All Summer in a Day
by Ray Bradbury
No one in the class could remember a 3me when there
wasn't rain.
“Ready?"
"Ready."
"Now?"
"Soon."
"Do the scien:sts really know? Will it happen today, will
it?"
"Look, look; see for yourself!"
The children pressed to each other like so many roses, so
many weeds, intermixed, peering out for a look at the hidden
sun.
It rained.
It had been raining for seven years; thousand upon
thousands of days compounded and filled from one end to the
other with rain, with the drum and gush of water, with the
sweet crystal fall of showers and the concussion of storms so
heavy they were :dal waves come over the islands. A thousand
forests had been crushed under the rain and grown up a
thousand :mes to be crushed again. And this was the way life
was forever on the planet Venus, and this was the schoolroom
of the children of the rocket men and women who had come to
a raining world to set up civiliza:on and live out their lives.
"It's stopping, it's stopping!"
"Yes, yes!"
Margot stood apart from these children who could never
remember a :me when there wasn't rain and rain and rain.
They were all nine years old, and if there had been a day, seven
years ago, when the sun came out for an hour and showed its
face to the stunned world, they could not recall. Some:mes, at
night, she heard them s:r, in remembrance, and she knew they
were dreaming and remembering and old or a yellow crayon or
a coin large enough to buy the world with. She knew they
thought they remembered a warmness, like a blushing in the
face, in the body, in the arms and legs and trembling hands.
But then they always awoke to the taQng drum, the endless
shaking down of clear bead necklaces upon the roof, the walk,
the gardens, the forests, and their dreams were gone.
All day yesterday they had read in class about the sun.
About how like a lemon it was, and how hot. And they had
wriRen small stories or essays or poems about it:
I think the sun is a flower,
That blooms for just one hour.
That was Margot's poem, read in a quiet voice in the s:ll
classroom while the rain was
falling outside.
"Aw, you didn't write that!" protested one of the boys.
"I did," said Margot. "I did."
"William!" said the teacher.
But that was yesterday. Now the rain was slackening, and
the children were crushed in the great thick windows.
"Where's teacher?"
"She'll be back."
"She'd beRer hurry, we'll miss it!"
They turned on themselves, like a feverish wheel, all
tumbling spokes.
Margot stood alone. She was a very frail girl who looked as
if she had been lost in the rain for years and the rain had
washed out the blue from her eyes and the red from her mouth
and the yellow from her hair. She was an old photograph
dusted from an album, whitened away, and if she spoke at all
her voice would be a ghost. Now she stood, separate, staring at
the rain and the loud wet world beyond the huge glass.
"What're y ...
1) The story takes place on the planet Venus where it has rained continuously for 7 years. The children have never seen the sun.
2) On this day, the scientists predict the rain will stop and the sun will come out. The children are excited but Margot, who remembers the sun from living on Earth, stands apart from the others.
3) When the rain stops and the sun appears, the children play happily in the jungle for two hours. But then the rain suddenly returns and will continue for another 7 years. They realize Margot is still locked in the closet where they left her.
1) The story takes place on the planet Venus where it has been raining continuously for 7 years. The children in the story have never seen the sun.
2) One day, the scientists predict the rain will stop and the sun will come out. Most of the children don't believe it will happen. Margot is different because she remembers seeing the sun on Earth.
3) When the rain stops and the sun appears, the children play outside happily for a few hours. But then it starts raining again, and they realize they locked Margot in a closet earlier.
Smith, Aaron. Future of Technology.” Pew Research Center Interne.docxpbilly1
Smith, Aaron. “Future of Technology.” Pew Research Center: Internet, Science & Tech, Pew Research Center, 31 Dec. 2019, www.pewresearch.org/internet/2014/04/17/us-views-of-technology-and-the-future/.
Jones, Barry O. Sleepers, Wake!: Technology & the Future of Work. Oxford University Press, 1995.
https://books.google.com/books?hl=zh-TW&lr=&id=sHfmCwAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PR7&dq=Technology+and+the+Future&ots=tS2aNC8cYf&sig=vSPtWlznk9pHhMS_A-a8YuCWlNA#v=onepage&q&f=false
1
FAHRENHEIT 451
by Ray Bradbury
This one, with gratitude,
is for DON CONGDON.
FAHRENHEIT 451:
The temperature at which book-paper catches fire and burns
CONTENTS
one The Hearth and the Salamander 1
two The Sieve and the Sand 67
three Burning Bright 107
PART I
It was a pleasure to burn.
It was a special pleasure to see things eaten, to see things
blackened and changed. With the brass nozzle in his fists, with this
great python spitting its venomous kerosene upon the world, the blood
pounded in his head, and his hands were the hands of some amazing
conductor playing all the symphonies of blazing and burning to bring
down the tatters and charcoal ruins of history. With his symbolic
helmet numbered 451 on his stolid head, and his eyes all orange flame
with the thought of what came next, he flicked the igniter and the
house jumped up in a gorging fire that burned the evening sky red and
yellow and black. He strode in a swarm of fireflies. He wanted above
all, like the old joke, to shove a marshmallow on a stick in the furnace,
while the flapping pigeon-winged books died on the porch and
2
lawn of the house. While the books went up in sparkling whirls and
blew away on a wind turned dark with burning.
Montag grinned the fierce grin of all men singed and driven back
by flame.
He knew that when he returned to the firehouse, he might wink at
himself, a minstrel man, burnt-corked, in the mirror. Later, going to
sleep, he would feel the fiery smile still gripped by his face muscles, in
the dark. It never went away, that. smile, it never ever went away, as
long as he remembered.
He hung up his black-beetle-colored helmet and shined it, he hung
his flameproof jacket neatly; he showered luxuriously, and then,
whistling, hands in pockets, walked across the upper floor of the fire
station and fell down the hole. At the last moment, when disaster
seemed positive, he pulled his hands from his pockets and broke his
fall by grasping the golden pole. He slid to a squeaking halt, the heels
one inch from the concrete floor downstairs.
He walked out of the fire station and along the midnight street
toward the subway where the silent, air-propelled train slid
soundlessly down its lubricated flue in the earth and let him out with a
great puff of warm air an to the cream-tiled escalator rising to the
suburb.
Whistling, he let the escalator waft him into the still night air. He
walked toward the comer, thinking little at a.
Missing Out
Leila Aboulela (http://granta.com/contributor/leila-aboulela/)
I
(http://granta.com)
(https://www.sarahlawrence.edu/legacy/granta/)
We use cookies to track usage and preferences. I Understand ()
http://granta.com/contributor/leila-aboulela/
http://granta.com/
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I
A
n his first term at college in London, Majdy wrote letters home announcing that he would not make it, threatening that he would
give up and return. to call him on the phone, his mother made several trips to the Central Post Office in Khartoum, sat for hours
on the low wooden bench, fanning her face with the edge of her tobe in the stifling heat, shooing away the barefooted children who
passed by with loaded trays trying to sell her chewing gum, hairpins and matches. ‘Get away from my face,’ she snapped at the girl who
had edged by her side and was almost leaning onto her lap. ‘Didn’t I just tell you I don’t want your stuff?’ on the third day she got
through, wedged herself into a cubicle but did not close the glass door behind her. Majdy’s throat tightened when he heard her voice.
In the cool corridor of the hostel he held the receiver and leaned his head against the wall, hiding his face in the crook of his arm. The
students who passed him walked a little bit quicker, felt a little bit awkward hearing his voice heavy with tears, unnaturally loud, foreign
words they could not understand echoing and hanging around the walls.
There in Khartoum, she also, in her own way, could not understand what he was saying. All this talk about the work being difficult
was, of course, nonsense. Her son was brilliant. Her son always came top of his class. She had a newspaper photograph of him at
sixteen when he got one of the highest marks in the secondary school Certificate, shaking the now-deposed president’s hand. His father
had slain a sheep in celebration and distributed the meat among the beggars that slept outside the nearby mosque. His sisters had
thrown a party for him, heady with singing and dancing. And she had circled the pot of burning incense over his head, made him step
over it, back and forth, to ward off the envy and malice that was surely cloaking him. Ninety-nine per cent in the maths paper, she had
ecstatically repeated to friends and relations. Ninety-nine per cent, and mind you, they took that extra mark from him just from sheer
miserliness, just so as not to give him the full marks.
‘Take this thought of giving up out of your mind,’ she said to him on the long-distance line.
‘Can’t you understand I’ve failed my qualifying exam?’ the word ‘failed’ was heavy on his tongue. ‘The exam I need to be able to
register for a PhD.’
‘So sit it again,’ she insisted. ‘You will pass inshallah and then come home for the summer. I myself will pay for the ticket. Don’t
worry.’ she had independent means, that woman. And when she put the phone down, a project started brewing in her mind. She
da ...
1) Droppy goes on an adventure with the sun but sees pollution in a river from factories and sewage pipes.
2) Droppy tries to find a solution and goes to his friends, students in the 2nd Primary School of Pefka.
3) The students make posters against pollution and help raise awareness, but the pollution continues. So the sun and rain join Droppy's plan to persuade people to protect water.
The document is a 250-word discussion response about Tino Villanueva's poem 'Scene from the Movie GIANT.' It summarizes:
1) The student chose the image of an old Mexican American couple and daughter entering a diner where they are confronted by the racist proprietor Sarge as the part that resonated most.
2) They responded to two classmates' posts, praising one for their insightful analysis and asking another to elaborate on their point.
3) The response meets the 250-word requirement and engages thoughtfully with the source material and other student perspectives.
The document is a story told in three parts between a man and a young woman at an urban music jam session. They use their imagination to tell an unfolding story about riding on the back of a large green mythical creature through a colorful forest. Their story explores themes of adventure, imagination, connection, and trusting one's inner guidance.
1) The story takes place on the planet Venus where it has rained continuously for 7 years. The children have never seen the sun.
2) On this day, the scientists predict the rain will stop and the sun will come out. The children are excited but Margot, who remembers the sun from living on Earth, stands apart from the others.
3) When the rain stops and the sun appears, the children play happily in the jungle for two hours. But then the rain suddenly returns and will continue for another 7 years. They realize Margot is still locked in the closet where they left her.
1) The story takes place on the planet Venus where it has been raining continuously for 7 years. The children in the story have never seen the sun.
2) One day, the scientists predict the rain will stop and the sun will come out. Most of the children don't believe it will happen. Margot is different because she remembers seeing the sun on Earth.
3) When the rain stops and the sun appears, the children play outside happily for a few hours. But then it starts raining again, and they realize they locked Margot in a closet earlier.
Smith, Aaron. Future of Technology.” Pew Research Center Interne.docxpbilly1
Smith, Aaron. “Future of Technology.” Pew Research Center: Internet, Science & Tech, Pew Research Center, 31 Dec. 2019, www.pewresearch.org/internet/2014/04/17/us-views-of-technology-and-the-future/.
Jones, Barry O. Sleepers, Wake!: Technology & the Future of Work. Oxford University Press, 1995.
https://books.google.com/books?hl=zh-TW&lr=&id=sHfmCwAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PR7&dq=Technology+and+the+Future&ots=tS2aNC8cYf&sig=vSPtWlznk9pHhMS_A-a8YuCWlNA#v=onepage&q&f=false
1
FAHRENHEIT 451
by Ray Bradbury
This one, with gratitude,
is for DON CONGDON.
FAHRENHEIT 451:
The temperature at which book-paper catches fire and burns
CONTENTS
one The Hearth and the Salamander 1
two The Sieve and the Sand 67
three Burning Bright 107
PART I
It was a pleasure to burn.
It was a special pleasure to see things eaten, to see things
blackened and changed. With the brass nozzle in his fists, with this
great python spitting its venomous kerosene upon the world, the blood
pounded in his head, and his hands were the hands of some amazing
conductor playing all the symphonies of blazing and burning to bring
down the tatters and charcoal ruins of history. With his symbolic
helmet numbered 451 on his stolid head, and his eyes all orange flame
with the thought of what came next, he flicked the igniter and the
house jumped up in a gorging fire that burned the evening sky red and
yellow and black. He strode in a swarm of fireflies. He wanted above
all, like the old joke, to shove a marshmallow on a stick in the furnace,
while the flapping pigeon-winged books died on the porch and
2
lawn of the house. While the books went up in sparkling whirls and
blew away on a wind turned dark with burning.
Montag grinned the fierce grin of all men singed and driven back
by flame.
He knew that when he returned to the firehouse, he might wink at
himself, a minstrel man, burnt-corked, in the mirror. Later, going to
sleep, he would feel the fiery smile still gripped by his face muscles, in
the dark. It never went away, that. smile, it never ever went away, as
long as he remembered.
He hung up his black-beetle-colored helmet and shined it, he hung
his flameproof jacket neatly; he showered luxuriously, and then,
whistling, hands in pockets, walked across the upper floor of the fire
station and fell down the hole. At the last moment, when disaster
seemed positive, he pulled his hands from his pockets and broke his
fall by grasping the golden pole. He slid to a squeaking halt, the heels
one inch from the concrete floor downstairs.
He walked out of the fire station and along the midnight street
toward the subway where the silent, air-propelled train slid
soundlessly down its lubricated flue in the earth and let him out with a
great puff of warm air an to the cream-tiled escalator rising to the
suburb.
Whistling, he let the escalator waft him into the still night air. He
walked toward the comer, thinking little at a.
Missing Out
Leila Aboulela (http://granta.com/contributor/leila-aboulela/)
I
(http://granta.com)
(https://www.sarahlawrence.edu/legacy/granta/)
We use cookies to track usage and preferences. I Understand ()
http://granta.com/contributor/leila-aboulela/
http://granta.com/
https://www.sarahlawrence.edu/legacy/granta/
http://granta.com/missing-out/
I
A
n his first term at college in London, Majdy wrote letters home announcing that he would not make it, threatening that he would
give up and return. to call him on the phone, his mother made several trips to the Central Post Office in Khartoum, sat for hours
on the low wooden bench, fanning her face with the edge of her tobe in the stifling heat, shooing away the barefooted children who
passed by with loaded trays trying to sell her chewing gum, hairpins and matches. ‘Get away from my face,’ she snapped at the girl who
had edged by her side and was almost leaning onto her lap. ‘Didn’t I just tell you I don’t want your stuff?’ on the third day she got
through, wedged herself into a cubicle but did not close the glass door behind her. Majdy’s throat tightened when he heard her voice.
