Alternative to Incarcerations
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The document presents information on the growing costs of incarceration and proposes restorative justice as a more cost-effective alternative. It notes that prison populations and costs are increasing, with nearly half of prisoners incarcerated for non-violent crimes. Michigan prisons in particular are overcrowded and underfunded. Restorative justice, which aims to heal victims and restore communities, costs an average of $2000 per case compared to $5000 or more for a trial. Studies show restorative justice programs have success rates of 70-80% in reducing recidivism. Using more alternatives like restorative justice could help ease overcrowding and reduce taxpayer costs.
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The document discusses the problem of prison overcrowding in the United States and proposes abolishing mandatory minimum sentencing as a solution. It notes that prisons are overcapacity, overcrowding increases inmate stress and violence, and mandatory minimums contribute to excessive sentencing and costs. Abolishing mandatory minimums would give judges discretion over sentencing to consider individual circumstances instead of mandatory minimum punishments. This could help reduce overcrowding, costs, and racial disparities in the criminal justice system.
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Overcrowding in prisons has become a significant problem in California and across the United States. Harsher criminal penalties, expanding the scope of illegal activities through changes in drug laws, and the war on drugs have all contributed to rising incarceration rates. In California, the prison population has grown to over 219,000 inmates despite the system only being designed to house around 110,000. This overcrowding leads to increased violence and psychological stress for inmates. Housing this many additional prisoners costs California taxpayers over $36 billion per year. The document proposes several solutions to reduce overcrowding such as incarcerating fewer nonviolent drug offenders, increasing rehabilitation programs, and allowing inmates to reduce their sentences through good behavior credits.
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Running Header CRITICAL ISSUES TO CORRECTIONAL INSTITUTIONS I.docx
Running Header: CRITICAL ISSUES TO CORRECTIONAL INSTITUTIONS IN THE U.S. 1
Critical Issues To Correctional Institutions in the U.S.
Name
CRJ 465
Instructor’s Name
Date
CRITICAL ISSUES TO CORRECTIONAL INSTITUTIONS IN THE U.S. 2
There are many contemporary issues that are found within the American penal system.
Perhaps we are not fully aware of these issues and just how much they affect the American penal
system. Though we are aware that there are issues, we may not be completely aware of just how
much they affect the everyday functioning of the correctional systems. We are not fully aware of
the funding problems, or the overcrowding problems, or just how much violence takes place in
prisons. These three issues seem to be the worst of all the issues that these facilities face.
Funding
Correctional facilities, just like any other business, do not operate for free. Total state
expenditures on prisons and related activities were about $9.6 billion in the mid-1980’s, where
about 40 percent of all state prison construction was financed by a pay-as-you-go method, and 50
percent was paid by general obligation bonds, and the remaining 10 percent was financed using
lease revenue bonds and other revenue streams. By 1996, total state expenditures for prisons
were estimated to be $22 billion, and more than half of all the debt issued to finance prisons was
carried out through a specific variant of lease-revenue bonds which were called certificates of
participation (Public Bonds, 2004). According to the staff at Vera’s Center on Sentencing and
Corrections and Cost-Benefit Analysis Unit, after surveying 40 states in an effort to calculate the
taxpayer’s cost of prisons, the cost of prisons was $39 billion in 2010, which was $5.4 billion
more than what their corrections budgets reflected (VERA Institute of Justice, 2013). Over the
past 40 years, the U.S. has seen a dramatic increase in prison population, and as a result, the
country’s state prison population has grown by more than 700 percent since the 1970’s. This has
come at great cost to taxpayers (VERA Institute of Justice, 2013). At the end of 2012, the United
States prison population was 1,571,013, which is actually a decline for the third straight
CRITICAL ISSUES TO CORRECTIONAL INSTITUTIONS IN THE U.S. 3
consecutive year. More plans are under way in an effort to lower the number of people who are
incarcerated in the U.S., which will help lower the cost of running these facilities as well.
America exceeds every other country in prison inmate population. Attorney General Eric Holder
announced sweeping plans that will be designed to address the issue through drug sentencing
reform and this means that low level drug offenders could be subjected to some type of treatment
or community service programs rather than prison time. There are also plans of implementing
and expanding prison programs that would a.
Discussion QuestionsQuestion 1 (350 words minimum)Imag
Discussion Questions
Question 1 (350 words minimum)
Imagine that you are a successful business executive for a toy company, ChoiceToys. You are tasked to market one of the two new toys for the upcoming holiday season based on an optimal decision strategy. As the data analyst, you will be responsible for providing the expected profit payoff and associated probabilities.
Part 1
In your initial post, using the scenario below, you will be acting as the data executive speaking to a data analyst. You will need to speak to the data analyst and get more information so you can develop a decision analysis. Given the information the data analyst has provided, what more data do you think you need to create a decision analysis?
Toy 1 is being introduced to the market for the first time by ChoiceToys with no market competition. ChoiceToys believes that competitors will not be able to bring a similar toy to the market for this upcoming holiday season. You are not sure how the toy will be received by the consumers and there is equal chance that it will be highly successful, successful, or not successful. You will need to determine what the expected profit payoff will be and provide this in your scenario.
Toy 2 has been in the market, is known to consumers, and is in demand; however, it has two other competitors in the marketplace. If marketed, ChoiceToys will be one of the three companies selling this toy in the market in the upcoming holiday season. You will have to determine the profit payoff for Toy 2 respectively for a highly successful, successful, and not successful case. You will also need to determine the probability that Toy 2 will be highly successful in the market and equal chances for being successful or not successful in the market.
