL (Estação de Tratamento de Lixiviado) para os parâmetros SST, DQO, condutividade e nitrogênio amoniacal ainda são elevados, indicando a necessidade de conjugação de etapas adicionais ao tratamento. Foi identificado que a ETL do aterro mais antigo apresentou baixas eficiências quando comparadas às demais, com valores medianos de 64% de remoção para DQO, e DQO remanescente no lixiviado tratado de até 3792mg/L; 85% de remoção para nitrogênio amoniacal, com valor remanescente de até 360mg/L; e relação DBO/DQO do lixiviado tratado de até 0,49, indicando ainda haver parcela remanescente de matéria orgânica. Pode- se dizer que os dados analisados permitiram confirmar as dificuldades retratadas na literatura para o tratamento de lixiviados de aterros sanitários por sistemas de lagoas de estabilização, principalmente pela configuração do modelo australiano (lagoa anaeróbia seguida por lagoa facultativa), tendo em vista as violações às exigências dos diplomas legais aplicáveis, além dessas estações não terem se mostrado robustas à variação da qualidade do lixiviado ao longo do tempo.
Theme SP002: CHALLENGES AND LIMITS OF RECYCLING
204 - EFFECTIVENESS OF RECYCLING IN THE URBAN SOLID WASTE COLLECTION SYSTEM IN SANTO ANDRÉ, BRAZIL
Luiza Peinado Bruscato; Gilson Lameira Lima
Ufabc - Universidade Federal Do Abc, Santo André - Sp – Brasil
Currently, public policies in the area of municipal solid waste adopt selective collect as one of several ways to tackle the problem of waste generation. This is mainly explained by alternative perspective: reduce the amount of materials destined for landfills, a source of secondary raw and energy conservation. Since 1998, the city of Santo André is practicing selective collection of recyclable waste in 100% of the urban area. Broadly speaking, the program is conducted in three stages known as: collecting door-to-door (trucks that carry the collection in homes once a week), points voluntary surrender and selective collection stations. These materials listed are directed to two cooperatives of collectors, Coop Cicla and Coop Cidade Limpa that perform sorting and sales the material. From all the materials collected, less than 3% is actually recycled, or recovered as a raw material in another process after sent to recycling plants and then to industries. This amount is a percentage so low that suggests an important limitation of the program. The nature of this limitation should be investigated in order to reverse the current failure of the program. That said, the purpose of this article is to discuss possible limitations in the screening stage, under the management of waste program from the city of Santo André, that could explain the causes of the low rate of recycling material collected. The hypothesis considered in this work suggests as an explanatory factor, among others, the low adherence to the community program and inadequate screening of dried residues to insufficient actions taken by the municipal authority in the area of environmental education, especially in regard to aspects of communication.
223 - COLLECTION AND FEEDSTOCK RECYCLING OF RARE EARTH ELEMENTS – THE AUSTRIAN APPROACH
Gernot Kreindl
Montanuniversitaet Leoben - Chair Of Waste Processing Technology And Waste Management, Leoben – Áustria
Rare Earths Elements (REE) are widely used in modern electronic devices. The chemical and physical properties of these elements and compounds, called as technology metals, have an important function in consumer electronics, like flat panel displays, mobile phones, tablet computers, WEEE, etc. An increasing knowledge of these properties leads additionally to new possible applications. As part of the Raw Materials Initiative, the European Commission declared in July 2010, the REE (17 elements) as well as 13 other raw materials due to a limited future access in Europe as critical raw materials. Austria, as a natural resource-poor country but progressive in development of high-tech applications, is depending on raw material imports. In order to enable a modern industrial production the assured import of rare earth elements particularly in the electronics, energy and environmental sector is indispensable. For this reason, Austria had alongside France and the Netherlands one of the highest import shares of all 28 European countries for REE. An existing shortage in the supply of REE in the past dramatically showed that especially in the field of technology metals for high-tech applications the dependence on a few primary suppliers abroad is enormous. A corresponding monopoly dictates the prices and is subject to strong fluctuations. In addition, in the field of technology metals only a very small proportion of the demand is covered by the recycling.
