Video Assistant Referee is now part of the rules of the game. Rolling out VAR services within a federation remains a challenge. This deck explains why.
Football is open to the field of technology, especially during this World Cup in Russia.
The 2018 World Cup is the first World Cup where VAR is used. First there was Goal Line Technology, now there is video support.
If you want to know more about the Video Assistant Referee check out our presentation!
FNFR Reglas de Juego de Futbol Rápido 2011 pdfvicmen2011
The document outlines the rules of rapid football established by the National Federation of Rapid Football and Football 7 for the 2011-12 season. It details the regulations regarding the field of play, players and substitutions, equipment, referees, duration of matches, ball in and out of play, scoring, fouls and penalties. The rules are intended to govern rapid football competitions in Mexico.
Goal line technology uses electronic devices like sensors and cameras to determine when the ball has fully crossed the goal line and help referees make accurate goal decisions. Systems like Hawk-Eye and GoalRef use high-speed cameras and magnetic fields to track the ball's position. Major leagues like the Premier League and UEFA have implemented goal line technology to reduce controversial calls. While it increases accuracy, some argue it reduces the human element of the game. Overall, goal line technology aims to support referees in crucial goal decisions.
Este sílabo describe una unidad sobre la reglamentación del futsal. La unidad se enfoca en explicar las 17 reglas básicas del futsal a través de imágenes y videos. Los estudiantes completarán actividades para explicar las recomendaciones de cada regla. La unidad tendrá una duración de 6 horas presenciales y 12 horas no presenciales y cubrirá temas como el terreno de juego, los jugadores, la duración del partido, faltas, tiros libres, y más.
1. Dokumen membincangkan tiga acara lari jarak jauh iaitu 3000 meter, 5000 meter dan 10000 meter.
2. Ia juga membandingkan peraturan dan teknik asas 3000 meter dan 5000 meter.
3. Teknik permulaan larian dan semasa larian dibincangkan untuk membolehkan pelari berprestasi tinggi.
El documento resume el marco normativo de los agentes de futbolistas en Argentina. Brevemente: 1) No existe regulación estatal, solo un reglamento de la Asociación del Fútbol Argentino (AFA) siguiendo las directivas de la FIFA. 2) El reglamento de AFA tiene problemas como la falta de precisión, montos desactualizados y falta de publicación de documentos. 3) Hay inconsistencias entre el reglamento de AFA y FIFA respecto al plazo de validez de las licencias de agente.
Football is open to the field of technology, especially during this World Cup in Russia.
The 2018 World Cup is the first World Cup where VAR is used. First there was Goal Line Technology, now there is video support.
If you want to know more about the Video Assistant Referee check out our presentation!
FNFR Reglas de Juego de Futbol Rápido 2011 pdfvicmen2011
The document outlines the rules of rapid football established by the National Federation of Rapid Football and Football 7 for the 2011-12 season. It details the regulations regarding the field of play, players and substitutions, equipment, referees, duration of matches, ball in and out of play, scoring, fouls and penalties. The rules are intended to govern rapid football competitions in Mexico.
Goal line technology uses electronic devices like sensors and cameras to determine when the ball has fully crossed the goal line and help referees make accurate goal decisions. Systems like Hawk-Eye and GoalRef use high-speed cameras and magnetic fields to track the ball's position. Major leagues like the Premier League and UEFA have implemented goal line technology to reduce controversial calls. While it increases accuracy, some argue it reduces the human element of the game. Overall, goal line technology aims to support referees in crucial goal decisions.
Este sílabo describe una unidad sobre la reglamentación del futsal. La unidad se enfoca en explicar las 17 reglas básicas del futsal a través de imágenes y videos. Los estudiantes completarán actividades para explicar las recomendaciones de cada regla. La unidad tendrá una duración de 6 horas presenciales y 12 horas no presenciales y cubrirá temas como el terreno de juego, los jugadores, la duración del partido, faltas, tiros libres, y más.
1. Dokumen membincangkan tiga acara lari jarak jauh iaitu 3000 meter, 5000 meter dan 10000 meter.
2. Ia juga membandingkan peraturan dan teknik asas 3000 meter dan 5000 meter.
3. Teknik permulaan larian dan semasa larian dibincangkan untuk membolehkan pelari berprestasi tinggi.
El documento resume el marco normativo de los agentes de futbolistas en Argentina. Brevemente: 1) No existe regulación estatal, solo un reglamento de la Asociación del Fútbol Argentino (AFA) siguiendo las directivas de la FIFA. 2) El reglamento de AFA tiene problemas como la falta de precisión, montos desactualizados y falta de publicación de documentos. 3) Hay inconsistencias entre el reglamento de AFA y FIFA respecto al plazo de validez de las licencias de agente.
Reglas De Juego Del Futbol De Salon Coreegido Jhonny Para Exponer 2009 V2jhonito
El documento resume las principales reglas del fútbol sala. Estas incluyen las dimensiones del campo de juego, el número de jugadores por equipo, la duración del partido en dos tiempos de 20 minutos, y las reglas sobre goles, fuera de juego, sustituciones e infracciones. El árbitro es responsable de hacer cumplir las reglas durante el partido.
Dokumen tersebut menyenaraikan peraturan dan jawatan pegawai antarabangsa yang diperlukan untuk pertandingan sukan. Ia menyenaraikan jenis pegawai seperti delegat, hakim, pengadil dan juruteknikal serta tugas dan tempoh perkhidmatan mereka. Ia juga menyenaraikan prosedur operasi penting seperti bilik panggilan dan kawalan masa.
Este documento describe varios ejercicios de entrenamiento para mejorar la resistencia y la potencia aeróbica de los jugadores de fútbol. Incluye ejercicios continuos e intermitentes que involucran carreras, saltos, pases y juego con el balón para elevar la frecuencia cardíaca de los jugadores. También presenta juegos de resistencia que combinan el juego con el balón con esfuerzos de alta intensidad como aceleraciones para desarrollar tanto la capacidad aeróbica como anaeróbica de los jugadores.
Fútbol Formativo. Iniciación Nivel I: Tecnificación Rocío Yáñez
Para el Instituto Nacional del Fútbol, Deporte y Actividad Física (INAF), era una necesidad elaborar un libro donde se conjugaran las experiencias que provocan aprendizaje y el modelo educativo del proceso de enseñanza del juego del fútbol.
Este texto está basado principalmente en las clases realizadas por docentes del INAF y sus metodologías utilizadas en la etapa de Iniciación, incorporando los conceptos y las progresiones metodológicas de los distintos aspectos que conforman el juego.
Haber creado un libro de esta naturaleza, representa una gran satisfacción para nosotros, dada la altísima calidad de los aportes de quienes participaron en su redacción, confección y diseño, aportes de indudable valor didáctico para quienes deberán insertar el fútbol en los distintos procesos de aprendizaje de los niños.