In the cool corridor of the hostel he held the receiver and leaned his head against the wall, hiding his face in the crook of his arm. The
students who passed him walked a little bit quicker, felt a little bit awkward hearing his voice heavy with tears, unnaturally loud, foreign
words they could not understand echoing and hanging around the walls.
There in Khartoum, she also, in her own way, could not understand what he was saying. All this talk about the work being difficult
was, of course, nonsense. Her son was brilliant. Her son always came top of his class. She had a newspaper photograph of him at
sixteen when he got one of the highest marks in the secondary school Certificate, shaking the now-deposed president’s hand. His father
had slain a sheep in celebration and distributed the meat among the beggars that slept outside the nearby mosque. His sisters had
thrown a party for him, heady with singing and dancing. And she had circled the pot of burning incense over his head, made him step
over it, back and forth, to ward off the envy and malice that was surely cloaking him. Ninety-nine per cent in the maths paper, she had
ecstatically repeated to friends and relations. Ninety-nine per cent, and mind you, they took that extra mark from him just from sheer
miserliness, just so as not to give him the full marks.
‘Take this thought of giving up out of your mind,’ she said to him on the long-distance line.
‘Can’t you understand I’ve failed my qualifying exam?’ the word ‘failed’ was heavy on his tongue. ‘The exam I need to be able to
register for a PhD.’
‘So sit it again,’ she insisted. ‘You will pass inshallah and then come home for the summer. I myself will pay for the ticket. Don’t
worry.’ she had independent means, that woman. And when she put the phone down, a project started brewing in her mind. She
da ...
1) Droppy goes on an adventure with the sun but sees pollution in a river from factories and sewage pipes.
2) Droppy tries to find a solution and goes to his friends, students in the 2nd Primary School of Pefka.
3) The students make posters against pollution and help raise awareness, but the pollution continues. So the sun and rain join Droppy's plan to persuade people to protect water.
The document is a 250-word discussion response about Tino Villanueva's poem 'Scene from the Movie GIANT.' It summarizes:
1) The student chose the image of an old Mexican American couple and daughter entering a diner where they are confronted by the racist proprietor Sarge as the part that resonated most.
2) They responded to two classmates' posts, praising one for their insightful analysis and asking another to elaborate on their point.
3) The response meets the 250-word requirement and engages thoughtfully with the source material and other student perspectives.
The document is a story told in three parts between a man and a young woman at an urban music jam session. They use their imagination to tell an unfolding story about riding on the back of a large green mythical creature through a colorful forest. Their story explores themes of adventure, imagination, connection, and trusting one's inner guidance.
The Comanche people were suffering from drought and famine. Their shaman went to listen to the Great Spirits, who said the people must make a sacrifice of their most valued possession to end the suffering. She-Who-Is-Alone's most valued item was her doll, made from her deceased family members' items. She sacrificed the doll, scattering its ashes, and flowers grew where the ashes fell as a sign the Great Spirits accepted the offering. Rain came and the land was restored. She-Who-Is-Alone was thereafter known as "One-Who-Dearly-Loved-Her-People."
This poem is a collection of short 3 line stanzas or haikus describing various observations and experiences. Some themes include nature, love, aging, and impermanence. Overall it reflects on life through brief poetic snapshots of moments in time.
The document contains several student submissions for an essay contest on the topic of time travel. The summaries are:
1) A student describes finding a magic pocket watch that allows her to travel 50 years into the future, where she discovers robots, people living on the moon, and other technological advances.
2) A student writes about a boy who is transported from 2062 to 2012 after being hit by a car. The student from 2012 then finds himself transported to 2062.
3) A dystopian future is described where climate change and wars have destroyed most of the world. The population lives in a caste system controlled by the elite in Tokyo who use androids. The story focuses on a couple living in
This document contains a short story by Katherine Mansfield titled "A Dill Pickle" from 1917. The story is summarized as follows:
1) The story describes a chance meeting between a woman, Vera, and a man she knew six years ago. They catch up over coffee, and he reminisces about their past relationship and trips he has taken to places they had dreamed of visiting together like Russia.
2) As they talk, Vera remembers different moments from their time together in the past. She recalls him interrupting her conversations and an afternoon they spent together at Kew Gardens.
3) The man talks animatedly about his travels and a picnic in Russia where the coachman offered them a sour d
This document provides a series of vignettes describing life in the town of Sompeta. It describes the monsoon rains and procession for the God Jagannath. It introduces characters like Srinivasarao who cared for the narrator in school. Srinivasarao later marries a woman who tragically dies young after giving birth. The document also describes the Telugu teacher Sharanyacharya and his two daughters, Tiruvengadamma and her sister. It concludes with descriptions of fires during road construction and the summer heat, as well as the seasonal flooding of the Nagavali River during monsoons.
This story describes a traveler who encounters three people - a beautiful child, a handsome boy, and a young man - on his journey. With each person, he spends time playing, learning, and being in love. Though he loses each companion as he continues on his way, each new encounter brings him joy through play, education, and romance. The story depicts the traveler experiencing different stages of life through his time with each companion on his magical journey.
Mary is tasked by the Queen of the underwater world to convince people to stop polluting the oceans. She enlists the help of her friends and school to organize a beach cleanup. Pleased with her efforts, the Queen gives Mary addresses of 6 schools in other countries. Mary has an idea to invite these schools to her country to participate in joint environmental activities, such as a beach cleanup and creating art with sand. She hopes sharing stories about the underwater world will increase environmental awareness. Her teachers agree to contact the schools to propose the project.
FOR THOSE WHO BELIEVE, OUR JOURNEY IN THIS WORLD IS OFTEN REPEATED, DEPENDING ON WHAT OUR PURPOSE IS. IT EXISTS IN A CONTINUUM OF A SERIES OF REBIRTHS.
TO THOSE WHO REFUSE TO BELIEVE; WE COME ONLY ONCE .... AND DIE. ONLY ONCE.
TO THOSE WHOSE PURPOSE IS UNFULFILLED; WE JUST HAVE TO BE BORN AGAIN.
The document provides an overview of hypertext and its key characteristics including undefined structure, interactivity, and examples like Wikipedia. It discusses how hypertext engages readers through a reader-driven experience with linked content like text, images, videos and more. Readers can explore different paths and details in the text. The document then presents an excerpt from the beginning of the story "The City and the Sea" and includes some hyperlinks to further explain and demonstrate hypertext elements in the story.
The summary is as follows:
1. This story is about a tiny snail who longs to travel the world and hitches a ride on the tail of a humpback whale.
2. The whale takes the snail on an adventure across the seas, showing her icebergs, volcanoes, and other landscapes.
3. One day, the whale becomes lost and beaches himself in a bay. The snail realizes she must save the whale and leaves a trail on the school board that says "SAVE THE WHALE", alerting the children to come help push the whale back into the sea.
Every year on the second Sunday of Lent we hear the Gospel story of the Transfiguration. A story that speaks of the brilliant LIGHT of Christ shining on all gathered – but juxtaposed with the dark Cloud of God which casts shadows and frightens. I think we could all find it easy to associate the Divine with the Light of Christ…but with darkness?
See how the story of a starving 10 year old Ecuadorian girl can possibly shed light onto your darkness…
Little Waterdrop begins her journey around the world, meeting various animals along the way including a lion named Leo. She helps hydrate animals and helps plants grow by watering fields. Little Waterdrop and her friend Raindrop help bring water to places in need, such as an African village experiencing drought. Little Waterdrop's journey illustrates the importance of water and how it benefits all living things.
Please enjoy my novel. If you liked it a lot, I hope you'll go over to Amazon or another ebook retailer and buy it as an ebook. I'm trying a "busker" model....if you like it, in other words, please contribute some money by buying it and that will (hopefully) motivate me to write more novels. Without your support, I'm really not motivated, which is sad, but that's just the way it is.
https://www.amazon.com/Juliet-Sun-Gemma-Nishiyama-ebook/dp/B00BWVXYGS/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1499778269&sr=8-1&keywords=Juliet+is+the+Sun
1
A Worn Path
Eudora Welty
It was December—a bright frozen day in the early morning. Far out in the country there was an old Negro
woman with her head tied in a red rag, coming along a path through the pinewoods. Her name was
Phoenix Jackson. She was very old and small and she walked slowly in the dark pine shadows, moving a
little from side to side in her steps, with the balanced heaviness and lightness of a pendulum in a
grandfather clock. She carried a thin, small cane made from an umbrella, and with this she kept tapping
the frozen earth in front of her. This made a grave and persistent noise in the still air that seemed
meditative, like the chirping of a solitary little bird.
She wore a dark striped dress reaching down to her shoe tops, and an equally long apron of bleached
sugar sacks, with a full pocket: all neat and tidy, but every time she took a step she might have fallen over
her shoelaces, which dragged from her unlaced shoes. She looked straight ahead. Her eyes were blue with
age. Her skin had a pattern all its own of numberless branching wrinkles and as though a whole little tree
stood in the middle of her forehead, but a golden color ran underneath, and the two knobs of her cheeks
were illumined by a yellow burning under the dark. Under the red rag her hair came down on her neck in
the frailest of ringlets, still black, and with an odor like copper.
Now and then there was a quivering in the thicket. Old Phoenix said, 'Out of my way, all you foxes, owls,
beetles, jack rabbits, coons and wild animals! ... Keep out from under these feet, little bob-whites ... Keep
the big wild hogs out of my path. Don't let none of those come running my direction. I got a long way.'
Under her small black-freckled hand her cane, limber as a buggy whip, would switch at the brush as if to
rouse up any hiding things.
On she went. The woods were deep and still. The sun made the pine needles almost too bright to look at,
up where the wind rocked. The cones dropped as light as feathers. Down in the hollow was the mourning
dove—it was not too late for him.
The path ran up a hill. 'Seem like there is chains about my feet, time I get this far,' she said, in the voice of
argument old people keep to use with themselves. 'Something always take a hold of me on this hill—
pleads I should stay.'
After she got to the top, she turned and gave a full, severe look behind her where she had come. 'Up
through pines,' she said at length. 'Now down through oaks.'
Her eyes opened their widest, and she started down gently. But before she got to the bottom of the hill a
bush caught her dress.
Her fingers were busy and intent, but her skirts were full and long, so that before she could pull them free
in one place they were caught in another. It was not possible to allow the dress to tear. 'I in the thorny
bush,' she said. 'Thorns, you doing your appointed work. Never want to let folks pass—no, sir. Old eyes
thought you was a ...
6Lu Xun (1881 - 1936)Diary of a MadmanChineseModernismDrhetttrevannion
6
Lu Xun (1881 - 1936)
Diary of a MadmanChineseModernism
"Diary of a Madman" is a famous short story by Lu Xun, who is regarded as a great writer of modern Chinese literature. Lu Xun (surname: Lu, and the pen name of Zhou Shuren) was a short story writer, translator, essayist, and literary scholar. Although Lu was educated in the Confucian tradition when he was young, he later received a modern western education; he studied modern medicine in Japan and was exposed to western literature (including English, German, and Russian literatures). In 1918, "Diary of a Madman" was published in New Youth, a magazine of the New Culture Movement that promoted democracy, egalitarianism, vernacular literature, individual freedom, and women's rights. Inspired by the Russian writer Nikolai Gogol's story of the same title, Lu wrote this story, which is the first western-style story in vernacular Chinese. The cannibalistic society that the madman narrator sees is generally interpreted as a satirical allegory of traditional Chinese society based on Confucianism. Although Lu and his works were associated with leftist ideas (and Mao Zedong favored Lu's works), Lu never joined the Communist Party of China. The English translations of this short story include a version by William A. Lyell, a former professor of Chinese at Stanford University.Consider while reading:What elements of detective fiction does Borges include in "The Garden of Forking Paths"?How does having multiple possible outcomes influence the resolution of the text?How does Borges use the symbolism of the labyrinth?Borges is known for his use of magical realism and his work in the science fiction genre. How does Borges incorporate magical realism into "The Garden of the Forking Paths?" What effect does it create?
Kwon, Kyounghye. (n.d.). Compact Anthology of World Literature: The 17th and 18th Centuries (Part 6). Dahlonega, GA: University of North Georgia Press.
CC-BY-SA.
5
10
THE GARDEN PARTY
License: Public Domain
Katherine Mansfield
And after all the weather was ideal. They could not have had a more perfect
day for a garden-party if they had ordered it. Windless, warm, the sky without a
cloud. Only the blue was veiled with a haze of light gold, as it is sometimes in
early summer. The gardener had been up since dawn, mowing the lawns and
sweeping them, until the grass and the dark flat rosettes where the daisy plants
had been seemed to shine. As for the roses, you could not help feeling they
understood that roses are the only flowers that impress people at garden-parties;
the only flowers that everybody is certain of knowing. Hundreds, yes, literally
hundreds, had come out in a single night; the green bushes bowed down as
though they had been visited by archangels.
Breakfast was not yet over before the men came to put up the marquee.
"Where do you want the marquee put, mother?"
"My dear child, it's no use asking me. I'm determined to leave everything to
you children this year. Forget I ...
Students were given a poetry project to complete in one week. The project consisted of creating a newspaper blackout poem, a haiku from Haikubes, an acrostic, labeling poetic devices used in song lyrics, and imitating one poem from five collected by different poets. The students were asked to reflect on the imitation poem and the project.
Variables in a Research Study and Data CollectionIn this assignmen.docxdaniahendric
Variables in a Research Study and Data Collection
In this assignment, you will explore the variables involved in a research study.