The determination of critical raw material-rich waste fractions from residual and industrial origin is part of an ongoing research project of Montanuniversitaet Leoben. However, in vast number of cases the level of concentration of REE in e.g. waste electronic equipment is not clear. In addition, conditioning procedures have to be developed or adapted to accumulate these elements for subsequent hydro and pyro metallurgic recovery. No advanced collection systems for REE exist, apart from special collection systems for e.g. platinum-contained vehicle catalysts.
The paper provides an overview of state of the art treatment and sorting technology to make REE available for feedstock recycling. The refinement and optimization of existing treatment and sorting technologies is closely linked to the qualitative and quantitative presence of the critical raw materials in different residual and industrial waste streams. Developing concepts should be based on the current situation but should also be focused on the future waste development. The objective, pursued by the Montanuniversitaet Leoben, is the implementation of a technical feasible and economically reasonable multistage recycling process for REE. The paper deals with approaches and limits of REE recycling within the Austrian Waste Management regulatory framework. Starting with the identification of REE- rich waste fractions, the configuration of separate collection as well as mechanical treatment processes to gain a metal concentrate from the waste is illustrated.
274 - ECONOMIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT OF THE ITALIAN PACKAGING WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
Mario Grosso1; Lucia Rigamonti2; Sandra Ferreira3; Rui Cuhna Marques4
1,2.Politecnico Di Milano, Milano - Itália; 3,4.Technical University Of Lisbon, Lisbon – Portugal
Municipal waste management and, particularly, recycling systems have financial impacts (e.g. the costs of building and operating sorting facilities) and economic impacts (e.g. the savings attained by diverting waste from disposal). In truth, the assessment of environmental impacts should also be considered when performing cost-benefit analysis of recycling programs (Shmelev and Powell, 2006).
At the heart of the Directive 94/62/EC on Packaging and Packaging Waste lays the principle that the economic operators that introduce packaging to the market are fully responsible for the fate of this packaging.
In this study we examined the packaging waste management system of Italy. The aim was to assess the extra-cost incurred by local authorities due to the procedures, equipment and infrastructures necessary to provide the recovery of packaging waste. Afterwards, we compared this value with the benefits attained by the local authorities for the same purpose. The study includes the following main steps:
1. Life Cycle Costing (LCC) of the packaging waste management system;
2. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) of the same system;
3. Aggregation of the results of steps 1 and 2 in a Cost Benefit Analysis (CBA).
In the LCC the following costs were included: operational costs of selective collection and sorting activities, depreciation of the assets allocated to these activities, and return on capital employed (debt and equity) regarding the financing of the assets. On the benefits (revenues)

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side we included: the financial support that local authorities receive from the National Packaging Recovery Consortium (CONAI), other revenues associated with the collection of non-packaging materials (paper and wood), and benefits attained from the diversion of packaging waste from residual waste collection and disposal (the so-called opportunity cost).
The LCC was then complemented with the respective environmental costs and benefits. While the economic analysis was based on an average “Italian” situation, the environmental assessment was focused on the Lombardia region. Some modifications to the data used in the economic analysis were thus necessary. The environmental assessment was performed following the LCA methodology. The environmental impacts were converted into monetary values by means of three environmental evaluation methods: Ecovalue08, Ecocosts2012 and Stepwise 2006.
In step 3, the economic and financial costs and benefits calculated in step 1 were interpreted together with the environmental costs and benefits calculated in step 2.
Acknowledgements
This study has been carried out with the financial support of the European Investment Bank University Research Sponsorship (EIBURS) Programme. The views expressed in the paper are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the position of the Bank.
References
Shmelev S.E., Powell J.R., 2006. Ecological-economic modeling for strategic regional waste management systems. Ecol. Econ. 59, 115-130.