Justin Ash
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Current Reentry Issues
Like many induvial who have been away from home for a prolonged period, there is an adjusting period one must undergo but comparing that to those who experience a release from prison may be much different. Studies and multiple research articles have moved forward to show that the induvial who lives in harsh prison environments and exposed to violent atmosphere are more likely to reject the idea of reentry versus those who received family support and assistance from reentry programs while their sentence was being carried out (Cid et al., 2020). This further determines that the environment that the induvial lives in goes on to develop mental traits that enhance the sole perceptive of the world and only determines what social norms are acceptable over others. This concept is the same concept that is expressed through Social Strain Theory which is defined by Robert Merton as the social aspects that affect the outcome of a person behavior and view of their surrounding world (Strain Theory, n.d.). The same principle applies to adults as it does a child who grows up in a violent home environment. This causes the issue of leaving prisons a secondary effec ...
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Pre Sentence CJ202 Pre-Sentence Inv.docx
Pre Sentence
CJ202 Pre-Sentence Investigation
Name
Class
Date
Professor
Pre Sentence Investigation
The Pre Sentence Investigation is simply the investigation that is conducted on a guilty defendant before a sentence for the crime is handed down. The PSI is essential for the judge in making a determination of the type of sentence the guilty criminal offender should receive. While criminals in society commit the same crime they will not always get the same sentence. For example a criminal that has stolen a car for the first time would not receive the same prison sentence as a criminal that has stolen two other cars previously and was convicted for these crimes. Since just committing the crime is not all that is considered in sentencing the pre sentence investigation is essential.
Once a criminal has been found guilty of a crime in a court of law or they have pled guilty to a crime the judge will require the probation agent to gather information on the guilty offender including past criminal history, juvenile adjudications, crime, and harm caused to the victim (USPO, 2011). The pre sentence report will inform the court of the criminal defendant’s marital status, work history, and educational background as well as a past history of substance abuse, and mental health history. Additionally the report will provide information on sentencing guidelines, potential harm posed to community, and sentencing recommendations.
The pre sentence report is extremely beneficial to the court. The judge only has the information that is provided through the court process (Murrell, 2008). They do not have information on any special circumstances that would sway their decision one way or another. For example if a man murdered a woman in a fit of passion the sentence would be less than if the murder was premeditated but if the man rapes the woman before she is murdered then the sentence they would receive could be much harsher. In another example if a woman murders a man but that man had stalked her for years this would be important information when the judges make a decision concerning sentencing.
The pre sentence report informs the court and correctional system about the criminal defendant. The report will help the judge to make a determination of what types of programs and services would most benefit the criminal defendant or what type of prison would be most appropriate. For example a serial killer would need to be sent to a maximum security prison or someone sentenced to death will need to be sent to a prison that has a death row. The pre sentence report is beneficial in determining if a criminal offender has a substance abuse problem and requires treatment.
The challenges associated with the pre sentence report involve the cost of conducting the pre investigation report. The correctional system is extremely overcrowded and is overwhelmed with the high cost of housing and feeding criminal inmates and the courts.
Running head internal and external stakeholders violence in pris.docx
Running head: internal and external stakeholders: violence in prisons 1
internal and external stakeholders: violence in prisons 6Internal and External Stakeholders: Violence in Prisons
Paula King
Strayer University
CRJ 499 Criminal Justice Capstone
Dr. Tamara Mangum
July 31, 2017
Internal and External Stakeholders: Violence in Prisons
Violence in prisons is a major issue that needs addressing. It dates to ancient prisons where prisoners used to fight to gain recondition and command respect from other inmates. In most circumstances, the violence was instigated by groups of offenders who thought they were superior compared to others. Prisoners could gang up according to the type of chargers that and the duration of their sentences in prison. That was the main criteria for the gang selection. On the other hand, prisoners tended to gang up against the officers who could either result in massive injuries or even worse prisons escape.
Several factors instigate prison violence. Some of them are within the bars of the prison, and other have their impacts from the outside of prisons. Internal factors are mainly propelled by stakeholders who by far have the greatest influence in the prisons. That includes the prison wardens, high profile prisoners, prisoners of great importance or who are key witnesses to ascertain cases and finally, the management of the prisons also have a significant role to play. It is important to understand what transpires before and after an act of violence in prison.
In most circumstances, it’s hard to ascertain the cause of violence in prison when there is little or no organization at all. That boils down to the fact that some prisons are overcrowded and there is no clear demarcation of petty offenders from those high-profile criminals. That is the role of the prison management, and most at times, it is overlooked. Therefore, they create a negative influence towards reducing crime levels in prisons. Further, it is important to understand the logistics of imprisonment this is affected by the state laws and the prosecution authority. They have the mandate to ensure that prisons are entitled to perform different correctional duties to various types of prisoners.
On the other hand, the individuals and organizations that have an indirect impact on prison violence or indirectly affected by the violence are considered as the external stakeholders. For instance, the families and communities that are linked or close to the prisons along with the government are the ones who are externally affected by the violence since any violent act may negatively affect them whether psychologically, socially or financially (National Institute of Corrections, 2017). The other external stakeholders include the courts, prosecutors, police agencies, and inmate advocacy groups (Horgan, 2012). Admittedly, the internal and external stakeholders have influenced the situation in both positive and negative ways (Horgan, 2012). First, the prisoners as internal ...