Es para nosotros un gran paso y enriquece las bases sobre las cuales se debe apoyar nuestra enseñanza, por lo que esperamos que todo aquel que tenga en sus manos este material, pueda considerarlo un aporte y pueda sacar lo mejor de él.
The document outlines a 10 week training program for under 8 and 9 year old soccer players at Balmain DFC. Each weekly session follows the same structure: Game 1 focuses on individual technique; Games 2-3 are small-sided games for tactical development; Game 4 is a standard match applying skills from earlier games. Drills include dribbling, passing, defending and shooting. Coaches are encouraged to emphasize teamwork, skill development and fun over competition.
El sílabo presenta una unidad sobre los antecedentes históricos y evolución del futsal. Incluye cinco actividades a desarrollar como analizar documentales, realizar resúmenes y organigramas sobre la historia del futsal en Uruguay, Ecuador, personas con discapacidad visual y las primeras organizaciones deportivas. También explica cómo se elaboraron los primeros reglamentos para hombres y mujeres.
This document discusses the benefits of small-sided games for youth football development. It provides perspectives from several coaches and experts that emphasize playing football for fun and learning through game-like situations rather than strict drills. Small-sided games allow children to experience real match situations with increased ball contact and creativity. Liverpool FC is cited as an example of a club that focused exclusively on small-sided games in training and saw success because of it. The document advocates for philosophies that prioritize enjoyment and equal playing time over results.
Bundesliga Report - 10 years of academies - Talent pools of top-level German ...Ítalo de Oliveira Mendonça
Bundesliga Report - 10 years of academies - Talent pools of top-level German football
http://static.bundesliga.de/media/native/autosync/dfl_leistungszentren2011_gb.pdf
The breeding book summarizes the accomplishments of Gebr. Herbots J&R Halle-Booienhoven in the 2018 racing season. They achieved numerous national and provincial accomplishments including several Olympic nominations and national ace pigeon awards. At national races they achieved top 10 or better finishes against thousands of pigeons at races between 458-652 km, including a 1st, 3rd, and 4th. Their success is due to their quality breeding loft and the passion and expertise of their loft managers.
El documento proporciona detalles sobre las reglas y especificaciones del voleibol. En resumen: (1) El objetivo del juego es enviar el balón por encima de la red para que toque el suelo del campo contrario. (2) Cada equipo tiene tres toques para devolver el balón. (3) El equipo gana un punto cada vez que el otro equipo no puede devolver debidamente el balón.
Este documento discute la importancia de dedicar más tiempo al entrenamiento de acciones a balón parado. Argumenta que más del 40% de los goles en una temporada provienen de jugadas a balón parado, pero la mayoría de los entrenadores solo dedican alrededor de un 10% del tiempo de entrenamiento a este aspecto. Incluye varios ejemplos exitosos de acciones a balón parado y argumenta que los entrenadores deberían darle más importancia a la planificación y ejecución de estas jugadas.
Dokumen tersebut memberikan ringkasan tentang sejarah, peralatan, kemahiran asas, dan peraturan bola tampar. Ia menjelaskan bahawa bola tampar diperkenalkan pada tahun 1885 dan merupakan sukan Olimpik. Dokumen ini juga menjelaskan peralatan utama seperti gelanggang, bola, jaring dan pakaian serta kemahiran asas seperti menyangga, servis dan merejam. Akhirnya ia menyenaraikan peraturan dan undang-und
#rondosthursday
You can view the full presentation by purchasing an online pass to our #nextgencoaches conference - https://www.ticketsource.co.uk/inspirefootballevents
Jed Davies @tpimbw
Website - www.inspire.football
Twitter - @inspirethegame
Facebook - www.facebook.com/inspirecoached
Inspire’s objective is simple: to inspire and educate a next generation of forward thinking coaches. We and our delegates are life long scholars of the game and our speaking and coaching events offer the opportunity to continue your coaching education through those at the very top of the game.
The document provides a history of soccer/football including:
- Its origins in ancient China and development in Greece and Rome, though it did not gain standardized rules until the 19th century in England.
- The first FIFA World Cup was held in 1930 in Uruguay and has grown tremendously in popularity and size over subsequent tournaments held every 4 years.
- The Jules Rimet trophy was awarded to World Cup winners from 1930-1970 until it was stolen and melted down in 1983, being replaced by the FIFA World Cup trophy.
- England is considered the home of modern soccer where standardized rules were developed in public schools in the 19th century.
Sepak bola adalah olahraga yang dimainkan oleh dua tim dengan 11 pemain yang bertujuan mencetak gol lebih banyak dengan menggunakan bola ke gawang lawan. Sejarah sepak bola dimulai sejak abad ke-2 SM di Cina dengan masyarakat menggiring bola kulit, dan sepak bola modern berkembang di Inggris pada abad ke-19. Aturan permainan sepak bola mencakup ukuran lapangan, bola, jumlah pem
Dokumen tersebut membahas tentang kajian pengaruh latihan memanaskan badan terhadap ketepatan menjaring bola baling di kalangan murid sekolah. Kajian ini bertujuan untuk meningkatkan kemahiran menjaring melalui latihan memanaskan badan yang tepat sebelum bermain, dengan melakukan ujian pra dan pas untuk menilai kesannya.
The document provides an overview of the basic rules and positions in handball. It discusses things like the size of the court, duration of games, scoring, allowed dribbling and passing, fouls, types of throws (throw-off, throw-in, free throw, 7-meter throw, goal-throw), defenses, warnings and disqualifications, and typical player positions.
Presentation on Sem-Automated Offside Technology.pptxyetip31604
Semi-automated offside technology uses advanced sensors and cameras to track players and the ball, processes the data using artificial intelligence, and provides offside alerts and 3D animations to match officials to help make faster and more accurate offside decisions. It was first implemented in 2021 and has since been used in major competitions like the FIFA Club World Cup and UEFA Champions League. While it can improve accuracy and fairness, there are still challenges to address regarding technology limitations and delays.
This document outlines the regulations for the 2010 AFC Champions League. It covers organizational responsibilities, technical regulations for matches, entries and eligibility for teams, requirements for team delegations and players, logistics, media, equipment, ticketing, medical controls, disciplinary procedures, administration, and other general provisions. The regulations provide structure and guidelines for how the competition will be conducted.
Reglas De Juego Del Futbol De Salon Coreegido Jhonny Para Exponer 2009 V2jhonito
El documento resume las principales reglas del fútbol sala. Estas incluyen las dimensiones del campo de juego, el número de jugadores por equipo, la duración del partido en dos tiempos de 20 minutos, y las reglas sobre goles, fuera de juego, sustituciones e infracciones. El árbitro es responsable de hacer cumplir las reglas durante el partido.