278 - ECONOMIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF PACKAGING WASTE RECYCLING IN EUROPE
Sandra Ferreira1; Rui Cunha Marques2; Pedro Simoes3
1,2. Ist, Lisbon - Portugal; 3.Ebes, Lisbon – Portugal
The Packaging and Packaging Waste (PPW) Directive (94/62/CE) came into force to reduce the environmental impacts and harmonise national measures concerning the management of packaging waste while ensuring the free movement of packaged goods. To comply with the PPW Directive, all Member States implemented several packaging waste management policies and technologies. The setting up of the “Recycling System” involved significant new investments and extra costs and resulted in positive and negative impacts on the environment. This study analyzes the economic and environmental impacts of the packaging waste recycling systems adopted in several European Member States (namely: Portugal, France, the UK, Germany, Romania, Belgium and Italy). Several economic-financial analyses were developed to compare all financial costs and benefits incurred by the waste management operator in charge of the selective collection and sorting of packaging waste. The avoided costs with the diversion of packaging waste from the refuse collection circuits and other treatment/disposal were accounted for as an economic benefit (opportunity costs). To estimate the environmental impacts a life cycle assessment (LCA) was developed. The results of the LCA were converted into monetary values (by means of environmental valuation methods). Overall, the recycling systems in the EU seem to be sustainable.
308 - PANORAMA DA COLETA SELETIVA NAS REGIÕES METROPOLITANAS DE SÃO PAULO E BELO HORIZONTE, BRASIL, PÓS POLÍTICA NACIONAL DE RESÍDUOS SÓLIDOS
Helena Ribeiro1; Wanda Risso Gunther2; Pedro Roberto Jacobi3; Gina Rizpah Besen4; Sonia Maria Dias5
1,2,3,4.Universidade De São Paulo, Sao Paulo - Sp - Brasil; 5.Wiego, Belo Horizonte - Mg – Brasil
Introdução. A Política Nacional de Resíduos Sólidos, instituída em dezembro de 2010, constituiu-se em um marco legal para a gestão sustentável de resíduos sólidos no Brasil, cujo cumprimento coloca novos desafios para a implantação e aprimoramento da prestação do serviço de coleta seletiva nos municípios, até agosto de 2014. Objetivo. Este trabalho apresenta o resultado da pesquisa sobre implantação e situação atual da coleta seletiva, realizada nas regiões metropolitanas de São Paulo (39 municípios) e de Belo Horizonte (34 municípios), nas quais residem mais de 25 milhões de habitantes. Método. Trata-se de estudo transversal, que contemplou a totalidade dos municípios das 2 regiões metropolitanas estudadas. Os gestores municipais dos programas de coleta seletiva foram questionados, por meio de entrevistas realizadas por via telefônica, com base em roteiro pré- estabelecido. Resultado. A coleta seletiva, embora existente na maioria (77%) dos municípios da RMSP e em menos da metade (47%) na RMBH, ainda é incipiente. Na RMSP, parceria com 49 organizações de catadores (associações ou cooperativas) estão formalizadas em 28 destes municípios, enquanto que na RMBH, encontra-se 23 organizações em 16 municípios. Apesar da maioria dos municípios da RMSP terem a coleta seletiva implantada, a cobertura verificada pode ser classificada como: alta (>70%), em 7 (23,3%) municípios; média (51 a 69%) em 5 (16,7%); baixa (25 a 49%) em 6 (20,0%) e 12 (40,0%) municípios só possuem projetos pilotos. Na RMBH a cobertura de atendimento nos municípios que possuem coleta seletiva distribui-se em: alta 4 (25,0%); 2 (12,5%); 5 (31,3%) baixa e 3 (18,7%) só possuem projetos pilotos. As modalidades de coleta presentes nos municípios da RMSP e RMBH, respectivamente, são: porta a porta 10 (33%) e 9 (66%); PEV 2 (7%) e 1 (7%); e mista 18 (60%) e 4 (26%) e sem resposta 2 (14%), na RMBH. Quanto ao instrumento legal de parceria destacam-se, respectivamente: convênio sem repasse financeiro 14 (50%) e 5 (33%); convênio com repasse financeiro 4 (14%) e 2 (13%); termo de cooperação 2 (7%) e 0 (0%); contrato 0 (0%) e 1 (7%); acordo de apoio social 0 (0%) e 1 (7%), sendo que 1 município da RMBH não respondeu. Conclusão. Apesar do contexto, o modelo preconizado pela PNRS de integração socioprodutiva de catadores organizados está ocorrendo em ambas as regiões metropolitanas. Porém, como se encontram muitos municípios que apenas implantaram projeto-piloto e vários outros onde a cobertura de atendimento foi considerada média ou baixa, conclui-se que mesmo municípios com coleta seletiva implantada estão muito distantes da meta, estabelecida pela PNRS para agosto 2014, de encaminhamento apenas de rejeitos para os aterros de resíduos.
