This document summarizes research on the motivations behind volunteering and existing motivational strategies among voluntary organizations in Kenya. It finds that people volunteer primarily to gain learning opportunities and experience, due to encouragement from peers, to complete school projects, or due lack of employment. Voluntary organizations employ both intrinsic motivators like personal growth and development, and extrinsic motivators like a conducive work environment. However, they do not properly communicate these strategies to volunteers. The study concludes that voluntary organizations must align volunteer management processes like recruitment, training and motivation to maximize benefits from volunteers.
Five directions for volunteer management researchGerry Treuren
1. The document discusses several approaches to improving volunteer recruitment and retention, including message-matching based on volunteer motivations, identifying generic volunteer profiles, managing volunteer role identity, and applying the theory of job embeddedness to volunteers.
2. It proposes testing several research questions and propositions related to these approaches, with the goal of developing a framework for volunteer attraction and retention based on understanding volunteer motivations, roles, and connections to organizations over time.
3. The key approaches discussed are applying message-matching of recruitment messages to volunteer motivations, identifying distinct volunteer profiles, managing the development of volunteer role identity, and increasing volunteer embeddedness in organizations.
Research on Donor Characteristics and Motivations-Misawa & WalkerDr. Adam G. Walker ✔
This document summarizes a study that examined donor characteristics and motivations at a Division I athletics institution. The researchers administered a survey to over 2,000 donors that received a nearly 10% response rate. Results showed that gender, race, income level, and alumni status influenced donation decisions. Primary motivation for donating was affinity to the overall institution rather than athletics specifically. The implications are that understanding donor characteristics and motivations can help institutions better target their donor cultivation and solicitation efforts.
1) Workplace bullying can negatively impact both bullies and victims. It is characterized as unfair, oppressive, humiliating behavior that may also cause physical harm. The work environment and stress levels of employees can influence who becomes a bully or victim.
2) Organizational support is important - employees who feel unsupported are more likely to leave an organization due to bullying. Social identity theory also explains bullying, as "in-groups" may target "out-groups", especially during times of change or stress.
3) Both men and women can be bullies or victims. However, women may be more likely to report bullying and experience greater health impacts like stress, depression, and sleep issues from prolonged bullying
This document provides an overview of assessment in social work. It defines assessment as the process of gathering and analyzing information about individuals to understand their situation and determine recommendations. The document discusses the significance and critical role of assessment, noting that accurate assessment is fundamental to determining goals and interventions. It also summarizes different definitions of assessment and factors that should be addressed, such as problems, strengths, resources, and causes. The document frames assessment as an ongoing process as new information emerges throughout a case.
The Influence of Organisational Citizenship Behaviour, Job Engagement and Soc...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences is one of the speciality Journal in Dental Science and Medical Science published by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The Journal publishes papers of the highest scientific merit and widest possible scope work in all areas related to medical and dental science. The Journal welcome review articles, leading medical and clinical research articles, technical notes, case reports and others.
This document provides an overview of social casework as a primary method of social work. It discusses the objectives of social casework as understanding and solving internal client problems, strengthening ego power, remediating and preventing problems in social functioning. The key principles of social casework outlined are individualization, purposeful expression of feelings, controlled emotional involvement, acceptance, non-judgmental attitude, self-determination, and confidentiality. It also describes the components of a social casework setting as involving a client with a problem, a social service agency or department as the place, and a problem-solving process between the client and social worker.
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
The document outlines the American Nurses Association's position statement on incivility, bullying, and workplace violence. It states that nurses and employers have an ethical responsibility to create a safe and respectful work environment free of these issues. The statement defines incivility, bullying, and workplace violence. Incivility includes rude behavior while bullying refers to repeated harmful actions intended to humiliate or distress others. Workplace violence puts nursing's contract with society at risk. The profession must work to eliminate these issues and drive cultural change through acknowledgement, prevention, and addressing harmful actions and inactions.
Five directions for volunteer management researchGerry Treuren
1. The document discusses several approaches to improving volunteer recruitment and retention, including message-matching based on volunteer motivations, identifying generic volunteer profiles, managing volunteer role identity, and applying the theory of job embeddedness to volunteers.
2. It proposes testing several research questions and propositions related to these approaches, with the goal of developing a framework for volunteer attraction and retention based on understanding volunteer motivations, roles, and connections to organizations over time.
3. The key approaches discussed are applying message-matching of recruitment messages to volunteer motivations, identifying distinct volunteer profiles, managing the development of volunteer role identity, and increasing volunteer embeddedness in organizations.
Research on Donor Characteristics and Motivations-Misawa & WalkerDr. Adam G. Walker ✔
This document summarizes a study that examined donor characteristics and motivations at a Division I athletics institution. The researchers administered a survey to over 2,000 donors that received a nearly 10% response rate. Results showed that gender, race, income level, and alumni status influenced donation decisions. Primary motivation for donating was affinity to the overall institution rather than athletics specifically. The implications are that understanding donor characteristics and motivations can help institutions better target their donor cultivation and solicitation efforts.
1) Workplace bullying can negatively impact both bullies and victims. It is characterized as unfair, oppressive, humiliating behavior that may also cause physical harm. The work environment and stress levels of employees can influence who becomes a bully or victim.
2) Organizational support is important - employees who feel unsupported are more likely to leave an organization due to bullying. Social identity theory also explains bullying, as "in-groups" may target "out-groups", especially during times of change or stress.
3) Both men and women can be bullies or victims. However, women may be more likely to report bullying and experience greater health impacts like stress, depression, and sleep issues from prolonged bullying
This document provides an overview of assessment in social work. It defines assessment as the process of gathering and analyzing information about individuals to understand their situation and determine recommendations. The document discusses the significance and critical role of assessment, noting that accurate assessment is fundamental to determining goals and interventions. It also summarizes different definitions of assessment and factors that should be addressed, such as problems, strengths, resources, and causes. The document frames assessment as an ongoing process as new information emerges throughout a case.
The Influence of Organisational Citizenship Behaviour, Job Engagement and Soc...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences is one of the speciality Journal in Dental Science and Medical Science published by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The Journal publishes papers of the highest scientific merit and widest possible scope work in all areas related to medical and dental science. The Journal welcome review articles, leading medical and clinical research articles, technical notes, case reports and others.
This document provides an overview of social casework as a primary method of social work. It discusses the objectives of social casework as understanding and solving internal client problems, strengthening ego power, remediating and preventing problems in social functioning. The key principles of social casework outlined are individualization, purposeful expression of feelings, controlled emotional involvement, acceptance, non-judgmental attitude, self-determination, and confidentiality. It also describes the components of a social casework setting as involving a client with a problem, a social service agency or department as the place, and a problem-solving process between the client and social worker.
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
The document outlines the American Nurses Association's position statement on incivility, bullying, and workplace violence. It states that nurses and employers have an ethical responsibility to create a safe and respectful work environment free of these issues. The statement defines incivility, bullying, and workplace violence. Incivility includes rude behavior while bullying refers to repeated harmful actions intended to humiliate or distress others. Workplace violence puts nursing's contract with society at risk. The profession must work to eliminate these issues and drive cultural change through acknowledgement, prevention, and addressing harmful actions and inactions.
This document is a 12,610 word research dissertation that examines the welfare of adult caregivers in domiciliary (home care) and residential services. It explores how caregiver susceptibility to anxiety and depressive symptomology compares between these populations and a non-caregiver control group. Additionally, it examines the extent to which psychological factors like locus of control, empathy, perceived organizational support, and self-esteem can predict anxiety and depression levels in caregivers. Through a cross-sectional questionnaire study comparing 51 domiciliary, 85 residential caregivers, and 67 non-caregivers, the dissertation aims to better understand the impact of poor organizational support practices on caregiver well-being.
Personal and societal_attitudes_to_disabilityjayson tibayan
This document discusses personal and societal attitudes towards disability. It reviews theories of attitude formation and change, including behavioral, consistency, information integration, and functional theories. Two attitude scales are also reviewed: the Interaction with Disabled Persons scale and the Scale of Attitudes towards Disabled Persons. The results of two studies on changing attitudes are presented. A key finding is that it is easier to change societal attitudes than personal attitudes. Additionally, direct contact with a disabled person was found to be more effective in changing attitudes than only providing information. The implications for disability awareness training in the hospitality and tourism industry are also discussed.
This presentation is about social loafing. It also include the factors that influence the social loafing and some techniques to reduce social loafing.
This presentation is very helpful to psychology students and those who needs to know about social loafing.
This document discusses risk management, risk regulation, and blame culture in social work. It provides examples of approaches to risk management for released offenders such as improved communication, standardized risk assessment procedures, and local resistance to housing ex-offenders. The document suggests that blame culture has increased due to declining trust in institutions combined with a societal tendency towards negativity and making claims against those in positions of power. Risk regulation aims to control risks through information gathering, standard setting, and influencing behavior.
Social loafing refers to reduced individual effort when working in a group compared to working alone. In a classic rope pulling study, individual performance decreased as group size increased, demonstrating the Ringlemann Effect. There are several theories for why social loafing occurs, including that working in a group diffuses social influence, reduces arousal for simple tasks, and makes individual efforts feel dispensable to the group product. Evaluation of individual contributions and establishing performance standards can help reduce social loafing.
The document discusses power, politics, and influence in nursing. It begins with objectives and outlines different topics that will be covered, including power, types of power, empowerment, developing a powerful image, and personal power strategies. Nurses must be skilled in exercising power to shape the future of healthcare. Power is the ability to influence others to achieve goals. Nurses regularly exercise power through patient teaching and coaching colleagues. Empowerment involves sharing power with others to help them make decisions. Developing a powerful self-image and strong communication, networking, and mentoring skills can help nurses effectively exercise power.