Mass Incarceration and the Prison Industri.docx
Mass Incarceration and the Prison Industrial Complex
Amber Edwards
Sco 102
Instructor: Craig Allen
5/3/2020
Mass Incarceration and the Prison Industrial Complex
The United States experienced stability in the rates of imprisonment from the year 1920 to early 1970s. However, that has changed over the past four decades considering that the rates of imprisonment have multiplied. Currently, the United Sates has over 2.2 million incarcerated adults which is by far the largest population globally. The rapid increase of incarceration in the US for the past four decades has prompted various critiques including the question as to why there is a large population of incarcerated citizens.
The aim of this paper is to argue on the ethical issues existing with the mass incarceration particularly the breaches that occur minus ethics. Also the paper will discuss the constitutes of ethical behaviour within the U.S system by using Utilitarianism, Ethical Egoism, Deontology which will shed light on the concerns of mass incarceration as well as the prison industrial complex.
Incarceration is among the most applicable strategies to handle social issues which act as an interference to the poor. Generally, the problems are joined together and defined as crime. The most targeted population in this case are people of color (Wagner & Sawyer, 2018). Some of the impacts of the increased rates of incarceration are homelessness, drug addiction, mental illnesses, unemployment and many more. Generally, prisons do not make the social issues or crimes go away rather, they make people disappear. The practice of making people disappear away from immigrants the poor as well as racially marginalized societies has currently become a business.
The increase in the rates of imprisonment is among the most systematic applied government social program in the contemporary world. However, issues such as criminalization, social profiling and mass imprisoning of people of color is the main challenge in the criminal justice system. Another ethical concern is making mass incarceration a source of income or rather a business. Prison privatization is also another ethical concern which is the capital’s contemporary movement in the prison industry. Generally, government run prisons are typically in gross violation particularly in international human rights standards making the private prisons less liable. Incarceration is nothing less than slavery considering that a large number if these inmates offer labor services to a country without a living wage, bargaining power of even labor protections. Generally, labor is the only thing the imprisoners can withhold.
The breaches of ethics in slavery, racial profiling and using incarceration for profiting purposes in the prison industry are too much. Among the ethical breach that is reflective is the health in the system. Both mental and physical health of the inmates is a primary concern considering that a large number of the inmates suffer.
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Running head ASSIGNMENT 4 DATA COLLECTION .docx
Running head: ASSIGNMENT 4: DATA COLLECTION 1
ASSIGNMENT 4: DATA COLLECTION 3
Assignment 4: Data Collection
CRJ 499: Undergraduate Capstone in Criminal Justice
August 11, 2019
Assignment 4: Data Collection
Overcrowding in prisons or correction centers is one of the problems that have attracted the attention of many researchers. Several researchers have tried to explore this particular issue in detail. This paper, therefore, seeks to analyze the existing data concerning this specific issue to be able to review the problem after collecting reliable data.
The essential data that will aid my research is secondary data. I have already collected several secondary data. These data sources include charts and statistics. The statistics show that there have been increased cases of overcrowding in many prisons and correctional centers in the US. These data and statistics indicate the large estimated number of prisoners and offenders being held in US prisons over the past few years. The reports from various agencies such as the Bureau of Justice Statistics also concur with these findings. This indeed indicates that there is a problem of overcrowding in most prisons and correctional centers in the US.
The data sources, which include charts and statistics, are relevant to the problem in that they show the extent of overcrowding in the prisons and correctional centers. These data also show the negative impacts of overcrowding on inmates. The statistics are also relevant in that they show the trend of increase in the number of inmates being held in prison over the past few years.
Statistics indicate that the US has an approximate prison population of 2.1 million. This is according to the Bureau of Justice Statistics. This equates to approximately 481 people who are incarcerated per 99,000 of the population. The problem of overcrowding has become a serious issue in many U.S. prisons. Over 17 states reported that they were operating at over 100 percent capacity at the end of 2013 and 2014.
The data below indicates that the US is ranked number 113th in the world in terms of overcrowding in the prisons in the year 2018. The data also indicates that most of the US prisons were operating at an average capacity of 103.9%. This is according to statistics from Forbes.
The following charts are also useful in my research:
References
Gabriel, A. (2018). Nigeria and United States Prisons: A comparative Analysis of Mass Overcrowding. J Foren Psy, 3(129), 2.
Robinson, M. (2018). A Case Study of Overcrowding in a County Jail in the Southeast United States (Doctoral dissertation, Walden University).
Running head: ASSIGNMENT 3: TECHNOLOGY INFLUENCES 1
ASSIGNMENT 3: TECHNOLOGY INFLUENCES 2
Assignment 3: Technology Influences
CRJ 499: Undergraduate Capstone in Criminal Justice
August 03, 201 ...
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Став участником нашего проекта студент получит возможность:
- Личного развития и карьерного роста;
- Прохождения практик и стажировок на предприятиях, входящих в состав Союза Машиностроителей РБ;
- Участия в проектах IT и Машиностроения;
- Реализации своего коммерческого продукта;
- Трудоустройства на предприятиях РБ.
Typhoon pablo dec. 3
Typhoon Pablo is located 700km southeast of Surigao del Sur with maximum winds of 175kph and gusts up to 210kph. It is forecast to make landfall in Surigao del Sur early Tuesday morning and cross south of Cebu in the evening, bringing winds of 30-50kph and rainfall of 10-20mm/hour. Pablo is expected to intensify further over the next 12 hours due to low wind shear and warm sea surface temperatures before weakening upon landfall on Tuesday due to land interaction. Storm signals have been raised in various areas in the Visayas and Mindanao.