Complete the following tasks:
Read the following articles from the Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL) Database in the South University Online Library.
Lee, A., Craft-Rosenberg, M. (2010). Ineffective family participation in
professional care: A concept analysis of a proposed nursing
diagnosis.
Nurs Diagn
. 2002 Jan-Mar;
13
(1), 5–14.
Witt, C. M., Lüdtke, R., Willich, S. N. (2010). Homeopathic treatment
of patients with migraine: A prospective observational study with
a 2-year follow-up period.
J Altern Complement Med
. 2010 Apr;
16
(4), 347–55. doi: 10.1089/acm.2009.0376.
Read the process for data collection employed in both these studies. Compare the method used in each of them.
Provide a bulleted list of the five tasks performed as part of data collection in each of them. Click
here
to enter your responses in the organizer.
.
Variation exists in virtually all parts of our lives. We often see v.docxdaniahendric
Variation exists in virtually all parts of our lives. We often see variation in results in what we spend (utility costs each month, food costs, business supplies, etc.). Consider the measures and data you use (in either your personal or job activities). When are differences (between one time period and another, between different production lines, etc.) between average or actual results important? How can you or your department decide whether or not the observed differences over time are important? How could using a mean difference test help?
.
Valerie Matsumoto's "Desperately Seeking "Deirde": Gender Roles, Multicultural Relations, and Nisei Women Writers of the 1930s," focuses on the writings of Deirde, a second generation Japanese American advice columnist. But as the abstract of this piece suggests, Matsumoto was not so much interested in the advice Deirde was giving her readers as much as she was interested in the questions her readers were asking the "Dear Abby"of their community in the mid-1930s to early 1940s. What were they asking about? From Deidre's columns, what were some of the concerns of the Japanese-American community during 1935-1941? While it is of extreme importance to study the experience of the Japanese-Americans during World War II , Matsumoto argues that it is also of importance to study the pre-war lives of Japanese-Americans. Why? What did these concerns reveal about the Japanese-American experience in the United States during this time period?
.
valerie is a 15 year old girl who has recently had signs of a high f.docxdaniahendric
valerie is a 15 year old girl who has recently had signs of a high fever, her parents took her to the ER and the test results say she has a bacterial infection and her white blood cells are trapping bacteria it is not binding with the vacuole and releasing necessarg enzymes to break the cell wall. What disease does valerie have?
.
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stood in the middle of her forehead, but a golden color ran underneath, and the two knobs of her cheeks
were illumined by a yellow burning under the dark. Under the red rag her hair came down on her neck in
the frailest of ringlets, still black, and with an odor like copper.
Now and then there was a quivering in the thicket. Old Phoenix said, 'Out of my way, all you foxes, owls,
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the big wild hogs out of my path. Don't let none of those come running my direction. I got a long way.'
Under her small black-freckled hand her cane, limber as a buggy whip, would switch at the brush as if to
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On she went. The woods were deep and still. The sun made the pine needles almost too bright to look at,
up where the wind rocked. The cones dropped as light as feathers. Down in the hollow was the mourning
dove—it was not too late for him.
The path ran up a hill. 'Seem like there is chains about my feet, time I get this far,' she said, in the voice of
argument old people keep to use with themselves. 'Something always take a hold of me on this hill—
pleads I should stay.'
After she got to the top, she turned and gave a full, severe look behind her where she had come. 'Up
through pines,' she said at length. 'Now down through oaks.'
Her eyes opened their widest, and she started down gently. But before she got to the bottom of the hill a
bush caught her dress.
Her fingers were busy and intent, but her skirts were full and long, so that before she could pull them free
in one place they were caught in another. It was not possible to allow the dress to tear. 'I in the thorny
bush,' she said. 'Thorns, you doing your appointed work. Never want to let folks pass—no, sir. Old eyes
thought you was a ...
6Lu Xun (1881 - 1936)Diary of a MadmanChineseModernismDrhetttrevannion
6
Lu Xun (1881 - 1936)
Diary of a MadmanChineseModernism
"Diary of a Madman" is a famous short story by Lu Xun, who is regarded as a great writer of modern Chinese literature. Lu Xun (surname: Lu, and the pen name of Zhou Shuren) was a short story writer, translator, essayist, and literary scholar. Although Lu was educated in the Confucian tradition when he was young, he later received a modern western education; he studied modern medicine in Japan and was exposed to western literature (including English, German, and Russian literatures). In 1918, "Diary of a Madman" was published in New Youth, a magazine of the New Culture Movement that promoted democracy, egalitarianism, vernacular literature, individual freedom, and women's rights. Inspired by the Russian writer Nikolai Gogol's story of the same title, Lu wrote this story, which is the first western-style story in vernacular Chinese. The cannibalistic society that the madman narrator sees is generally interpreted as a satirical allegory of traditional Chinese society based on Confucianism. Although Lu and his works were associated with leftist ideas (and Mao Zedong favored Lu's works), Lu never joined the Communist Party of China. The English translations of this short story include a version by William A. Lyell, a former professor of Chinese at Stanford University.Consider while reading:What elements of detective fiction does Borges include in "The Garden of Forking Paths"?How does having multiple possible outcomes influence the resolution of the text?How does Borges use the symbolism of the labyrinth?Borges is known for his use of magical realism and his work in the science fiction genre. How does Borges incorporate magical realism into "The Garden of the Forking Paths?" What effect does it create?
Kwon, Kyounghye. (n.d.). Compact Anthology of World Literature: The 17th and 18th Centuries (Part 6). Dahlonega, GA: University of North Georgia Press.
CC-BY-SA.
5
10
THE GARDEN PARTY
License: Public Domain
Katherine Mansfield
And after all the weather was ideal. They could not have had a more perfect
day for a garden-party if they had ordered it. Windless, warm, the sky without a
cloud. Only the blue was veiled with a haze of light gold, as it is sometimes in
early summer. The gardener had been up since dawn, mowing the lawns and
sweeping them, until the grass and the dark flat rosettes where the daisy plants
had been seemed to shine. As for the roses, you could not help feeling they
understood that roses are the only flowers that impress people at garden-parties;
the only flowers that everybody is certain of knowing. Hundreds, yes, literally
hundreds, had come out in a single night; the green bushes bowed down as
though they had been visited by archangels.
Breakfast was not yet over before the men came to put up the marquee.
"Where do you want the marquee put, mother?"
"My dear child, it's no use asking me. I'm determined to leave everything to
you children this year. Forget I ...
Students were given a poetry project to complete in one week. The project consisted of creating a newspaper blackout poem, a haiku from Haikubes, an acrostic, labeling poetic devices used in song lyrics, and imitating one poem from five collected by different poets. The students were asked to reflect on the imitation poem and the project.
Similar to All Summer in a Day by Ray Bradbury No one in the class .docx (18)
Variables in a Research Study and Data CollectionIn this assignmen.docxdaniahendric
Variables in a Research Study and Data Collection
In this assignment, you will explore the variables involved in a research study.
Complete the following tasks:
Read the following articles from the Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL) Database in the South University Online Library.
Lee, A., Craft-Rosenberg, M. (2010). Ineffective family participation in
professional care: A concept analysis of a proposed nursing
diagnosis.
Nurs Diagn
. 2002 Jan-Mar;
13
(1), 5–14.
Witt, C. M., Lüdtke, R., Willich, S. N. (2010). Homeopathic treatment
of patients with migraine: A prospective observational study with
a 2-year follow-up period.
J Altern Complement Med
. 2010 Apr;
16
(4), 347–55. doi: 10.1089/acm.2009.0376.
Read the process for data collection employed in both these studies. Compare the method used in each of them.
Provide a bulleted list of the five tasks performed as part of data collection in each of them. Click
here
to enter your responses in the organizer.
.
Variation exists in virtually all parts of our lives. We often see v.docxdaniahendric
Variation exists in virtually all parts of our lives. We often see variation in results in what we spend (utility costs each month, food costs, business supplies, etc.). Consider the measures and data you use (in either your personal or job activities). When are differences (between one time period and another, between different production lines, etc.) between average or actual results important? How can you or your department decide whether or not the observed differences over time are important? How could using a mean difference test help?
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Valerie Matsumoto's "Desperately Seeking "Deirde": Gender Roles, Multicultural Relations, and Nisei Women Writers of the 1930s," focuses on the writings of Deirde, a second generation Japanese American advice columnist. But as the abstract of this piece suggests, Matsumoto was not so much interested in the advice Deirde was giving her readers as much as she was interested in the questions her readers were asking the "Dear Abby"of their community in the mid-1930s to early 1940s. What were they asking about? From Deidre's columns, what were some of the concerns of the Japanese-American community during 1935-1941? While it is of extreme importance to study the experience of the Japanese-Americans during World War II , Matsumoto argues that it is also of importance to study the pre-war lives of Japanese-Americans. Why? What did these concerns reveal about the Japanese-American experience in the United States during this time period?
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valerie is a 15 year old girl who has recently had signs of a high f.docxdaniahendric
valerie is a 15 year old girl who has recently had signs of a high fever, her parents took her to the ER and the test results say she has a bacterial infection and her white blood cells are trapping bacteria it is not binding with the vacuole and releasing necessarg enzymes to break the cell wall. What disease does valerie have?
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Utilizing the Statement of Financial Position on page 196 of the Acc.docxdaniahendric
Utilizing the Statement of Financial Position on page 196 of the Accounting Fundamentals for Health Care Management text book (see attachement), compare the figures for 2013 and 2012. Compose a narrative of possible explanations for the documented charges in the year-end figures for the organization. Your response should be a minimum of 200 words in length and submitted in a Word document, utilizing APA format.
See attachment referencing Statement of Financial Position
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Utech Company has income before irregular items of $307,500 for the year ended December 31, 2014. It also has the following items (before considering income taxes): (1) an extraordinary fire loss of $53,000 and (2) a gain of $27,100 from the disposal of a division. Assume all items are subject to income taxes at a 39% tax rate.
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Using your textbook, provide a detailed and specific definition to.docxdaniahendric
Using your textbook, provide a detailed and specific definition to the following terms:
Transformation Leadership
Transactional Leadership
Laissez-Faire Leadership
Idealized Influence
Inspirational Motivation
Intellectual Stimulation
Idealized Consideration
Contingent Reward
Management by Exception
Kouzes and Posner wrote a book entitled the
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.
Using your text and at least one scholarly source, prepare a two to .docxdaniahendric
Using your text and at least one scholarly source, prepare a two to three page paper (excluding title and reference page), in APA format, on the following:
Explain the difference between Charity Care and Bad Debt in a healthcare environment.
Explain how the patient financial services personnel assist in determining which category the uncollectible account should be placed.
Discuss the financial implications of gross uncollectibles on the bottom line of the healthcare institution, and explain how these are recorded on the financial statements.
This is the textbook that we are on:
Epstein, L. & Schneider, A. (2014).
Accounting for Health Care Professionals
. San Diego, CA: Bridgepoint Education, Inc.
.
Using Walgreen Company as the target organization complete the.docxdaniahendric
Using
Walgreen Company
as the target organization complete the following three-step process:
First, conduct an external assessment and complete either an EFE or CPM. Use the following five websites in conducting your assessment:
http://marketwatch.com
www.hoovers.com
http://moneycentral.msn.com
http://us.etrade.com/e/t/invest/markets
http://globaledge.msu.edu/industries
Second, conduct an internal assessment and complete an IFE. Use the following documents, which may be found in the target organization’s corporate website:
Most current Form10K document
Most current Annual Report
Then develop a well-written paper describing the findings that you discovered by
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from the external assessment and from the internal assessment.
Present facts.
Consider putting some of the data into a graphical display (chart, figure, table) to present information in a clear way. Use citations to substantiate your ideas. Insert the completed matrixes as appendixes and reference them within the body of the paper according to APA standards.
Your paper should meet the following requirements:
Be 2-3 pages in length
Be formatted according to
APA GUIDELINES
Cite a minimum of three outside sources.
Include all required elements, including a reference page and required appendixes.
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Using the text book and power point on Interest Groups, please ans.docxdaniahendric
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Using the template provided in attachment create your own layout.R.docxdaniahendric
Using the template provided in attachment create your own layout.
Review the Goals
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Use the "How to Change Consumer Behavior" file
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Use a Site Architecture Excel File to let the IT Developer know sub menus
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1.
What is primary memory? What are the characteristics of primary memory?
2.
What is the process of memory from perception to retrieval? What happens when the process is compromised?
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.
Using the Tana Basin in Kenya,1.Discuss the water sources and .docxdaniahendric
Using the Tana Basin in Kenya,
1.
Discuss the water sources and their quality - ( 5 marks)
2.
Outline the factors that influence their potential uses - (5 marks)
3.
Identify and map the current users of water in the catchment - (15 marks)
4.
Map the potential source of pollution in the catchment - (5 marks)
Need three pages APA format.
.
Using the template provided in a separate file, create your own la.docxdaniahendric
Using the template provided in a separate file, create your own layout.
Review the Goals
Who is the Persona you are trying to reach?
Use the "How to Change Consumer Behavior" file
Integrate social media
A Twitter feed needs to be on the Home Page
Use a Site Architecture Excel File to let the IT Developer know sub menus
Simplify wherever you can. What is the 1 message you want the viewer to remember?
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Using the "Sex(abled) video, the sexuality section in the Falvo text (Chapter 12), and your own thoughts and experiences as context, describe prominent issues related to forming intimate relationships by people with intellectual disabilities. You may consider the viewpoints from caregivers and family members, educators, societal attitudes, counselors or support personnel, and viewpoints from people with disabilities. You may include disabilities outside of intellectual disabilities if you wish.
Watch Video: Sexuality and Relationships
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Using the required and recommended resources from this week and last, as well as ‘found’ resources, identify at least one specific example of groups or individuals in your community, state, or at the national level that exemplify the following themes and include a brief description of why you feel this example meets the concept. Add a link for any ‘found’ resources.