Population Health Data Science, Complexity, and Health Equity: Reflections fr...Tomas J. Aragon
Annual Population Health Sciences Colloquium at the Stanford Center for Population Health Sciences on October 26, 2015.
This one-day program will showcase population health sciences research from the Stanford community and experts around the world.
This one-day program will showcase population health sciences research from the Stanford community and experts around the world. The PHS Initiative aims to bring together basic, translational and clinical scientists, along with researchers from disciplines across the entire University, to provide resources and facilitate collaborations focused on population-level questions, data and approaches.
We have an exciting full-day session with keynote speakers - Lloyd Minor, Dean of the Stanford School of Medicine; Muin Khoury, Associate Director of Epidemiology and Genomics Research Program at NCI; and Tomas Aragon, Director of Population Health Division at the San Francisco Department of Public Health - and some time to do the vital work of growing our center.
Moral Distress in Health Care ProvidersSkiFi Designs
This document summarizes a presentation on moral distress in healthcare providers. It defines moral distress as knowing the right thing to do but facing institutional constraints that make it difficult. Examples of moral distress for nurses and physicians are provided, such as providing futile treatment or not having proper PPE. The impacts of moral distress include feelings of powerlessness, burnout, and intent to leave. Strategies discussed to help include identifying the ethical issues, debriefing, and creating a culture that supports ethical practice and open communication.
The document discusses the development of a new volunteer management model and life cycles by Volunteer Scotland to better meet the needs of volunteers, volunteer managers, and organizations. It outlines research showing a need to reconceptualize volunteering to make it more inclusive and appealing. The authors developed resources prioritizing volunteer needs, including defining what volunteers want in their experience based on past research. A new volunteer life cycle model is introduced to improve volunteer retention and progression.
This thesis examines the motivations and commitments of volunteers working with Safe Voices, a domestic violence prevention organization. The author conducted surveys using the Volunteer Functions Inventory to measure motivations and the Three-Component Model to measure commitment. The surveys found that volunteers were primarily motivated by altruistic values and personal enhancement, and experienced stronger affective commitment to the organization and beneficiaries than normative or continuance commitment. The purpose of the research was to understand the volunteer population and how the organization can support volunteers.
This document discusses challenges related to attracting and retaining volunteers in the nonprofit sector. It provides an overview of literature on volunteerism, including reasons why individuals volunteer, common recruitment strategies, and recruitment challenges. The document also outlines a methodology for studying volunteer recruitment methods used by five Georgia nonprofits. Key findings from interviews and a SWOT analysis of these organizations are presented. The conclusion indicates that while the organizations generally use methods aligned with best practices, recruitment efforts could be improved by showing more appreciation for volunteers and engaging them at multiple involvement levels.
This document provides annotations for 5 research articles relevant to understanding volunteer motivation, commitment, and retention. The articles examine how commitment frameworks, role identity, motive fulfillment, volunteer management practices, organizational structure, job characteristics, and job satisfaction impact volunteer sustainability. Methodologies discussed include surveys, questionnaires, and statistical analysis of data. Overall, the annotations illustrate how the articles inform an evaluation of a school volunteer program and factors that influence volunteer motivation.
This document presents a conceptual framework for how organizational culture is determined and impacts an organization. It is determined by transformational leadership and organizational communication media. Organizational culture then impacts motivation, organizational commitment, job satisfaction, engagement, job involvement, innovation, organizational citizenship behavior, productivity, and performance within an organization. The framework was developed through a literature review to establish how these factors relate and influence one another.
Leadership: Essence of Success in Social Sector of Bihar (India)iosrjce
Leaders have been found to play a pivotal role in running and developing NGOs. This study aims to
find out the leader’s perceptions about the impact of their leadership on employees performance and
development of their NGOs. The study explicitly shows the positive and significant nexus between leader’s style
and strategy with leadership effectiveness and its sweeping impact on employees’ motivation, commitment,
employee’s satisfaction and well being as well as on enhancement of employees’ work performance and
organizational productivity through leadership practices including information sharing, problem solving,
motivation, performance rewards and role-playing
Firstly, we would like to express our gratitude to Almighty Allah for giving us the strength
required to complete the report in the given time.
Then, we would like to thank our honorable faculty Dr. Razia Sultana Sumi, Associate
Professor, Department of Marketing, Jagannath University for giving us such a great
opportunity to prepare a research report on “Measuring Motivation behind Donation of
Individual Givers”.
Throughout this period of course "Marketing for Non-Profit Organization (MKT-5203)",
she has provided her immense guidance, motivation, and ample support during this report's
preparation. We are indebted to our parents for their constant support and the struggles they
have gone through to make me capable enough to write this report. We would like to thank
our family and friends for always being there for us and persistently motivating us. We would
like to thank the faculty members of Jagannath University each of whom taught me
something that we could use in writing this report.
Lastly, we would like to express our gratitude to those people who helped us both directly
and indirectly for the preparation of this report. We apologize to the people whose names
have not mentioned but their contribution is highly appreciated.
Does diversity matter- exploring workforce diversity, diversitymanagement, an...drkhaledshukran
This article examines workforce diversity, diversity management, and organizational performance in social enterprises. It conducted interviews with 14 individuals from social enterprises in Los Angeles, including top managers and regular employees. The study found high levels of diversity in gender, race, education and sexual orientation but low diversity in age and values. Workforce diversity and diversity management were seen as positively impacting performance. However, while diversity management was considered important, it was not widely implemented. The study provides insights into how diversity and diversity management can support sustainability in social enterprises.
Organizational Commitment in relation to Organizational Politics: A study on ...inventionjournals
The root objective behind this study is to explore the relation between organizational commitment
and organizational politics, of the government employees. This study also focuses on the gender difference
taking these factors under consideration. This study is conducted on 200 male and female employees in total, of
middle level belonging to urban domicile. A survey of government employees (aged 40-55) reveals that
organizational commitment has no significant positive correlation with organizational politics in total.
Additionally, this relation does not found to be correlated in case of both female and their male counterparts.
This document discusses engagement strategies for users and employees. It defines engagement as "a process through which people can interact with an organisation in a meaningful way for mutual benefit." Engagement is most effective when it is a systematic process that is meaningful to participants and leads to positive outcomes. The document examines case studies of engagement strategies at Barclays bank and the Suma co-operative. It also discusses metrics for measuring user and employee engagement. Overall, the key lessons are that engaging users and staff are mutually reinforcing, and that consistent engagement can improve organizational culture and service outcomes.
This document discusses best practices for recruiting, training, evaluating, and retaining volunteers for nonprofit organizations. It provides statistics on volunteering in the US and reasons why individuals volunteer. The key aspects of an effective volunteer program covered are developing job descriptions, training volunteers on the organization's mission and their specific roles, evaluating volunteer performance, recognizing volunteers for their contributions, and ensuring volunteers are properly matched to positions. The goal is to implement purpose-driven volunteerism where volunteers' skills and motivations align with the nonprofit's needs.
A STUDY OF MANAGEMENT BEHAVIORS OF MANAGERS WITHIN A NONPROFIT INS.docxransayo
A STUDY OF MANAGEMENT BEHAVIORS OF MANAGERS WITHIN A NONPROFIT INSTITUTION
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Acknowledgments
CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION
Introduction to the Problem 1
Background of the Study 3
Statement of the Problem 7
Purpose of the Study 7
Rationale 8
Conceptual Framework 8
Research Questions/Hypotheses 9
Nature of the Study 10
Significance of the Study 11
Assumptions 12
Limitations 13
Definition of Terms 13
Organization of the Remainder of the Study 14
CHAPTER 2. LITERATURE REVIEW
Introduction
Leadership
Nonprofit Organizations
Organizational Culture
Perceptions of Leadership and Management
Recommendations from Work Reviewed
Reflections and Insight
Conclusion
CHAPTER 3. METHODOLOGY
Introduction
Design of the Study
Population
Sample
Dependent Variable
Independent Variable
Test Factors
Reliability and Validity
Data Collection Procedure and Coding
Data Analysis Plan
Research Ethics and Protection of Subjects
Summary
CHAPTER FOUR. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS
Introduction
Response Rate
Descriptive Statistics
Research Questions
Hypothesis Testing
Summary
CHAPTER FIVE. DISCUSSION, IMPLICATIONS,
RECOMMENDATIONS
Introduction
Discussion and Conclusions
Limitations
Implications
Recommendations
Conclusion
References
ii
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION
Introduction to the Study
Guy, Newman & Mastracci, (2008) exposed that human service employees go through emotive labor. They decided that the most momentous defy in front of individuals working within the human service field is that workers who happen to be not wastefulin their work have less humane and considerate traits. Lea.