Dokumen tersebut menyenaraikan peraturan dan jawatan pegawai antarabangsa yang diperlukan untuk pertandingan sukan. Ia menyenaraikan jenis pegawai seperti delegat, hakim, pengadil dan juruteknikal serta tugas dan tempoh perkhidmatan mereka. Ia juga menyenaraikan prosedur operasi penting seperti bilik panggilan dan kawalan masa.
Este documento describe varios ejercicios de entrenamiento para mejorar la resistencia y la potencia aeróbica de los jugadores de fútbol. Incluye ejercicios continuos e intermitentes que involucran carreras, saltos, pases y juego con el balón para elevar la frecuencia cardíaca de los jugadores. También presenta juegos de resistencia que combinan el juego con el balón con esfuerzos de alta intensidad como aceleraciones para desarrollar tanto la capacidad aeróbica como anaeróbica de los jugadores.
Fútbol Formativo. Iniciación Nivel I: Tecnificación Rocío Yáñez
Para el Instituto Nacional del Fútbol, Deporte y Actividad Física (INAF), era una necesidad elaborar un libro donde se conjugaran las experiencias que provocan aprendizaje y el modelo educativo del proceso de enseñanza del juego del fútbol.
Este texto está basado principalmente en las clases realizadas por docentes del INAF y sus metodologías utilizadas en la etapa de Iniciación, incorporando los conceptos y las progresiones metodológicas de los distintos aspectos que conforman el juego.
Haber creado un libro de esta naturaleza, representa una gran satisfacción para nosotros, dada la altísima calidad de los aportes de quienes participaron en su redacción, confección y diseño, aportes de indudable valor didáctico para quienes deberán insertar el fútbol en los distintos procesos de aprendizaje de los niños.
Es para nosotros un gran paso y enriquece las bases sobre las cuales se debe apoyar nuestra enseñanza, por lo que esperamos que todo aquel que tenga en sus manos este material, pueda considerarlo un aporte y pueda sacar lo mejor de él.
The document outlines a 10 week training program for under 8 and 9 year old soccer players at Balmain DFC. Each weekly session follows the same structure: Game 1 focuses on individual technique; Games 2-3 are small-sided games for tactical development; Game 4 is a standard match applying skills from earlier games. Drills include dribbling, passing, defending and shooting. Coaches are encouraged to emphasize teamwork, skill development and fun over competition.
El sílabo presenta una unidad sobre los antecedentes históricos y evolución del futsal. Incluye cinco actividades a desarrollar como analizar documentales, realizar resúmenes y organigramas sobre la historia del futsal en Uruguay, Ecuador, personas con discapacidad visual y las primeras organizaciones deportivas. También explica cómo se elaboraron los primeros reglamentos para hombres y mujeres.
This document discusses the benefits of small-sided games for youth football development. It provides perspectives from several coaches and experts that emphasize playing football for fun and learning through game-like situations rather than strict drills. Small-sided games allow children to experience real match situations with increased ball contact and creativity. Liverpool FC is cited as an example of a club that focused exclusively on small-sided games in training and saw success because of it. The document advocates for philosophies that prioritize enjoyment and equal playing time over results.
Bundesliga Report - 10 years of academies - Talent pools of top-level German ...Ítalo de Oliveira Mendonça
Bundesliga Report - 10 years of academies - Talent pools of top-level German football
http://static.bundesliga.de/media/native/autosync/dfl_leistungszentren2011_gb.pdf
The breeding book summarizes the accomplishments of Gebr. Herbots J&R Halle-Booienhoven in the 2018 racing season. They achieved numerous national and provincial accomplishments including several Olympic nominations and national ace pigeon awards. At national races they achieved top 10 or better finishes against thousands of pigeons at races between 458-652 km, including a 1st, 3rd, and 4th. Their success is due to their quality breeding loft and the passion and expertise of their loft managers.
El documento proporciona detalles sobre las reglas y especificaciones del voleibol. En resumen: (1) El objetivo del juego es enviar el balón por encima de la red para que toque el suelo del campo contrario. (2) Cada equipo tiene tres toques para devolver el balón. (3) El equipo gana un punto cada vez que el otro equipo no puede devolver debidamente el balón.
Este documento discute la importancia de dedicar más tiempo al entrenamiento de acciones a balón parado. Argumenta que más del 40% de los goles en una temporada provienen de jugadas a balón parado, pero la mayoría de los entrenadores solo dedican alrededor de un 10% del tiempo de entrenamiento a este aspecto. Incluye varios ejemplos exitosos de acciones a balón parado y argumenta que los entrenadores deberían darle más importancia a la planificación y ejecución de estas jugadas.
Dokumen tersebut memberikan ringkasan tentang sejarah, peralatan, kemahiran asas, dan peraturan bola tampar. Ia menjelaskan bahawa bola tampar diperkenalkan pada tahun 1885 dan merupakan sukan Olimpik. Dokumen ini juga menjelaskan peralatan utama seperti gelanggang, bola, jaring dan pakaian serta kemahiran asas seperti menyangga, servis dan merejam. Akhirnya ia menyenaraikan peraturan dan undang-und
#rondosthursday
You can view the full presentation by purchasing an online pass to our #nextgencoaches conference - https://www.ticketsource.co.uk/inspirefootballevents
Jed Davies @tpimbw
Website - www.inspire.football
Twitter - @inspirethegame
Facebook - www.facebook.com/inspirecoached
Inspire’s objective is simple: to inspire and educate a next generation of forward thinking coaches. We and our delegates are life long scholars of the game and our speaking and coaching events offer the opportunity to continue your coaching education through those at the very top of the game.
The document provides a history of soccer/football including:
- Its origins in ancient China and development in Greece and Rome, though it did not gain standardized rules until the 19th century in England.
- The first FIFA World Cup was held in 1930 in Uruguay and has grown tremendously in popularity and size over subsequent tournaments held every 4 years.
- The Jules Rimet trophy was awarded to World Cup winners from 1930-1970 until it was stolen and melted down in 1983, being replaced by the FIFA World Cup trophy.
- England is considered the home of modern soccer where standardized rules were developed in public schools in the 19th century.
Sepak bola adalah olahraga yang dimainkan oleh dua tim dengan 11 pemain yang bertujuan mencetak gol lebih banyak dengan menggunakan bola ke gawang lawan. Sejarah sepak bola dimulai sejak abad ke-2 SM di Cina dengan masyarakat menggiring bola kulit, dan sepak bola modern berkembang di Inggris pada abad ke-19. Aturan permainan sepak bola mencakup ukuran lapangan, bola, jumlah pem
Dokumen tersebut membahas tentang kajian pengaruh latihan memanaskan badan terhadap ketepatan menjaring bola baling di kalangan murid sekolah. Kajian ini bertujuan untuk meningkatkan kemahiran menjaring melalui latihan memanaskan badan yang tepat sebelum bermain, dengan melakukan ujian pra dan pas untuk menilai kesannya.