Works “with” young people rather than conducting activities “for” them.
Creates an atmosphere that sparks young people’s aspirations.
Digs deep and incorporates key elements of authentic youth involvement by making sure that:
Youth are valued and heard
Youth shape the action agenda
Youth build assets for and with each other
Why is it important for programs and or organizations to work “with” young people rather than “for” them?
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Using the Internet, textbook or related resources, research the crea.docxdaniahendric
Using the Internet, textbook or related resources, research the creation and role of the Federal Reserve. Then in a 1-2 page paper, address the following:
When was the Federal Reserve created and for what purpose?
How does the Federal Reserve manipulate our economy to foster economic growth?
Research at
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specific policies instituted by the Federal Reserve.
Finally give an analysis as to why or why not you feel these policies were successful. Remember to support your position with cited sources
Due Sunday 11/30/14 at 11am CST, in APA format with APA bibliography
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Philippine Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) CurriculumMJDuyan
(𝐓𝐋𝐄 𝟏𝟎𝟎) (𝐋𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐨𝐧 𝟏)-𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐬
𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐮𝐬𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐄𝐏𝐏 𝐂𝐮𝐫𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐮𝐦 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐏𝐡𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐩𝐩𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐬:
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𝐄𝐱𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐍𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐒𝐜𝐨𝐩𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐚𝐧 𝐄𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐮𝐫:
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Gender and Mental Health - Counselling and Family Therapy Applications and In...PsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
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Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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This presentation was provided by Rebecca Benner, Ph.D., of the American Society of Anesthesiologists, for the second session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session Two: 'Expanding Pathways to Publishing Careers,' was held June 13, 2024.
All Summer in a Day by Ray Bradbury No one in the class .docx
1. All Summer in a Day
by Ray Bradbury
No one in the class could remember a 3me when there
wasn't rain.
“Ready?"
"Ready."
"Now?"
"Soon."
"Do the scien:sts really know? Will it happen today, will
it?"
"Look, look; see for yourself!"
The children pressed to each other like so many roses, so
many weeds, intermixed, peering out for a look at the hidden
sun.
It rained.
It had been raining for seven years; thousand upon
thousands of days compounded and filled from one end to the
other with rain, with the drum and gush of water, with the
sweet crystal fall of showers and the concussion of storms so
heavy they were :dal waves come over the islands. A thousand
forests had been crushed under the rain and grown up a
thousand :mes to be crushed again. And this was the way life
was forever on the planet Venus, and this was the schoolroom
of the children of the rocket men and women who had come to
a raining world to set up civiliza:on and live out their lives.
2. "It's stopping, it's stopping!"
"Yes, yes!"
Margot stood apart from these children who could never
remember a :me when there wasn't rain and rain and rain.
They were all nine years old, and if there had been a day, seven
years ago, when the sun came out for an hour and showed its
face to the stunned world, they could not recall. Some:mes, at
night, she heard them s:r, in remembrance, and she knew they
were dreaming and remembering and old or a yellow crayon or
a coin large enough to buy the world with. She knew they
thought they remembered a warmness, like a blushing in the
face, in the body, in the arms and legs and trembling hands.
But then they always awoke to the taQng drum, the endless
shaking down of clear bead necklaces upon the roof, the walk,
the gardens, the forests, and their dreams were gone.
All day yesterday they had read in class about the sun.
About how like a lemon it was, and how hot. And they had
wriRen small stories or essays or poems about it:
I think the sun is a flower,
That blooms for just one hour.
That was Margot's poem, read in a quiet voice in the s:ll
classroom while the rain was
falling outside.
"Aw, you didn't write that!" protested one of the boys.
"I did," said Margot. "I did."
"William!" said the teacher.
But that was yesterday. Now the rain was slackening, and
the children were crushed in the great thick windows.
"Where's teacher?"
3. "She'll be back."
"She'd beRer hurry, we'll miss it!"
They turned on themselves, like a feverish wheel, all
tumbling spokes.
Margot stood alone. She was a very frail girl who looked as
if she had been lost in the rain for years and the rain had
washed out the blue from her eyes and the red from her mouth
and the yellow from her hair. She was an old photograph
dusted from an album, whitened away, and if she spoke at all
her voice would be a ghost. Now she stood, separate, staring at
the rain and the loud wet world beyond the huge glass.
"What're you looking at?" said William.
Margot said nothing.
":Speak when you're spoken to." He gave her a shove. But
she did not move; rather she let herself by moved only by him
and nothing else.
They edged away from her, they would not look at her. She
felt them go away. And this was because she would play no
games with them in the echoing tunnels of the underground
city. If they tagged her and ran, she stood blinking aVer them
and did not follow. When the class sang songs about happiness
and life and games her lips barely moved. Only when they sang
about the sun and the summer did her lips move as she
watched the drenched windows.
And then, of course, the biggest crime of all was that she
had come here only five years ago from Earth, and she
remembered the sun and the way the sun was and the sky was
when she was four in Ohio. And they, they had been on Venus
all their lives, and they had been only two years old when last
the sun came out and had long since forgoRen the color and
4. heat of it and the way it really was. But Margot remembered.
"It's like a penny," she said once, eyes closed.
"No it's not!" the children cried.
"It's like a fire," she said, "in the stove."
"You're lying, you don't remember!" cried the children.
But she remembered and stood quietly apart from all of
them and watched the paRerning windows. And once, a month
ago, she had refused to shower in the school shower rooms,
had clutched her hands to her ears and over her head,
screaming the water mustn't touch her head. So aVer that,
dimly, dimly, she sensed it, she was different and they knew her
difference and kept away.
There was talk that her father and mother were taking her
back to earth next year; it seemed vital to her that they do so,
though it would mean the loss of thousands of dollars to her
family. And so, the children hated her for all these reasons of
big and liRle consequence. They hated her pale snow face, her
wai:ng silence, her thinness, and her possible future.
"Get away!" The boy gave her another push. "What're you
wai:ng for?"
Then, for the first :me, she turned and looked at him. And
what she was wai:ng for was in her eyes.
"Well, don't wait around here!" cried the boy savagely.
"You won't see nothing!"
Her lips moved.
"Nothing!" he cried. "It was all a joke, wasn't it?" He
5. turned to the other children. "Nothing's happening today. Is
it?"
They all blinked at him and then, understanding, laughed
and shook their heads. "Nothing, nothing!"
"Oh, but," Margot whispered, her eyes helpless. "But this
is the day, the scien:sts predict, they say, they know, the sun. . .
."
"All a joke!" said the boy, and seized her roughly. "Hey,
everyone, let's put her in a closet before teacher comes!"
"No," said Margot, falling back.
They surged about her, caught her up and bore her,
protes:ng, and then pleading, and then crying, back into a
tunnel, a room, a closet, where they slammed and locked the
door. They stood looking at the door and saw it tremble from
her bea:ng and throwing herself against it. They heard her
muffled cries. Then, smiling, they turned and went out and
back down the tunnel, just as the teacher arrived.
"Ready, children?" she glanced at her watch.
"Yes!" said everyone.
"Are we all here?"
"Yes!"
The rain slackened s:ll more.
They crowded to the huge door.
The rain stopped.
It was as if, in the midst of a film, concerning an avalanche,
a tornado, a hurricane, a volcanic erup:on, something had,
first, gone wrong with the sound apparatus, thus muffling and
finally cuQng off all noise, all of the blasts and repercussions
and thunders, and then, second, ripped the film from the
6. projector and inserted in its place a peaceful tropical slide
which did not move or tremor. The world ground to a stands:ll.
The silence was so immense and unbelievable that you felt your
ears had been stuffed or you had lost your hearing altogether.
The children put their hands to their ears. They stood apart.
The door slid back and the smell of the silent, wai:ng world
came in to them.
The sun came out.
It was the color of flaming bronze and it was very large.
And the sky around it was a blazing blue :le color. And the
jungle burned with sunlight as the children, released from their
spell, rushed out, yelling, into the spring:me.
"Now don't go too far," called the teacher aVer them.
"You've only two hours, you know. You wouldn't want to get
caught out!"
But they were running and turning their faces up to the sky
and feeling the sun on their cheeks like a warm iron; they were
taking off their jackets and leQng the sun burn their arms.
"Oh, it's beRer than the sun lamps, isn't it?"
"Much, much beRer!"
They stopped running and stood in the great jungle that
covered Venus, that grew and never stopped growing,
tumultuously, even as you watched it. It was a nest of octopi,
clustering up great arms of flesh-like weed, wavering, flowering
this brief spring. It was the color of rubber and ash, this jungle,
from the many years without sun. It was the color of stones
and white cheeses and ink, and it was the color of the moon.
The children lay out, laughing, on the jungle maRress, and
heard it sigh and squeak under them, resilient and alive. They
7. ran among the trees, they slipped and fell, they pushed each
other, they played hide-and-seek and tag, but most of all
they squinted at the sun un:l the tears ran down their faces,
they put their hands up to that yellowness and that amazing
blueness and they breathed of the fresh, fresh air and listened
and listened to the silence which suspended them in a blessed
sea of no sound and no mo:on. They looked at everything and
savored everything. Then, wildly, like animals escaped from
their caves, they ran and ran in shou:ng circles. They ran for an
hour and did not stop running.
And then—
In the midst of their running one of the girls wailed.
Everyone stopped.
The girl, standing in the open, held out her hand.
"Oh, look, look," she said, trembling.
They came slowly to look at her opened palm.
In the center of it, cupped and huge, was a single raindrop.
She began to cry, looking at it.
They glanced quietly at the sky.
"Oh. Oh."
A few cold drops fell on their noses and their cheeks and
their mouths. The sun faded behind a s:r of mist. A wind blew
cool around them. They turned and started to walk back
toward the underground house, their hands at their sides, their
smiles vanishing away.
A boom of thunder startled them and like leaves before a
new hurricane, they tumbled upon each other and ran.
Lightening struck ten miles away, five miles away, a mile, a
half
mile. The sky darkened into midnight in a flash.
They stood in the doorway of the underground for a
8. moment un:l it was raining hard. Then they closed the door
and heard the gigan:c sound of the rain falling in tons and
avalanches, everywhere and forever.
"Will it be seven more years?"
"Yes. Seven."
Then one of them gave a liRle cry.
"Margot!"
"What?"
"She's s:ll in the closet where we locked her."
"Margot."
They stood as if someone had driven them, like so many
stakes, into the floor. They looked at each other and then
looked away. They glanced out at the world that was raining
now and raining and raining steadily. They could not meet each
other's glances. Their faces were solemn and pale. They
looked at their hands and feet, their faces down.
"Margot.
One of the girls said, "Well . . .?"
No one moved.
"Go on," whispered the girl.
They walked slowly down the hall in the sound of the cold
rain. They turned through the doorway to the room in the
sound of the storm and thunder, lightening on their faces, blue
and terrible. They walked over to the closest door slowly and
stood by it.
Behind the closed door was only silence.
They unlocked the door, even more slowly, and let Margot
9. out.
Name:
Tamara Golson
Date:
11-18-19
Method Comparison Journal Exercise
Read the two research articles cited below and fill in what you
notice about their characteristics, similarities or differences in
the table below.
Qualitative Study:
Blixen, C., Perzynski, A. T., Bukah, A., Howland, M., &
Sajatovic, M. (2016). Patients’ perceptions of barriers to self-
managing bipolar disorder: A qualitative study. International
Journal of Social Psychology, 62(7), 635-644
Quantitative Study:
Boyers, G. B., & Rowe, L. S. (2018). Social support and
relationship satisfaction in bipolar disorder. Journal of Family
Psychology, 32(4), 538-543.
Characteristic
Qualitative
Quantitative
Research design
Sample size
Sampling method
Procedure
10. Measures and instruments
Data analysis technique
Results
Readability of report
Ethical considerations
Any other thoughts?
BRIEF REPORT
Social Support and Relationship Satisfaction in Bipolar
Disorder
Grace B. Boyers and Lorelei Simpson Rowe
Southern Methodist University
Social support is positively associated with individual well-
being, particularly if an intimate partner provides
that support. However, despite evidence that individuals with
bipolar disorder (BPD) are at high risk for
relationship discord and are especially vulnerable to low or
11. inadequate social support, little research has
explored the relationship between social support and
relationship quality among couples in which a partner has
BPD. The current study addresses this gap in the literature by
examining the association between social
support and relationship satisfaction in a weekly diary study.
Thirty-eight opposite-sex couples who were
married or living together for at least one year and in which one
partner met diagnostic criteria for BPD
completed up to 26 weekly diaries measuring social support and
relationship satisfaction, as well as psychiatric
symptoms. Results revealed that greater social support on
average was associated with higher average
relationship satisfaction for individuals with BPD and their
partners, and that more support than usual in any
given week was associated with higher relationship satisfaction
that week. The converse was also true, with
greater-than-average relationship satisfaction and more
satisfaction than usual associated with greater social
support. The results emphasize the week-to-week variability of
social support and relationship satisfaction and
the probable reciprocal relationship between support and
satisfaction among couples in which a partner has
BPD. Thus, social support may be important for maintaining
relationship satisfaction and vice versa, even after
controlling for concurrent mood symptoms.
Keywords: bipolar disorder, marriage, social support,
longitudinal, relationship satisfaction
Bipolar disorder (BPD) is a severe and chronic illness charac-
terized by extreme mood shifts (American Psychiatric
Association,
2000) and impairment in occupational and social functioning,
even
between affective episodes (Fagiolini et al., 2005; Judd &
12. Akiskal,
2003). Individuals with BPD are less likely to marry or live
with
a romantic partner, and those who do are at higher risk for
relationship distress and dissolution compared to individuals
with
other psychiatric disorders and those without mental illness
(Co-
ryell et al., 1993; Judd & Akiskal, 2003; Whisman, 2007). Rela-
tionship dysfunction has been attributed to a number of factors,
including patient mood symptoms (e.g., Lam, Donaldson,
Brown,
& Malliaris, 2005), caregiver burden (Reinares et al., 2006),
and
deficits in psychosocial functioning (Coryell et al., 1993).
