project research

1. i
ASSESSING THE DETERMINANTS FOR ADOPTION OF AUTOMATION IN
ACADEMIC LIBRARIES IN BAUCHI STATE
BY
ALIYU, SHEHU YAKUBU
(PGS/14-15/5/M/3050)
A THESIS SUBMITTD TO THE SCHOOLOF POSTGRADUATE STUDIES,
ABUBAKAR TAFAWA BALEWA UNIVERSITY, BAUCHI IN PARTIAL
FULFILMNET OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF DEGREE OF
MASTER OF SCIENCE IN MANAGEMENT INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF MANAGEMENT AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
FACULTY OF MANAGEMENT SCIENCES
OCTOBER, 2017

2. ii
Declaration
I hereby declare that this thesis report was written by me and it is a record of my own research
work. It has not been presented before in any previous application for a higher degree.
References made to the published literature have been duly acknowledged.
Sign ……………………………Date…………………………....
AliyuShehuYakubu
The above declaration is confirmed by:
Sign ……………………………Date…………………………....
Dr. Abubakar YusufDutse
Chairman Supervisory committee

3. iii
Certification
This thesis entitled “Assessing the Determinants for Adoption of Automation in Academic
Libraries in Bauchi State” meets the regulations governing the award of the degree of Master of
Science in Management and Information Technology of AbubakarTafawaBalewa University,
Bauchi, and is approved for its contribution to knowledge and literary presentation.
Sign …………………………… Date……………………
Dr. Abubakar Yusuf Dutse
Charmin, Supervisory Committee
Sign …………………………… Date……………………
Dr. Umar Usman
Member, Supervisory Committee
Sign …………………………… Date……………………
Dr. TijjaniAbubakar
Head of Department
Sign …………………………… Date……………………
Prof. J. D. Jiya
Dean, School of Postgraduate Studies

4. iv
Acknowledgements
My first gratitude goes to almighty Allah for his good plans for me and the provision, courage,
strength and wisdom throughout this long academic journey. Many thanks also go to my able
supervisors; Dr. A. Y.Dutse and Dr. Umar Usman for their time, effort, encouragements and
guidance throughout the period of this study despite their tight schedule. Their contribution to
the success of this research study cannot be quantified. I remained grateful for that and may
Allah (SWT) reward them with Aljannatulfirdausi.
My sincere thanks also goes to the Dean Faculty of Management Science A.T.B.U. Bauchi Dr.
Sama’ila I. Ningi, H. O. D. Management Information Technology A.T.B.U. Bauchi Dr.
TijjaniAbubakar, P.G.S. Coordinator Dr. KabiruIbrahim Musa and other staff of the Faculty and
Department that time will not allow me to mention their names individually, may Allah reward
them for helping me to accomplish this research study.
I would like to also acknowledge the support and encouragement I received form
ProfessorAbdulhamidAbubakar, Professor BalarabeZulyadaini, Dr. InuwaShehuGaloji, Dr.
Muhammad AbubakarFaruqand MalamDanlamiAbdulkadirMato. You really put me through the
right way during this study, may Allah (SWT) reward you accordingly. I further appreciate all
input from senior and fellow colleagues whom in one way or the other contributed to the success
of my programme.
My sincere gratitude also goes to the management of University of Maiduguri for given me the
opportunity to undergo this study. Specifically I would like to also express my sincere
appreciation to Professor Emanuel Camble, Professor Ibrahim Haruna, Dr. Fatima L.Ibrahim and
other members of Library and Information Science Department, University of Maiduguri for
their useful advices and guidance.

5. v
I am forever indebted to my dear and beloved family for standing with me during the good and
the trial periods of my life. I owed my mother for her tireless effort in putting me in prayers,
advice and guidance. Your daily blessings on me are my source of inspiration and strength. May
Allah (SWT) prolong your life under his care, and guidance and may he grant you good health.
To my beloved wife UmmulkhairiAbdullahi, my appreciation to you cannot be quantified. Your
love, care and concern for me throughout the period of my study has been instrumental to my
success. I appreciate the comfort I always received from you. I am also grateful to my daughter
ZainabAliyuShehu, my brothers and sisters for their prayers and support.
Finally, I cannot conclude without remembering my late father AlhajiShehuYakubuKafi, who
has been the backbone of my success in life. Even though, Allah (SWT) inhis own wisdom has
not spared your life to witness the outcome of your investment in me, I would continue to pray
for you and be a good ambassador of yours. I pray that almighty Allah accept your good deeds,
legacies and forgive your shortcomings. May your gentle soul continue to rest in peace.

6. vi
Abstract
Recent advancement in technology and high demand for improved service delivery has
compelled academic libraries to adopt automation system. Automation system has been found to
be a key player that changed academic libraries housekeeping operation. In spite of this, it is
observed that Nigerian academic libraries faced a slow rate of automation adoption for their day
to day activities. Consequently, users of libraries expressed worries of the poor information
services provision and delivery by librarians. It is in line with this, that this study aim to assess
the determinants for the adoption of automation in academic libraries in Bauchi State using
technology acceptance model and theory of reason action as theoretical framework. Five
independent variables which include subjective norm, perceived ease of use, perceived
usefulness, management support and computer knowledge were paired with automation adoption
as dependent variable. A cross sectional survey was adopted in the study and structured
questionnaire were administered to the respondents in order to obtain data for the study. A total
number of 185 questionnaires were used for data analysis. Mean, standard deviation, t-test
statistics, and regression analysis (multiple regressions) were used to conduct the various
analysis of the study. The results obtained suggested that perceived easeof use, perceived
usefulness and management support have significant positive relationship with automation
adoption in academic libraries. However, computer knowledge and subjective norms were found
to be insignificant predictors and have negative relationship with automation adoption in
academic libraries. This indicated that perceived ease of use, perceived usefulness and
management support can enable effective adoption of automation in academic libraries of Bauchi
State. In line with the findings of the study, it is recommended that top management of higher
institutions should offer more adequate attention to the libraries so that they have full adoption of
automation for carrying out their day to day library operations, by providing adequate fund for
both resources and training. On the other hand, library staff should intensify their ICT skills
through attending workshop, training and seminar so as to have the systems very simple to
interact with.