An Overview of E-Voting Systems and Vote Verification Techniques
This document provides an overview of electronic voting (e-voting) systems and vote verification techniques. It discusses the types of e-voting systems, including in-person direct recording electronic (DRE) and optical scan systems, as well as online voting. The document also examines voter verifiability methods like VVPAT and cryptography-based approaches that aim to provide end-to-end verification while maintaining voter privacy. Overall, the document outlines challenges in fully verifying e-voting systems and balancing security, privacy and usability requirements.
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For more information on ISO 14001 or to improve your awareness on ISO 14001 call Genesys Training today on 01925 818088 or email: info@genesys-training.co.uk
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An Overview of E-Voting Systems and Vote Verification Techniques
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Similar to Alternative to Incarcerations
Running Header CRITICAL ISSUES TO CORRECTIONAL INSTITUTIONS I.docx
Running Header: CRITICAL ISSUES TO CORRECTIONAL INSTITUTIONS IN THE U.S. 1
Critical Issues To Correctional Institutions in the U.S.
Name
CRJ 465
Instructor’s Name
Date
CRITICAL ISSUES TO CORRECTIONAL INSTITUTIONS IN THE U.S. 2
There are many contemporary issues that are found within the American penal system.
Perhaps we are not fully aware of these issues and just how much they affect the American penal
system. Though we are aware that there are issues, we may not be completely aware of just how
much they affect the everyday functioning of the correctional systems. We are not fully aware of
the funding problems, or the overcrowding problems, or just how much violence takes place in
prisons. These three issues seem to be the worst of all the issues that these facilities face.
Funding
Correctional facilities, just like any other business, do not operate for free. Total state
expenditures on prisons and related activities were about $9.6 billion in the mid-1980’s, where
about 40 percent of all state prison construction was financed by a pay-as-you-go method, and 50
percent was paid by general obligation bonds, and the remaining 10 percent was financed using
lease revenue bonds and other revenue streams. By 1996, total state expenditures for prisons
were estimated to be $22 billion, and more than half of all the debt issued to finance prisons was
carried out through a specific variant of lease-revenue bonds which were called certificates of
participation (Public Bonds, 2004). According to the staff at Vera’s Center on Sentencing and
Corrections and Cost-Benefit Analysis Unit, after surveying 40 states in an effort to calculate the
taxpayer’s cost of prisons, the cost of prisons was $39 billion in 2010, which was $5.4 billion
more than what their corrections budgets reflected (VERA Institute of Justice, 2013). Over the
past 40 years, the U.S. has seen a dramatic increase in prison population, and as a result, the
country’s state prison population has grown by more than 700 percent since the 1970’s. This has
come at great cost to taxpayers (VERA Institute of Justice, 2013). At the end of 2012, the United
States prison population was 1,571,013, which is actually a decline for the third straight
CRITICAL ISSUES TO CORRECTIONAL INSTITUTIONS IN THE U.S. 3
consecutive year. More plans are under way in an effort to lower the number of people who are
incarcerated in the U.S., which will help lower the cost of running these facilities as well.
America exceeds every other country in prison inmate population. Attorney General Eric Holder
announced sweeping plans that will be designed to address the issue through drug sentencing
reform and this means that low level drug offenders could be subjected to some type of treatment
or community service programs rather than prison time. There are also plans of implementing
and expanding prison programs that would a.
Discussion QuestionsQuestion 1 (350 words minimum)Imag
Discussion Questions
Question 1 (350 words minimum)
Imagine that you are a successful business executive for a toy company, ChoiceToys. You are tasked to market one of the two new toys for the upcoming holiday season based on an optimal decision strategy. As the data analyst, you will be responsible for providing the expected profit payoff and associated probabilities.
Part 1
In your initial post, using the scenario below, you will be acting as the data executive speaking to a data analyst. You will need to speak to the data analyst and get more information so you can develop a decision analysis. Given the information the data analyst has provided, what more data do you think you need to create a decision analysis?
Toy 1 is being introduced to the market for the first time by ChoiceToys with no market competition. ChoiceToys believes that competitors will not be able to bring a similar toy to the market for this upcoming holiday season. You are not sure how the toy will be received by the consumers and there is equal chance that it will be highly successful, successful, or not successful. You will need to determine what the expected profit payoff will be and provide this in your scenario.
Toy 2 has been in the market, is known to consumers, and is in demand; however, it has two other competitors in the marketplace. If marketed, ChoiceToys will be one of the three companies selling this toy in the market in the upcoming holiday season. You will have to determine the profit payoff for Toy 2 respectively for a highly successful, successful, and not successful case. You will also need to determine the probability that Toy 2 will be highly successful in the market and equal chances for being successful or not successful in the market.
Justin Ash
Saving Offenders
Top of Form
Current Reentry Issues
Like many induvial who have been away from home for a prolonged period, there is an adjusting period one must undergo but comparing that to those who experience a release from prison may be much different. Studies and multiple research articles have moved forward to show that the induvial who lives in harsh prison environments and exposed to violent atmosphere are more likely to reject the idea of reentry versus those who received family support and assistance from reentry programs while their sentence was being carried out (Cid et al., 2020). This further determines that the environment that the induvial lives in goes on to develop mental traits that enhance the sole perceptive of the world and only determines what social norms are acceptable over others. This concept is the same concept that is expressed through Social Strain Theory which is defined by Robert Merton as the social aspects that affect the outcome of a person behavior and view of their surrounding world (Strain Theory, n.d.). The same principle applies to adults as it does a child who grows up in a violent home environment. This causes the issue of leaving prisons a secondary effec ...