The document provides an overview of the basic rules and positions in handball. It discusses things like the size of the court, duration of games, scoring, allowed dribbling and passing, fouls, types of throws (throw-off, throw-in, free throw, 7-meter throw, goal-throw), defenses, warnings and disqualifications, and typical player positions.
Presentation on Sem-Automated Offside Technology.pptxyetip31604
Semi-automated offside technology uses advanced sensors and cameras to track players and the ball, processes the data using artificial intelligence, and provides offside alerts and 3D animations to match officials to help make faster and more accurate offside decisions. It was first implemented in 2021 and has since been used in major competitions like the FIFA Club World Cup and UEFA Champions League. While it can improve accuracy and fairness, there are still challenges to address regarding technology limitations and delays.
This document outlines the regulations for the 2010 AFC Champions League. It covers organizational responsibilities, technical regulations for matches, entries and eligibility for teams, requirements for team delegations and players, logistics, media, equipment, ticketing, medical controls, disciplinary procedures, administration, and other general provisions. The regulations provide structure and guidelines for how the competition will be conducted.
This document outlines the regulations for the 2014 FIFA World Cup in Brazil. It provides information on the organizing bodies, including FIFA and the Brazilian Football Confederation. It describes the responsibilities of participating member associations and outlines eligibility rules, competition format, venues, and other general provisions for the tournament.
This document outlines the regulations for the 2014 FIFA World Cup in Brazil. It provides information on FIFA leadership and addresses, the Organizing Association for the World Cup (Confederação Brasileira de Futebol), participant responsibilities, eligibility rules, commercial rights, and competition formats. Key details include teams qualifying through preliminary competitions, Brazil automatically qualifying as the host, and FIFA having final authority over all competition matters.
hi, this site gives complete information about all the football processing and registration , team planning rules and the all the content related to football.
The document summarizes a short video produced by FIFA about VAR (Video Assistant Referee) technology. It explains that VAR involves a group of 3 people analyzing video replays to help referees make decisions. The video uses interviews and footage to show how VAR works and how it benefits referees. It aims to help football fans understand VAR and why it's being implemented. The production quality is good and it provides insight into the process in an authentic way over its 3 minute runtime.
This document describes a computer vision project to detect and track football players and the ball in live video feeds from a moving camera. The key tasks are to detect players in each frame, track their positions across frames, and map their locations to a virtual representation of the football field. Background subtraction, blob analysis, and color processing are used to detect players, while mean-shift tracking tracks their positions frame to frame. Line and shape detection techniques detect reference points on the field to enable mapping player locations to the virtual field. Template matching is used to detect and track the ball. The results are evaluated based on true positives, false positives, and performance on different difficulty test cases. Data from the project could enable automated football analytics.
Interpreting Video Assistant Referee and Goal Line Technology Communication T...ijtsrd
The in road of digital media technologies into football has simplified referees decisions on contestable goals. This study examine the adoption of Video Assistant Referees VAR and Goal Line Technology GLT and how the interpretation of the communication between referees affects the outcome of the games. This study is anchored on Diffusion of Innovations theory. A sample of 150 pitch based referees were proportionally selected on the basis 25 per continents for interview. This study is aimed at exploring the communicative frame of reference for technological and pitch based referees. The study argued that VAR and GLT communication situation is largely interpreted using guess work by the pitch based referees, as angular lens, perspectives and human prejudice of technological referees in the control room subjects the pitch based referees to polysemous interpretations. Contrary to the speculations that the diffusion of technology usually resulted to structural unemployment, the adoption of VAR and GLT has opened up opportunities for increased numbers of referees and match officials. Consequently, this research tries to establish whether the diffusion of digital media technology into football officiating has excommunicate human errors and blunders envisaged in the era of analogue pitch and referees, thereby setting the paste for minimal errors in the contemporary phase of digital officiating. Peter Iorper Ugondo | Maggai Tsokwa ""Interpreting Video Assistant Referee and Goal-Line Technology Communication: The Pitch-Based Referees Perspectives"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-4 , June 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23914.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/social-science/23914/interpreting-video-assistant-referee-and-goal-line-technology-communication-the-pitch-based-referees-perspectives/peter-iorper-ugondo
0_FIFA Stadium Safety and Security Regulations.pdfOktomiWijaya1
The document outlines FIFA's stadium safety and security regulations. It contains definitions of key terms and outlines requirements for safety and security management at FIFA events. This includes appointing key safety and security roles like a national security officer and stadium security officer. It also covers stadium management plans, stewarding, maximum capacity limits, structural measures, crowd management, emergency services, and other operational requirements to ensure safety and security at FIFA events.
IRJET- Use of Technology in Tennis, Football and CricketIRJET Journal
The document discusses the use of various technologies in tennis, football, and cricket to assist referees/umpires and improve the viewing experience. In tennis, Hawk-Eye uses cameras to track the ball and make accurate line calls. In football, goal-line technology like Hawk-Eye and GoalRef use cameras to determine if the ball fully crosses the goal line. Video Assistant Referee (VAR) and foam line technology are also used. In cricket, technologies like the third umpire, Decision Review System (DRS), Hawk-Eye, Hot Spot, and Snick-o-Meter provide additional data to evaluate umpiring decisions. The introduction of technology aims to ensure fairness and accuracy in sports
This document discusses the increasing use of technology in various sports to assist referees and officials in making calls. It provides examples of sports that already utilize replay systems and goal line technology, like American football, basketball, cricket, and tennis. While most sports have embraced technology, soccer has been reluctant to adopt it. However, there is now a push for goal line technology in soccer to help referees determine if balls have fully crossed the goal line. The document explores potential goal line technology systems and debates the pros and cons of introducing more technology into soccer.
Hawk-Eye is a computer system that uses multiple high-speed cameras placed around a court or field to track the motion of a ball and visually reconstruct its trajectory. It was developed in 2001 for cricket and has since been adopted for other sports like tennis. Hawk-Eye works by triangulating the ball's position from images captured by cameras to build a 3D representation of its flight path. It provides data on metrics like ball speed, swing, and where the ball pitched or landed to aid in replay reviews and statistical analysis.
FootCoach is a virtual soccer trainer that uses sensors and a mobile app to track performance metrics during drills and challenges. The system includes a smart ball with gyroscope and accelerometer that tracks ball path and speed, a sensor that tracks shooting power and dribbling accuracy, a smart net to track shooting accuracy, and wireless headphones. It is aimed at amateur and professional soccer players to help improve their skills and track their progress. The founders believe FootCoach can greatly benefit soccer athletes and inspire innovation for other sports.