7. vii
Table of Contents
Cover Page…………………………………………………………………………………………i
Declaration...................................................................................................................................... ii
Certification ...................................................................................................................................iii
Acknowledgements........................................................................................................................ iv
Abstract.......................................................................................................................................... vi
TABLE OF CONTENTS.............................................................................................................. vii
Lists of Tables................................................................................................................................. x
Lists of Figures .............................................................................................................................. xi
Lists of Appendix.......................................................................................................................... xii
Lists of Abbreviations..................................................................................................................xiii
CHAPTER ONE............................................................................................................................. 1
1.0 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................... 1
1.1 Background to the Study........................................................................................................... 1
1.2 Statement of the Problem.......................................................................................................... 4
1.3 Research Questions................................................................................................................... 6
1.4 Objectives of the Study............................................................................................................. 7
1.5 Research Hypotheses ................................................................................................................ 7
1.6 Significance of the Study.......................................................................................................... 8
1.7 Scope of the Study .................................................................................................................... 9
1.8 Operational Definitions of Terms ........................................................................................... 10
CHAPTER TWO .......................................................................................................................... 12
2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW ....................................................................................................... 12
2.1 Introduction............................................................................................................................. 12
2.2 Concept of Academic Library................................................................................................. 12
2.3 Concept of Library Automation.............................................................................................. 15
2.3.1 Automation and Automation Priorities in Libraries............................................................ 18
2.3.2 Challenges of Library Automation....................................................................................... 20
2.3.3 Benefits of Library Automation............................................................................................ 21
2.4 Theory of Reasoned Action .................................................................................................... 22
2.5 Technology Acceptance Model .............................................................................................. 25

8. viii
2.6 Empirical Studies of Technology Acceptance Model ............................................................ 28
2.7 Review of Frame work that was used to Developed the Study Frame work.......................... 29
2.8 Conceptual Frame work Developed for the study .................................................................. 30
2.9 Subjective Norms in Relation to Library Automation Adoption............................................ 33
2.10 Perceived Ease of Use in Relation to Library Automation Adoption................................... 34
2.11 Perceived Usefulness and Library Automation Adoption .................................................... 36
2.12 Management Support and Library Automation Adoption.................................................... 38
2.13 Computer Knowledge in Relation to Library Automation Adoption................................... 39
2.14 Empirical Review.................................................................................................................. 43
CHAPTER THREE ...................................................................................................................... 46
3.0 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY............................................................................................ 46
3.1 Introduction............................................................................................................................. 46
3.2 Research Design...................................................................................................................... 46
3.3 Population of the Study........................................................................................................... 47
3.4 Sampling Technique and Sample Size.................................................................................... 47
3.5 Data Collection Instrument..................................................................................................... 49
3.6 Administration of Data Collection Instrument ....................................................................... 50
3.7 Validity and Reliability of the Research Instrument............................................................... 50
3.8 Method of Data Analysis ........................................................................................................ 51
CHAPTER FOUR......................................................................................................................... 52
4.0 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS........................................................................................... 52
4.1 Introduction............................................................................................................................. 52
4.2 Process of Data Collection and Survey Response .................................................................. 52
4.3 Data Cleaning.......................................................................................................................... 55
4.4 Descriptive Statistics............................................................................................................... 56
4.4.1 Respondents’ Demographic Variables ................................................................................ 56
4.4.2 Descriptive Statistics of Constructs ..................................................................................... 59
4.5 Checking Assumptions: Multiple Regression......................................................................... 81
4.5.1 Normality ............................................................................................................................. 83
4.5.2 Linearity............................................................................................................................... 85
4.5.3 Multicollinearity .................................................................................................................. 87

9. ix
4.5.4 Homoscedasticity ................................................................................................................. 89
4.6 Confirmatory Factor Analysis................................................................................................. 91
4.7 Eigenvalues, Range of Factor Loading and % of Variance Explain....................................... 93
4.8 Reliability Test........................................................................................................................ 95
4.9 Correlation Test ...................................................................................................................... 97
4.10 Multiple Regression Analysis............................................................................................... 99
4.10.1 Model Evaluation............................................................................................................... 99
4.10.2 Independent Variables' Evaluation.................................................................................. 103
4.10.3 Coefficientsa
..................................................................................................................... 103
4.11 Hypothesis Testing.............................................................................................................. 106
4.12 Discussion of Findings........................................................................................................ 108
4.13 Summary of Findings.......................................................................................................... 112
CHAPTER FIVE ........................................................................................................................ 115
5.0 SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS........................................... 115
5.1 Summary............................................................................................................................... 115
5.2 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................ 116
5.3 Recommendations................................................................................................................. 116
5.4 Recommendation for Future Study / Limitations of the Study............................................. 118
5.5 Implications of the Study...................................................................................................... 119
5.5.1 Theoretical Implications.................................................................................................... 119
5.5.2 Managerial Implications.................................................................................................... 120
REFERENCES ........................................................................................................................... 121
APPENDICES: ........................................................................................................................... 140

10. x
Lists of Tables
Table 1: Questionnaire Distribution and Retrieval....................................................................... 54
Table 2: Respondents’ Demographic Profile................................................................................ 58
Table 3: Respondents rate, Mean and Standard Deviation of Subjective Norms Constructs....... 62
Table 4: Response rate, Mean and Standard Deviation of Perceived Ease of Use Construct ...... 66
Table 5: Response Rate, Mean and Standard Deviation of Perceived Usefulness Construct....... 69
Table 6: Response Rate, Mean and Standard Deviation of Management Support Construct ...... 73
Table 7: Response Rate, Mean and Standard Deviation of Computer Knowledge Construct ..... 76
Table 8: Response rate, mean and standard deviation of automation adaption construct ............ 80
Table 9: Residuals Statisticsa
........................................................................................................ 82
Table 10: Variance Inflation Factor (VIF) and Tolerance Value ................................................. 88
Table 11: Accessing Factorability ................................................................................................ 92
Table 12: Eigenvalues of Factor Loading and % of Variance Explained..................................... 94
Table 13: Cronbach’s Alpha Value for Reliability Test ............................................................. 96
Table 14: Pearson’s Correlations between Study Variables......................................................... 98
Table 15: Model Summary ......................................................................................................... 100
Table 16: ANOVA...................................................................................................................... 102
Table 17: Regression Analysis Results for the Constructs......................................................... 105
Table 18: Summary of the Result of the Five Hypotheses ......................................................... 114