Partners
of individuals with BPD are also at risk for social, occupational,
and financial distress, and symptoms of depression and anxiety
(Lam et al., 2005). The high risk for individual and couple
distress
has led to calls to investigate factors that may buffer the
negative
effects of illness and improve functioning among individuals
with
BPD and their partners (Reinares et al., 2006).
One potential buffering factor is social support. Multiple
studies
with nonclinical samples have demonstrated a positive
association
between social support and individual well-being (for a review,
see
Cohen & Wills, 1985), particularly when an intimate partner is
the
support provider (e.g., Beach, Martin, Blum, & Roman, 1993).
13. This effect has been documented with both self-report and ob-
served data, concurrently and over time (e.g., Cutrona & Suhr,
1994; Sullivan, Pasch, Johnson, & Bradbury, 2010). Moreover,
social support appears to buffer the effects of individual and
couple-level stress on individual and relationship functioning
(Bodenmann, 1995) and facilitate caring and intimacy (Cohen &
Wills, 1985). This research is consistent with the intimacy
process
model (Reis & Patrick, 1996), which suggests that intimacy de-
velops through exchanges that convey validation and
understand-
ing, especially in response to expressions of vulnerability. In
contrast, inadequate or miscarried social support attempts are
associated with declines in relationship quality over time (e.g.,
Brock & Lawrence, 2009).
For individuals with BPD, lack of social support (in either the
quality or the number of supportive relationships) is associated
with lower medication compliance and greater stress (e.g., Kul-
hara, Basu, Mattoo, Sharan, & Chopra, 1999). In contrast, the
Grace B. Boyers and Lorelei Simpson Rowe, Department of
Psychology,
Southern Methodist University.
The analyses presented in this study were conducted in
fulfillment of
Grace B. Boyers’s master’s thesis and have not previously been
published.
Previous versions of the analyses presented in this study were
presented
as a poster at the Annual Conference of the Association for
Behavioral and
Cognitive Therapies in November 2015 and as a paper at the
Annual
14. Conference of the Southwestern Psychological Association in
April 2016.
Other analyses using this data set were presented in Rowe and
Miller
Morris (2012).
Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to
Lo-
relei Simpson Rowe, Department of Psychology, Southern
Methodist
University, P.O. Box 750442, Dallas, TX 75275-0442. E-mail:
[email protected]
T
hi
s
do
cu
m
en
t
is
co
py
ri
gh
te
d
by
19. house, & Miller, 1999). However, no known research has
directly
studied the association between social support and relationship
satisfaction within the context of BPD. This is particularly
impor-
tant because, although individuals with BPD have a high need
for
social support, they often do not receive it (Coryell et al.,
1993).
Likewise, their partners receive less social support than partners
of
individuals without mental illness; this has been attributed to
limited social activities as well as lower support from the
partner
with BPD (Dore & Romans, 2001). In the current study, we
examine the association between social support and relationship
satisfaction among individuals with BPD and their intimate
part-
ners using an intensive longitudinal diary method. This method
permits evaluation of fluctuation of variables over time,
whereas
the existing, predominantly cross-sectional research does not.
That
is, we can assess the overall association between relationship
satisfaction and social support as well as the association
between
fluctuations in each variable.
Second, we focus on each participant’s report of emotional
support they received from their partner (e.g., expressions of
care
and understanding). We focus on perceived social support
because
associations between one partner’s report of support provision
and
the other’s report of support receipt are often weak (Haber,
20. Cohen,
Lucas, & Baltes, 2007), reflecting the subjective nature of
social
support and variability in support provision skill (Howland &
Simpson, 2010). That is, one partner may engage in actions in-
tended to be supportive that the other partner does not perceive
as
helpful, which can decrease relationship satisfaction (Bolger &
Amarel, 2007). We also focus on emotional support,
specifically,
because it is more universally acceptable than instrumental
support
(i.e., active assistance; Cutrona & Suhr, 1992).
We examined weekly reports of partner provision of social
support from individuals with BPD and their partners,
hypothesiz-
ing that (a) individuals with BPD would report receiving more
support than would their partners. We also tested the hypotheses
that (b) support would be positively associated with relationship
satisfaction on average and (c) support in any given week would
be
positively associated with relationship satisfaction in that week.
Finally, because there is reason to believe that social support
and
relationship satisfaction build upon each other in a reciprocal
fashion (Dunkel-Schetter & Skokan, 1990), we tested the
converse
hypotheses that (d) relationship satisfaction would be associated
with support on average and (e) satisfaction in any given week
would be positively associated with support in that week. We
controlled for patient and partner depressive symptoms and
patient
manic symptoms because own and partner symptoms correlate
with relationship satisfaction and social support (Lam et al.,
2005;
21. Lee et al., 2011; Whisman, Uebelacker, & Weinstock, 2004).
Method
Participants
Thirty-eight individuals with a lifetime diagnosis of bipolar I
(90%) or bipolar II (10%) disorder and their opposite sex
partners
participated in a 6-month weekly diary study. In 71% of cases,
the
individual with bipolar disorder (hereafter referred to as the pa-
tient) was female. Participants ranged in age from 25 to 64
years,
with a mean age of 44 years (SD � 10) for patients and 46 years
(SD � 11) for partners. The sample was predominantly non-
Hispanic White (92% of patients, 84% of partners), with the
remainder identifying as Hispanic of any race (5% of patients
and
8% of partners) or other (3% of patients, 8% of partners).
Partic-
ipants had 15 years of education on average (SD � 3 years) and
50% of patients and 76% of partners were employed, with a
median household income of $4,500 per month. All couples had
been living together for at least 1 year, with an average
relationship
length of 12 years (SD � 10), and 84% were married. In 76% of
couples, at least one partner had a biological child (children’s
age
ranged from 1 to 41 years), with a mean of 2.86 children (SD �
1.66) among couples who had children.
Procedure
The study was conducted in a large southwestern city in the
22. United States. All procedures were approved by the local
institu-
tional review board. Couples were recruited through Internet
and
newspaper advertisements and presentations to local mental
health
consumer organizations. To participate, one partner had to meet
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fourth
edition (DSM–IV; American Psychiatric Association, 2000)
crite-
ria for bipolar I or II disorder, and the other partner could not
meet
criteria for a bipolar spectrum disorder or a primary psychotic
disorder. The couple had to be married and/or cohabiting for at
least one year, and partners had to be between the ages of 25
and
64 years, have completed a tenth-grade education or higher, and
be
able to read and understand English.
After providing informed consent, participants completed a bat-
tery of questionnaires and clinical interviews (including those
to
confirm diagnostic eligibility) at a laboratory assessment. At
the
end of the assessment, participants completed the first weekly
diary, described below, and received instructions for completing
and returning weekly diaries for the next 6 months. Participants
received $125 each ($250 per couple) in compensation for com-
pleting the initial laboratory session and $5 for each completed
diary. They were asked to complete the weekly diaries indepen-
dently from their partner and return them in self-addressed,
stamped envelopes. To encourage timely completion of diaries,
participants received payment only if the post date of the diary
was
within 3 days of the due date; only data from these diaries were
23. included in analyses. Participants completed an average of 20
weekly diaries (range � 2–26, SD � 8), with 74% completing at
least 20, 8% completing 10–20, 9% completing 5–10, and 8%
completing 4 or fewer.
Measures
Diagnosis and symptoms. The Structured Clinical Interview
for DSM–IV Axis I disorders, research version, patient edition
(SCID-I/P; First, Spitzer, Gibbon, & Williams, 2002) was used
to
confirm diagnostic eligibility. The SCID was administered by
clinical psychology doctoral students under the supervision of
the
primary investigator. Patients and their partners completed the
SCID-I/P independently with different interviewers. The SCID-
I/P
is a reliable and well-validated diagnostic tool (e.g., First,
Spitzer,
T
hi
s
do
cu
m
en
t
is
co
py
28. had
acceptable agreement.
Patient and partner weekly depressive symptoms were assessed
with the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9; Kroenke,
Spitzer,
& Williams, 2001), a nine-item measure of DSM–IV depressive
symptoms experienced in the past week. Symptoms were rated
on
a scale ranging from 0, not at all, to 3, nearly every day, with
total
scores ranging from 0 to 27. The PHQ-9 is well validated and
reliable, with good specificity and sensitivity to change
(Kroenke
et al., 2001). Coefficient alpha for the first diary was .91 for
patients and .88 for partners. First-week diary scores were
corre-
lated with Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (Hamilton,
1960)
scores obtained at the laboratory assessment, r � .67 for
patients,
.77 for partners, ps � .001.
Patient weekly manic symptoms were measured using the Alt-
man Self Rating Scale for Mania (ASRM; Altman, Hedeker,
Peterson, & Davis, 1997), a five-item measure of manic
symptoms
in which participants rate symptoms on a scale ranging from 0
to
4; total scores can range from 0 to 20. The ASRM is correlated
with clinician-rated measures of mania and has good reliability
and
specificity (Altman et al., 1997). Coefficient alpha for ASRM
scores in the first diary was .89. First-week diary scores were
correlated with the Young Mania Rating Scale (Young, Biggs,
Ziegler, & Meyer, 1978) scores obtained at the laboratory
29. assess-
ment, r � .77, p � .001.
Relationship satisfaction. Weekly relationship satisfaction
was measured by a single item, “All things considered, how
happy
have you felt in your relationship in the last week?” on a nine-
point
scale ranging from 0, very unhappy, to 8, perfectly happy. First-
week satisfaction scores were positively correlated with self-
reported relationship satisfaction at the laboratory assessment
us-
ing the Dyadic Adjustment Scale (Spanier, 1976), r � .46 for
patients and .39 for partners, ps � .05. Previous studies have
documented the validity of single-item measures of constructs
such as relationship closeness (Aron, Aron, & Smollan, 1992),
life
satisfaction (Antonucci, Lansford, & Akiyama, 2001), and well-
being (Pavot & Diener, 1993).
Social support. Participants reported on weekly support using
a single item, “My partner has provided emotional support for
me,” on a scale ranging from 0, not at all, to 8, very much.
Social
support from the first diary week was correlated with reports of
overall social support from the partner on the Social Provisions
Scale (Cutrona & Russell, 1987), obtained at the laboratory as-
sessment, r � .40 for patients and .57 for partners, ps � .05.
Although social support and relationship satisfaction are
correlated
and some older measures of relationship satisfaction have
included
items about social support (Fincham & Bradbury, 1987), more
recent research shows that they are related, but distinct,
constructs
(e.g., Funk & Rogge, 2007).
30. Data Analytic Plan
Multilevel models with distinguishable dyads (patient vs. part-
ner) across up to 26 weeks of diaries (diary completed at the
laboratory assessment plus 25 additional diaries) were used to
test
the hypotheses. Data that were missing at random, such as
skipped
individual items in multi-item scales (.01% of the PHQ-9 items
and .002% of the ASRM items), were imputed using EM
imputa-
tion procedures. Missing single items measuring relationship
sat-
isfaction and social support were not imputed (8.1% of the rela-
tionship satisfaction items, 0.2% of the social support items)
because it was impossible to know whether the item was
missing
at random or on purpose.
Models were estimated in SAS PROC MIXED (SAS Institute,
Cary, NC) using restricted maximum likelihood. The intraclass
correlation (as calculated for a dual-intercept empty-means
model)
for relationship satisfaction was .51 for patients and .39 for
part-
ners, indicating that 51% and 39% of the variance in
relationship
satisfaction was due to between-person mean differences in pa-
tients and partners, respectively, with the remaining variance
oc-
curring at the within-person level. The intraclass correlation for
social support was .56 for patients and .53 for partners,
indicating
that approximately half of the variance in social support was
31. due
to between-person mean differences. Thus, examination of
within-
person means for both relationship satisfaction and social
support
was justified.
We used modified Actor-Partner Interdependence Models
(Kenny, 1996), including separate fixed and random intercepts
for
patients and partners (Atkins, 2005), as shown in the equation
for
relationship satisfaction below. Independent variables were
disag-
gregated into Level 2 person-mean (PM) and Level 1 within-
person (WP) components (Singer & Willett, 2003). Person-mean
variables were grand-mean centered by partner, and WP
variables
were centered at each individual’s mean score. We included
both
actor and partner effects for weekly depressive symptoms but
only
the actor effect of manic symptoms for patients and the partner
effect for partners because partners, by definition, had very low
levels of manic symptoms. The autoregressive coefficient for
the
dependent variable (i.e., the individual’s score from the
previous
week) was included in all models to control for the possibility
that
the association between present week satisfaction and support
was
due to the effect of past week values. Patient sex was not
included
in the analyses reported below because it did not moderate
effects
32. (analyses including sex as a moderator are available from the
authors upon request).
Relationship satisfactionti � (patient)��00 � �01(PM social
supporti)
� �02(PM actor PHQ-9i) � �03(PM partner PHQ-9i)
� �04(PM actor ASRMi) � �10(WP social supportti)
� �20(WP actor PHQ-9ti) � �30(WP partner PHQ-9ti)
� �40(WP actor ASRMti) � �50(previous week satisfactionti)
� ε0i� � (partner)��100 � �101(PM social supporti)
� �102(PM actor PHQ-9i) � �103(PM partner PHQ-9i)
��104(PM partner ASRMi) � �110(WP social supportti)
� �120(WP actor PHQ-9ti) � �130(WP partner PHQ-9ti)
� �140(WP partner ASRMti) � �150(previous week
satisfactionti)
� ε10i�
Results
Participants reported moderate levels of relationship
satisfaction
(patients: M � 4.71, SD � 2.34; partners: M � 4.76, SD �
2.17)
and emotional support (patients: M � 5.04, SD � 2.17;
partners:
M � 4.26, SD � 2.26) on average over the course of the study.