Technology Transforming the Qatar FIFA World Cup 2022 Experience - SG Analyti...SG Analytics
Technology Transforming the Qatar FIFA World Cup 2022 Experience - SG Analytics. Read full blog here.
https://us.sganalytics.com/blog/cutting-edge-technology-at-fifa-world-cup-qatar-2022/
A comparative study of hawk eye and goal lineGaurav Handa
Hawk-Eye and goal line technology were developed to make objective decisions in sports. Hawk-Eye uses cameras to track a ball's trajectory in cricket and tennis. Goal line technology uses magnetic fields to detect when a soccer ball fully crosses the goal line. Both aim to reduce errors in close calls but have limitations like visibility of the ball. Further improvements could help these technologies positively impact sports fairness.
Competition management integral solutionItay Ingber
Managing amateur/low tiers competitions, with massive participation, is a major issue for sport organizers. In MatchVision we design competitive tournaments format and and provide federations with hassle-free platform to administrate, promote and monetize their massive amateur / grassroots level competitions.
Appendix A Peer Review Feedback Form 1Reviewer’s Name _Date _.docxlisandrai1k
Appendix A: Peer Review Feedback Form 1
Reviewer’s Name: _
Date: __
Writer’s Assigned #: _
Course:____
Section:__
Assignment
3:
PersuasivePaper
Part
1:A
Problem
Exists
Peer
reviews
should
provide
feedback
toapeeronthe
criteria
expectedinthe
paper.
Followthese
instructions:
1)
Receive
aclassmate’spaper
from
your
professor(inclass
if
on-ground;
by
e-mail
if
online).
2)
Copy
thePeerReviewFeedback
Form
from
the
Appendix.
3)
Comment
on
allcriteria,notingstrengths
and
/
or
areasforimprovement
on
thefeedbackform.
4)
Provide
completedPeerReviewFeedback
Form
and
classmate’s
paperto
your
professor.
Note
:
On-groundstudents
should
submit
the
feedbackform
and
papertotheprofessorduringthe
class
meetingin
which
thepaper
is
reviewed;
online
students
should
submit
the
feedback
form
and
paper
totheprofessorviatheAssignmentTab
in
thecourseshell.
Criteria
+ Strengths
Comments < Areas for Improvement
1.
Provide
an
appropriate
title
and
an
interesting
opening
paragraph
to
appeal
to
your
stated
audience
(appeal
with
logic,
ethics,
or
emotion).
2.
Include
a
defensible,
relevant
thesis
statement
inthe
first
paragraph.
(With
revised
thesis
statement.)
3. Describe
the
history
and
status
of
the
issue
and
provide
an
overview
of the
problem(s)
that
need
to
be
addressed.
This
should
beoneor
two
(1-2)
paragraphs.
4.
Explain
the
first
problem
(economic,
social,
political,
environmental,
complexity,
inequity,
ethical/moral,
etc.)and
provide
support
for
your
claims.
This should
be
one
or
two
(1-
2) paragraphs.
5.
Explain
the
second
problem
(economic,
social,
political,
environmental,
complexity,
inequity,
ethical/moral,
etc.)
and
provide
support
for
your
claims.
This should
beone or
two
(1-2)
paragraphs.
6.
Explain
the
third
problem (economic,
social,
political,
environmental,
complexity,
inequity,
ethical/moral,
etc.)and
provide
support
for
your
claims.
This should
be
one
or
two
(1-2)
paragraphs.
7. Use effective transitional words, phrases, and sentences throughout the paper.
8.
Provide
a
concluding
paragraph
that
summarizes
the
stated
problems
and
promises
a
solution.
9. Develop a coherently structured paper with an introduction, body, and conclusion
10. Support
claims
with
at
least
three
(3)
quality,
relevant
references.
Use
credible,
academic
sources available
through
Strayer
University’s
Resource
Center.
11. Other
The Case Against Instant Replay
Muyiwa Fagbami
Professor Virginia Rodriguez
ENG 215 – Research and Writing
11/06/2016
The Case Against Instant Replay
Professional sports are a cornerstone of several global cultures. In the USA, the NFL, NBA, MLB, and to a lesser extent, the NHL are major industries that draw large in-person and televised audiences, and sell billions of dollars of merchandise, TV rights, sponsorships and endorsements, among other things. In the British commonwealth, cricket and rugby are huge draws, and soccer dominates t.
This document discusses various technologies used in football, including:
- Video Assistant Referee (VAR) which allows referees to review plays using video footage to make correct calls;
- Goal Line Technology (GLT) which uses cameras or magnetic sensors to automatically alert referees when the ball fully crosses the goal line;
- Electronic Performance and Tracking Systems (EPTS) which collect player data through sensors to track metrics like position, movement, and physical condition.
Similar to An introduction to the challenges of VAR deployments (20)
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2. Executive summary
Implementing Video Assistant Referee (VAR) services for your federation has
become a necessity following the update of the Laws of the Game by the
International Football Association Board (IFAB).
Until recently, most federations accepted using the services of international
service providers to ensure the roll-out and implementation of VAR across their
leagues. No longer so. The pandemic has accelerated the will of federations to
develop their national expertise and leverage local service providers.
Such an implementation requires three things: (1) comprehensive project
management, (2) technology infrastructure implementation, (3) training and
certification. As the leading European systems integrator specialised in live
production, Broadcast Solutions can help your federation set-up your national
VAR program in partnership with IFAB and FIFA. We look forward to supporting
you in this venture.
As a leading systems integrator and consulting firm, Broadcast Solutions
has an established track-record implementing stadium infrastructure, live
production systems and VAR video operations rooms.
3. Table of contents
1 Understanding the challenges of implementing a VAR service page 4
2 The ABCs of Video Assistant Referee (VAR) page 12
3 Possible scenarios for VOR scenarios page 26
4 Beyond infrastructure, Replay Operator training and certification are essential page 34
Appendix A: Laws of the Game 2018/19 page 72
5. “FIFA will leverage technological advances to improve the
quality of the football experience from developing players
on the pitch, to communicating with fans at home, to
producing the optimal showcase competitions.”