Thinking Outside the Cell: Solutions for Public Safety, Victims, and Taxpayers
This presentation to lawmakers from across the nation highlights the growing evidence and public consensus supporting alternatives to incarceration that enhance public safety, empower and restore victims, and reduce the burden on taxpayers.
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Pre Sentence CJ202 Pre-Sentence Inv.docx
Pre Sentence
CJ202 Pre-Sentence Investigation
Name
Class
Date
Professor
Pre Sentence Investigation
The Pre Sentence Investigation is simply the investigation that is conducted on a guilty defendant before a sentence for the crime is handed down. The PSI is essential for the judge in making a determination of the type of sentence the guilty criminal offender should receive. While criminals in society commit the same crime they will not always get the same sentence. For example a criminal that has stolen a car for the first time would not receive the same prison sentence as a criminal that has stolen two other cars previously and was convicted for these crimes. Since just committing the crime is not all that is considered in sentencing the pre sentence investigation is essential.
Once a criminal has been found guilty of a crime in a court of law or they have pled guilty to a crime the judge will require the probation agent to gather information on the guilty offender including past criminal history, juvenile adjudications, crime, and harm caused to the victim (USPO, 2011). The pre sentence report will inform the court of the criminal defendant’s marital status, work history, and educational background as well as a past history of substance abuse, and mental health history. Additionally the report will provide information on sentencing guidelines, potential harm posed to community, and sentencing recommendations.
The pre sentence report is extremely beneficial to the court. The judge only has the information that is provided through the court process (Murrell, 2008). They do not have information on any special circumstances that would sway their decision one way or another. For example if a man murdered a woman in a fit of passion the sentence would be less than if the murder was premeditated but if the man rapes the woman before she is murdered then the sentence they would receive could be much harsher. In another example if a woman murders a man but that man had stalked her for years this would be important information when the judges make a decision concerning sentencing.
The pre sentence report informs the court and correctional system about the criminal defendant. The report will help the judge to make a determination of what types of programs and services would most benefit the criminal defendant or what type of prison would be most appropriate. For example a serial killer would need to be sent to a maximum security prison or someone sentenced to death will need to be sent to a prison that has a death row. The pre sentence report is beneficial in determining if a criminal offender has a substance abuse problem and requires treatment.
The challenges associated with the pre sentence report involve the cost of conducting the pre investigation report. The correctional system is extremely overcrowded and is overwhelmed with the high cost of housing and feeding criminal inmates and the courts.
Running head internal and external stakeholders violence in pris.docx
Running head: internal and external stakeholders: violence in prisons 1
internal and external stakeholders: violence in prisons 6Internal and External Stakeholders: Violence in Prisons
Paula King
Strayer University
CRJ 499 Criminal Justice Capstone
Dr. Tamara Mangum
July 31, 2017
Internal and External Stakeholders: Violence in Prisons
Violence in prisons is a major issue that needs addressing. It dates to ancient prisons where prisoners used to fight to gain recondition and command respect from other inmates. In most circumstances, the violence was instigated by groups of offenders who thought they were superior compared to others. Prisoners could gang up according to the type of chargers that and the duration of their sentences in prison. That was the main criteria for the gang selection. On the other hand, prisoners tended to gang up against the officers who could either result in massive injuries or even worse prisons escape.
Several factors instigate prison violence. Some of them are within the bars of the prison, and other have their impacts from the outside of prisons. Internal factors are mainly propelled by stakeholders who by far have the greatest influence in the prisons. That includes the prison wardens, high profile prisoners, prisoners of great importance or who are key witnesses to ascertain cases and finally, the management of the prisons also have a significant role to play. It is important to understand what transpires before and after an act of violence in prison.
In most circumstances, it’s hard to ascertain the cause of violence in prison when there is little or no organization at all. That boils down to the fact that some prisons are overcrowded and there is no clear demarcation of petty offenders from those high-profile criminals. That is the role of the prison management, and most at times, it is overlooked. Therefore, they create a negative influence towards reducing crime levels in prisons. Further, it is important to understand the logistics of imprisonment this is affected by the state laws and the prosecution authority. They have the mandate to ensure that prisons are entitled to perform different correctional duties to various types of prisoners.
On the other hand, the individuals and organizations that have an indirect impact on prison violence or indirectly affected by the violence are considered as the external stakeholders. For instance, the families and communities that are linked or close to the prisons along with the government are the ones who are externally affected by the violence since any violent act may negatively affect them whether psychologically, socially or financially (National Institute of Corrections, 2017). The other external stakeholders include the courts, prosecutors, police agencies, and inmate advocacy groups (Horgan, 2012). Admittedly, the internal and external stakeholders have influenced the situation in both positive and negative ways (Horgan, 2012). First, the prisoners as internal ...
Mass Incarceration and the Prison Industri.docx
Mass Incarceration and the Prison Industrial Complex
Amber Edwards
Sco 102
Instructor: Craig Allen
5/3/2020
Mass Incarceration and the Prison Industrial Complex
The United States experienced stability in the rates of imprisonment from the year 1920 to early 1970s. However, that has changed over the past four decades considering that the rates of imprisonment have multiplied. Currently, the United Sates has over 2.2 million incarcerated adults which is by far the largest population globally. The rapid increase of incarceration in the US for the past four decades has prompted various critiques including the question as to why there is a large population of incarcerated citizens.
The aim of this paper is to argue on the ethical issues existing with the mass incarceration particularly the breaches that occur minus ethics. Also the paper will discuss the constitutes of ethical behaviour within the U.S system by using Utilitarianism, Ethical Egoism, Deontology which will shed light on the concerns of mass incarceration as well as the prison industrial complex.