11. xi
Lists of Figures
Figure 1: Theory of Reason Action .............................................................................................. 24
Figure 2: Technology Acceptance Model..................................................................................... 27
Figure 3: Conceptual Research Framework.................................................................................. 32
Figure 4: Skewness and kurtosis of AAD..................................................................................... 84
Figure 5: PP Plot of Regression Standardized Residual – Linearity of AAD .............................. 86
Figure 6: Scatter Plot of AAD ...................................................................................................... 90

12. xii
Lists of Appendices
Appendix 1- - - - - - - - - -140
Appendix 2 - - - - - - - - - -143
Appendix 3- - - - - - - - - -143
Appendix 4- - - - - - - - - -144

13. xiii
Lists of Abbreviations
CK: Computer Knowledge
ICT: Information and Communication Technology
IS: Information System
IT: Information Technology
LDF: Library Development Funds
LAN: Local Area Network
MIS: Management Information System
MS: Management Support
NOUN: National Open University of Nigeria
NUC: National University Commission
NUNET: Nigeria Universities Network
PEOU:Perceived Ease of Use
PU: Perceived Usefulness
RFID: Radio Frequency Identification
SPSS: Statistical Package for Social Sciences
SN: Subjective Norm
TAM: Technology Acceptance Model
TPB: Theory of Plan Behavior
TRA: Theory of Reason Action
UNESCO: United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization

14. 1
CHAPTER ONE
1.0INTRODUCTION
1.1Background oftheStudy
One of the aspiration of human being globally is to constantly look forways of making things
easier and making life more comfortable. This underlying universal factor, which drives
inventions innovations and strategies is also applicable in the library setting, where deliberate
steps are taken to make the use of the library easier and more comfortable for both the library
staff and the users (Nwezeh&Shabi, 2011).
Social and technological changes have been influencing a number of professions for centauries
to make things easier and make information accessible. Libraries are not in exception because in
the last two decades libraries have been positively affected by the rapid changes brought by new
technologies (Arif&Mahood, 2010). The use of computer is applicable to a wide range of
operations in library services and its application has brought maximum efficiency to service of
libraries through increased reductions of mistakes, increase in convenience, adequate statistical
data keeping, control literature growth’s, labor saving and easy exchange of documentation
(Abbas, 2010).
The adoption of automation system in academic libraries has enabled librarians to carry out
traditional library housekeeping services such as acquisition, cataloguing, retrieval,
dissemination and access to online resources more effectively thereby enhancing their job
performance and timely information delivery to uses (Oyewumi, Alegbeleye&Onifade, 2015).
Okorie(2010)also acknowledged that the time and energy spent by library staff and users in
seeking and utilizing information is being radically reduced as a result of automation system
adoption.

15. 2
Okojie(2010) sums it all that advent of information age especially information and
communication technology (ICT) has significantly changed the environment where academic
libraries operate. Therefore, if libraries are to exercise their function well enough in this present
information age, the manual process/system will have to give way to the automation system and
a computer driven environment (Adekele&Olorunsola, 2010), those libraries that cannot move to
these new automation systems will not survive (Choukhande, 2003).
Considering the fact that introduction of automation and its application in academic libraries
have led to changes in the regular way of information collection, processing, storage, retrieval
and dissemination, users way of utilizing information resources in Nigerian academic libraries
has been influenced by continuous development in ICT, technological skill, case of use of the
technologies and anticipated benefits (Abbas, 2010).
According to Okeh (1998), the application of computer technology to university libraries has
transformed the pattern of information handing, provision of services and the perception in
library cooperation worldwide. It is known fact that, automation of library activities has been
functioning effectively in developed societies since 1960s. In African continent however,
Rosengberg (2005)revealed that from a survey of African countries’ libraries, out of 40 libraries
surveyed, majorityof them (56%) are yet to complete the process. Most libraries began with
cataloguing, but have neither finished that nor moved to other process, 13 (21%) are yet to
started while 9(15%) considered that they are fully automated. Similarly, Chisenga(2004) in a
survey of ICT adoption in public libraries in Botswana, Ghana, Kenya, Malawi, Nigeria, South
Africa, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia and Zimbabwe found limited use of computers and other ICT
facilities which seriously brought slowly face of automation of their services.

16. 3
The situation is more severe in Nigerian context as Omekwu and Echexona (2008) observed that
the state of ICT in Nigeria is poor when compared to some Africa countries such as Egypt and
South Africa. As a result of that,Okore (2005) affirmed that so many attempts made by Nigerian
University to automate their operations in the early 70s and 80s were failed largely due to ICT
problems, poor management support and technical know- how. Only University of Ibadan library
has been fully automated in 1990s. While University of Ilorin library, LadokeAkintola
University of technology, Ogbomosho and Lagos State University, Lagos among others have not
fully automated their libraries but attained some certain stages in automation.
In adequate computer knowledge, difficulties of modern technology and poor attitude of
institutional management have been a case in a number of Nigerian academic libraries (Nok,
2006). This has been contributed to the partial or avoidance of automation adoption in such
libraries. As Eden (2016)revealed that 75% of University libraries in Nigeria are partially
automated, 20% are not automated at all, while only 5% are fully automated. This presents a
scaring situation of automation adoption in NigerianUniversities, as the implication implies that
95% of libraries in Nigerian Universities are either partially automated or not automated at all
while only 5% attained full automation stage which represents a very low rate of adoption.
Despite the number of measures taken by federal government such as management information
system (MIS) and Nigeria Universities Network (NUNET) projects, Nigerian virtual library
project for higher institutions which was sponsored by United Nations Educational Scientific and
Cultural Organization (UNESCO) in 2003, automation in libraries are still at crawling stage
partly attributed to inadequate technical know-how, difficulties associated with the use of the
system and poor foresight of benefits to be derived (Gbaje, 2007).