FIFA Vision 2.0
6. VAR is one of multiple technologies managed by FIFA
Football equipment
Footballs
Futsal balls
Beach soccer balls
Playing surfaces
Artificial turf
Futsal surfaces
Refereeing technologies
Goal-line technology
Virtual offside lines
VAR technology
Game analysis technologies
Wearable technology
Electronic Performance
and Tracking System (EPTS)
source: second FIFA Quality Programme workshop, Oct. 2019
7. VAR contributes to the football data ecosystem
source: second FIFA Quality Programme workshop, Oct. 2019
8. FIFA has formalized its research and development framework
Identification
of needs
Consultation with
football stakeholders
Working with
universities and industry
Management of global
standards
Operation at
FIFA tournaments
Support of competition
organisers
Creation of a platform
to exchange feedback
and ideas
New research projects
and development of a
research network
Improvement
of the FIFA quality
programme
Implementation
of a football data
ecosystem
End-user focused and
customized support for
football stakeholders
5
steps
process
Goals
2019
-
2023
Research
and testing
Global standards
Implementation
of innovations
Consultancy
and information
source: FIFA Quality Programme workshop, Oct. 2019
10. The Implementation Assistance and Approval Programme
(IAAP) dictates the deployment process of VAR
The implementation of VAR involves all parties:
National football federation
Future System Technology Provider (STP)
IFAB and FIFA
Local Organizing Committee (LOC)
Broadcast coverage of the games is required to provide the required video feeds:
A minimum of four (4) cameras with all super slow-motion feeds is needed
Beyond eight (8) cameras, the integration of additional cameras is the choice of the LOC
Specifications are rigid but keep evolving:
Communication matrix between referees, VAR and replay operators (RO) is formalized
Technology platform must go through formal testing and approval
Training and certification process of VAR and RO is defined
Virtual offside lines are not (yet) a requirement
The International Football Association Board
Münstergasse 9 8001 Zurich Switzerland
T: +41 (0)44 245 1886 F: +41 (0)44 245 1887 theifab.com
167
VIDEO ASSISTANT REFEREES
(VARs)
Implementation handbook for competitions
conducting live experiments with video assistance for clear
errors in match-changing situations
‘minimum interference – maximum benefit’
Version 8
April 2017
Changes since Version 7 (January 2017) are shown in maroon and are mainly in response
to questions from participating competitions
The IFAB VAR handbook
and FIFA VAR IAAP specifications define
the rules of engagement
11. Setting-up a VAR service provider typically takes 9 months
# Project week 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33
1 Project kick-off
2 Ordering of base vehicles
3 Coachbuilding of vehicles
4 Ordering other components
5 Detailed design of A/V
6 Detailed design of coach
7 Delivery of A/V equipment
8 Installation of A/V
9 Commissioning
10 Factory Acceptance Test
11 Shipment to Cameroon
12 Customs clearance
13 On-site training
14 FIFA capacitation
10 weeks
11 weeks
3 weeks
3 weeks
8 weeks
7 weeks
7 weeks
2 weeks
6 weeks
2 weeks
2 weeks
13. Revisiting the ABCs of VAR…
Assistant Video Assistant Referee (AVAR) – He/she assists the
Video Assistant Referee (VAR): watching the ‘live’ action when the
VAR is undertaking a ‘check’ or a ‘review’, keeping notes of incidents,
communicating the outcome of a review to broadcasters.
Attacking possession phase (APP) – The starting point of the
reviewable period of play for a goal, penalty incident or Denying an
Obvious Goal-Scoring Opportunity (DOGSO) offence.
On-field review (OFR) – When the referee decides to view the replay
footage in the Referee Review Area (RRA).
Referee Review Area (RRA) – Visible location outside the field of
play where the referee can view replay footage.
Replay Operator (RO) – Person with technical knowledge who
assists the VAR in the Video Operation Room (VOR).
Review assistant (RA) – Person who assists the referee in the
Referee Review Area (RRA).
Silent check – When the VAR checks a decision/incident but has no
communication with the referee (no clear error identified).
Video Assistant Referee (VAR) – A current or former referee
appointed to assist the referee to correct a clear error in a match-
changing situation (or if a serious incident is missed) by
communicating information from replay footage.
Video operation room (VOR) – The area where the VAR, AVAR and
RO view the match and have independent access to, and control of,
the broadcaster’s video replay footage. It may be in/near the stadium
or in a more central location.
Acronyms
14. The VAR protocol must “preserve the flow and emotions
which result from the game’s almost non-stop action”
The philosophy is “minimum interference – maximum benefit”
The goal is to determine if a referee decision was clearly wrong
(it does not seek to determine if the decision was correct)
IFAB has defined one protocol to be used by all federations
15. Only four (4) categories of events can be reviewed
Goals Penalty decisions Red card incidents Mistaken identity
The role of VAR is to help
the referee determine whether
there was an infraction in the
immediate buildup to a goal,
including fouls and offside.
The role of the VAR is to ensure
that no wrong decision is made in
conjunction with the award or
non-award of a penalty kick.
The role of the VAR is to ensure
that no wrong decision is made in
conjunction with the sending-off of
a player.
When the referee cautions or
sends off the wrong player, or
when he is unsure which player
should be sanctioned, the VAR
will inform the referee so that the
correct player can be disciplined.
source: FIFA VAR experience
16. Only four (4) categories of events can be reviewed
Goals
Offside: position and offence
Offence by the attacking team in the build-up to the goal
Ball out of play prior to the goal
Penalty decisions
Penalty kick incorrectly awarded
Penalty kick offence not penalised
Free kick awarded to the attacking team and there is
doubt whether it occurred inside or outside the penalty
area
Offence by the attacking team in the build-up to the
penalty incident
Ball out of play prior to the penalty incident
Red card incidents (not second caution after YC)
The referee suspects that a potential sending-off offence
has been missed or not clearly seen by the match officials
The VAR observes an undetected sending-off offence
The referee judges a player to have committed an
offence which may be a sending-off for denying an
obvious goal scoring opportunity (DOGSO) or a yellow
card for stopping a promising attack
Mistaken identity
If the referee cautions or sends off the wrong player
(including from the wrong team) or is unsure which player
to sanction; the VAR will assist the referee, proactively
where possible, so the correct player can be disciplined
17. Input of video feeds
All camera feeds from the host broadcaster must be synchronized and provided live to the VAR system:
A minimum of four (4) cameras (main, close-up and off-sides) are required
From four (4) to eight (8) cameras, all feeds should be ingested
All Super Slow-Motion (SSM) feeds must be recorded; Each SSM feed requires three (3) phases
Beyond eight (8) cameras, the capture of additional feeds is the choice of the competition organiser:
FIFA recommends to ingest all cameras that point to the field
Ultra Slow-Motion (USM) feeds can be recorded; Each USM feed requires one (1) phase
The first Replay Operator (RO) can manage up to twelve (12) feeds:
As of camera angle 13, a second RO is required
There is no limit to the number of feeds the second RO can manage
Each ingest feed needs to be named in the VAR system:
Camera presets and camera angles need to be recorded
Naming of each feed must appear on both VAR and RO screens
Requirements