A Study and Analysis of Emotional Intelligence and its Impactsijtsrd
This paper deals with the concept of Emotional Intelligence and its importance in various fields. Emotional Intelligence having the capacity to wind up mindful of even unobtrusive changes in ones and others emotional tones and to control them, to try to avoid panicking amidst weight, to start and keep up sound associations with others, and to keep up an idealistic viewpoint towards life. Later on in this paper the focus is on the importance of emotional intelligence in various fields. Jyoti Shikha | Dr. Sanjeev Singh "A Study and Analysis of Emotional Intelligence and its Impacts" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-6 , October 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd29136.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/artificial-intelligence/29136/a-study-and-analysis-of-emotional-intelligence-and-its-impacts/jyoti-shikha
This document is a 12,610 word research dissertation that examines the welfare of adult caregivers in domiciliary (home care) and residential services. It explores how caregiver susceptibility to anxiety and depressive symptomology compares between these populations and a non-caregiver control group. Additionally, it examines the extent to which psychological factors like locus of control, empathy, perceived organizational support, and self-esteem can predict anxiety and depression levels in caregivers. Through a cross-sectional questionnaire study comparing 51 domiciliary, 85 residential caregivers, and 67 non-caregivers, the dissertation aims to better understand the impact of poor organizational support practices on caregiver well-being.
Personal and societal_attitudes_to_disabilityjayson tibayan
This document discusses personal and societal attitudes towards disability. It reviews theories of attitude formation and change, including behavioral, consistency, information integration, and functional theories. Two attitude scales are also reviewed: the Interaction with Disabled Persons scale and the Scale of Attitudes towards Disabled Persons. The results of two studies on changing attitudes are presented. A key finding is that it is easier to change societal attitudes than personal attitudes. Additionally, direct contact with a disabled person was found to be more effective in changing attitudes than only providing information. The implications for disability awareness training in the hospitality and tourism industry are also discussed.
This presentation is about social loafing. It also include the factors that influence the social loafing and some techniques to reduce social loafing.
This presentation is very helpful to psychology students and those who needs to know about social loafing.
This document discusses risk management, risk regulation, and blame culture in social work. It provides examples of approaches to risk management for released offenders such as improved communication, standardized risk assessment procedures, and local resistance to housing ex-offenders. The document suggests that blame culture has increased due to declining trust in institutions combined with a societal tendency towards negativity and making claims against those in positions of power. Risk regulation aims to control risks through information gathering, standard setting, and influencing behavior.
Social loafing refers to reduced individual effort when working in a group compared to working alone. In a classic rope pulling study, individual performance decreased as group size increased, demonstrating the Ringlemann Effect. There are several theories for why social loafing occurs, including that working in a group diffuses social influence, reduces arousal for simple tasks, and makes individual efforts feel dispensable to the group product. Evaluation of individual contributions and establishing performance standards can help reduce social loafing.
The document discusses power, politics, and influence in nursing. It begins with objectives and outlines different topics that will be covered, including power, types of power, empowerment, developing a powerful image, and personal power strategies. Nurses must be skilled in exercising power to shape the future of healthcare. Power is the ability to influence others to achieve goals. Nurses regularly exercise power through patient teaching and coaching colleagues. Empowerment involves sharing power with others to help them make decisions. Developing a powerful self-image and strong communication, networking, and mentoring skills can help nurses effectively exercise power.
Population Health Data Science, Complexity, and Health Equity: Reflections fr...Tomas J. Aragon
Annual Population Health Sciences Colloquium at the Stanford Center for Population Health Sciences on October 26, 2015.
This one-day program will showcase population health sciences research from the Stanford community and experts around the world.
This one-day program will showcase population health sciences research from the Stanford community and experts around the world. The PHS Initiative aims to bring together basic, translational and clinical scientists, along with researchers from disciplines across the entire University, to provide resources and facilitate collaborations focused on population-level questions, data and approaches.
We have an exciting full-day session with keynote speakers - Lloyd Minor, Dean of the Stanford School of Medicine; Muin Khoury, Associate Director of Epidemiology and Genomics Research Program at NCI; and Tomas Aragon, Director of Population Health Division at the San Francisco Department of Public Health - and some time to do the vital work of growing our center.
Moral Distress in Health Care ProvidersSkiFi Designs
This document summarizes a presentation on moral distress in healthcare providers. It defines moral distress as knowing the right thing to do but facing institutional constraints that make it difficult. Examples of moral distress for nurses and physicians are provided, such as providing futile treatment or not having proper PPE. The impacts of moral distress include feelings of powerlessness, burnout, and intent to leave. Strategies discussed to help include identifying the ethical issues, debriefing, and creating a culture that supports ethical practice and open communication.
The document discusses the development of a new volunteer management model and life cycles by Volunteer Scotland to better meet the needs of volunteers, volunteer managers, and organizations. It outlines research showing a need to reconceptualize volunteering to make it more inclusive and appealing. The authors developed resources prioritizing volunteer needs, including defining what volunteers want in their experience based on past research. A new volunteer life cycle model is introduced to improve volunteer retention and progression.
This thesis examines the motivations and commitments of volunteers working with Safe Voices, a domestic violence prevention organization. The author conducted surveys using the Volunteer Functions Inventory to measure motivations and the Three-Component Model to measure commitment. The surveys found that volunteers were primarily motivated by altruistic values and personal enhancement, and experienced stronger affective commitment to the organization and beneficiaries than normative or continuance commitment. The purpose of the research was to understand the volunteer population and how the organization can support volunteers.
This document discusses challenges related to attracting and retaining volunteers in the nonprofit sector. It provides an overview of literature on volunteerism, including reasons why individuals volunteer, common recruitment strategies, and recruitment challenges. The document also outlines a methodology for studying volunteer recruitment methods used by five Georgia nonprofits. Key findings from interviews and a SWOT analysis of these organizations are presented. The conclusion indicates that while the organizations generally use methods aligned with best practices, recruitment efforts could be improved by showing more appreciation for volunteers and engaging them at multiple involvement levels.
This document provides annotations for 5 research articles relevant to understanding volunteer motivation, commitment, and retention. The articles examine how commitment frameworks, role identity, motive fulfillment, volunteer management practices, organizational structure, job characteristics, and job satisfaction impact volunteer sustainability. Methodologies discussed include surveys, questionnaires, and statistical analysis of data. Overall, the annotations illustrate how the articles inform an evaluation of a school volunteer program and factors that influence volunteer motivation.
This document presents a conceptual framework for how organizational culture is determined and impacts an organization. It is determined by transformational leadership and organizational communication media. Organizational culture then impacts motivation, organizational commitment, job satisfaction, engagement, job involvement, innovation, organizational citizenship behavior, productivity, and performance within an organization. The framework was developed through a literature review to establish how these factors relate and influence one another.
Leadership: Essence of Success in Social Sector of Bihar (India)iosrjce
Leaders have been found to play a pivotal role in running and developing NGOs. This study aims to
find out the leader’s perceptions about the impact of their leadership on employees performance and
development of their NGOs. The study explicitly shows the positive and significant nexus between leader’s style
and strategy with leadership effectiveness and its sweeping impact on employees’ motivation, commitment,
employee’s satisfaction and well being as well as on enhancement of employees’ work performance and
organizational productivity through leadership practices including information sharing, problem solving,
motivation, performance rewards and role-playing
Firstly, we would like to express our gratitude to Almighty Allah for giving us the strength
required to complete the report in the given time.
Then, we would like to thank our honorable faculty Dr. Razia Sultana Sumi, Associate
Professor, Department of Marketing, Jagannath University for giving us such a great
opportunity to prepare a research report on “Measuring Motivation behind Donation of
Individual Givers”.
Throughout this period of course "Marketing for Non-Profit Organization (MKT-5203)",
she has provided her immense guidance, motivation, and ample support during this report's
preparation. We are indebted to our parents for their constant support and the struggles they
have gone through to make me capable enough to write this report. We would like to thank
our family and friends for always being there for us and persistently motivating us. We would
like to thank the faculty members of Jagannath University each of whom taught me
something that we could use in writing this report.
Lastly, we would like to express our gratitude to those people who helped us both directly
and indirectly for the preparation of this report. We apologize to the people whose names
have not mentioned but their contribution is highly appreciated.
Does diversity matter- exploring workforce diversity, diversitymanagement, an...drkhaledshukran
This article examines workforce diversity, diversity management, and organizational performance in social enterprises. It conducted interviews with 14 individuals from social enterprises in Los Angeles, including top managers and regular employees. The study found high levels of diversity in gender, race, education and sexual orientation but low diversity in age and values. Workforce diversity and diversity management were seen as positively impacting performance. However, while diversity management was considered important, it was not widely implemented. The study provides insights into how diversity and diversity management can support sustainability in social enterprises.
Organizational Commitment in relation to Organizational Politics: A study on ...inventionjournals
The root objective behind this study is to explore the relation between organizational commitment
and organizational politics, of the government employees. This study also focuses on the gender difference
taking these factors under consideration. This study is conducted on 200 male and female employees in total, of
middle level belonging to urban domicile. A survey of government employees (aged 40-55) reveals that
organizational commitment has no significant positive correlation with organizational politics in total.
Additionally, this relation does not found to be correlated in case of both female and their male counterparts.
This document discusses engagement strategies for users and employees. It defines engagement as "a process through which people can interact with an organisation in a meaningful way for mutual benefit." Engagement is most effective when it is a systematic process that is meaningful to participants and leads to positive outcomes. The document examines case studies of engagement strategies at Barclays bank and the Suma co-operative. It also discusses metrics for measuring user and employee engagement. Overall, the key lessons are that engaging users and staff are mutually reinforcing, and that consistent engagement can improve organizational culture and service outcomes.
This document discusses best practices for recruiting, training, evaluating, and retaining volunteers for nonprofit organizations. It provides statistics on volunteering in the US and reasons why individuals volunteer. The key aspects of an effective volunteer program covered are developing job descriptions, training volunteers on the organization's mission and their specific roles, evaluating volunteer performance, recognizing volunteers for their contributions, and ensuring volunteers are properly matched to positions. The goal is to implement purpose-driven volunteerism where volunteers' skills and motivations align with the nonprofit's needs.