357 - COLETA E RECICLAGEM DE RESÍDUOS SÓLIDOS ORGÂNICOS: REFLEXÕES PARA UM MODELO PROGRESSIVO DE GESTÃO MUITO ALÉM DO PROCESSO TECNOLÓGICO
Ednilson Viana1; Ana Silveira2; Karina Souza3; Ana Gomes4
1.Escola De Artes, Ciências E Humanidades Da Universidade De São Paulo, Sao Paulo - Sp - Brasil; 2,4.Faculdade De Ciências E Tecnologia Da Universidade Nova De Lisboa, Almada - Portugal; 3.Universidade De Lisboa, Bolsista Capes Bex-1106-12, Lisboa – Portugal
É indiscutível o efeito da reciclagem dos resíduos sólidos urbanos biodegradáveis (RSUB) sobre o quantitativo dos resíduos sólidos urbanos (RSU). No Brasil, mais de 50% da composição total dos RSU gerados é matéria orgânica (ABRELPE, 2012), e somente cerca de 0,8% dessa fração é reciclada (IBGE, 2010).
A gestão adequada dos RSUB requer instrumentos afinados com a realidade urbana local e com aspectos viários, climáticos, ambientais, econômicos, sociais, político-administrativo, tecnológicos e das características quali quantitativa dos resíduos. Para a discussão deste trabalho é utilizada a realidade brasileira e portuguesa de coleta e reciclagem de RSUB, considerando as cidades de São Paulo e Lisboa.
No Brasil, a tecnologia de reciclagem dos RSUB que predomina é a compostagem, de forma indistinta às características do espaço urbano e à composição dos RSUB, na maioria dos casos. Apesar da experiência brasileira com Usinas de Triagem e Compostagem ser negativa, ainda existem unidades atuando no país, embora muitas operem inadequadamente (FADE/BNDES, 2012).
Outro desafio para a gestão dos RSUB no Brasil refere-se ao modelo de gestão dos RSU, onde paga-se por tonelada e para serem aterrados, sendo dado pouco incentivo à reciclagem dos RSUB, tornando a coleta seletiva irrisória diante das metas de reciclagem.
A escolha da tecnologia a ser empregada na reciclagem dos RSUB deve ser capaz de atender a demandas técnicas, logísticas, que envolve, entre outros aspectos, limitações de orçamentos da União, de capacitação de recursos humanos e necessidades complexas de infraestruturas e inclusão socioeconômica. A qualidade do produto final está ligada à qualidade do processo de separação e por isso, deve-se investir intensivamente em programas junto a população. Neste contexto, nota-se a relevância das cooperativas de catadores, com algumas iniciativas em curso no país.
Em Portugal, dos RSU gerados, 16% são encaminhados para valorização orgânica (15 unidades) a partir de coleta seletiva e indiferenciada. Apesar dos avanços, os principais desafios estão na coleta seletiva dos RSUB de modo que o composto produzido tenha qualidade para ser utilizado na agricultura. O fim do estatuto dos resíduos para os RSUB é uma discussão atual na comunidade europeia (CE) e a grande preocupação é com a qualidade do produto final que circula livremente por países membro da CE.
Os avanços implicam uma readaptação do sistema de recolha seletiva local e de processamento dos RSUB de modo a garantir uma gestão futura mais eficiente. Mostra ainda que algumas das tecnologias utilizadas em Portugal no passado, ficam em desalinho com o fim do estatuto mas devem evoluir no futuro. No Brasil, deve-se utilizar mais tecnologia para os RSUB, de forma prudente, para que os recursos financeiros sirvam para equacionar o problema nacional de destinação inadaquada dos RSUB.