Incarceration is among the most applicable strategies to handle social issues which act as an interference to the poor. Generally, the problems are joined together and defined as crime. The most targeted population in this case are people of color (Wagner & Sawyer, 2018). Some of the impacts of the increased rates of incarceration are homelessness, drug addiction, mental illnesses, unemployment and many more. Generally, prisons do not make the social issues or crimes go away rather, they make people disappear. The practice of making people disappear away from immigrants the poor as well as racially marginalized societies has currently become a business.
The increase in the rates of imprisonment is among the most systematic applied government social program in the contemporary world. However, issues such as criminalization, social profiling and mass imprisoning of people of color is the main challenge in the criminal justice system. Another ethical concern is making mass incarceration a source of income or rather a business. Prison privatization is also another ethical concern which is the capital’s contemporary movement in the prison industry. Generally, government run prisons are typically in gross violation particularly in international human rights standards making the private prisons less liable. Incarceration is nothing less than slavery considering that a large number if these inmates offer labor services to a country without a living wage, bargaining power of even labor protections. Generally, labor is the only thing the imprisoners can withhold.
The breaches of ethics in slavery, racial profiling and using incarceration for profiting purposes in the prison industry are too much. Among the ethical breach that is reflective is the health in the system. Both mental and physical health of the inmates is a primary concern considering that a large number of the inmates suffer.
Tim Minotas Federal Drug Mandatory Minimum Sentences Final Paper
This document discusses federal mandatory minimum sentences for drug offenses. It begins by explaining that in the 1980s, Congress passed laws requiring minimum prison terms for drug crimes to deter drug trafficking. However, these laws have led to overcrowded prisons filled with nonviolent, low-level drug offenders, costing taxpayers billions annually. The document then evaluates alternatives to reform these laws, including repealing mandatory minimums, expanding the safety valve exception, and applying sentencing reforms retroactively. It analyzes evidence on the impacts of these policy changes in various states, finding reductions in incarceration rates and costs without increases in crime.
Running head ASSIGNMENT 4 DATA COLLECTION .docx
Running head: ASSIGNMENT 4: DATA COLLECTION 1
ASSIGNMENT 4: DATA COLLECTION 3
Assignment 4: Data Collection
CRJ 499: Undergraduate Capstone in Criminal Justice
August 11, 2019
Assignment 4: Data Collection
Overcrowding in prisons or correction centers is one of the problems that have attracted the attention of many researchers. Several researchers have tried to explore this particular issue in detail. This paper, therefore, seeks to analyze the existing data concerning this specific issue to be able to review the problem after collecting reliable data.
The essential data that will aid my research is secondary data. I have already collected several secondary data. These data sources include charts and statistics. The statistics show that there have been increased cases of overcrowding in many prisons and correctional centers in the US. These data and statistics indicate the large estimated number of prisoners and offenders being held in US prisons over the past few years. The reports from various agencies such as the Bureau of Justice Statistics also concur with these findings. This indeed indicates that there is a problem of overcrowding in most prisons and correctional centers in the US.
The data sources, which include charts and statistics, are relevant to the problem in that they show the extent of overcrowding in the prisons and correctional centers. These data also show the negative impacts of overcrowding on inmates. The statistics are also relevant in that they show the trend of increase in the number of inmates being held in prison over the past few years.
Statistics indicate that the US has an approximate prison population of 2.1 million. This is according to the Bureau of Justice Statistics. This equates to approximately 481 people who are incarcerated per 99,000 of the population. The problem of overcrowding has become a serious issue in many U.S. prisons. Over 17 states reported that they were operating at over 100 percent capacity at the end of 2013 and 2014.
The data below indicates that the US is ranked number 113th in the world in terms of overcrowding in the prisons in the year 2018. The data also indicates that most of the US prisons were operating at an average capacity of 103.9%. This is according to statistics from Forbes.
The following charts are also useful in my research:
References
Gabriel, A. (2018). Nigeria and United States Prisons: A comparative Analysis of Mass Overcrowding. J Foren Psy, 3(129), 2.
Robinson, M. (2018). A Case Study of Overcrowding in a County Jail in the Southeast United States (Doctoral dissertation, Walden University).
Running head: ASSIGNMENT 3: TECHNOLOGY INFLUENCES 1
ASSIGNMENT 3: TECHNOLOGY INFLUENCES 2
Assignment 3: Technology Influences
CRJ 499: Undergraduate Capstone in Criminal Justice
August 03, 201 ...
Police Probation Partnerships
This document discusses police and probation partnerships as a strategy to reduce recidivism. It begins by outlining the problems of increased incarceration and high recidivism rates in Massachusetts. It then discusses how partnerships between police and probation officers can help address issues like lackluster supervision and weak enforcement policies among probation officers. Examples are given of successful programs in Boston, Texas, and California where probation officers partnered with police officers for intensive supervision of high-risk offenders, which reduced crime and recidivism rates. The benefits and potential challenges of such partnerships are also examined.
Prisons for Profits
1. The report examines the privatization of the American prison system and its impact on the criminal justice system.
2. Private prisons now make up around 2% of the total prison population in the US and generate billions in annual revenue for the two largest private prison companies.
3. While private prisons may save state and local governments around 50% in expenses, they also create incentives to cut costs and have been shown to have higher rates of violence and staff turnover due to lower pay.