A STUDY OF MANAGEMENT BEHAVIORS OF MANAGERS WITHIN A NONPROFIT INS.docxransayo
A STUDY OF MANAGEMENT BEHAVIORS OF MANAGERS WITHIN A NONPROFIT INSTITUTION
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Acknowledgments
CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION
Introduction to the Problem 1
Background of the Study 3
Statement of the Problem 7
Purpose of the Study 7
Rationale 8
Conceptual Framework 8
Research Questions/Hypotheses 9
Nature of the Study 10
Significance of the Study 11
Assumptions 12
Limitations 13
Definition of Terms 13
Organization of the Remainder of the Study 14
CHAPTER 2. LITERATURE REVIEW
Introduction
Leadership
Nonprofit Organizations
Organizational Culture
Perceptions of Leadership and Management
Recommendations from Work Reviewed
Reflections and Insight
Conclusion
CHAPTER 3. METHODOLOGY
Introduction
Design of the Study
Population
Sample
Dependent Variable
Independent Variable
Test Factors
Reliability and Validity
Data Collection Procedure and Coding
Data Analysis Plan
Research Ethics and Protection of Subjects
Summary
CHAPTER FOUR. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS
Introduction
Response Rate
Descriptive Statistics
Research Questions
Hypothesis Testing
Summary
CHAPTER FIVE. DISCUSSION, IMPLICATIONS,
RECOMMENDATIONS
Introduction
Discussion and Conclusions
Limitations
Implications
Recommendations
Conclusion
References
ii
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION
Introduction to the Study
Guy, Newman & Mastracci, (2008) exposed that human service employees go through emotive labor. They decided that the most momentous defy in front of individuals working within the human service field is that workers who happen to be not wastefulin their work have less humane and considerate traits. Lea.
A Study and Analysis of Emotional Intelligence and its Impactsijtsrd
This paper deals with the concept of Emotional Intelligence and its importance in various fields. Emotional Intelligence having the capacity to wind up mindful of even unobtrusive changes in ones and others emotional tones and to control them, to try to avoid panicking amidst weight, to start and keep up sound associations with others, and to keep up an idealistic viewpoint towards life. Later on in this paper the focus is on the importance of emotional intelligence in various fields. Jyoti Shikha | Dr. Sanjeev Singh "A Study and Analysis of Emotional Intelligence and its Impacts" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-6 , October 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd29136.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/artificial-intelligence/29136/a-study-and-analysis-of-emotional-intelligence-and-its-impacts/jyoti-shikha
This document discusses how human rights and services nonprofits can effectively engage Millennial donors and volunteers. It analyzes survey data from AIDS Resource Center Ohio and interviews from three fundraising experts. The key findings are:
1) Millennials prefer to connect via technology, share information in small ways on social media, and be influenced by their peers.
2) Nonprofits should focus on transparency, social connectivity, leadership opportunities for Millennials, and allowing passion for causes over institutions.
3) A successful Human Rights Campaign used social media to change Facebook profiles to support marriage equality, engaging many Millennials.
"Nothing about us, Without us" Stakeholder Engagement and GrantseekingLesa-kaye Holtham, MPH
Meaningful stakeholder engagement is the involvement of constituencies as integral partners in advancing the work of organizations and institutions. As more funders embrace stakeholder engagement in the grantmaking process, what does this mean for grant seeking process? In this webinar, we will explore why stakeholder engagement is integral to grant strategy and how grant professionals can help foster meaningful stakeholder engagement to support an organization’s development.
Learning objectives:
-Explore what is stakeholder engagement, its benefits, and the levels of engagement
-How stakeholder engagement supports an organization’s development as it pertains to grant seeking
-How to apply various stakeholder engagement activities from program design to maintaining relationships with funders
-Considerations when engaging stakeholders in the grant seeking process
-The role that grant professionals can play in fostering meaningful engagement
Question 1 governance modelsDuring this semester, we examined s.docxlillie234567
Question 1: governance models
During this semester, we examined several areas of governance and ways in which governance models are applied and regulated by governments and industry
Getting closer to your dissertation, you will need to choose a topic in your first dissertation class, DSRT-736, so it is essential to start preparing. This week, let us take a look at some topics to consider, and by the end of the week, we could have several ideas for dissertation topics
Here are some pointers that will help critically evaluate some viable topics.
• Is the topic attainable for a first-time dissertation student?
• Is the problem rooted in the literature?
• Is the research empirical, i.e., is there a survey, is there an interview guide, has the data been analyzed via some statistical tool?
• Is there a theoretical model or framework discussed?
Discuss the topic, the problem the model has been used in the research, and any present findings.
Do not read the entire dissertation, as the abstract and chapter one introduction should give a clear understanding of the research.
· Provide an outside source (for example, an article from the UC Library) that applies to the topic, along with additional information about the topic or the source (please cite properly in APA)
Question 2: strategic IT planning and strategy
During this session, we looked at several topics on Strategic IT planning and strategy
We examined researchers, models, and issues in the area, and as you get closer to starting your own dissertation, you will need to choose a topic in your first dissertation class DSRT-736, so it is essential to start preparing.
This week, let us take a look at some topics to consider, and by the end of the week, we could have several ideas for dissertation topics.
Here are some pointers that will help critically evaluate some viable topics.
· Is the topic attainable for a first-time dissertation student?
· Is the problem rooted in the literature?
· Is the research empirical, i.e., is there a survey, is there an interview guide, has the data been analyzed via some statistical tool?
· Is there a theoretical model or framework discussed?
Discuss the topic, the problem the model has been used in the research, and any present findings.
Do not read the entire dissertation, as the abstract and chapter one introduction should give a clear understanding of the research.
· Provide an outside source (for example, an article from the UC Library) that applies to the topic, along with additional information about the topic or the source (please cite properly in APA)
A Little Thanks Goes a Long Way:
Explaining Why Gratitude Expressions Motivate Prosocial Behavior
Adam M. Grant
University of Pennsylvania
Francesca Gino
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
Although research has established that receiving expressions of gratitude increases prosocial behavior,
little is known about the psychological mechanisms that mediate this effect. We propose that grat.
Community-based Peer Support: A participatory review of what works, for whom, in what circumstances
Author - Dr Janet Harris, The University of Sheffield
Motivations to Support Charity-Linked Events After Exposure to.docxhelzerpatrina
Motivations to Support Charity-Linked Events After Exposure to
Facebook Appeals: Emotional Cause Identification and Distinct
Self-Determined Regulations
Kaspar Schattke
Université du Québec à Montréal
Ronald Ferguson and Michèle Paulin
Concordia University
Nonprofit organizations are increasingly dependent on the involvement of Millennial
constituencies. Three studies investigated their motivations to support charity-linked
events: emotional identification with a cause, self-determination theory (SDT) regula-
tions, and context-related Facebook promotions. This article addresses the recent call to
expand SDT research from a simple analysis of autonomous versus controlled moti-
vation, to studying the effects of all the regulations in the SDT continuum, in particular,
the inclusion of the tripartite dimensions of intrinsic motivation and integrated moti-
vation. Results demonstrated that the greater the emotional identification with the
cause, the stronger was the tendency to support the charity-linked event. Also, the
results in these social media contexts revealed that specific intrinsic dimensions (e.g.,
experience stimulation) are motivators of online and offline support, as is the personal
value nature of integrated regulation. Whereas only autonomous motivational regula-
tions predicted support for the two events organized specifically a for charitable causes,
both autonomous and controlled regulations predicted support of a for-profit event
organized with a charitable cause as an adjunct. These findings can assist practitioners
in designing more effective social media communications in support of charity-linked
events.
Keywords: social media, self-determination theory, integrated regulation, tripartite
model of intrinsic motivation, charitable causes
Supplemental materials: http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/mot0000085.supp
Social media is a new domain offering excit-
ing opportunities to investigate research ques-
tions in social psychology (Greitemeyer, 2011;
Kende, Ujhelyi, Joinson, & Greitemeyer, 2015).
Our research examined motivation to support
charity-linked events of nonprofit organizations
that are currently faced with increased compe-
tition for resources and declining government
support (Paulin, Ferguson, Jost, & Fallu, 2014;
Reed, Aquino, & Levy, 2007; White & Peloza,
2009). Presently, they depend on an ageing set
of traditional supporters (Urbain, Gonzalez, &
Le Gall-Ely, 2013). However, their future suc-
cess lies in ensuring the sustainable involve-
ment of the Millennial generation (Fine, 2009),
distinguished from other generations by their
intense exposure at an early age to interactive
technology and social media (Bolton et al.,
2013).
Facebook, the most detailed social media, is
used primarily to maintain or solidify existing
offline relationships allowing people to develop
a public or semipublic profile and to emotion-
ally participate with those whom they can share
This article was published Online First December .