444 - SOURCE-SEPARATION AND MIXED WASTE RECYCLING SYSTEMS FOR MULTI- FAMILY BUILDINGS: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS
Jeremy Kenneth O'brien; Brian Tippetts
Swana, Silver Spring - Estados Unidos
Introduction
The SWANA Applied Research Foundation conducted a research project during FY2013 (July 2012 through June 2013) to compare the cost-effectiveness of source-separation and mixed waste recycling systems for multi-family buildings. This presentation will cover highlights from the project report.
Methods and Data, Description of Case Study, etc.
To conduct this research, published performance and cost data were analyzed for the cities of Seattle, WA and San Jose, CA.
The city of Seattle has implemented one of the premier residential source-separation programs in the U.S. and is well-known for its strong environmental ethic and commitment to recycling. In addition the achieving very high diversion rates, the city has made a commitment to the principles of full-cost accounting, accurate accounting of diversion rates, and public transparency with respect to the costs and performance levels associated with each of it recycling services.
The City of San Jose has been a leader in the field of recycling materials from solid waste for over 20 years and was one of the first municipalities in the United States to develop a "Zero Waste Plan". While achieving an overall diversion rate of 74% in 2010, the City's diversion rate for multi-family buildings was only 18%, despite persistent efforts to foster resident participation. To enhance the recycling from multi-family residents, the City modified its program in 2008 to include the processing of mixed waste generated by multi-family complexes.
Results
The cost per multi-family residential unit being served by the source-separated recycling system in Seattle was found to be significantly higher than the unit costs of the mixed waste recycling system in San Jose. The total diversion rate for multi-family households in San Jose - 57% - is higher than Seattle's diversion rate of 33% due to the significantly higher recovery rate for organics.
It is generally conceded that the source-separation recycling approach results in higher quality recyclables and compost than the mixed waste recycling system. It is unclear what impact the difference in the quality of recovered recyclables has on the market prices received for the recovered recyclables. Both systems have been able to market the recovered recyclables and compost.
The source-separated recycling system is more inconvenient for residents and results in a higher degree of unpleasantness associated with organics diversion due to odors and vector issues.
Conclusions and Findings
Communities may want to consider the implementation of mixed waste recycling systems to serve resident populations with historically low participation rates in source separation programs.
504 - PREDICTING RECYCLING SUCCESS AND FAILURE: USING RECYCLING FRAMEWORK ANALYSIS
Anne Scheinberg
Waste, Gouda, Holanda, Gouda – Holanda
The ways in which countries and cities make a commitment to recycling differs widely, as does the performance of a recycling system in terms of recovery rates and avoiding disposal. While high recycling performers have a great deal of data about what works in their situation, the places where recycliing has failed to take off seldom analyse their failure, and generally blame it all on “lack of consciousness of the population.” This paper looks at the organisation of relations between institutions organisations, and their predictive potential for designing recycling systems and analysing recycling performance. Loosely related to the lens of the ISWM indicators developed for the 2010 UN-Habitat book Solid Waste Management in the World’s Cities, this form of recycling framework analysis distinguishes three primary institutional recycling frameworks: value chain recycling, municipal recycling, and extended producer responsibility (EPR). Using simplified process flow diagrams, solid waste planners and municipal waste companies can easily analyse their own situations, and engage policy- makers and stakeholders to make informed choices about how to structure their recycling iniatives.
685 - DEFINITION OF RECYCLING
Andreas Bartl1; Jeff Cooper2
1.Institute Of Chemical Engineering, Vienna University Of Technology Institute, Vienna - Áustria; 2.Former President Of Iswa And Independent Consultant On Renewable Energy From Waste, London - Reino Unido
In 2014 the EU Commission will re-examine recovery and recycling targets in the revised Waste Framework Directive and Extended Producer Responsibility Directives. However, there are considerable uncertainties in the definition of recycling. Sooner or later everything

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will decompose and all recycling is in a way or another down-cycling. The trick is to keep the materials in the loop as long as possible and to take as small steps downwards as possible in each step. The actions and their environmental impact at each step have to be compared with the environmental impacts of the use of virgin materials if the action is not taken.