Recidivism Socially Just Policy Miriam and Erica
This policy proposal aims to reduce recidivism rates in Michigan by revising the state's prisoner reentry program, MPRI. The proposal calls for increased community participation, addressing the needs of minority groups, and providing services that support well-being and reduce barriers to reentry. It summarizes research finding that programs providing case management, employment assistance, treatment, and support networks after release are effective at reducing recidivism. However, cuts to MPRI funding threaten progress. The proposal seeks to improve MPRI through culturally appropriate programming and support from community organizations.
AN ANALYSIS OF THE ECONOMIC COSTS OF SEEKING THE DEATH PENALTY IN WASHINGTON ...
This document summarizes a report analyzing the economic costs of pursuing the death penalty in Washington state compared to cases where the death penalty was not sought. The report examined 147 aggravated murder cases since 1997. It found that on average, cases where the death penalty was sought cost $3.07 million compared to $2.01 million where it was not sought, a difference of over $1 million. It also found that costs were higher for pursuit of the death penalty across all categories, including defense, prosecution, courts, appeals, and jails, though lifetime incarceration costs were lower. The total average increased cost for pursuing the death penalty was estimated to be $1.15 million.
1It should be noted that comparative criminal justice is in mo.docx
1
It should be noted that comparative criminal justice is in more ways than one a subfield of Criminal Justice which tends to evaluate various justice systems globally (Tomkovicz, 2002). It is a rather intriguing study which can take an eloquent political as well as historical approach. In this instance I would like to write about a violent assault which I accidentally witnessed while I was in China. As we all know, China is quite diverse and vast for that matter, having a larger population as compared to most countries around the world. The general demographic of China is made up of the younger generation and the elderly (Roth, 2010). It is also a given fact that China is one nation that has completely embraced technological advancements as well as globalization and it is said that come a few years from now, it will almost be at the same level economically and socially as the United States of America. China is currently implementing a ‘One Child’ policy where families are required to only bear one child per family due to the overwhelmingly large population which the government cannot quite cater to fully (Coady, 2000). This increase in population has also brought about increased concern regarding crime rates in the country; the higher the population, the more prone the society is with regards to crime.
Despite the rapid social and economic transformations taking place in China over the last 30 years or so, one aspect of Chinese life has hardly changed and this is the Criminal Justice System. A new criminal code as well as criminal procedure law was established in 1979 as a way of helping citizens protect themselves against repeated arbitrary violence during the Mao era (Tomkovicz, 2002). Today, majority of criminal trials are simply formalities that are fashioned to bestow legitimacy on decisions that have been taken in discretion by Communist Party officials. In regards to the crime I witnessed, Chinese criminal code would likely view this as a crime deserving harsh punishment. Apparently, the Chinese Criminal Justice believes that the best strategy for deterrence is to raise the price of crime as it were through increased severity of the penalty (Roth, 2010). For almost 35 years now the nation’s criminal law has allowed the use of corporal punishment or what is commonly referred to as death penalty for robbers in nearly all cases; courts in China have also applied it on a regular basis and in numerous distinct types of robbery cases. Therefore, the violent assault that I witnessed would be handled in the same manner by China’s criminal code.
The United States usually grants criminal suspects individual rights such as search and seizure, right to counsel and so forth. Individual rights such as search and seizure is usually provided in order to protect the suspect from unlawful planting of evidence which might not be there and also to mitigate cases of “his word against his” which was the norm before such rights were enacted as law (Coady, .
Respond as to why you agree or disagree with the discussion respon
Respond as to why you agree or disagree with the discussion response from the 3 students below. Your response should be at least 100 words for each of the 3 discussion responses.Bottom of Form
Discussion replies:
1.
Module 6 discussion- Reply to M
The four reasons for sentencing are Retribution, Deterrence, Incapacitation, and Rehabilitation. Retribution is the punishment for knowingly breaking society’s rules. Deterrence is like retribution, but instead of just punishment for the crime, the idea is preventing the crime from happening again in the future with the sentencing chosen. Incapacitation is defined as harsher sentencing for crimes that in hopes will deter others from committing the same crime in society. Rehabilitation is using programs within the prisons to help the inmates make a change within themselves so that when they are released they will no longer be a threat to themselves or their community. In the case from the text I saw that the deterrence philosophy was in use. They got such long sentences to be used as an example and to try and deter others from committing the same crime. When it comes to non-violent crimes I think that if more rehabilitation is put into action and the programs are actually worked with non-violent offenders, they should not receive such lengthy sentences. I understand the point of deterrence but at the same time the extreme long sentences should be there for violent offenders, there are already overcrowded prisons as it is.
The federal sentencing guidelines were put into place to “remove judicial bias from the sentencing process” (Gaines & Miller, 2017, Cengage Learning). These guidelines have become harsher than they were before by far. The average Federal sentence in 2004 was fifty months which was more than doubled since 1984 (Gaines & Miller, 2017, Cengage Learning).
The trend from our text that applies to the case is inmates serving more time. They were given quite the lengthy sentence for a non-violent crime. Decarceration is the attempt to lower the incarceration rates. There are three different ways to go about doing this and they are: decreasing the chances that nonviolent offenders will return to prison, increasing the number of nonviolent offenders released from prison, and decreasing prison sentences for probation and parole violations. I agree with the Decarceration trends, as they are helping to alleviate the numbers of people in prisons for nonviolent crimes so that we have the room to keep the violent offenders out of our communities.
2.
DISCUSSION 6 Reply to A
In Chapter 11 you learned about the four basic philosophical reasons for sentencing criminals. Briefly discuss these four reasons in your own words.
The 4 basic philosophical reasons are:
Retribution: justice and punishments are done to who commits a crime- Just Deserts: meaning a punishment should be done on the severity of the crime.