Motivations to Support Charity-Linked Events After Exposure to.docxadelaidefarmer322
Motivations to Support Charity-Linked Events After Exposure to
Facebook Appeals: Emotional Cause Identification and Distinct
Self-Determined Regulations
Kaspar Schattke
Université du Québec à Montréal
Ronald Ferguson and Michèle Paulin
Concordia University
Nonprofit organizations are increasingly dependent on the involvement of Millennial
constituencies. Three studies investigated their motivations to support charity-linked
events: emotional identification with a cause, self-determination theory (SDT) regula-
tions, and context-related Facebook promotions. This article addresses the recent call to
expand SDT research from a simple analysis of autonomous versus controlled moti-
vation, to studying the effects of all the regulations in the SDT continuum, in particular,
the inclusion of the tripartite dimensions of intrinsic motivation and integrated moti-
vation. Results demonstrated that the greater the emotional identification with the
cause, the stronger was the tendency to support the charity-linked event. Also, the
results in these social media contexts revealed that specific intrinsic dimensions (e.g.,
experience stimulation) are motivators of online and offline support, as is the personal
value nature of integrated regulation. Whereas only autonomous motivational regula-
tions predicted support for the two events organized specifically a for charitable causes,
both autonomous and controlled regulations predicted support of a for-profit event
organized with a charitable cause as an adjunct. These findings can assist practitioners
in designing more effective social media communications in support of charity-linked
events.
Keywords: social media, self-determination theory, integrated regulation, tripartite
model of intrinsic motivation, charitable causes
Supplemental materials: http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/mot0000085.supp
Social media is a new domain offering excit-
ing opportunities to investigate research ques-
tions in social psychology (Greitemeyer, 2011;
Kende, Ujhelyi, Joinson, & Greitemeyer, 2015).
Our research examined motivation to support
charity-linked events of nonprofit organizations
that are currently faced with increased compe-
tition for resources and declining government
support (Paulin, Ferguson, Jost, & Fallu, 2014;
Reed, Aquino, & Levy, 2007; White & Peloza,
2009). Presently, they depend on an ageing set
of traditional supporters (Urbain, Gonzalez, &
Le Gall-Ely, 2013). However, their future suc-
cess lies in ensuring the sustainable involve-
ment of the Millennial generation (Fine, 2009),
distinguished from other generations by their
intense exposure at an early age to interactive
technology and social media (Bolton et al.,
2013).
Facebook, the most detailed social media, is
used primarily to maintain or solidify existing
offline relationships allowing people to develop
a public or semipublic profile and to emotion-
ally participate with those whom they can share
This article was published Online First December .
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An evaluation of the motives behind volunteering and existing motivational strategies among voluntary organizations in kenya
1. Research on Humanities and Social Sciences www.iiste.org
ISSN (Paper)2224-5766 ISSN (Online)2225-0484 (Online)
Vol.4, No.23, 2014
84
An Evaluation of the Motives behind Volunteering and Existing
Motivational Strategies among Voluntary Organizations in Kenya
Gloria N. Kenyatta1*
Dr. Agnes P. Zani2
1. Post Graduate Researcher, Department of Sociology and Social Work, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 30197,
00100, Nairobi, Kenya
2. Lecturer, Department of Sociology and Social Work, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 30197, 00100, Nairobi,
Kenya
* E-mail of the corresponding author: kenyatta_gloria@yahoo.com
Abstract
Given that volunteers offer their services without compensation, it is widely assumed that the presence or
absence of any form of motivation cannot deter their desire to volunteer. This study used 120 purposively
selected respondents comprising 90 volunteers and 30 non volunteers to identify the factors that make people
volunteer and the explore existing motivational strategies in three voluntary organizations in Kenya - Kenya Red
Cross Society, the United Nations Volunteers and the St. Johns Ambulance Kenya. The research grouped the
strategies into intrinsic and extrinsic factors as categorized by Herzberg (1959) theory to try and understand if
both motivational and hygienic factors play a role in making people to volunteer. The research also utilised the
Social Exchange Theory to establish whether volunteers expect social rewards to continue volunteering. The
research established that people volunteer to obtain learning opportunities and gain experience (51.1%), due to
encouragement from peers (18.8%), so as to complete school projects (16.7%) and due to lack of employment
(13.3%). The study also established that though the voluntary companies employed both the intrinsic and
extrinsic motivational strategies, they did not properly communicate the strategies to the respondents. Some 44.4%
volunteers continued volunteering because they felt that motivational strategies geared towards personal growth
and development (intrinsic) were present, while 33.3% non volunteers said organizational motivational strategies
(extrinsic) created conducive work environment. The study concluded that any voluntary organization should
ensure that it has aligned its volunteer management processes of recruitment, induction, training and motivation
to reap maximum benefits from volunteers.
Keywords: Volunteers, Motivation Strategies, Intrinsic Factors, Extrinsic Factors, Kenya
1. Introduction
Scholars studying motivational theory have for a long time assumed that there is no need of motivating
volunteers offering free services in a voluntary organization because the presence or lack of any form of
incentive cannot affect their service delivery. This position has been informed by the notion that volunteers join
a voluntary or non-profit organization because of their desire to assist in vulnerable situations (Wright, Larsen
and Higgs (1995). As a result many voluntary organizations have failed to invest in volunteer motivation because
they expect the volunteers to perform irrespective of whether they are motivated or not (Fischer, 2003). But as
this study will show, volunteers have different motives for volunteering, and while their values and beliefs often
remain unchanged during their volunteer tenure, the motives for volunteering often go through myriad changes
that reduce their performance, longevity and involvement with the organizations.
For instance many volunteers engage in voluntary work to gain experiences, acquire competencies, tap
into the available learning opportunities, giving back to society, and acquire growth and recognition among
many other reasons. During this period the volunteers are very active and give all their services with a lot of zeal,
but once they achieve their motives their productivity reduces and they become expensive to the voluntary
organizations (VSO Jitolee, 2006). At this juncture volunteer managers who fail to step in and develop strategies
to motivate non performing volunteers end up in situations where the cost of having the volunteers exceed the
benefits they bring to the organizations. But many studies have shown that volunteer managers blame the
volunteer’s skills and expertise levels rather than address the issues of lack of volunteer motivation whenever
they sense a drop in performance (Wright, Larsen and Higgs, 1995).
The search for links between job satisfaction and job performance has fascinated organizational
scholars for decades (Fischer, 2003). Herzberg (1959) held the view that improving employee morale would
translate into higher productivity, but he later revised this position when he realised that employees who
performed well were expected to be more satisfied with results of greater rewards although he did not establish
the relationship between performance and greater rewards. After all there are clear indications that financial
incentives alone are not enough to motivate employees and more and more agencies were turning to non-
financial incentives to enhance their motivation (Widjala, E. 2010).
Most voluntary and non-profit organizations rely on the volunteers to deliver their mandate and would
cease to exist if the service of the volunteers was withdrawn. But majority voluntary managers only seek ways of
2. Research on Humanities and Social Sciences www.iiste.org
ISSN (Paper)2224-5766 ISSN (Online)2225-0484 (Online)
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maximising the performance and satisfaction levels of their non voluntary employees (Elding, Tobias and
Walker, 2006), because their management philosophy informs them that the performance of their organizations
is pegged on the contributions of their permanent employees. However most volunteers are individuals who are
interested in supporting the activities of the non-profit organization for little more than knowing that they are
“doing something worthwhile” and for the satisfaction that it brings to them personally (Dolnicar & Randle,
2007). But a good number of voluntary organizations do not keep their volunteers motivated so that they can
help them (organizations) meet their missions and goals. Consequently these organizations do not retain their
volunteers for long and use large proportions of their limited resources in recruiting, orienting and training new
volunteers rather than furthering organisational goals.
This paper assesses the impact of motivational strategies on volunteer performance in Kenya. The
study took place within three voluntary organizations in Kenya which included the Kenya Red Cross Society, the
United Nations Volunteers and the St. Johns Ambulance Kenya. The authors appreciate that volunteers are
individuals who choose to commit their time and energy for a cause without monetary compensation and they
supplement the efforts of permanent employees of voluntary organizations (Fischer, 2003). The study explores
the factors that motivate individuals to volunteer in order to quell the assumption that the performance of this
group of social workers is not subject to motivation, considering it is assumed that volunteers are inherently
motivated to offer their services voluntarily. The study also interrogates the how the voluntary managers utilize
motivational strategies available in their organizations. Thus the research wanted to answer:
1. What are the factors that motivate people to volunteer?
2. What are the motivational strategies that exist in voluntary organizations?
2.1 Why People Engage in Volunteer Service
Understanding why people volunteer their time and services makes it easier to find volunteers, organize their
work, and recognize their contributions (Independent Sector, 2008). Volunteering is, for some, a way of
returning to the community some acquired benefit, while for others, it is an ineffable experience that makes them
“feel good and needed.” Yet for others, it is a transforming experience, changing one’s perspective of people,
community, and society, while defining one’s purpose in life and making an impact (Independent Sector, 2008).
The motivation for people to volunteer has long fascinated those researching and working alongside volunteers.
It is a complex and vexing question to determine what actually motivates a person to volunteer, yet getting to
understand these motivations is of great assistance in the recruitment, selection, placement and retention of
volunteers (Clary, Snyder and Ridge, 1992; Cnaan and Goldberg-Glen, 1991; Esmond, 2001a; Mcurley and
Lynch, 1994; Vineyard, 2001).
According to Herzberg (1959), volunteers are influenced by hygiene and motivation factors. Hygiene
factors are extrinsic in nature and relate to an individual’s working environment like working conditions,
security, company policies. Experts on Hygiene factors maintain they alone cannot lead to higher levels of
motivation but they can negatively influence an individual’s motivation if they are absent. On the other hand
Motivation factors encompass Maslow’s needs like belonging, esteem, and self-actualization, and are intrinsic in
nature and relate to achievement, recognition for accomplishment and satisfaction with the job among others.
The absence of Hygiene factors can de-motivate or cause dissatisfaction, but the presence of these factors does
not necessarily create satisfaction. However, Motivation factors (achievement, recognition, growth,
responsibility, job satisfaction and the work itself) create motivation and satisfaction but rarely cause
dissatisfaction.