17. 4
This has arouse a serious issues concerning the determinants that influence the automation of
libraries and hence the need to assess the determinants for the adoption of automation in
academic libraries in Bauchi State.
1.2Statement of the Problem
Information and Communication technology (ICT) has tremendous impact on all sectors of
human activity. It has brought enormous changes and radical transformation in the functioning
and management of modern libraries, especially academic libraries. ICT has profoundly changed
library operation, information resources, services and staff skill requirement and users
expectation (Arif&Mahood, 2012).
In spite of the advances in ICT, services delivery of library is still based on conventional
practices particularly in developing countries such as Nigeria (Adewale, 2003). Gbaje (2007),
Fabunmi (2009),Nkanu and Okon (2010) asserted that a number of academic libraries in Nigeria
share similar characteristics of still dwelling only on the traditional patterns of library services of
the 19th
and 20th
centuries. These libraries have small or nothing in terms of application of new
ICT in their services. Although a lot has been mentioned and written on automated or virtual
libraries in Nigeria, but the situation of libraries especially academic libraries has not
significantly changed from traditional practices. Unfortunately, these traditional library practices
cannot help library users greatly.
In the same vein, ICTs enhance service provision to library users. Librarians make use of ICTs to
carry out their primary functions that include cataloguing and classification, serials management,
collection management, budgeting, circulation management, referencing, indexing and
abstracting in order to improve information services to library users (Bagudu&Sadiq, 2013).

18. 5
However, it has been observed that most academic librarians in Nigeria still use the manual and
semi manual library operation methods. As a result of that, library users expressed dissatisfaction
and complain of unsatisfactory information services delivery by the academic libraries (Eze,
2011).
The application and utilization of modern information technologies to automate academic
libraries activities and services in Nigerian tertiary institution seems to be inadequate probably
due to a variety of factors, which include human factors, difficulties with the system, level of
support received from their parent institutions and the state of infrastructural development of the
country (Issa, Ayodele, Abubakar &Aliyu, 2011). Some library practioners also believe that
there is hardly much benefits that can be derived from automation adoption thereby giving
preference for the manual library operation (Issaet al.2011). To adequately automate the
libraries, librarians need to explore some factors that can eliminate elements of doubt with regard
to automation adoption in their mind.
In the early 70s and 80s, steps were put in place to automate Nigerian academic
libraries’operation, but were stalled due to staff in ability to articulate it benefits, insufficient
management support, inadequate of computer knowledge, lack of commitment by staff, staff
training deficiency and influence of colleagues who are not ready to accept the system (Okore,
2005;Abolaji, 2007; &Adegbore 2010). Moreover, some academic libraries are still undecided as
to whether the adoption of automaton system will be useful to them considering it rate of
failures. Some librarians and top management consider technology as a very complex, hence
adopting it in their operations may not be easier for them particularly at initial stage (Mark,
2014). This hastremendously slow down the rate of full automation system adoption in Nigerian
academic libraries thereby causing inefficient service provision and delivery.

19. 6
Various studies have been carried out in Nigeria on library automation (Abba, 2014; Gbadomosi,
2012; Adeboye, 2010; OssaiUgbah, 2010 and Nok, 2006), but they all focused on other aspect of
automation such as trend in automation, procedures in automation and challenges of automation
among others. Therefore, they suggested the need for assessing the determinants of automation
adoption in Nigerian academic libraries. Abbas (2014) further attested that, exploring the factors
that determine automation system in Nigerian academic libraries is a challenge that received less
concern; therefore, it remains the librarian’s next task. Similarly there are virtually inadequate
numbers of researches conducted in Bauchi State academic libraries, particularly on the factors
that influence their automation adoption.
In view of that, this study seeks to assess the determinant for the adoption of automation in
academic libraries in Bauchi State.
1.3Research Questions
The following research questions were used in this study:
i. What is the relationship between subjective norm (SN) and automation adoption in
academic libraries?
ii. How perceived ease of use (PEOU) influence automation adoption in academic libraries?
iii. To what extent perceived usefulness (PU) influences automation adoption in academic
libraries?
iv. What is the relationship between management support (MS) and automation adoption in
academic libraries?
v. What is the relationship between computer knowledge (CK) and automation adoption in
academic libraries?

20. 7
1.4Objectives of the Study
The main objective of the study is to assess the determinants of automation adoption in academic
libraries in Bauchi state, while the specific objectives are to:
i. Examine the relationship between subjective norm (SN) and automation adoption in
academic libraries
ii. Determine the influence of perceived case of use (PEOU) on automation adoption in
academic libraries
iii. Evaluate the influence of perceived usefulness (PU) on automation adoption in academic
libraries
iv. Examine the relationship between management support (MS) and automation adoption in
academic libraries
v. Examine the relationship between computer Knowledge (CK) and automation adoption in
academic libraries.
1.5Research Hypotheses
The following null and alternate hypotheses were tested in this study with a view to achieve
the objectives of the study:
i. Ho: Subjective norm (SN) does not effectively facilitate automation adoption in academic
libraries.
H1Subjective norm (SN) effectively facilities automation adoption in academic libraries
ii. Ho: Perceived ease of use (PEOU) does not influence automation adoption in academic
libraries.
H1: Perceived ease of use (PEOU) influences automation adoption in academic libraries.

21. 8
iii. Ho: Perceived usefulness (PU) does not influence automation adoption an academic
libraries.
H1: Perceive usefulness (PU) influences automation adoption in academic libraries
iv. Ho: Management support (MS) does not effectively facilities automation adoption in
academic libraries.
H1: management support (MS) effectively facilities automation adoption in academic
libraries.
v. H0: Computer knowledge (CK) does not influence automation adoption in academic
libraries
vi. H1: Computer knowledge (CK)influences automation adoption in academic libraries
1.6Significance of the Study
Considering the enormous significance that automation of libraries has to our lectures,
researchers, student and many more as seen in various related literature, the outcome of this
research work is beneficial to library staff, student, lectures and researchers in particular and
management (administrators) of these higher institution at large as it reduces the repetitive work,
save time, energy and brings accuracy, efficiency and speed in delivering library services.
Furthermore, this study can help librarians to actually know the determinants that are associated
with automation of libraries, thereby enabling them to find a suitable way out on matters that has
to do with automation of libraries. And for the administrators (managers of higher institutions) it
can help them to have a focus and sense of direction on the issue of the automation of libraries as
they are to provide the fund for the projects. While for lectures, student and researchers, this
research work is beneficial to them as they can now be fully aware about the level at which their
libraries need to be automated, if it meet the standard then fine if not then struggle again to meet