Deterrence: preventing future crimes through th ...
American Prohibition Secondary Analysis & Unit Of Analysis[1]
This research aims to examine the hypothesis that American prohibition policies, including the "War on Drugs", and subsequent incarceration rates have significantly reduced the educational attainment of American students. The independent variable is American prohibition and incarceration, while the dependent variable is levels of educational attainment. Secondary sources of data will be analyzed using methods like frequency distribution and cross-tabulation to measure changes in educational attainment rates before and after prohibition policies. The research argues that ending prohibition and reducing incarceration could help improve educational outcomes for American students.
price-of-jails
The survey found that the actual costs of operating jails are higher than typically reported for three key reasons: (1) Jail budgets do not include expenses paid by other county agencies like employee benefits, medical care, and education programs for inmates; (2) Personnel costs, which make up the majority of jail spending, rise as inmate populations increase requiring more guards and staff; (3) County general funds, not just corrections budgets, ultimately pay for the full costs of incarceration in local jails. The findings provide a more accurate picture of the true taxpayer costs of incarceration to help policymakers make more informed decisions.
Thinking Outside the Cell: Solutions for Public Safety, Victims, and Taxpayers
This presentation to lawmakers from across the nation highlights the growing evidence and public consensus supporting alternatives to incarceration that enhance public safety, empower and restore victims, and reduce the burden on taxpayers.
Similar to Alternative to Incarcerations (18)
Running Header CRITICAL ISSUES TO CORRECTIONAL INSTITUTIONS I.docx
Running Header CRITICAL ISSUES TO CORRECTIONAL INSTITUTIONS I.docx
Discussion QuestionsQuestion 1 (350 words minimum)Imag
Discussion QuestionsQuestion 1 (350 words minimum)Imag
Thinking Outside the Cell: Solutions for Public Safety, Victims, and Taxpayers
Thinking Outside the Cell: Solutions for Public Safety, Victims, and Taxpayers
Running head internal and external stakeholders violence in pris.docx
Running head internal and external stakeholders violence in pris.docx
Tim Minotas Federal Drug Mandatory Minimum Sentences Final Paper
Tim Minotas Federal Drug Mandatory Minimum Sentences Final Paper
AN ANALYSIS OF THE ECONOMIC COSTS OF SEEKING THE DEATH PENALTY IN WASHINGTON ...
AN ANALYSIS OF THE ECONOMIC COSTS OF SEEKING THE DEATH PENALTY IN WASHINGTON ...
1It should be noted that comparative criminal justice is in mo.docx
1It should be noted that comparative criminal justice is in mo.docx
Respond as to why you agree or disagree with the discussion respon
Respond as to why you agree or disagree with the discussion respon
American Prohibition Secondary Analysis & Unit Of Analysis[1]
American Prohibition Secondary Analysis & Unit Of Analysis[1]
Thinking Outside the Cell: Solutions for Public Safety, Victims, and Taxpayers
Thinking Outside the Cell: Solutions for Public Safety, Victims, and Taxpayers
Alternative to Incarcerations
- 2. Dawn Raymond Prison populations are getting larger with every passing year. With a growing population comes a growing cost. According to the U.S. Department of Justice the average age of a prisoner is 39 year old (U.S. Department of Justice, 2012). With the higher age comes a greater health care burden on the prison. As inflation brings up prices on the outside of prison walls, those effects are felt on the inside of those walls as well. With 49.8% of prisoners incarcerated for non-violent crimes (Schmitt, Warner, & and Gupta, 2012), alternatives to incarceration need to start becoming more common to ease the financial burden of imprisonment. Michigan prisons are becoming even more underfunded and overcrowded than ever before. Michigan prisons housed 44,113 inmates in 2010 at an average cost of $33,822 per prisoner (Michigan Department of Corrections, 2011). In 2011, each Michigan taxpayer dished out $1,268 towards the cost of prisonsand that cost is not going to go down unless alternatives to incarceration are applied more frequently. Restorative justice can be used in many different types of cases to help heal the victim and restore the community. The cost averages about $2000. It involves some volunteer work, and can be done with little to no lawyer involvement. A case that is sent to trial will cost upwards of $5000. That is just the courts portion of the cost. This does not include the cost incurred after the trial, or any other unforeseen costs or lost wages. The mental conditions and reactions of the offender have a huge impact on the recidivism rate. The more remorseful they feel about the crime, the less likely they will be to cause troubles again. Success rates of restorative justice in the U.S. are between 70% and 80%. This type of alternative can save money and help ease the underfunded and overflowing prisons.
- 3. Dawn Raymond Works Cited Hynes, D. (2011). Michigan Department of Corrections. Retrieved from Department of Corrections Annual Report: http://www.michigan.gov/documents/corrections/2010_Annual_Report_390338_7.pdf Liebmann, M. (2000).Mediation in Context. London, Philidelphia: Jessica Kingsley Publishing. Michigan Department of Corrections.(2012). Michigan Reentry Program. Retrieved from Michigan Department of Corrections: https://www.michigan.gov/corrections/0,4551,7-119-9741_33218--- ,00.html Schmitt, J., Warner, K., & and Gupta, S. (2012). The High Budgetary Cost of Incarceration. Center for Economic and Policy Research. U.S. Department of Justice.(2012, October).Quick Facts Sheet. Retrieved from Federal Bureau of Prisons: http://www.bop.gov/news/quick.jsp Vera Institute of Justice. (2012). The Cost of Prisons Survey. New York: Vera Institute of Justice. Werrell, P. (2010). Defining Restorative.Restorative Justice Practices.