18. Recording of video feeds
In addition to the feeds coming from the field, a camera is located inside the Video Operation Room (VOR):
Camera is located behind or on the side of the VOR
Camera angle is such that it captures all video match officials, as well as the main replay operator
The VAR system records all incoming camera feeds as well as:
The Program feed (PGM)
The feed displayed on the VAR screen
The feed coming from the camera located in the Video Operation Room (VOR)
These last three feeds must also be recorded on a back-up system:
1. The Program feed (PGM)
2. The VAR output
3. The VOR
Requirements
19. VAR and AVAR workstations inside the VOR
The VAR workstation includes:
The touch screen shows multiple camera feeds but no more than four (4) feeds at the same time:
Feeds should have a delay of minimum three (3) seconds
The screen supports touch operations for zoom in, zoom out, pan and tilt
A tagging device to mark potential checks and reviews on the timeline (information for the Replay Operator)
A headset and push-to-talk (PTT) button for communicating with match officials on the field
The AVAR workstation includes:
A monitor showing the live feed from the main camera (i.e., Camera 1)
A tagging device to mark potential checks and reviews on the timeline (information for the Replay Operator)
A headset and push-to-talk (PTT) button for communicating with match officials on the field
20. RO workstation and VOR camera inside the VOR
The RO workstation includes:
One touch screen main monitor that displays up to twelve (12) camera angles:
It allows him to access and view incidents tagged by the VAR and the AVAR
It allows for the simultaneous and synchronised replay of an event along multiple camera angles
Playout speed can be controlled (50% or frame-by-frame)
Playout can be paused at any time to allow for zoom in and zoom out
A headset for communicating with VAR and AVAR. No communication is allowed with match officials on the field
A camera is set-up in the VOR:
It films match officials present in the VOR and VAR operations during the match
It is typically positioned on the side or behind the VOR workspace
It captures all video match officials and the main replay operator
Requirements
21. Intercom communication matrix
All video match officials and replay operators must
be able to listen to on-field match officials during
the match
Both VAR and the AVAR must be able to speak to
on-field match official using a push-to-talk device
Replay operator(s) are not allowed to speak to on-
field match officials
LISTENING
Stadium VOR
Referee
Assistant
referee
1
Assistant
referee
2
Fourth
official
VAR
AVAR
RO
SPEAKING
Stadium
Referee
Assistant referee 1
Assistant referee 2
Fourth official
VOR
VAR
AVAR
RO
Open-mic
Push-to-talk
No communication
Not applicable
Requirements
22. All on-going communications must be recorded
All communications (on-field, video match officials and the main
replay operator) must be recorded by the System Technology
Provider
Integrating the wireless intercom system used by referees on the
pitch is required (Vokkero, Riedel…)
Communications should be embedded in the PGM, VAR output
and VOR feeds:
Ambiance in the PGM feed
Referee communications with the VAR feed
Ambiance from the VOR with the VOR camera feed
Requirements
Integrating VAR and referee intercom systems can
be challenging as each may use different vendors
(Riedel, Vokkero…)
23. Referee Review Area (RRA)
A cabled outdoor monitor is provided for On-Field Reviews (OFR):
It is located at the side of the field of play
It provides an exact (i.e., passive) reproduction of the VAR checking monitor
The feed is only visible on the RRA monitor when the referee goes to OFR
The referee cannot control the images shown on the monitor:
Only the VAR/RO control the images displayed
The referee must communicate with the VAR if he wants to see something else
than presented by the VAR/RO
Requirements
24. Feedback to Host Broadcaster (HB) and feed recordings
Live feedback to the Host Broadcaster (HB):
Both the VOR camera and the VAR checking monitor feeds must be fed back to the HB
Minimum feed recording requirements:
The feeds of the VOR camera, VAR checking monitor and TV Programme (including sound) must be recorded
Recording can be done by the System Technology Provider (STP), the HB or the local organizing committee (LOC)
Usually, the LOC keeps these recordings
Feed recording requirements for training:
Recording of all isolated camera feeds is recommended for training purposes and future use in a VAR simulator
Usually, these recordings are exported from the VAR system at the end of the match
Requirements
25. Virtual Offside Line detection has become an obligation
Video match officials are not allowed to use the virtual offside line
provided by the host broadcaster
If virtual offside lines are used, the VAR and/or RO must create those
lines independently and have control over where the lines are placed
FIFA strongly recommends that these lines be individually tested before
any live use in a match
Requirements
27. A centralised video operation room (VOR) requires significant
bandwidth connectivity to each stadium
Such implementations often require stadium
infrastructure and connectivity upgrades
28. VAR vans provide a flexible alternative for decentralized
deployments
VAR VAN
Xeebra servers
Head Referee
VAR
AVAR
Replay Operator
Review Assistant
Connecting video outputs from the production OB
van covering the game is key to working VAR system.
Beyond a video screen, wireless audio connectivity
to review assistant and field referees is required.
29. The EVS Xeebra platform meets IFAB/FIFA VAR requirements
EVS Xeebra is a client-server system. Each server:
Fits in a 2RU chassis with redundant power supply
Supports up to 8 SDI 720p/1080i inputs
Provides 32 to 64 hours of storage capacity
Can run the Xeebra client application as a Virtual
Machine (VM) on top of its core services
Interconnects via a 10 Gbps Ethernet port
Eight camera angles suffice to provide a VAR service
but IFAB/FIFA recommends that all feeds be recorded:
Video sources come from the production unit (OB)
No time-code synch is required from the OB
The main Replay Operator (RO) is authorized to manage
a maximum of 12 simultaneous video feeds. As of
camera 13, a second RO is mandatory…
Beyond the routing and ingest of incoming video
sources, intercom services are required between:
The Video Assistant Referee (VAR), the Assistant Video
Assistant Referee (AVAR) and the RO within the Video
Operation Room (VOR)
The VAR and the referees on the pitch
The VAR and the Review Assistant (RA) located in the
Referee Review Area (RRA) located on the pitch and
used to support On-Field Reviews (OFR)
30. The EVS Xeebra system streamlines operations between
the VAR, the replay operator and the assistant VAR
PGM
INPUT 1 INPUT 4 INPUT 7
INPUT 2 INPUT 5 INPUT 8
INPUT 3 INPUT 6 INPUT 9
Replay Operator
(RO)
MAIN CAMERA / CAM 1
LIVE
PGM
PTT
Assistant VAR
(AVAR)
TAGGING DEVICE
31. Offside Line Position
With six + 1 positions, the layout of the proposed mobile
VOR caters for all types of games
For major games…
CHECKING WITH
3 SECONDS DELAY
MAIN CAMERA / CAM 1
LIVE
PTT
Video Assistant Referee
(VAR)
TAGGING DEVICE
32. Scenario A: Configuration with dedicated Offside line
RO2 VAR2 AVAR VAR RO1 QCM TG
Scenario B: Configuration without dedicated Offside line
VAR2 AVAR VAR RO1 RO2 QCM TG
SCENARIO C: Configuration without VAR2
AVAR VAR RO1 RO2 QCM TG
A VOR with SIX+1 positions offers the flexibility
to address both current and future FIFA requirements
33. The relationship between the Video Assistant Referee (VAR)
and the Replay Operator (RO) is important and complex
1. The VAR systematically checks every situation and decision to check if a clear error has been
made in a match-changing situation or if a severe incident or offence has been missed.