In addition the Social Exchange Theory assumes that people view life as a marketplace where rewards
are sought for certain costs (West & Turner, 2000). Social Exchange Theory maintains that volunteers engage in
voluntary work to assist others to maximize personal gains (rewards) and minimize personal losses (costs). In
this study it is theoretically assumed that one group’s rewards will affect the other groups’ costs. The theory also
informs this study that people volunteer due to personal factors rather than organizational factors. Indeed, it is
surmised that all volunteers have their own personal agendas to fulfil while engaging in volunteer work, be it
altruistic or egotistic.
The 1970s saw the beginning of research examining volunteerism and motivation in many parts of the
world. Pitterman (1973) provided some early insights into understanding older volunteers and their motivations
while Tapp and Spanier (1973) conducted a study comparing the attitudes and motivations of volunteers against
college students. Howarth (1976) used a self- developed personality questionnaire containing questions relating
to social conscience and concern for others, to provide further insight into volunteer motivation. His study
concluded that the volunteer is impelled by conscience as a form of anxiety, and reduces this anxiety by doing
volunteer work.
Gidron (1978) drew from the work of Herzberg (1966) on Motivational-Hygiene Theory that identifies
both intrinsic motives and extrinsic hygiene factors in people’s motivations in paid work and adapted this theory
to volunteering and concluded that the rewards for volunteering are either personal (like the opportunity for self-
3. Research on Humanities and Social Sciences www.iiste.org
ISSN (Paper)2224-5766 ISSN (Online)2225-0484 (Online)
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fulfilment), social (like developing interpersonal relations), or indirectly economic (like gaining work
experience). He in addition found that motivations and rewards differ with age, with older volunteers placing a
higher value on social relationships and younger volunteers seeking to gain work experience.
A recent study by Brudney (2005) infers that one of the major motivational factors for volunteering is
the mere enjoyment of giving something worthwhile to society (achievement need). Other studies have identified
other motivational factors to include sharpening ones skills (Heidrich, 1988), testing new careers and building a
resume (Chapman, 1985), and the desire to feel useful (Anderson & Moore, 1978). Others have suggested that
people volunteer to influence others, make an impact, or lead a worthwhile project - power need (Atkinson &
Birch, 1978; Fitch, 1987; Flynn & Webb, 1975; Gluck, 1979). Wilson (2000) also found out that the desire for
meeting new people and friendly interpersonal relationships (affiliation need) were directly connected to the
motivational levels of volunteers. All through these volunteer literature shows some consistent that suggest that
altruism (an affiliation need), prosocial behaviour (an achievement need), social affiliation (an affiliation need),
and personal belief in a cause (a power need) are major motivational factors for volunteers regardless of the
organizations they serve.
Similarly several studies report that volunteers are motivated to action primarily by unselfish behavior
or self-sacrifice for the welfare of others (Guseh & Winders, 2002; Independent Sector, 2001). People also view
volunteering as a form of charity, based on altruism and selflessness (Allen & Rushton, 1983) which has made
Gora & Nemerowicz (1985) to infer that volunteerism is considered as the willingness of people to work on
behalf of others without the expectation of tangible or intangible self gain. However, there has been debate over
whether it is more realistic to view volunteering as non-altruistic and more as an exchange where both sides
derive benefits (Ellis, 1996).
Reichlin (1982), for example, found that recruitment strategies focusing on external rewards
(achievement need), like college credits, have become more common than strategies stressing internal rewards
(affiliation need), like helping those in need, as a reason for volunteering. Such work suggested that non-
altruistic motivational factors are important to volunteer behaviour (Culp & Schwartz, 1999). However a 2004
Gallup poll that examined volunteer motivation among American volunteers found that most volunteers became
involved in the work because they wanted to do something useful and help others, suggesting that altruistic
motivational factors are more influential.
Many researchers have found that social affiliation is vital for many volunteers (Culp, 1997; Gidron,
1977; McCurley & Lynch, 1994; Smith, 1981). Family ties, social interaction, and the feeling of belonging give
a volunteer the incentive to engage in volunteer work. It has also been established that many people volunteer
because they were recruited by a friend or a family member. When a friend or a family member personally asks
one to volunteer, it is often hard to say “no” (Berger, 1991). Similarly many more other people choose to
volunteer primarily to develop friendships (Henderson, 1981), which means that social affiliation serves as a
major motivational factor for volunteers in a variety of voluntary organizations.
It has also been established that people who volunteer because of their personal belief in a cause have
the strongest level of commitment to the voluntary organization (Klein, Sondag & Drolet, 1994). Volunteers who
derive their motivation from passion and influencing others, regardless of personal sacrifice, are the ones who
are most dedicated and motivated to serve. Hence, altruism, social affiliation, and a personal belief in the cause
constitute the major motivational factors for most volunteers.
2.2 Motivational Factors available to Voluntary Organizations
Literature on volunteerism has also shown that the motivational factors that influence volunteerism tend to
change over time irrespective of the organization where one is volunteering. Researchers have suggested that the
motivational factors that influence the initial decision to volunteer are not similar to those that influence
continuation, (Gidron, 1984; Carpenter & Stanley, 1995). When volunteers join an organization and progress
through the “group cycle,” initial motivational factors are likely to change as a result of socialization and
satisfaction. As volunteers start to feel more comfortable and satisfied with their volunteer role, the initial
motivational factors such as providing service, contributing to the society or personal benefits start to fade.
Factors such as enjoyment of work and the sense of making a real difference become influential in making
decision to continue volunteering.
McCurley and Lynch (1996) pointed out that changing life situations such as marriage, pregnancy,
illness, or unemployment can cause a person’s motivational need to vary and therefore impact on volunteerism.
Consequently, when changes occur in volunteers’ lives, factors that motivate them are also likely to change.
Thus understanding that volunteer motivations change over time and situations is imperative, not only in
motivating them to join volunteer organizations but also in encouraging them to continue their volunteer service.
Several volunteer work researchers agree that volunteers desire some form of recognition, short-term
goal-oriented assignments, training, and support (Bradner, 1999; Ellis, 1996; Ilsely, 1990; Little, 1999). They
also note that the common meaningful form of recognition in most organizations is acknowledgement; which is
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closely associated with volunteer motivation, (McCurley & Lynch, 1996; King & Smith, 1992). Ellis (1996)
conducted a study on volunteerism in the US which showed that adults, especially baby boomers, desire short-
term, goal-oriented, volunteer assignments. The study also indicated that there exist evidence showing that
volunteers continue their volunteer service if they complete a short-term project successfully; and volunteers
who accept a series of short assignments are more likely to stay with the voluntary organization.
Further, better preparation of talented and qualified volunteers encourages higher volunteer
participation, and volunteer commitment to the organization (Lysakowski, 2002). The development and
implementation of recruitment strategies based on needs, skills, and personality matching can improve volunteer
commitment to an organization (Frels, 2006). It is therefore important to establish the strengths of volunteers are
so that they are aligned with an area of participation that keeps them “engaged, productive and confident” in
what they do for the organization; and volunteers should be praised and celebrated whenever they fulfill a task
relating to the goals of the organization (Frels, 2006). Moreover, motivation of volunteers is further increased
when the volunteer management strategy involves reporting to volunteers what their efforts have actually
achieved for the organization (Frels, 2006).
The literature review reveals that researchers in the field have spent much time studying the concept of
volunteer motivation with little highlighted to address their effect on performance. This study will therefore
focus on the voluntary organizations in developing countries mainly Kenya to identify the organizational
motivational strategies that do exist in voluntary organizations and determine their effect on volunteers’
performance. It is difficult to establish sufficient literature to guide the study in predicting specific effects
between organizational motivational strategies on volunteer performance in an African context.
3.0 Methodology
3.1 Research Design
The study was carried out in Nairobi County in the three voluntary organizations selected for the study; they
include the Kenya Red Cross Society, the United Nations Volunteers and the St. Johns Ambulance Kenya. The
Primary data was collected from 120 respondents using structured questionnaires and to back up the research in
more depth, interview guides were used to collect data from three key informants (volunteer coordinators).
Secondary data was sourced from the documentary sources on volunteer motivation and performance that were
in existence in the three voluntary organizations.
3.2 Site Description
The study covered three voluntary organizations in Kenya; they included the Kenya Red Cross Society, the
United Nations Volunteers and the St. Johns Ambulance Kenya. The three voluntary organizations were selected
due to the fact that they had an active volunteer base of more than 100 volunteers in Nairobi which is the capital
city of the Country with the highest number of volunteers in the three selected non-profit organizations. The
Kenya Red Cross Society has 8 regions across Kenya. These regions oversee 63 branches which are distributed
countrywide with approximately over 70,000 volunteers. The KRCS Nairobi Branch has over 250 active
volunteers. The United Nations Volunteers whose headquarters is based in Nairobi is the volunteer arm of the
United Nations that supports volunteerism in Kenya. UNV works with national volunteers and facilitates the
placement of international volunteers who are recruited by the Kenya Field Unit. UNV has approximately 141
volunteers serving in Kenya. The St John Ambulance Kenya has 9 Regional Offices across the country with
nearly 19,000 active volunteers spread countrywide in small operational units called divisions with each division
having about 40 members.
3.3 Sampling Procedure and Data Collection
Some 120 respondents comprising 90 volunteers and 30 non volunteers (permanent employees for comparative
study) were selected through purposive sampling. The two categories fitted the study criteria because they were
involved in volunteerism and offered their services in the three mentioned voluntary organizations within
Nairobi. Three volunteer coordinators – one from each organization – were selected to shed more light on the
two aspects under investigation.