37. ed
br
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dl
y.
540 BOYERS AND SIMPSON ROWE
Patients had moderate symptoms of depression (M � 7.10, SD
�
6.78) and mild symptoms of mania (M � 2.23, SD � 3.55) on
average, whereas partners had mild symptoms of depression (M
�
1.85, SD � 3.12).
As expected, a test of the difference of the intercept coefficients
using an empty-means model revealed that partners reported
less
emotional support than patients, t(37.7) � �2.96, p � .005 (Hy-
pothesis 1). Next, we tested the hypotheses that support on
average
would be positively associated with relationship satisfaction on
average (Hypothesis 2) and that support in any given week
would
be associated with concurrent relationship satisfaction in that
week
(Hypothesis 3). We regressed weekly satisfaction onto person-
mean and within-person support, controlling for past week satis-
faction and person-mean and within-person psychiatric
symptoms.
As hypothesized, person-mean support was positively associated
38. with average relationship satisfaction for patients, b � .51, SE
�
.09, p � .001, and partners, b � .35, SE � .10, p � .002, and
within-person support was positively associated with within-
person relationship satisfaction for patients, b � .32, SE � .04,
p � .001, and partners, b � .33, SE � .04, p � .001 (see Table
1).
Finally, we tested the converse hypotheses that satisfaction
would be positively associated with support, on average
(Hypoth-
esis 4), and that satisfaction in any given week would be
associated
with concurrent support (Hypothesis 5), controlling for past
week
support and person-mean and within-person psychiatric symp-
toms. As expected, person-mean relationship satisfaction was
pos-
itively associated with average support for patients, b � .58, SE
�
.11, p � .001, and partners, b � .34, SE � .14, p � .02, and
within-person relationship satisfaction was positively associated
with within-person support for patients, b � .24, SE � .04, p �
.001, and partners, b � .23, SE � .03, p � .001 (see Table 2).
Discussion
As expected, partners received less social support than patients,
suggesting that partners of individuals with BPD may be at risk
for
inadequate social support in their relationships. Also as
hypothe-
sized, average social support was positively associated with
aver-
age relationship satisfaction, and greater-than-average support
39. within any given week was associated with greater-than-average
relationship satisfaction that week, controlling for patient and
partner mood symptoms and previous week relationship
satisfac-
tion. The converse hypotheses, with support as the dependent
variable and person-mean and within-person relationship
satisfac-
tion as the independent variables, were also supported. These
results are consistent with the literature (e.g., Cutrona & Suhr,
1994; Sullivan et al., 2010) and expand the existing body of
knowledge by demonstrating a reciprocal association between
support and satisfaction. This pattern is consistent with the inti-
macy process model (Reis & Patrick, 1996), in which support in
times of vulnerability enhances intimacy, increasing the
likelihood
of future expressions of vulnerability.
Our results also highlight the important relationship between
social support and relationship satisfaction among couples in
which a partner has BPD, over and above the well-documented
effects of patient and partner mood symptoms on relationship
functioning (e.g., Lam et al., 2005). Indeed, our results
emphasize
the need to go beyond the focus on patient symptoms and func-
tioning alone in understanding BPD and to include broader rela-
tionship outcomes. Specifically, although individuals with BPD
and their partners are at high risk for relationship distress and
dissolution (Coryell et al., 1993; Whisman, 2007), the current
study shows that at least some couples coping with BPD are
able
to sustain high levels of satisfaction. However, the association
between social support and relationship satisfaction may also
indicate that low levels of either variable may have reciprocal
effects, leading to declines in the other. In addition, the lower
levels of support reported by partners may reflect an imbalance
in
40. support provision that could contribute to eventual relationship
distress and caregiver burden (Brock & Lawrence, 2009; Lam et
al., 2005). Alternatively, it may be that individuals with BPD
simply need more support than their partners and the results
reflect
the differential need.
Table 1
Predicting Relationship Satisfaction by Patient and Partner
Social Support
Variable Patient B (SE) Partner B (SE)
Intercept 3.29��� (.21) 3.42��� (.22)
Weekly emotional support,
person-mean .51��� (.09) .35�� (.10)
Weekly emotional support,
within-person .32��� (.04) .33��� (.04)
Control variables
Previous week satisfaction .29��� (.03) .29��� (.03)
Own PHQ-9, person-mean �.09�� (.03) .04 (.06)
Own PHQ-9, within-person �.07��� (.02) �.15��� (.03)
Own ASRM, person-mean �.03 (.07) —
Own ASRM, within-person .03 (.02) —
Partner PHQ-9, person-mean �.003 (.06) �.05 (.03)
Partner PHQ-9, within-person �.02 (.04) .001 (.02)
Partner ASRM, person-mean — .004 (.08)
Partner ASRM, within-person — .05� (.02)
Note. PHQ-9 � Patient Health Questionnaire; ASRM � Altman
Self-
Rating Scale for Depression.
� p � .05. �� p � .01. ��� p �.001.
41. Table 2
Predicting Social Support by Patient and Partner
Relationship Satisfaction
Variable Patient B (SE) Partner B (SE)
Intercept 3.88��� (.25) 3.23��� (.23)
Weekly relationship satisfaction,
person-mean .58��� (.11) .34� (.14)
Weekly relationship satisfaction,
within-person .24��� (.04) .23��� (.03)
Control variables
Social support the previous week .23��� (.04) .26��� (.04)
Own PHQ-9, person-mean .03 (.04) �.01 (.07)
Own PHQ-9, within-person �.002 (.02) �.12��� (.03)
Own ASRM, person-mean .02 (.09) —
Own ASRM, within-person .03 (.09) —
Partner PHQ-9, person-mean .02 (.07) �.06 (.04)
Partner PHQ-9, within-person �.07� (.03) �.04�� (.02)
Partner ASRM, person-mean — .15 (.09)
Partner ASRM, within-person — .03 (.02)
Note. PHQ-9 � Patient Health Questionnaire; ASRM � Altman
Self-
Rating Scale for Depression.
� p � .05. �� p � .01. ��� p � .001.
T
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46. y.
541RELATIONSHIP SATISFACTION IN BPD
Limitations
The primary limitation in the current study is the use of single-
item measures of relationship satisfaction and social support.
Single-item measures limit the information that can be obtained
about multifaceted constructs; future studies of social support in
couples with BPD using more comprehensive measures of both
variables are important to replicate our findings. In addition,
the
sample was relatively small and is not likely to be
representative of
all couples in which a partner has BPD. Indeed, the low levels
of
mood symptoms, on average, suggest that this may be a
relatively
high-functioning sample, although many patients in the study
experienced weeks in which depressive and/or manic symptoms
were quite high. Finally, the majority of participants were
White,
so the results may not generalize to a more diverse sample.
Implications and Future Directions
Social support from an intimate partner is highly beneficial
(e.g.,
Cutrona & Suhr, 1994) as long as support is provided with some
degree of skill and balanced, with neither partner experiencing
too
much burden of support provision or feeling inadequate as a
47. result
of needing support (Bolger & Amarel, 2007; Brock & Lawrence,
2009). Our findings extend the literature on social support to
individuals with BPD and their partners. Unfortunately, couples
in
this population may be less skilled in support provision and ac-
ceptance than couples without severe mental illness, given the
high
rates of relationship dysfunction in BPD (Coryell et al., 1993;
Judd
& Akiskal, 2003; Whisman, 2007). Future research will need to
explore the skill with which patients with BPD and their
partners
provide support to each other and factors that may interfere
with
support provision (e.g., severe mood episodes, substance abuse,
and stress). Experimental manipulation of support provision
through psychoeducation or instructions may also enhance our
understanding of the association between support and
relationship
satisfaction within this population. Such research has the
potential
to inform relationship and family-based interventions that may
benefit individuals with BPD and their loved ones.
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Accepted November 15, 2017 �
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67. high rates of suicide and high financial costs (Murray &
Lopez, 1997; Zaretsky, Rizvi, & Parikh, 2007). Prevalence
in the United States may be as high as 3.7% for BD spec-
trum disorders (American Psychiatric Association, 2002;
Hirschfeld, Calabrese, & Weissman, 2002). A cornerstone
of treatment for individuals with BD is mood stabilizing
medications such as lithium, anticonvulsants and atypical
antipsychotic medication (American Psychiatric
Association, 2002; Goodwin & Young, 2003; Yatham
et al., 2005); yet, roughly half of individuals with BD are
non-adherent with medication (Lingam & Scott, 2002;
Perlick, Rosenheck, Kaczynski, & Kozma, 2004; Sajatovic,
Valenstein, Blow, Ganoczy, & Ignacio. 2006, 2007).
Concurrent with the use of medications, Chronic Disease
Self-Management (CDSM) programs can empower
patients and improve health outcomes by emphasizing the
central role of the individual in managing their mental and
physical health while collaborating with health-care pro-
fessionals and systems (Janney, Bauer, & Kilbourne, 2014;
Lorig, 2015; Lorig, Ritter, Pifer, & Werner, 2015).
Evidence-based skills shown to be effective in BD and
amenable to chronic disease self-management include the
following: psychoeducation, monitoring moods, social
functioning, sleep hygiene, setting goals and relapse plans
and adopting healthy lifestyle plans (Janney, Bauer, &
Kilbourne, 2014). However, self-management is challeng-
ing for many individuals with BD; there are numerous bar-
riers that can impede progress and success.
Few studies have specifically addressed patients’ per-
ceptions of barriers to self-management of BD; most have
focused on risk factors for poor adherence (Lingam &
Scott, 2002; Perlick et al., 2004; Sajatovic et al., 2006,
2007). In this qualitative analysis, perceived barriers to
68. Patients’ perceptions of barriers to
self-managing bipolar disorder:
A qualitative study
Carol Blixen1,2, Adam T Perzynski2, Ashley Bukach1,
Molly Howland3 and Martha Sajatovic4,5
Abstract
Background: Self-management of bipolar disorder (BD) is
challenging for many individuals.
Material: Interviews were used to assess perceived barriers to
disease self-management among 21 high-risk patients
with BD. Content analysis, with an emphasis on dominant
themes, was used to analyze the data.
Results: Three major domains of barriers emerged: individual
barriers (psychological, knowledge, behavioral and physical
health); family/community-level barriers (lack of support and
resources); and provider/healthcare system (inadequate
communication and access to care).
Conclusion: Care approaches providing social and peer support,
optimizing communication with providers and
integrating medical and psychiatric care may improve self-
management of BD in this vulnerable population.
Keywords
Bipolar disorder, barriers, self-management
1 Department of Psychiatry, Case Western Reserve University,
Cleveland, OH, USA
2 Center for Health Care Research and Policy, MetroHealth
Medical
Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
3 School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University,
Cleveland, OH,
69. USA
4 Department of Psychiatry, Neurology, and Biostatistics &
Epidemiology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve
University,
Cleveland, OH, USA
5 Neurological Institute, University Hospitals Case Medical
Center,
Cleveland, OH, USA
Corresponding author:
Carol Blixen, Department of Psychiatry, Case Western Reserve
University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
Email: [email protected]
666572 ISP0010.1177/0020764016666572International Journal
of Social PsychiatryBlixen et al.
research-article2016
Original Article
mailto:[email protected]
http://crossmark.crossref.org/dialog/?doi=10.1177%2F00207640
16666572&domain=pdf&date_stamp=2016-09-19
636 International Journal of Social Psychiatry 62(7)
self-management among high-risk patients with BD were
assessed as part of a large, on-going US National Institutes
of Mental Health (NIMH)-funded, randomized controlled
trial (RCT). This RCT is testing a novel customized adher-
ence enhancement (CAE) intervention intended to pro-
mote BD medication adherence versus an educational
control (EDU) intervention in poorly adherent individuals
with BD. Our findings can enrich our understanding of the
70. processes that impact the outcomes of this RCT and may
help clinicians and researchers integrate the consideration
of these factors into effective care delivery practices.
Methods
Sample and setting
Participants (n = 21) from the RCT were recruited at base-
line for the present analysis. For qualitative research, this
sample size is within the recommended number of 5–25
individuals who have all experienced the same phenomena
(Polkinghorne, 1989). Non-adherence was assessed by the
Tablets Routine Questionnaire (TRQ) as the percentage of
days with missed doses in the past week for each pre-
scribed foundational oral medication for the treatment of
BD. For individuals who were on one or more founda-
tional medication, an average was calculated in order to
gather information on the full BD treatment regimen.
Higher TRQ scores are a reflection of worse medication
adherence (Scott & Pope, 2002). In addition, a sampling
grid designed to ensure variability in gender, age, race/eth-
nicity and randomization group was used in the recruit-
ment of the medication non-adherent participants. The
study was conducted in the Department of Psychiatry of a
Midwestern urban hospital in the United States and was
approved by the local Institutional Review Board. All par-
ticipants provided written informed consent.
The mean age of the sample was 47.29 (standard devia-
tion (SD) = 11.06) years, 15 (71.4%) were women and the
mean level of education was 12.10 (SD = 2.31) years. Only
3 (14.3%) were married, and 18 (85.7%) were disabled or
unemployed. In all, 13 (61.9%), identified themselves as
African-American, 5 (23.8%) as Caucasian, 1 (4.8%) as
Hispanic and 3 (14.3%) as others. In all, 17 (81.0%) had
71. type I BD, and 3 (14.3%) had type II BD. The average age
of onset was 22.05 (SD = 10.31) years, and the average
number of psychiatric hospitalizations was 4.15
(SD = 3.47). We have limited data on comorbid physical
health conditions for the 21 participants in this qualitative
study. This type of information was not collected until
approximately 6 months after the study had started, when
many of them had completed their participation. However,
comorbidities reported for the whole sample in the RCT
(n = 160) revealed the leading conditions to be hyperten-
sion 59 (45.7%), arthritis 73 (45.6%) and high cholesterol
39 (38.0%).