One point of measurement of recycling targets is not enough. At least three different measurements are collection efficiency, recovery plant efficiency and overall recycling utilisation. If the market means that the materials delivered by the waste management can be used in their production, it would be very tempting to allow the market to use the materials. However, right now, the usage of recyclates in the production industry is not regulated by market demand, but by end-of-waste-criteria and recycling goals pushing materials through the waste management sector without securing that there is a demand for the materials. We need to discuss what effects to expect when different targets are set and new definitions of recycling are introduced. For example, the EU targets today, measure recycling out from materials collected for recycling and the targets are set quite high, which is very realistic for that kind of a target. However, if the measurement for recycling would be redefined to recyclate utilisation without changing the percentage target, the target would all of a sudden be tremendously ambitious and (maybe) almost impossible to reach. Furthermore, there is a discussion on push vs. pull incentives for recycling. The targets used today are push target, forcing waste producers and the waste management sector to push a certain amount of materials through the waste and recycling process (supply driven). One could also consider pull incentives, for example demand on the manufacturing industry to use a certain fraction of recycled materials in their product. Such incentives would provide demand for recycled materials. What is the quality of recycling really? The discussion has to be further developed and linked to the expected usage of recyclates and the manufacturing industry demand for recycled materials. It is important to define the point where the produced recyclates, their quality and their usage and their quality no longer are the responsibility of the waste management sector. What will the effects on the waste management sector be, if the definition and thinking about reuse, recycling and recovery was to follow the line of thoughts presented in in paper?
Theme SP003: CLIMATE CHANGE AND WASTE MANAGEMENT
085 - CARBON FOOTPRINT ANALYSIS OF MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT OPTIONS IN HONG KONG
Irene Man-Chi Lo; Vincent K.S. Woon
The Hong Kong University Of Science And Technology, Kowloon - Hong Kong
The massive growth in the volume of municipal solid waste (MSW) has created an imminent issue to the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (HKSAR) Government. As the current three strategic landfills in Hong Kong are predicted to reach their maximum capacities within the year 2015-2019, landfill extension (LFE) and advanced incineration facility (AIF) have been proposed by the HKSAR Government in order to curb this pressing burden. The proposals of the LFE and AIF, however, have triggered an intense debate among the stakeholders as to whether these proposed waste disposal facilities are truly sustainable and suitable to the Hong Kong MSW management practices.
Regarding the sustainability of MSW management in Hong Kong, in this study the carbon footprint of the two proposed waste disposal facilities is evaluated and a comparison is conducted based on their carbon dioxide emission equivalent. The system boundary of the study includes the MSW hauling from the refuse transfer stations to the energy recovery systems in both LFE and AIF. The 2006 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Guidelines are applied to account for the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from the proposed LFE and AIF.
For the LFE, since not all landfill gas is collected for the energy recovery system and flaring process, the portion of the landfill gas that is uncollected and diffused from the surface of the landfill cells contributes to the highest GHG emissions (504.3 kg CO2e/tonne MSW), but biogenic carbon storage is the most significant process for reducing the carbon footprint (- 321.5 kg CO2e/tonne MSW). For the AIF, the GHG emissions are predominantly resulted from the stack discharge system due to the MSW combustion (453.8 kg CO2e/tonne MSW), while the energy recovery system, which displaces electricity generated by the power plant, contributes to the highest GHG offsets (-435.1 kg CO2e/tonne MSW). Based on the data collected and system boundary defined in this study, the net GHG emissions from the AIF (19.9 kg CO2e/tonne MSW) are less than that from the LFE (111.6 kg CO2e/tonne MSW). It is hoped that this study can provide a carbon footprint concept to the policy makers for pledging a less carbon MSW management in Hong Kong.