22. 9
the standard. The study s also beneficial as it contributed to the body of literature and theories in
the field of librarianship on assessment of determinants of automation adoption in academic
libraries of Bauchi State.
1.7Scope of the Study
This study cover only academic libraries found in Bauchi State which comprises libraries in
AbubakarTafawaBalewa University, Bauchi; Federal Polytechnic, Bauchi; Bauchi State College
of Agriculture; AbubakarTatari Ali Polytechnic, Bauchi; School of Nursing and Midwifery
Bauchi; College of Education Kangyare; National Open University, Bauchi study Center; Garu
College of Health Technology Bauchi; Bauchi State University, Gadau;Sunnah College of
Education and Islamic Studies DutsenTanshi, Bauchi and GarbaIbrahim College of Education,
Alkaleri. Others also include College of Education Azare, College of health Technology Ningi,
Social Development Institute Ningi and College for Legal and Islamic Studies, Misau.
The study used only library staff of those higher institutions as respondents. Therefore data was
collected once through structured questionnaires around November, 2016 – January, 2017 and
was statistically analyzed using statistical package for social science (SPSS) version 20 as a
statistical tool. The scope of the review mostly focuses on determinants for automation adoption
in academic libraries.
The study used 5 independent variable which include subjective norm (SN), perceive ease of use
(PEOU), perceive usefulness (PU), management support (MS) and computer knowledge (CK).
While library automation adoption served as a dependent variable. The independent variables
were used to predict the dependent variable.

23. 10
1.8Operational Definitions of Terms
Academic Libraries: Refers to those libraries that are mainly found in tertiary institution of
learning in order to support learning, teaching and research processes.
Assessment: Refers to Evaluating or estimating the nature, ability, or quality of automation
adoption
Attitude: Individuals positive or negative feeling about performing the target behavior (E.g
using a system)
Automation: Refers to the use of computers and telecommunication devices to control a
particular process in order to increasereliability and efficiency, often through the replacement of
large number of employees
Behavioral Intention: The degree to which a person has formulated conscious plans to perform
or not perform some specified future behavior.
Library Automation: Refers to the application of information and communication technologies
in library routines and service.
Library Staff: Refers to professional, paraprofessionals, and non-professional personnel of
libraries.
Perceived Ease of Use: Is the degree to which the prospective user expects the potential system
to be free of effort.
Perceived Usefulness: is the degree to which a person believes that using a particular system
would enhance his or her job performance.

24. 11
Subjective Norms: refers to the level of influence that prospective user of a new system can
received from friends, organization, colleagues and peer users.

25. 12
CHAPTER TWO
2.0LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1Introduction
Relevant and recent literature related to the title of the research study were discussed. The
literature werealso discussed in line with the conceptualization of the study, stated objectives of
the research and theoretical frame work that is used to support the study. At the end of the
chapter, a summary of the reviewed literature was also presented.
2.2Concept of Academic Library
University libraries are the pivot upon which learning, teaching and research roles of the
Universities revolved. Therefore it must produce services that are in demand by its users, clearly
outline its general objective in terms that apply to all academic libraries and also in specific term
aimed at service to the changing information needs of the 21st
century library users. To say that
the objective of the University library is to provide the right book to the right reader at the right
time is not enough. It may be more appropriate to outline its objectives as being (i) to provide
necessary demanded information irrespective of formats to meet the demand of all library users
(ii) to attract highly skilled staff to maintain technology driven information society (Aleraraiye,
2005).
Academic libraries according to Akpohonor (2005) are libraries attached to tertiary institutions
such as Universities, polytechnic monotechnics, colleges of education, and other research
institutes. Academic library is being viewed by Yusuf and Iwu (2010) as the nerve center or the
hub around which scholarship revolves. It is an indispensable instrument for intellectual
development, being a store house of information to which users (students as well as lecturers)
may turn to for accessing information. According to Nwezeh and Shabi (2011) librarians have

26. 13
dissemination of right information to the right users as their predominant task. The library has a
unique position as a potential educational force in the university community of staff and students
of different levels particularly in this ICT era, which can facilitate and allow the libraries
capability to reach out to both close and remote right users.
Although students are important part that necessitates the establishment of academic institutions
for the fact that they are the major users of academic library facilities, the academic staff also
makes maximum use of it. Agboola and Bamigboye (2011) maintained that the educational
programs quality and strength of any user depends largely on the use of library collections, not
the library as a magnificent building. Academic libraries perform their functions along with other
activities of the institutions. If they want to form part of the institution, they have to adjust and
maintain their identity and their unique service. Their role is that of a facilitator of realizing the
desired goals of the higher institutions of learning through guiding the students to a maximum
utilization of their materials and service. For researchers, academic library is being regarded as
an invisible friend, guide and philosopher (Tikekar, 2009).
Professional librarians that work in the University libraries particularly in this information era
have always mandate themselves with the gathering, organizing and sharing of information
resources to support researches and learning. These information resources are in both print and
electronic formats. That is why librarians in the academic libraries are always regarded as
academic staff (Nwezeh&Shabi, 2011).
University libraries play a vital role of providing information services to the students, lectures
and researchers in order to address their teaching, learning and research needs. Singh and Kaur
(2000) noted that the main mandate of academic libraries is to preserve and provide access to

27. 14
required knowledge and information, thereby supporting teaching and research which is the
mission of their parent institutions.
This is closely related to the view of Oyegunle(2013) who posited that academic libraries are
information centers put in place primarily in support of the mission of their parent institution to
acquire knowledge purposely to serve the society and advance the well-being of users. Academic
library is therefore a library that is attached to higher institution of learning, serving the teaching
and research requirement of its patrons. The two complementary purposes that these libraries
serve are: to support the school curriculum and to support the research of the University’s faculty
member (Oyegunle, 2013).
The University libraries in performing their supportive role to the university education provide
adequate necessary resources and service in this information era. These enable the libraries to
meet up the needs of their teaming patrons. In line with what Yusuf and Iwu (2010) asserted, the
different users of academic libraries utilize different materials provided by those libraries; the
materials could be reference materials, textbooks, journals, newspapers, past projects electronic
journals etc. Nwezeh and Shabi (2011) also maintained that resources like books journals, news
papersgovernment publications, indexes and abstracts are common information materials
provided and utilized by academic libraries.
For libraries worldwide, ICT has changed the scope, pace, range as well as the procedure of
information service delivery, storage and retrieval. It enables information to be stored, retrieved.
Communicated and broadcast electronically in enormous quantities and at phenomenal speed. It
also allows information to be arranged, selected and transferred. In the developed world ICT is
being used to improve quality of life. However, developing countries are realizing the