2. If no review is required, then no communication with the referee is needed: this is a “silent
check”.
3. There is at least one RO sitting with the VAR to assist with the selection and loading of
footage. If there are more than twelve (12) camera feeds, then a second RO is present.
4. As a VAR becomes more experienced in using the equipment, he/she may be able to self-
select the footage. The role of the RO then becomes essential when there are multiple,
simultaneous incidents or when several incidents occur in quick succession.
5. The RO should help the VAR select the best camera angle, especially if it shows something
that the VAR appears not to have seen. When the RO believes that the VAR may benefit from
looking at another camera angle, the RO must ensure that the VAR is aware of this specific
footage.
6. Although the RO is not part of the decision-making process, he/she has a responsibility to help
the VAR (and ultimately the referee) make the correct decision.
35. Setting up VAR for a federation is a journey
The roll-out of VAR requires:
Dedicated infrastructure
Trained technical operators
Certified Video Assistant Referees
A VAR implementation requires 9 months or more:
Building infrastructure
Training operators
Collaborating with IFAB and FIFA authorities
Certifying operations
As a VAR Technology Provider referenced by FIFA, Broadcast Solutions can help
your federation implement its own VAR services:
Infrastructure design and manufacturing
Project management and training services
36. Appendix A: 132 (92) mentions of VAR across the Laws…
Laws of the Game 2018/19
37. Laws of the Game 2018/19 – Page 41
In matches using VARs there must be a video operation room (VOR) and at least one referee review area (RRA).
Video Operation Room (VOR)
The VOR is where the video assistant referee (VAR), assistant VAR (AVAR) and replay operator (RO) work; it may be
in/close to the stadium or at a more distant location. Only authorised persons are permitted to enter the VOR or
communicate with VAR, AVAR and RO during the match.
A player, substitute or substituted player who enters the VOR will be sent off; a team official who enters the VOR will be
dismissed from the technical area.
Referee review area (RRA)
In matches using VARs there must be at least one RRA where the referee undertakes an ‘on-field review’ (OFR). The
RRA must be:
in a visible location outside the field of play
clearly marked
A player, substitute or substituted player who enters the RRA will be cautioned; a team official who enters the RRA will
be publicly given an official warning (or cautioned where YCs are used for team officials).
38. Laws of the Game 2018/19 – Page 66
The use of video assistant referees (VARs) is only permitted where the match/ competition organiser has fulfilled all the
VAR protocol and implementation requirements (as set out in the VAR Handbook) and has received written permission
from The IFAB and FIFA.
The referee may be assisted by a video assistant referee (VAR) only in the event of a ‘clear and obvious error’ or ‘serious
missed incident’ in relation to:
goal/no goal
penalty/no penalty
direct red card (not second caution)
mistaken identity when the referee cautions or sends off the wrong player of the offending team
The assistance from the video assistant referee (VAR) will relate to using replay(s) of the incident. The referee will make
the final decision which may be based solely on the information from the VAR and/or the referee reviewing the replay
footage directly (‘on-field review’).
Except for a ‘serious missed incident’, the referee (and where relevant other ‘on-field’, match officials) must always make
a decision (including a decision not to penalise a potential offence); this decision does not change unless it is a ‘clear and
obvious error’.
39. Laws of the Game 2018/19 – Page 67
Reviews after play has restarted
If play has stopped and restarted, the referee may only undertake a ‘review’, and take the appropriate disciplinary
sanction, for mistaken identity or for a potential sending-off offence relating to violent conduct, spitting, biting or extremely
offensive, insulting and/or abusive gesture(s).
40. Laws of the Game 2018/19 – Page 73
Other match officials (two assistant referees, fourth official, two additional assistant referees, reserve assistant
referee, video assistant referee (VAR) and at least one assistant VAR (AVAR)) may be appointed to matches. They will
assist the referee in controlling the match in accordance with the Laws of the Game but the final decision will always
be taken by the referee.
The VAR and AVAR are the ‘video’ match officials and assist the referee in accordance with the VAR protocol as
determined by The IFAB.
41. Laws of the Game 2018/19 – Page 75
A video assistant referee (VAR) is a match official who may assist the referee to make a decision using replay footage
only for a ‘clear and obvious error’ or ‘serious missed incident’ relating to a goal/no goal, penalty/no penalty, direct red
card (not a second caution) or a case of mistaken identity when the referee cautions or sends off the wrong player of the
offending team
An assistant video assistant referee (AVAR) is a match official who helps the VAR primarily by:
watching the television footage while the VAR is busy with a ‘check’ or a ‘review’
keeping a record of VAR-related incidents and any communication or technology problems
assisting the VAR’s communication with the referee, especially communicating with the referee when the VAR is
undertaking a ‘check’/ ‘review’ e.g. to tell the referee to ‘stop play’ or ‘delay the restart’ etc.
recording the time ‘lost’ when play is delayed for a ‘check’ or a ‘review’
communicating information about a VAR-related decision to relevant parties
42. Laws of the Game 2018/19 – Other references 1/2
Allowance for time lost (page 81)
delays relating to VAR ‘checks’ and ‘reviews’
VAR protocol (pages 134 – 142)
Law 5 (page 146)
Reference to video assistant referees (VARs) and assistant VARs (AVARs) and the ability of a referee to use video replays
for decision-making as part of VAR system
Inclusion of the referee ‘check’ and ‘review’ signals used in the VAR process
Law 6 (page 146)
Distinction between ‘on-field’ match officials and ‘video’ match officials
Duties of the video assistant referee (VAR) and assistant VAR (AVAR)
Law 7 (page 146)
Allowance must be made for time ‘lost’ for drinks breaks and VAR ‘checks’/ ‘reviews’
43. Laws of the Game 2018/19 – Other references 2/2
Details of Law changes, pages 146 – 165
Referee terms, page 176
‘Video’ match official
These are the VAR and AVAR who assist the referee in accordance with the VAR protocol • Assistant video assistant
referee (AVAR) A current or former referee/assistant referee appointed to assist the video assistant referee (VAR) •
Video assistant referee (VAR) A current or former referee appointed to assist the referee by communicating information
from replay footage only in relation to a ‘clear and obvious error’ or ‘serious missed incident’ in one of the reviewable
categories
44. Broadcast Solutions Middle East F.Z. L.L.C.
PO Box 502645
Building 4, Office G14
Dubai Media City, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
Telephone: +971 4 551 9792
Fax: +971 4 551 9757
Email: info@broadcast-solutions.me