139 - CLIMATE AND SOLID WASTE POLICY IN THE US-2014 UPDATE
John H. Skinner
Swana, Silver Spring - Estados Unidos
This paper will review the status of greenhouse gas (GHG) and energy legislation and regulations in the United States and provide an update of the paper presented at the ISWA 2010 World Congress in Hamburg. Over the course of the past four years there have been major new developments in the areas of GHG control and renewable energy in the U.S. that will significantly affect solid waste management practices.
The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is moving ahead to regulate GHGs from many solid waste operations under the provisions of the Federal Clean Air Act. One rule (the Tailoring Rule) issued in 2010, requires facilities emitting over 25,000 metric tons of GHGs a year to obtain permits that would demonstrate that they were using the best practices and technologies to minimize GHG emissions. Over 3,000 municipal solid waste landfills are required to obtain operating permits under this requirement. EPA has also announced that it will be proposing new regulations for municipal solid waste landfills, including methane standards in February 2014.
In 2013, President Obama announced a comprehensive Climate Action Plan that “…cuts carbon pollution that causes climate change and threatens public health.” Recognizing the extreme difficulty of moving substantive climate change legislation through the current polarized Congress, the plan relies entirely on existing executive authority and does not include passage of any new laws. Even so, the plan will impose a series of new requirements on greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and fossil fuel energy sources.
One of the most significant aspects of the plan is the President’s direction to EPA to issue GHG standards for both new and existing power plants. In September 2013, EPA issued a proposal for GHG emission standards for new electric utility generating units. The Agency has announced that it will propose GHG standards for modified, reconstructed or existing power plants no later than June 1, 2014. These regulations will create stringent new requirements for coal-fired electric generating units, and create economic incentives for the use of renewable fuels such as renewable natural gas from landfills, renewable fuels and electricity produced from waste combustion, and chemical and biological fuels from waste conversion technologies.
In addition to efforts at the federal level, twenty-four states have set standards requiring that electric utilities generate electricity from renewable energy sources. California has established a cap and trade program and eleven other states have set goals to reduce GHG emissions by as much as 80 percent below 1990 levels. These developments will have significant implications for solid waste management programs across the U.S. and will create new opportunities for improved solid waste management to be part of the solution through waste reduction, energy-efficient recycling, sustainable composting and recovery of renewable energy from solid waste.
178 - INVOLVING CITIES INTO NATIONAL CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION ACTIONS IN THE INDONESIAN MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE SECTOR: LESSON LEARNT FROM GIZ‘S VERTICALLY INTEGRATED-NAMA (V-NAMA) PROJECT
Gan Gan Dirgantara
Giz Indonesia, Jakarta – Indonésia
How can cities be involved and contribute to national greenhouse gas mitigation action in the solid waste management sector? The answer to this question is subject of a project in Indonesia on “vertically integrated National Appropriate Mitigation Actions (V-NAMA)”. The project team of Deutsche Gesellschaft für internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) will present the V-NAMA-proposal, lessons learnt, success factors and policy recommendations for the replication of this innovative NAMA-approach. GIZ is implementing the project on behalf of the German Ministry for the Environment (BMUB) in close cooperation with the Indonesian government.
The waste sector contributes around 8% to Indonesia's greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. It is therefore one of the five priority areas for GHG emission reduction. Whereas the national government provides waste management infrastructure, local bodies are responsible for operation and maintenance. To tackle the full mitigation potential, the V-NAMA-project enhances cooperation between stakeholders from national, provincial and local level.
Implemented in five pilot locations in Indonesia, the result of the project is a bankable NAMA proposal that meets the requirements of measurement, reporting and verification (MRV) and attract national and international financing instruments. The V-NAMA project addresses all stages of the waste treatment process, from generation to final disposal, to identify and unlock the highest GHG mitigation potential in actions developed with and for the respective municipalities. Various NAMA elements, which consist of GHG emissions baseline, business as usual scenario, mitigation options, co-benefits, risks, costs, incentive and financing systems as well as monitoring and evaluation system have been elaborated. In addition, the project organized stakeholder dialogues, trainings and workshops.
Lessons learnt from the project are the need for tailor made approaches depending on the existing local waste management system. Mitigation options in the pilot locations range from waste reduction at the source to energetic use of landfill gas.