Study design
In this cross-sectional qualitative study, a thematic analyti-
cal approach was used to develop a deeper understanding
of the perceived barriers to optimal self-management of
BD (Strauss, 1987). In this approach, researchers move
their analysis from a broad reading of the data toward dis-
covering patterns and developing themes.
Qualitative data collection and analysis
Individual face-to-face semi-structured interviews, con-
ducted as part of the baseline assessment in the RCT, were
used to collect narrative data on self-management barriers.
The goal of using this type of interview was to explore a
topic more openly and to allow interviewees to express
their opinions and ideas in their own words. Semi-
structured interviews are an appropriate strategy for learn-
ing the vocabulary, and discovering the thinking patterns,
of the target audience as well as for discovering unantici-
pated findings and exploring hidden meanings (Marshall
& Rossman, 2006). Therefore, respondents were given as
much latitude as possible to describe the strategies they
72. used to manage their chronic disease. A topic guide was
used to focus the discussion on main topics and specific
topic-related questions. For example, under the topic, ‘bar-
riers to managing BD’, the following question was asked:
‘What sort of things get in the way, or prevent you from
managing/taking care of your BD?’ Follow-up questions
such as ‘Would you explain further’, and ‘Would you give
me an example?’ were used to facilitate respondent com-
munication. Interviews, which lasted approximately an
hour, were audiotaped and transcribed verbatim.
In qualitative research, data collection, coding and anal-
ysis occur simultaneously. Emerging insights can be incor-
porated into later stages of data generation, enhancing the
comprehensiveness of the results (Strauss, 1987). We used
a thematic content analysis approach to data analysis,
encompassing open, axial and sequential coding and the
constant comparative method to generate constructs
(themes) and elaborate the relationship among constructs
(Strauss, 1987). A coding dictionary that included mutu-
ally exclusive code definitions was then constructed.
Coding structure was reviewed after a preliminary analysis
of a sub-sample of transcripts, and the dictionary was
refined through comparison, categorization and discussion
of each code’s properties and dimensions (Strauss, 1987).
Significant statements and themes attached to the codes
enabled identification/characterization of perceived barri-
ers to self-management of BD. Reduction of data in this
manner enabled us to write a composite description that
represented the essence of the phenomenon (perceptions
of ‘how’ and ‘why’) individuals with BD have problems
with self-managing. To ensure qualitative rigor throughout
the inquiry process, an audit trail was developed which
73. Blixen et al. 637
documented all research discussions, meetings and activi-
ties. In addition, two qualitatively trained investigators
(C.B., A.P.) independently coded each transcript to ensure
consistency and transparency of the coding; discrepancies
were resolved by discussion.
Results
Analysis of the data generated three major domains of bar-
riers to disease self-management among patients with BD:
(1) personal-level barriers, (2) family- and community-
level barriers and (3) provider- and health-care system–
level barriers.
Personal-level barriers
In Table 1, themes and illustrative quotations emerging
from the discussion of individual-level barriers to self-
management are shown. We classified these themes into
the four categories that reflected the personal barriers that
our respondents faced in trying to self-manage their BD:
(1) psychological, (2) knowledge, (3) behavioral and (4)
physical health.
Psychological barriers
Stigma and isolation. As noted in Table 1, having BD was
stigmatizing, causing respondents to feel perceived as dif-
ferent from others, resulting in a loss of self and social
isolation:
I feel different from other people. Sometime I feel God gave
me a bad hand. If I can’t think like most people, or you
know, do stuff like other people, it gets to me. (Respondent
74. #2004)
I like to play chess, but I don’t go nowhere to play chess.
Normally, I sit with the pieces by myself. (Respondent #2012)
Taking medications for BD was also perceived as stigma-
tizing because everyone would then know they had a men-
tal illness:
It took a long time for me to take the medicine because I
didn’t want to be classified as having a mental illness because
I thought I’d be ostracized … If my friends knew that I was
taking medicine because I was bipolar, they’ll say I am crazy.
(Respondent #2006)
Knowledge barriers
Diagnosis and causes. There was a paucity of knowledge
about BD, ranging from the diagnosis itself to causes of
the disease:
I had a long time problem trying to understand it because I
thought bipolar was two people in one and this evil side and
this good side would come in and out. (Respondent #2006)
… I still don’t understand what constitutes it. To understand it
is the first issue. And since I don’t understand what symptoms
are, I gotta first know ‘em before I can say I’m aware of ‘em.
(Respondent #2052)
While some described the cause of their BD as a ‘chemical
imbalance of the brain’ or ‘genetic’, many other causes
were cited which ranged from traumatic childhoods:
I’ve had a few tragedies, you know, coming up in childhood
and stuff, but I don’t know if that had something to do with it.
75. (Respondent #2009)
To being born of alcoholic parents as well as their own
alcohol and drug use:
I thought because me being a child alcoholic that has
something to do with my parents drinking when I was born.
(Respondent #2006)
Table 1. Personal-level barriers to disease self-management
among poorly adherent patients with bipolar disorder (BD) (n =
21).
Themes and categories Illustrative quotations from respondents
Psychological barriers
Stigma and isolation
‘It’s kinda weird. People look at you differently. When you say,
well, I have bipolar disorder, it’s like
you’re crazy or something. Stay away from her’. (Respondent
#2015)
‘… I isolate a lot. I try to stay away from people; basically just
stay in my room. I just lock my doors
and stay in the house all the time’. (Respondent #2052)
Knowledge barriers
Diagnosis and causes
‘I have no understanding of Bipolar Disorder. Once I understand
what it is that I have and why
I’m what I am, then maybe I’ll understand why I sometimes
respond or do things the way I do’.
(Respondent #2052)
‘I would like to know what causes it, but I don’t. I just figured I
was just born like this’. (Respondent
76. #2012)
Behavioral barriers
Attitudes and lifestyle
issues
‘I don’t like being controlled by my medication, and being so
dependent upon it. I just try to do it on
my own. I don’t want to be stuck on medicine all the rest of my
life’. (Respondent #2009)
‘Bipolar is a serious disease because I make irrational, crazy
decisions, mainly when I’m manic. Then I
have to face the consequences’. (Respondent #2003)
Physical health barriers ‘But being bipolar and dealing with
having HIV is sort of like a tough issue because I’m dealing
with
two things!’ (Respondent #2005)
638 International Journal of Social Psychiatry 62(7)
It has something to do with my brain, you know. I know I did
a lot of damage to myself. … drugs and alcohol play a part in
damaging my brain. (Respondent #2005)
Most respondents described their symptoms of BD as
mood swings, manic behavior and/or depression, but one
respondent described his symptoms as something called
the HALT:
But then when I get home, sometime I get real lonely and get
that H-A-L- T–where you get hungry, angry, lonely and tired.
… it’s like I’m shutting down, and I don’t know when I’m
coming out of it. (Respondent #2015)
77. Behavioral barriers
Attitudes. All the respondents agreed that BD was a very
serious illness:
It’s basically one of those illnesses, like cancer or AIDS or
something like that. So, it’s very serious, like heart attacks or
those illnesses that can take your life. (Respondent #2020)
However, negative or ambivalent attitudes about medica-
tions prescribed for their BD posed barriers to self-man-
agement. These included complaints about side effects,
which ranged from dry mouth, inability to concentrate,
drowsiness, weight gain to out-of-body experiences:
… it’s almost like an out-of-body experience. Like even just
looking into the world, like walking down the street, it would
seem so far away. And it would seem like it took extra effort
to pick up my legs and to move … it was a very uncomfortable
and edgy feeling. And I couldn’t handle it. (Respondent
#2016)
Frustration with keeping up a medication routine and skip-
ping medications on days when they were feeling good
were also common attitudes:
A lot of times I stop taking my medication, because I get tired
of just the routine of taking medication. I’ll just get up one
morning and just say ‘I ain’t taking it’. Then a few days go by
where I haven’t took it and then I just start lookin for some
drugs. (Respondent #2012)
Sometimes you feel you don’t need to take it maybe because
you feel fine or something, so the good days could be skip
days. (Respondent #2005)
78. For some, being in a relationship meant that they avoided
taking medications, while others felt that they didn’t need
to take them:
If I start a relationship, I stop taking medication because I
don’t want them to know what I got (BD). (Respondent #2007)
I don’t see myself being one of those people who need it
(medication). So, I have a messed up way of thinking.
(Respondent #2020)
Lifestyle issues. One of the major barriers to self-manage-
ment was making irrational decisions which led to a spiral
of negative consequences and despair:
I make irrational decisions mainly when I’m manic. I make
crazy, bad decisions, and then I have consequences. I got
arrested because I had warrants on me from 2012 for being
argumentative and irritable in public places. And when the
cops approached me, I would be yelling and screaming. And
then I got jail for eight days and lost my job … (Respondent
#2013)
One respondent described her sudden decision to move out
of state with her three children because she looked on-line
and saw
… these big beautiful houses they have in Georgia, that you
can get for less price that you can get here. The problem was
I didn’t have enough money and no support. I didn’t have a
car and everybody would tell me not to go to Georgia without
having transportation. But I went anyway, sold everything
and dragged my three kids with me, uprooted them. I was
manic, I was excited and then I came back to reality, and
moved back here, and became very depressed after that.
79. (Respondent #2015)
Limited finances, lack of transportation and drug and alcohol
use were also cited as barriers to self-management of BD:
I have no social activities. I have no money to socialize, even
Bingo costs money. (Respondent #2002)
I have a lot of problems going to get meds and seeing my
doctor. A lot of times I don’t have bus fare. (Respondent
#2012)
I’m a recovering addict, and I sometimes have my back slides.
I’m somebody who experimented with a lot of things and just
got it down to just two, smoking marijuana or doing cocaine
or crack. I’m weaning myself – slowly but surely. (Respondent
#205)
Physical health barriers
As noted in Table 1 and below, respondents also cited
comorbid physical illnesses as barriers to management of
their mental illness:
… I have diabetes, chronic arthritis, and chronic asthma. I
have a history of pulmonary embolisms and deep vein
thrombosis. Did I miss any? Oh, I also have high blood
pressure and asthma. (Respondent #2093)
Blixen et al. 639
I was diagnosed with diabetes type one thirteen years ago. I
take insulin and that interacts with bipolar and causes mood
swings too. It’s even more dangerous to have type one
80. interacting with bipolar than type two because you go from
low to high very quickly. (Respondent #2013)
In summary, respondents in the study cited many personal
barriers to self-management of BD which included per-
ceived stigma and isolation, lack of knowledge about the
disease itself and their own negative attitudes toward med-
ications which ranged from denial of their need for them to
feelings of being controlled and dependent. Other personal
barriers included their own chaotic lifestyles and comorbid
physical diseases which also complicated management of
their BD.
Family- and community-level barriers
Table 2 shows themes, descriptive codes and illustrative
quotations emerging from the discussion of family- and
community-level barriers. Two key barrier categories were
as follows: (1) limited understanding of BD and (2) limited
community resources.
Limited understanding of BD
Lack of support. In addition to their feeling isolated and
alone, respondents felt an overwhelming lack of sup-
port from family and the community in which they
lived:
Well, they try, but they don’t really know. They think they
know and a lot of them just don’t think there’s anything wrong
with me. Like the lady I stay with, she try to understand, but
she really don’t understand. (Respondent #2012)
Well my husband, he has a mental illness too. Schizophrenic
… paranoia. I mean, he might understand but he basically
don’t like to talk about certain things anyways, so I don’t
81. know if he understands. (Respondent #2005)
Estrangement. Having BD sometimes led to estrangement
from family:
Yep, that’s what my family does, they avoid me. And they say
it’s because I live on the west side, and they live all the way
out on the east side. They got a car. I don’t. I compare my
situation to my friends and their relationship with their
families and I’m like well, her cousins come over and visit
her. You know, it’s like no matter where I live if you’re
concerned, then show it! (Respondent #2007)
I don’t have family in the United States. It’s just me. The last
few years really, my communications with them went from
bad to worse. (Respondent #2013)
Stressful relationships. Friction, misunderstandings and
sometimes abuse added additional barriers to self-manag-
ing their BD:
And like even with your family, you can tend to get more
stressed, get angry at each other and get frustrated …
(Respondent #2005)
I live with my boyfriend and it’s been an on and off twenty
year abusive relationship. And as my mind gets a little bit
clearer, he’s not liking it. He’s so used to keeping me, like in
his control, you know. He’s been physical with me and with
my dog, cause when he goes at me, my dog goes at him. And
he don’t like that. I’ve put him in prison before for domestic
violence. (Respondent #2016)
Negative attitudes about medications for BD
Because of misinformation and beliefs about BD, family
82. members and even community support groups often gave
respondents incorrect advice about taking medications for
their BD:
My family is always telling me ‘I don’t think you need to take
the medication, I think you need to call the doctor’.
(Respondent #2011)
… and people telling me ‘Girl you don’t need that medicine,
just all you need to do is cut the stress in your life, you don’t
need the medicine. You looked zooted out. You know, I can
tell you’re on medicine’. And that makes me say ‘Okay, I
don’t need it no more’. But I know I do. (Respondent #2007)
Table 2. Family and community barriers to disease self-
management among poorly adherent patients with bipolar
disorder (BD)
(n = 21).
Themes and categories Illustrative quotations from respondents
Limited understanding
of BD
‘My father thinks I should just get over it, that it’s just in my
head. Like I’m making it out to be more
than what it is. My father just don’t get it and I don’t think he
ever will. He’s just set in his ways and
he thinks I’m just stupid and just do these things. (Respondent
#2016)
‘You have people that tell you, “Oh you don’t need that
(medications), you just need God.” But you
know, I know I need them. I know that I need it, that’s the one
thing I know’. (Respondent #2008)
Limited community
83. resources
‘Right now I stay with a friend. I’m homeless. I been tryin to
get some help with subsidized housing,
but I can’t seem to get no help, unless I stay at this shelter, S.G.