28. 15
implication of the digital divide (the divide or gap between those with access to new ICTs and
those without) and are now trying to adopt the new technologies as necessary for the proper
functioning of such institution as banks broadcasting houses, industries, schools, libraries, etc
(Abbas, 2010).
2.3Concept of Library Automation
It is vital to note that modern University library service provision in the 21st
century is extremely
influential and predominated by the variety of electronically oriented resources which are
enormous. This electronic information system has a prompting means, which speed up all
libraries of the world to be part of active member of the world system. Hence, users can meet
their information needs through variety of formats (Oyegunle, 2013). Visiting the Physical
library to use print formats resources is not necessarily, as through network they can stay at
home or office and have all library resources and service accessed online. The users while
staying at their residents and offices can access electronic services and libraries with less
difficulty can obtain the usage statistics of their resources which is difficult or even impossible
with the print resources (Aleraraiye, 2005).
Information technologies have initiated the revolution of library services from traditional
services such as card catalogs, printed books, periodicals, bibliographic instructions and in-
person/face-to-face reference to novel services and delivery modes incorporating: electronic
resources, such as e-books, e- journals, e- periodicals, e- magazines, databases, virtual references
services and other services that are online oriented. Innovation of novel service that are peculiar
to the online/web environment is the trend in contemporary electronic libraries (Moyo, 2004).

29. 16
All types of libraries are investing huge amount of money and resources in ICTs. These huge
investmentsbring about deployment of modern gadgets and facilities that are made possible
through ICT. As Brindley, Walti and Zawacki(2008) asserted, these provided easy access to
library and information resources to meet the needs of the clientele. When ICT facilities are
effectively utilized in library and information services, the access door to electronic/ online
library information resources and services are broadly opened. Ani (2013) agrees that the
deployment of ICT in library and information service allows the provision of timely information
in the universities which in turn lead to maximal benefit and improve research productivity.
Foster, Heppensta, Lazarz and Broug (2008) and Frankor and Akussah (2012) similarly conclude
that if staff and students in developing countries Universities particularly in African region will
be having access to relevant electronic information resources, there is great tendency to improve
the quality of their research and promote increased in research productivity and publications.
Ajay, Santosh and Tarseem (2015) maintained that the phenomena of mechanization of
traditional library routines and activities such as acquisition, serial control cataloguing, and
circulation control etc., was called library automation. Library automation refers to use of
computer, associated peripheral media such as magnetic tapes, disk, optical media etc, and
utilization of computer based products and services in the performance of all type of library
functions. Computers are capable of proving an enormous degree of atomization in operation and
function since they are electronic, programmable and are controlled over the processes being
performed.
Library automation is the general term for ICTs that are used to replace manual system in library,
library automation may be defined as the application of computer to perform traditional library

30. 17
housekeeping activities such as acquisition, circulation, cataloguing, reference services and
serials control. Nebeolise and Osuchukwu (2014) confirmed that many authors use the term
library automation to mean the use of computer as an aid for library activities. In general, it
means the application of computers and related data processing equipment in libraries.
According toSalmon (2008) as cited inNebeolise and Osuchuku (2014)library automation is the
use of automatic and semiautomatic data processing technology to carry out such traditional
library activities and routines that include acquisition, cataloguing, circulation and serial control.
Traditionally, library automation is referred to the computerization of the whole library
housekeeping operations like acquisition, cataloguing, circulation and serials control. But today
it is referred to handling vast quantity of data and information more proficiently and rapidly with
the aid of computers and other modern information technologies. Automating an academic
library is a measure which restructures and changes its functions and transforms its services. An
automated academic library can serve the teaching and learning community more effectively and
efficiently. A decrease in the time required for routine operation can be used to provide
customized service to the user.
The trend of automation in library has a short history in our country (Nigeria). It required proper
planning and vigorous implementation. Academic initiated the automation of their library to
cope with the ever changing demand of the staff and student who are regard as the main users of
the libraries. The modernization of the library media center equipped the students to become
experience information users and lifelong learners. (Nebeolise&Osuchukwu, 2014).
Nebeolise and Osuchukwu (2014) also maintained that library administrators and information
staff therefore need to embark on an intensive research on the different types of software being

31. 18
paraded in the Nigerian market before making decision on which one they will go for.
Experience has indicated that a lot of librarians in Nigeria fall into one serious problem or the
other as a result of wrong choice of software for library automation. For instance, many of the
first generation Universities in Nigeria started adopting and using TINLIB software but they
have to drop and changed it due to some technical and maintenance difficulties, in addition to
exorbitant cost of processing.
Adogbeji and Onahwapor (2007) as cited by Neheolise and Osuchukwu (2014) revealed that
Kenneth Dike Library University of Ibadan, Nigeria had earlier used TINLIB software and could
not continue because of some reasons mentioned above. Also, University of Lagos was also
affected in the incorrect selection of library software. This University started with TINLAB and
later drop and changed to a modified version of TINLAB called graphical library automation
system (GLAS). When the latter software could not sufficiently sustain the library operation and
routines, the library then decided to go for millennium software in 2012. The rationale of opting
for millennium software was because it is web based application. Therefore, the reports
highlighted above together with the experience Nigerian libraries had in the wrong choice of
library software contributed and bring about serious failure of full automation of libraries.
2.3.1Automation and Automation Priorities in Libraries
Information and communication technology (ICT) plays an important role in fostering changes in
our society as technology becomes more sophisticated and more reasonable, the series of service
that are provided also improves our life style, our business, our educational system, and our
political and social values. In this era of ICT the function of University libraries has changed
completely in advance countries. They are given more sophisticated and user friendly oriented
service to its users (Shuva, 2005). The increased adoption and utilizations of ICT has resulted in