Success factors and policy recommendations are amongst others 1) enhanced cooperation and exchange between national and subnational levels, ie. to adapt national support mechanisms to the needs of local stakeholders, 2) to improve and develop coherent municipal solid waste management systems through capacity building and 3) to highlight different aspects to different stakeholders, ie. GHG mitigation on national level and co- benefits on subnational level, such as pollution reduction, energy recovery or local economic benefits.
The presentation will focus on the lessons learnt and the identified success factors of the Indonesian V-NAMA case and will conclude in policy recommendations for the replication of a vertically integrated NAMA approach in the Municipal Solid Waste Management sector.
246 - THE SCOTTISH CARBON METRIC: A NATIONAL CARBON INDICATOR FOR WASTE
Keith James1; Kimberley Pratt2
1.Wrap, Banbury - Reino Unido; 2.Zero Waste Scotland, Stirling - Reino Unido
The Scottish Carbon Metric was originally published in March 2011 by the Scottish Government and Zero Waste Scotland (ZWS) as a ground breaking approach to measuring the environmental impact of waste. The Carbon Metric was developed in response to the 2010 Zero Waste Plan objective to “introduce a new metric for waste that better captures the environmental impact of resource use”. This paper presents the latest developments of the Carbon Metric covering all wastes and all parts of the waste hierarchy and its potential applications.
Initially, the approach focused on household waste, due to the significance of this waste stream and a lack of data on the carbon impacts of waste from other sectors. Local authorities were asked to calculate the carbon impact of their recycling services. The Carbon Metric was intended to be used as a decision making tool to ensure environmental waste management practices were adopted.
As can be expected with any new policy, opportunities for improvement became clear once the Carbon Metric began to be applied across Scotland. The focus on recycling in the original Carbon Metric meant that benefits of actions further up the waste hierarchy were not measured, making the results difficult to interpret. In addition, there were concerns about the amount of data required on materials in the waste stream. Finally, the introduction of new national waste policies; the Waste (Scotland) Regulations and Safeguarding Scotland’s Resources , superseded some of the changes in waste management practices originally incentivised by the Carbon Metric (such as a focus on drawing key recyclates out of the waste stream). Improved data sources for both tonnages and carbon factors for waste materials also became available.
This paper presents the changes that have been made to the Carbon Metric in Phase Two and how this supports a range of policies. Changes include inclusion of an estimate of non- household (Commercial & Industrial and Construction & Demolition waste) as well as Household waste, giving a complete measurement of the carbon impact of Scotland’s waste and adoption of a consumption based carbon accounting approach which includes the carbon impacts across the whole life cycle of a product, not only the emissions which occur in Scotland. The baseline approach to carbon accountings means that it will be possible to measure the carbon savings due to prevention, as well as recycling over time, as illustrated in figure 1. The paper will present the latest available national headline results, indicating the importance of waste, and actions addressing waste, in Scotland’s overall consumption impacts.
296 - COMPARATIVE GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSION AND ENERGY ASSESSMENT OF MUNICIPAL WASTE MANAGEMENT SCENARIOS FOR THE CITIES OF RIO DE JANEIRO AND SAO PAULO, BRAZIL
Francisco Contreras1; Joana Portugal Pereira2; Ana Paula Bortoleto3; Mara Regina Mendes4
1.Urban Collaborative Group, Washington Dc - Estados Unidos; 2.Federal University Of Rio De Janeiro, Rio De Janeiro - Rj - Brasil; 3.Sao Paulo University, Sao Paulo - Sp - Brasil; 4.Lloyd's Register Do Brasil Ltda, Sao Paulo - Sp – Brasil
Cities facing rapid growth have started to experience increasing waste generation before reaching an adequate management capacity, remaining one of the main challenges for the sustainability of the sector. As Brazilian cities are rapidly developing, the increasing amount of waste generated and changes on composition are expected to have implications to the already constrained management capacity in terms of landfills' lifespan and expansion of the service, with a potentially higher level of consumption of resources. Further, the gradual change on waste composition will eventually have a greater impact on Greenhouse Gases