And I know if I go down to S.G. and
stay, I’ll wind up usin drugs, cause it’s a lot of drugs down
there’. (Respondent #2012)
640 International Journal of Social Psychiatry 62(7)
I used to go to this one AA meeting, and they were saying no
drugs or alcohol whatsoever and they tried to implicate that
you shouldn’t even take mental health drug and stuff because
they felt that the effect of them got you high, which is not true.
(Respondent #2006)
Limited community resources
Unstable living situations, homelessness and limited
income often led to living in shelters where self-managing
BD was especially difficult and led to a spiral of despair:
I stay with a friend, but she don’t want me there, because she
wants an intimate relationship. And I don’t want an intimate
relationship with her. So, basically, I don’t have a home.
(Respondent #2012)
The problem is a lot of housing programs I do not qualify for,
because I’m not a permanent resident or an American citizen
for the last seven years, which is a requirement. So I have to
go back down to the shelter. It’s been very hard for me to
accept it. And that’s triggering my depression. (Respondent
#2013)
84. When you have a limited income, it’s hard to find housing.
It’s hard to find programs where you can go to be able to get
some type of help. They don’t give you any avenues of
resources. They’ll tell you ‘well, go down to the welfare
building’. Welfare building cannot help you … it’s even more
frustrating when you get down there and you have to deal
with the social workers, supervisors, the people down there,
the people waiting in the lobby. It’s crazy and it’s another
thing, more stress added on to you. (Respondent #2011)
In summary, family and community issues such as lack of
social support, limited understanding of BD, misinforma-
tion about medication, stressful relationships and limited
income and housing options posed what respondents per-
ceived as insurmountable barriers to self-management of
BD.
Provider- and health-care system–level barriers
Table 3 shows themes, descriptive codes and illustrative
quotations emerging from the discussion of provider- and
health-care system–level barriers. Two key categories of
barriers emerged from the data: (1) patient/provider rela-
tionships and (2) access to care.
Patient/provider relationships
Ineffective communication. For respondents, the major bar-
rier to having a good patient/provider relationship was the
inability of their provider to communicate with them.
Many times respondents didn’t understand what their pro-
viders told them during visits because of the use of unfa-
miliar words or medical jargon:
I’m developmentally delayed, and I don’t comprehend things
85. as well as most people. If you don’t break it down to something
in basically layman’s terms that I can understand, I’m not
gonna understand what they say … (Respondent #2020)
The emphasis on medication-prescribing during the visit,
instead of listening, was also seen as a barrier to effective
communication:
I’m looking at her and she’s looking at me and it’s making me
feel like I’m really crazy or I don’t know what I’m saying. It’s
hard to get them to understand and they just give you you
pills, and bye bye! I don’t want your drugs. I just want you to
hear me, what I’m telling you! (Respondent #2004)
Another reported aspect of poor provider communication
skills was provider body language that made them feel as
though they were ‘just another patient’:
She really didn’t say much. She kinda just sat there… no
rapport whatsoever. It wasn’t that I didn’t understand what
she was saying, but her body language! A lot of times people
don’t realize your body language will speak louder than what
your verbal words say. When I see that your body language is
speaking to me, as if you’re like, ‘oK’ here we go with another
hard luck person with a hundred problems. (Respondent
#2011)
Access to care
Appointment issues. As noted in Table 3, getting an appoint-
ment with a mental health provider was a long and frustrat-
ing process, and infrequent scheduled appointments left
too much time for respondents to remember what they
wanted to report or talk about:
I’ve seen him maybe twice over the last six months. By the
86. time I get around to seeing him, I can’t remember. But I know
there’s something important I want to talk to him about, but
we’re already on another issue, then I can’t frame what the
question’s gonna be or why I’m asking the question.
(Respondent #2052)
Turnover in providers. Most of the respondents received
their care from resident physician trainees who often
rotated off the service after a period of time. Turnover in
providers left respondents feeling frustrated and often pre-
vented the formation of a therapeutic relationship. For
those who had made progress in managing their BD, the
loss of the provider was especially discouraging:
… at L.S. you never can tell who you’re gonna get. It’s like a
box of chocolates … I could have somebody one week and
somebody the next week. … I always want the same person.
I’ll wait three months to get an appointment, and then that
person is no longer there. So, there’s a turnover. And I don’t
get to build up a relationship. (Respondent #2093)
Blixen et al. 641
Well I wish she had stayed. She left there and went over to B.
She was, as far as I’m concerned, the very best therapist that I
had. I was making leaps and bounds with her and being able
to be myself, which is rare. I have a new one. His name’s Q.I.
They canceled the last meeting. I’m tryin to get back on track
to where I see him. (Respondent #2052)
In summary, respondents cited ineffective communication
with their provider as a major barrier to forming a thera-
peutic relationship. Communication problems were com-
pounded by difficulties getting an appointment and the
87. subsequent rapid turnover in providers.
Discussion
In this well-characterized sample of poorly adherent peo-
ple with BD, qualitative analysis identified a number of
barriers to self-management that have important implica-
tions as to how best to help and empower high-risk indi-
viduals. First, participants with BD identified barriers to
self-management that spanned individual, family/commu-
nity and provider/healthcare system domains. This is con-
sistent with McLeroy, Bibeau, Steckler, and Glanz’s (1988)
social ecological model of health behavior. This model
posits that behavior, actions and events are influenced by
individual, interpersonal, organizational, community and
policy factors.
Second, the internalized stigma associated with having
a mental illness was clearly articulated by some partici-
pants. Internalized stigma, or self-stigma, occurs when
individuals accept society’s assessment and incorporate it
into their sense of self (Corrigan, Kerr, & Knudsen, 2005;
Ellison, Mason, & Scior, 2013; Latalova et al., 2013). In a
meta-analysis of internalized stigma in people living with
mental illness, Livingston and Boyd (2010) found a
striking negative relationship between internalized stigma
and psychosocial variables (hope, self-esteem and empow-
erment), medication adherence and a positive relationship
with psychiatric symptom severity. In addition to internal-
ized stigma, or perhaps because of it, isolation and a loss of
self were common themes among participants. Charmaz
(1983) describes this loss of self as a form of suffering felt
by those living with a chronic illness who ‘observe their
former self-images crumbling away without the simultane-
ous development of equally valued ones’. This author con-
88. cludes that this loss of self results in ‘restricted lives, social
isolation, and feeling that one’s illness has become a major
source of identity’.
Third, while social support is known to be helpful for
chronic illness self-management (Gallant, 2003; Strom &
Egede, 2012), in this study, there appeared to be a marked
absence of social support from families and communities.
This included negative attitudes toward psychotropic med-
ications and limited resources such as income and housing
resources. Medication adherence in BD treatment has been
shown to be related to a number of factors, among them
psychosocial support, number of comorbid illnesses and
attitudes toward medications (Lingam & Scott, 2002;
Perlick et al., 2004; Sajatovic et al., 2007).
Fourth, communication is crucial to building a thera-
peutic clinician–patient relationship and delivering high-
quality care (Arora, 2003; Fong Ha & Longnecker, 2010;
Roter, 1983; Stewart, 1995); yet, there were those respond-
ents who felt that they couldn’t understand what their pro-
vider said, or they were viewed impersonally, ‘as just
another patient’. Ineffective provider communication and
resultant dissatisfaction are not unique to the participants
in our study, and patient surveys have consistently shown
a desire for better communication with their clinicians
(Duffy et al., 2004).
Table 3. Provider and health-care system–level barriers to
disease self-management among poorly adherent patients with
bipolar
disorder (n = 21).
Themes and categories Illustrative quotations from respondents
Patient/provider
89. relationships
‘That’s fine and well, but it would be nice if I understood what
is all goin on, so I can at least
appreciate the visit, half hour though it may be … I: … then I
can at least understand or know which
direction I’m goin, or at least I’ll have a workin knowledge of
why you’re asking the questions you
are asking me, or whatever. When I see my therapist again, I’m
gonna ask him to explain to me what
the hell bipolar is – nobody ever told me’. (Respondent #2052)
‘The same questions every time. It’s just a standard group of
questions. Do I hear voices? Can I read
other people’s minds? Sometime I want to tell what’s goin on.
Like, if my brother, sister dies, my
past. I’ll get upset about that and I want to vent. I wanna get
that out. It’s like, I go in just to get a
prescription for meds’. (Respondent #2093)
Access to care ‘It’s been over a year. They state you have to
have a referral. Well, if that’s the case I’m still waiting
almost two years for that same referral for someone to call me.
Hey look, what does it take? Me to
hurt myself or someone else or to really have a bad, you know,
reaction for myself, in order to get
some help. I need to speak to somebody. I got a lot of issues’.
(Respondent #2089)
‘… but every six months they give you a new one (therapist)
anyway. So you don’t really have a
chance to have a close relationship. So, personally I try not to
discuss anything with them that I feel is
very personal to me’. (Respondent #2006)
642 International Journal of Social Psychiatry 62(7)
90. An additional finding from this qualitative analysis was
that reported comorbid physical illnesses complicated self-
management of BD. Physical illnesses are more prevalent
in people with serious mental illness (SMI) than in the
general population (DeHertet al., 2011), but there is a sig-
nificant lack of awareness of the physical health and
health-care access problems for people with SMI. Mental
health treatments in the United States are often delivered
separately from clinical settings for primary, or other,
medical specialty care. Most of the respondents in this
study received their psychiatric care from Community
Mental Health Centers (CMHCs) which generally provide
an array of mental health services; however, care is often
not integrated with primary care or other specialty care. In
addition, medical settings may be poorly equipped to
assess and manage individuals with more severe psychiat-
ric symptoms. A recent systematic review of mortality in
mental disorders (Walker, McGhee, & Druss, 2015) noted
that approximately two-thirds of deaths in people with
mental disorders are due to causes like heart disease and
diabetes. Care of chronic medical conditions in those with
mental illness requires an approach that promotes healthy
behaviors and coordinates care between mental health and
medical systems.
It is possible that changing elements in the health-care
climate, such as the addition of primary care services to
CMHC infrastructures, increased use of electronic health
records that facilitate communication between primary and
specialty care providers, and between providers and
patients, may help to minimize the barriers to physical and
mental health–integrated care delivery. Furthermore, many
experts believe that the increased presence of medical
homes, a model that seeks to facilitate partnerships among
the patient, his or her primary care physician and the
91. patient’s family can solve many of the problems related to
concurrent care of people with both physical and mental
illnesses (Bodenheimer & Pham, 2010). Another element
to incorporate into the health-care system may be the use of
peer educators. Peer support, provided by individuals who
have a SMI such as BD, can teach and model self-manage-
ment, help normalize the illness experience, promote hope
for recovery and increase feelings of empowerment and
self-esteem (Repper & Carter, 2011; Schon, 2015). Peers
may also help in reducing the feelings of stigma associated
with BD, provide social support for individuals who feel
isolated and improve outcomes. Indeed, a recent evaluation
of peer support services for individuals with SMI (Chinman,
et al., 2014) found that compared with professional staff,
peers were better able to reduce inpatient use and improve
a range of recovery outcomes.
Although our findings on overall barriers to disease
self-management among patients with BD have implica-
tions for informing care, there are some limitations.
Patients with BD who receive care in other treatment set-
tings, or those who have less severe or disabling illness,
may have different experiences in managing this chronic
illness and different types of encounters with providers
and health-care systems. At the same time, the focus on
poorly adherent patients facilitated an understanding on
barriers to self-management among those who are most in
need for intervention. The small convenience sample and
the conduct of the study in a single urban area in the United
States may limit transferability of the study findings. In
addition, our inability to obtain only limited information
on comorbid physical health conditions for our 21 partici-
pants may indicate that this randomly chosen sample may
not be representative of the entire data set. These limita-
tions are offset, to some extent, by the use of rigorous
92. qualitative research methods described in this study . The
self-report method is direct, versatile and yields informa-
tion that would be difficult, if not impossible, to gather by
other means.
Conclusion
Our findings indicate that poorly adherent patients with
BD had internalized the sense of stigma associated with
having a mental illness. Additionally, they had inadequate
knowledge about the causes and management of their
mental disorder, little or no social support from family and
community, stressful relationships, family estrangement,
multiple comorbid conditions, alcohol and substance
abuse, and chaotic lifestyles. All these factors posed innu-
merable barriers to self-management for the study respond-
ents. Care approaches that provide social and peer support,
locate resources, optimize communication with providers
and integrate medical and psychiatric care may improve
self-management and reduce health complications in this
vulnerable population.
Additional areas of future research should further
explore the topic of adherence enhancement in individuals
with BD as it relates to specific barriers. Our qualitative
data illustrate that adherence barriers are not uniform, and
it is likely that a one-size-fits-all approach will not satisfy
the needs of many with this chronic mental illness.
Targeted, or personalized, approaches that address specific
challenges to adherence are likely to yield benefits that can
help diverse individuals in a variety of settings.
Conflict of interest
The author(s) declared the following potential conflicts of inter-
est with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication
93. of
this article: Dr Sajatovic has research grants from Pfizer,
Merck,
Janssen, Reuter Foundation, Woodruff Foundation, Reinberger
Foundation, National Institute of Health (NIH) and the Centers
for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Dr Sajatovic is a
con-
sultant to Bracket, Prophase, Otsuka, Pfizer and Sunovion and
has received royalties from Springer Press, Johns Hopkins
University Press, Oxford Press, UpToDate and Lexicomp. None
of the other authors declare conflict of interest.
Blixen et al. 643
Funding
The author(s) disclosed receipt of the following financial
support
for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article:
Research reported in this publication was supported by the
National Institute of Mental Health of the National Institutes of
Health under award no. R01MH093321. Support was also
received from the Clinical and Translational Science of
Cleveland, UL1TR000439, from the National Center for
Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS) component of the
National Institutes of Health and NIH Roadmap for Medical
Research. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors
and does not necessarily represent the official views of the
National Institutes of Health.
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