32. 19
the globalization of information and knowledge resources (Islam and Islam, 2007). That is why
is has become very imperative to adopt technology for the betterment of libraries and educational
sector (Dunmill&Arslanagic, 2006).
Jayaprakash and Balasubramani, (2011) noted that a number of libraries in their initial stage of
automation, place priorities on library house-keeping activities, as these activities are the most
rudimentary to build the foundation of automation stronger and the success of other advanced
services depend greatly upon these activities. Amekuedee (2005) argued that cataloguing
operation is the first library housekeeping to be automated when a library decided to automate
their function.
Saffady (2007) on the other hand claimed that circulation control is one of the most widely
automated library housekeeping operation It is often the first and simplest activity to be
automated in a given library, possibly because circulation control system bear an obvious
resemblance to inventory management, retail charge, card operation and other transaction
processing activities which have been successfully automated in general business applications.
Sahu, Nageswaran and Singh, (2005) pointed out that those library operations should be aunt
mated in order of priority. Therefore, in prioritizing the library housekeeping operations
processes that are recurring, occupying huge amounts of staff time, require retrieving
information from large files, or are high profile functions should be major in automation for
example, public catalogue.
However, Mutala (2012) viewed cataloguing and acquisition as the most two modules which are
labour intensive. In addition to that, cataloguing forms the groundwork of any bibliographic
record, while acquisition requires highly precise records for buying purposes. In view of

33. 20
that,cataloguing and acquisition must be prioritized when automating a library. Given these
varied opinions, librarians should be mindful and plan with their priority concerns and reasons
for automating, as this would help them opt for or design a system that supports their priority
operations and make an effective and efficient utilization of frequently scarce funding.
2.3.2Challenges of Library Automation
So many obstacles were identified as challenges of library automation; inadequate funding,
insufficient equipment and constant power failure among other hindered the maximization of
anticipated benefits of automation in academic libraries (Abdulwahab, 2011). Aramide and
Bolarinwa (2010) corroborated the occurrence of these problems at the National Open
Universityof Nigeria(NOUN), Ibadan study center, where they discovered that the main
obstacles hindering the utilization of audiovisual and other e-resources include poor power
supply, poor infrastructure, inadequate skill, high cost and poor management support.
However, Nok (2006) observed that automation of information resources and services causes
new problem, these include the acquisition, selection and cataloguing of online information
resources, the construction of database, providing information literacy education for library users
and the new skills required by and continuing education for librarians. A critical review revealed
that majority of African libraries encountered automation problems of insufficient funds,
reluctance among staff to use ICT, inadequate trained staff as well as irregular power supply. On
the other hand, some few libraries are faced with challenges that negatively affect them. These
include lack of commitment by institutional management, serious technical problems
encountered and software not being user friendly (Issa, et al, 2011).

34. 21
2.3.3 Benefits of Library Automation
Despite the number of challenges automation brings, its benefits quite overshadow its
disadvantages. Library automation comes with numerous benefits to both users and the librarians
who take care of the libraries. Tamuno and Ojedokum (1997) observed that once a library system
is automated, there are some intangible benefits that staff and students gain, they include
computer literacy, introduction of new services and internet and online database searches.
In the course of library automation, materials in poor condition are repaired so that at the end of
the process materials will not only be available but also in good condition. Automation also
facilitates reconciliation of call number so that the same title will not be located at different
places in the library. Automation facilitates weeding of books that have outlived their usefulness
(Ahenkorah-Marfo&Borteye, 2010).
A survey of automation in University libraries in Tamilnadu byJayaprakash and Balasubramani
(2011) observed the following benefits: economy in expenditure, increased use of collections,
increased productivity in terms of work output and information retrieval, assisted in extending
library services, enhance the prestige of the library and improve user satisfaction. Delsey (1990)
stressed that library automation increased access to relevant materials; users are able to search
for materials within the library and from remote locations via search items as author, title,
subject call number and keyword. It also ensures that machine readable catalogue can be
accessed and displayed in a multitude of ways that simply are not possible with a manual
catalogue.
Kadiri (2004) noted that the advantages of library automation includes less drudgery, easy
generation of records, space conservation, improvement of information service, and easy

35. 22
retrievals.Obaseki (2011) stressed the fact that library automation has tendency of jobs creation
in the areas of web development and system maintenance.
Ahenkorah-Marfo and Borteye, (2010) discovered that libraries are also able to conduct
inventory during automation exercises. Owed to the automation, circulation is one of the most
affected area of library services, which saved a lot of time of users as well as staff; with the help
of WEBOPAC, users can search information from anywhere at anytime, users can easily do the
reservation of library source and it helps to avoid the theft of library resources with radio
frequency identification (RFID) system (Parvez, 2011). From the scholarly review, this shows
that the benefits of library automation can even be reaped during the process of automating a
library as well as its aftermath.
In an attempt to assess the determinants of automation adoption in academic libraries, theory of
reason action (TRA) and Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) were the two theories used in
the study with TAM as underpinning theory.
2.4Theory of Reasoned Action
The theory of reasoned action (TRA) was formulated by Fishbein and Ajzen in 1975 (See Figure
1). TRA is one of the most fundamental and influential theories of human behavior and has been
used to predict a wide range of behaviors. TRA is a tool used to gain deeper insight into how
attitudes and beliefs are correlated with individual intentions to perform; that intention is
determined by two factors: attitude towards behavior and subjective norm.
Fishbein and Ajzen (1975) referred to the intention that a person has prior to an actual behavior
as the behavioral intention of that person, and defined it as a measure of one’s intention to
perform a behavior. Fishnein and Ajzen (1975) also proposed that behavioral intention could be

36. 23
determined by considering both the attitude that the person has towards the actual behavioral
intention could be determined by considering both the attitude that the person has towards the
actual behavior, and the subjective norm associated with the behavior in question. They defined
the attitude toward a given behavior as a person positive or negative feelings about the
performing the actual behavior, suggesting that the attitude of a person towards behavior (A) can
be measured by considering the sum of the product of all salient beliefs (bi) about consequences
of performing that behavior and an evaluation (ei) of those consequences as shown by the
following formula
A =∑ .
Fishbein and Ajzen (1975) also defined the subjective norm (SN) associated with a behavior as a
person perception that most people who are important to him/her think he/she should not perform
the behavior. They further suggested that SN could be determined by considering the sum of the
product of a person’s normative beliefs (nbi) ,that is perceived expectations of other individuals
or groups and his or her motivation to comply (mci). They proposed a formula for measuring
subjective norm associated with actual behavior as follows: SN=∑ .