Questionnaires containing open and closed questions were administered on the 120 respondents to
collect information on demographic characteristics of the respondents, the factors that encourage volunteering,
and the motivational strategies that influence volunteering. Data on how the motivational strategies influence
non volunteers was also captured. The research team also obtained some data through observation Separate
interviews were carried out with the key informants, while secondary data was extracted from documentary
sources within the Kenya Red Cross Society, the United Nations Volunteers and the St. Johns Ambulance Kenya.
The unit of observation was the volunteers and the non volunteers from the three voluntary organizations,
whereas motivational strategies formed the unit of analysis.
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The quantitative and qualitative data collected from the respondents was analyzed using the Statistical
Package for Social Scientists (S.P.S.S). Tables and charts were used to present descriptive statistics while cross
tabulations helped explain relationships between the dependent (performance) and the independent (motivational
strategies) variables.
4.0 Results
4.1 General Characteristics of the Study Respondent
4.1.1 Respondents’ Ages
The largest proportion of volunteer respondents constituting 39% fell between the ages of 25 and 30 years. The
second and third largest proportions were those of respondents aged between 31 and 40 years and 20-24 years of
age constituting 22% and 18% of the sample respectively, while 9% of the respondents were over 50 years Fig. 1
below.
Figure 1: Respondents' Age
Source: Research Data, 2014
Young people especially the youth at this particular time would like to gain experience, acquire new knowledge
and skills for their self development. The key informants told this study that the priority to volunteer is given to
young people because they are considered to be productive and energetic and can therefore work in hardship and
vulnerable areas where most of these organizations operate. On the other hand 50% non volunteers were between
31 to 40 years, 30% were between 41 to 50 years and 20% were between 25 to 30 years. Most of the non
volunteers that were between 31 and 40 years comprised past volunteers who had gained requisite skills and
experience and were now part of the permanent employees. This was confirmed by the key informants who said
that majority in this age group had volunteered in these organizations for quite some time and later on seized
employment opportunities that opened within the organizations.
4.1.2 Respondents’ Gender
The 90 volunteer respondents comprised 58 (64.4%) males and 32 (35.6%) females (Table 1) below. The key
informants informed this research that voluntary organizations recruit volunteers to undertake long hour’s hard
labour jobs in areas where vulnerable populations reside, and these tasks normally favour males than women.
They added that more men than women show more interest to volunteer in those hardship areas.
Table 1: Respondents' Gender
Respondents’ Gender Frequency Percentage
Male 58 64.4
Female 32 35.6
Total 90 100
Source: Research Data, 2014
This employment distribution was also reflected amongst the non volunteer respondents with 9 (30%) being
18%
39%
22%
12%
9%
Volunteer Respondent's Age
20-24
25-30
31-40
41-50
Over 50 Years
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female compared to 21 (70%) being male indicating that the work done by voluntary organizations in Nairobi
favored men more than women because of the working conditions in the remote and vulnerable areas across the
country.
4.1.3Volunteers’ Occupation
Among the 90 volunteers respondents, 35 (38.9%) were not employed, 25 (27.8%) were students, 20 (22.2%)
were self employed, while 10 (11.1%) were employed (table 2) below. The key informants added that non-
employed volunteers prefer to utilize their free time volunteering in the voluntary organizations as a way of
gaining skills, knowledge and experience and also feel fulfilled by contributing to community development. The
key informants added that students prefer voluntary work for personal development and in some cases to carry
out academic projects to complete their courses. The employed and self employed respondents have little time to
volunteer because of their busy schedules, and they are commonly referred to part-time volunteers in the
volunteer circles, and their desire to volunteer is motivated by need to be part of community development.
Table 2: Volunteers' Occupation
Occupation Frequency Percentage
Student 25 27.8
Employed 10 11.1
Self-Employed 20 22.2
Non- Employed 35 38.9
Total 90 100
Source: Research Data, 2014
4.1.4 Duration which Various People Volunteered
Thirty two (35.6%) volunteers had volunteered for more than one year, 17 (18.9%) had volunteered between 16-
20 months, 16.7% had volunteered for 6-10 months and 21-25 months respectively, while only 5 (5.6%) had
volunteered for more than 25 months (table 3).
Table 3: Period in Volunteering
Period in Volunteering Frequency Percentage
1-5 Months 6 6.7
6-10 Months 15 16.7
11-15 Months 32 35.6
16-20 Months 17 18.9
21-25 Months 15 16.7
Over 25 Months 5 5.6
Total 90 100
Source: Research Data, 2014
The key informants said that majority of the volunteers had volunteered for more than a year because were
passionate about making their communities better rather than making some money in return which they regarded
as a short term gain. The 5.6% respondents who had volunteered for more than 2 years had become part and
parcel of the voluntary organizations and were already participating in these organizations decision making
forums.
4.2 Factors that Motivate Individuals to Volunteer
Table 4 below shows that 46 (51.1%) volunteer respondents enrolled to volunteer so as to acquire experience and
learning opportunities, 17 (18.8%) were encouraged by their peers, 15 (16.7%) volunteered so as to complete
their school courses, while 12 (13.3%) volunteered because they lacked employment and wanted to keep
themselves busy.
Table 4: Factors that Motivate Volunteering
Factors motivating volunteering Frequency Percentage
Lack of Employment 12 13.3
Peer Influence 17 18.9
School requirement 15 16.7
Gain Experience and Learning Opportunities 46 51.1
Total 90 100
Source: Research Data, 2014
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The key informants corroborated the findings by saying that volunteers who volunteered to gain skills,
knowledge and experience were mainly driven by the desire to grow and contribute to community development.
The volunteers who joined voluntary work due to peer influence did so after realizing that their friends involved
in volunteering had achieved some skills and were therefore not willing to be left behind. The key informants
said that students engaged in volunteer work so as to complete their field work courses but they were free to
continue volunteering even after completing their course work. The key informants said that unemployed people
engaged in volunteer work because, unlike formal employment, voluntary work is readily available.
We also investigated on the actual forces that lead people to volunteer and as shown in Table 5 below 40 (44.4%)
volunteer respondents were influenced into volunteering by their friends, 24 (26.7%) went into voluntary work
on their own volition, 15 (16.7%) volunteered in order to finish a school course, while 6 (6.7%) were influenced
by their teachers, and 5 (5.6%) volunteered due to parental influence.
Table 5: Sources that influence volunteering
Sources Frequency Percentage
Family 5 5.6
Friends 40 44.4
Teachers 6 6.7
School Course 15 16.7
Individual Desire 24 26.7
Total 90 100
Source: Research Data, 2014
Like in the case of the factors that motivate volunteers to engage in voluntary work the key informants indicated
that peer influence was critical in the sense that young people would not want to be left behind as their equals
gained skills, knowledge and experience through volunteering. The key informants added that individuals were
driven by the desire to engage in volunteering so as to get some exposure relevant in their regular work. The key
informants were of the view is that teachers and parents may not be the suitable persons to convince the youth to
offer time, energy, skills and experience in voluntarily work.
4.2.1Amount of Time Volunteers Spent in Volunteering every week
Fifty five (61.1%) volunteer respondents volunteered for 31-40 hours a week, 10 (11.1%) volunteered for 21-30
hours per week and another 10 (11.1%) volunteered for over 40 hours per week, while 9 (10%) and 6 (6.7%)
volunteered for 11-20 hours and 1-10 hours respectively. See Table 6 below. Most respondents who volunteered
31-40 hours a week were students and the unemployed. This was because the two groups had more free time at
their disposal to engage in volunteering compared to the employed volunteers. The key informants told this
research that volunteers who served for more than 40 hours a week are normally deployed in the disaster
management sections of the voluntary organizations which require volunteers to work for long hours compared
to volunteers working in other sections; employed volunteers were only involved in volunteering for not more
than 20 hours.
Table 6: Hours Engaged in Volunteering
Hours Engaged in Volunteering per Week Frequency Percentage
1-10 Hours 6 6.7
11-20 Hours 9 10
21-30 Hours 10 11.1
31-40 Hours 55 61.1
Over 40 Hours 10 11.1
Total 90 100
Source: Research Data, 2014
The research also sought to know whether or not the respondents enjoyed volunteering and as table 7 below
shows 75 (83.3%) volunteers said they enjoyed volunteering compared to 15 (16.7%) respondents who did not
enjoy volunteering. Those who enjoyed volunteering said they viewed volunteering as an avenue for growth and
development for them and their communities. They commented that volunteering was self fulfilling, and they felt
as part and parcel of the development once they supported their communities. On the other hand respondents
who indicated that they did not enjoy volunteering said the prevailing circumstances, unemployment after
completing university education and being idle were the reasons that led them to voluntary work.
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Table 7: Enjoy Volunteering
Source: Research Data, 2014
4.2.2 Respondents Willingness to Encourage Others to Volunteer
Eighty five (94.4%) volunteer respondents compared to 5 (5.6%) as shown on table 8 below indicated that they
would encourage other citizens to volunteer.
Table 8: Encourage Citizens to Volunteer
Encourage Citizens to Volunteer Frequency Percentage
Yes 85 94.4
No 5 5.6
Total 90 100
Source: Research Data, 2014
Those who were positive on volunteering were of the opinion that the action helps in improving the welfare of
communities with minimal expenses because volunteers offer their services, skills and time without monetary
compensation. The key informants praised those who volunteer adding that a lot of progress in the development
of remote areas has been realised because of availability of volunteers. The volunteer respondents further
indicated that encouraging individuals to volunteer would help them skills, knowledge and experience in their
area of volunteering at no cost. The positive volunteers also added that volunteering was self fulfilling, in the
sense that they considered themselves part of development especially when a community development project
becomes successful. The 5.6% volunteer respondents who said they would not encourage other citizens to
volunteer lamented that volunteering was a waste of time because volunteers do a lot of work without financial
compensation. They said that gaining experience was not worth volunteering considering that even non
volunteers gained similar experience and acquired knowledge yet they were earning a salary. All non volunteer
respondents said that they would encourage individuals to volunteer in order to grow and develop. They said
personal development was significant because individuals focusing on gaining experience, acquiring skills and a
wealth of knowledge in different fields, would find themselves more marketable thus increasing their chances of
being considered for job placements.
4.3 Motivational Strategies that Exist in Voluntary Organizations
The study categorized the motivational strategies into two categories - intrinsic and extrinsic. The intrinsic
motivational strategies focused on empowering the volunteers and contributed to their personal growth and
development; they were basically geared towards bettering the volunteers. The extrinsic motivational strategies
are external and mostly focus on the organization and not the volunteer. These strategies have been put in place
to enhance these organizations’ procedures, policies, productivity and performance.
The findings listed in table 9 below contain multi-responses from volunteer respondents and 70% of
them stated that there existed clear organizational communication and reporting channels in the organizations
they volunteered in; 55.6 % indicated that the opportunity to learn new skills and gain experience existed; 50%
reported the existence of clear tasks and procedures; 47.8% indicated the existence of opportunities for personal
development; 44.4% reported the existence of training and development opportunities; 35.6% indicated the
existence of job opportunities; 33.3% indicated the existence of incentives and opportunities to contribute in
decision making; 27.8% indicated the existence of a conducive working environment, recognition and
acknowledgement after good performance; while 25.6% indicated the existence of opportunities to create
friendships and networks.
The results show that 50% or more respondents knew the existence of three motivational strategies
including having clear communication and reporting channels, opportunities to learn new skills and gain
experience and, having clear tasks and procedures. From the results it can be surmised that the voluntary
organizations have these motivational strategies in existence but either they are yet properly disseminated to the
volunteers or doing so is not an immediate priority. In essence, from the study findings in table 9 below, it can be
inferred that the voluntary organizations did not have in existence some motivational strategies that considered
both the intrinsic and the extrinsic factors. The key informants termed this as unfortunate considering that
volunteers played a key role in the success of these organizations and motivating volunteers was critical in
enhancing their productivity. They added that though they have pressed for the implementation of these
Enjoy Volunteering Frequency Percentage
Yes 75 83.3%
No 15 16.7%
Total 90 100%
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motivational strategies, their superiors considered volunteers as individuals who were inherently motivated and
therefore motivating them or not would not have any effect on their performance.
Table 9: Volunteer Responses on Existence of Motivational Strategies
S/No Intrinsic Motivational strategies Yes Percentage No Percentage
1 Personal development 43 47.8 47 52.2
2 Opportunities to learn new skills and gain
experience
50 55.6 40 44.4
3 Opportunities in decision making 30 33.3 60 66.7
4 Create friendship and networks 23 25.6 67 74.4
5 Recognition and Acknowledgement 25 27.8 65 72.2
S/No Extrinsic Motivational strategies Yes Percentage No Percentage
1 Conducive work environment 25 27.8 65 72.2
2 Incentives 30 33.3 60 66.7
3 Clear tasks and procedures 45 50 45 50
4 Training and development opportunities 40 44.4 50 55.6
5 Job opportunities 32 35.6 58 64.4
6 Clear communication and reporting
channels
65 70 27 30
Source: Research Data, 2014
Data obtained from non volunteer respondents for comparison purposes (table 10) showed trends similar to that
from volunteer respondents although 90% non volunteer respondents indicated that there existed training and
development opportunities in their organizations; 83.3% indicated there existed clear communication and
reporting channels and, conducive work environment; 66.7% indicated the existence of clear tasks and
procedures and opportunities to contribute in decision making.
Table 10: Non Volunteer Responses on Existence of Motivational Strategies
S/No Intrinsic Motivational strategies Yes Percentage No Percentage
1 Personal development 10 33 20 66.7
2 Opportunities to learn new skills and gain experience 3 10 27 90
3 Opportunities to contribute e.g. decision making 20 66.7 10 33
4 Create friendship and networks 5 16.7 25 83.3
5 Recognition and Acknowledgement 5 16.7 25 83.3
S/No Extrinsic Motivational strategies Yes Percentage No Percentage
1 Conducive work environment 25 83.3 5 16.7
2 Incentives 5 16.7 25 83.3
3 Clear tasks and procedures 20 66.7 10 33
4 Training and development opportunities 27 90 3 10
5 Job opportunities 3 10 27 90
6 Clear communication and reporting channels 25 83.3 5 16.7
Source: Research Data, 2014
From table 10 above it is clear that there existed motivational strategies in the voluntary organizations under
study but not all the non volunteers were conversant with these motivational strategies, meaning that like in the
case of volunteers, the strategies were not properly communicated. From the findings it can be deduced that the
voluntary organizations invested more on the extrinsic strategies which focused on the organization rather than
empowering the individuals.
These findings showed that the Herzberg (1959) theory supported the results for both the volunteers
and the non volunteers - that both intrinsic and extrinsic factors are significant in individual’s motivation and
hence voluntary organizations should invest in both factors as opposed to just one. Although the extrinsic factors
are external and create dissatisfaction whenever they are not applied, they provide less motivation compared to
the intrinsic factors which focus on the development of an individual. The voluntary organizations in the study
were found to invest more on external motivational strategies that were geared towards the organization
compared to the intrinsic motivational strategies.
4.4 Summary
The study found out that 51.1% volunteer respondents participated in volunteer work out of the desire to obtain
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learning opportunities and gain experience, 18.8% were encouraged by their peers, 16.7% did voluntary work so
as to complete their school courses, while 13.3% volunteered because they lacked employment and voluntary
work was readily available. Some 40 (44.4%) respondents were influenced to start volunteering by their friends,
26.7% volunteered because of the desire to make a difference, 16.7% volunteered to complete their school
course, while 6.7% and 5.6% respondents volunteered due to influence from their teachers and families
respectively. Peer influence was found to be critical in influencing individuals to engage in volunteering, because
new volunteers wanted to acquire similar skills and experiences possessed by those who had already volunteered.
Those who were driven by the desire to make a difference in their lives and within their communities thought
that this was only possible through volunteering.
The results showed that majority respondents (61.1%) volunteered for 31-40 hours while the least
respondents (6.7%) volunteered for 1-10 hours. Information from key informants suggested that students and the
employed respondents participated in voluntary work for long hours because they either wanted to engage in
fruitful work or had more free time than other categories of volunteers.
Regarding the second objective of the study, which was to find out the motivational strategies that
existed in the voluntary organizations, our results showed that there was clear organizational communication and
reporting channels (70%); the opportunity to learn new skills and gain experience (55.6%); clear tasks and
procedures (50%); opportunities for personal development as a motivational strategy (47.8%); training and
development opportunities (44.4%); job opportunities (35.6%); incentives and opportunities to contribute in
decision making (33.6%). Similarly 27.8% respondents indicated there existed conducive working environment
and recognition and acknowledgement after good performance, while 25.6% said there existed opportunities to
create friendships and networks. However, although the motivational strategies explored in this study existed in
these organizations, they are not well communicated to all volunteers and were therefore not completely
implemented.
A comparative study for the second objective carried out with 30 non volunteers showed that 90% non
volunteers respondents indicated the existence of training and development opportunities; 83.3% indicated
existence of clear communication and reporting channels and conducive work environment; while 66.7%
indicated the existence of clear tasks and procedures and the opportunities to contribute especially in decision
making. The results also showed that not all non volunteers were conversant with the available motivational
strategies. However the study confirmed that the voluntary organizations had the intrinsic and extrinsic
motivational strategies in place although they had placed more emphasis on the extrinsic strategies which
focused on the organization rather than the individual working for the organization.
5.0 Conclusions
The study sought to determine the factors that motivate people to volunteer and the motivational strategies that
are utilised by the Kenya Red Cross Society, United Nations Volunteers and St. Johns Ambulance Kenya. The
study grouped the motivational strategies into intrinsic and extrinsic factors and both were analysed using the
Herzberg (1959) two factor theory to establish whether they were significant in determining individuals’ job
satisfaction. The study also sought to establish if the Social Exchange Theory played a crucial role for volunteers’
engagement in volunteer work while expecting social rewards equated to the motivational strategies like learning,
satisfaction and recognition among others.
Given that individuals are motivated by intrinsic and extrinsic factors to make a positive contribution
in their work, the situation may not be different for volunteers despite their commitment to offer voluntary
services. Voluntary organizations may motivate their permanent employees more than volunteers with the
assumption that they are intrinsically motivated; but the success of the voluntary organizations lies with the
extent of how the volunteers get motivated. Indeed the voluntary organizations have a great role to play to ensure
that volunteers are motivated so as to help them meet their organizational missions and goals. Motivating
volunteers is not an event but a process that encompasses other processes involved in volunteer management,
and it is therefore critical for any organization utilizing volunteers to get it right from the beginning, and ensure
that it has aligned its volunteer management processes of recruitment, induction, training and motivation.
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