37. 24
Source: Fishbein, M., &Ajzen, I. (1975).
Behavioral intention
Attitude Toward
Behavior
Subjective norm
Behavior
Figure 1: Theory of Reason Action

38. 25
2.5Technology Acceptance Model
One of the renowned models related to technology acceptance and use is the technology
acceptance model (TAM), which was originally proposed by Davis in 1986 as a leading model to
determine the users’ intention to adopt or reject a given technology. TAM has been proved to be
a theoretical model that helps to explain and predict user behavior of information technology
adoption (Legris, Ingham &Collerette, 2003). It has been tested in many empirical researches
and the tools used with the model have proven to be of quality and to yield statistically reliable
results. Davis, Bagozzi and Warshaw (1989) maintain that TAM has long been validated and
accepted as a powerful and parsimonious frame work to explain users’ adoption of IT.
According to TAM, usage of an information system (IS) / information technology (IT) is
determined by users’ intention to use the system, which in turn is determined by users’ beliefs
about the system. There are two kinds of cognitive beliefs posited by TAM: perceived usefulness
and perceived ease of use of the system. Perceived usefulness is used to explain the extent to
which a person believes that using the system will enhance his/her job performance. Perceived
ease of use is used to explain the extent to which a person believes that using the system will be
free of effort. Although perceived usefulness has a direct effect on adoption intention, perceived
ease of use has both direct and indirect effect on intention through perceived usefulness. TAM
also provides a basis with which one traces how external variables influence belief and intention
to use. Both types of beliefs are subjected to the influence of external variables. By manipulating
these externalvariables, system developers can have a better control over users’ beliefs of the
system and subsequently, their behavioral intentions and usage of the system.
When compared to other theoretical models such as theory of reason action (TRA) and theory of
plan behavior (TPB) that are also aimed at understanding IS adoption behavior, TAM has been

39. 26
found to have similar or better explanatory power than them (Davis, Bagozzi and Warshaw,
1989; Mathieson, 1991; & Taylor and Todd, 1995). It is on the basis of this, that this study
considers TAM as its underpinning theory and adapted perceive ease of use and perceive
usefulness from it for the study. Figure 2 depicted the original TAM as proposed by Davis et al,
1989.

40. 27
Source: Davis&Venkatesh, (1996)
Perceived Ease of
Use
External Variables
Perceived
Usefulness
Behavioral
Intention to Use
Actual Usage
Figure 2: Technology Acceptance Model

41. 28
2.6Empirical Studies of Technology Acceptance Model
Technology acceptance model (TAM)is a robust but parsimonious theory and it is useful to
explain a particular information system or technology. So, a number of studies haveproposed
extended models for revising TAM. These studies have led to the changes in the originally
proposed model. Taylor and Todd (1995) proposed the integrated model of TAM and TPB, and
named it combined TAM-TPB. Venkateshet al. (2003)proposed the unified theory of acceptance
and use of technology (UTAUT). Lin et al (2007) proposed the TRAM (i.e integration of
technology readiness and technology acceptance model). Chang (2008) proposed a combined
model of tax – technology fit and TAM.
Up to date, many researchers added new variables based on the TAM. Dishaw and Strong (1999)
integrated TAM with task technology fit. Agarwal and Karahanna (2000) added cognitive
absorption, playfulness and self-efficacy based on TAM. Venkatesh and Davis (2000) added
subject norms with TAM. Walczuchet al (2007) ad Lin et al(2007) integrated technology
readiness with TAM. Chen et al. (2009) synthesized the essence of technology readiness, TAM
and TPB to propose an integrated model for understanding customers’ continued use ofself-
service technologies. Lee (2009) united the TAM with TPB, perceived risk and received benefit
to understand the adoption of internet banking.
TAM has been applied in various information technology and information system areas. Moon
and Kin (2001) extended the TAM to explain the users’ acceptance of world – wide – web
context. Lin et al,(2007) extended TAM to clarity the e-stock users’ behavioral intention. Chen
and Chen (2009) reexaminedthe TAM to understand the automative telemetric users’ usage
intention. Stern et al, (2008) proposed a revised TAM to investigate the consumers’ acceptance

42. 29
of online auctions. Serenkoet al, (2007) modified TAM to assess user acceptance of interface
agents in daily work applications. Chen et al, (2009) proposed an integrated model including
TAM, TPB, and Technology Readiness to explain the users’ adoption of self-service
technologies. Muller-Seitz et al, (2009) use the TAM with security concern to understand
customer acceptance of Radio Frequency Identification (RFID)
2.7Review of Frame work that was usedto Developed the Study Frame work
This study adapted the research framework of Al-alak and Alnawas (2011) who used the two
fundamental measures of technology acceptance model (TAM) which are perceived ease of use
and perceived usefulness, together with five additional measures in to TAM to develop their
frame work for assessing the determinant of e-learning adoption among the staff of higher
institutions of learning in Jordan. These five measures are experience
(Parthasarathy&Bhattacherjee, 1998), computer anxiety and computer knowledge
(Venkatash&Bala, 2008; Rovai& Childress, 2002; Delcourt&Kinzie, 1993), normative pressure
(Nysveenet al, 2005), and management support (Chatterjee et al, 2002; Liang et al, 2007), which
have all beentested as factors that influence users’ behavioral intentions towards adopting a new
system and or technology.
Al-alak and Alnawas (2011) described these measures as perceived usefulness: the extent to
which a user believes that utilizing a certain system would influence his/her job performance and
productivity positively; perceive ease of use: the extent to which people believe that using certain
system would be effortless; experience: an accumulative memory process of all kinds of senses
and feelings; computer anxiety and computer knowledge: the degree of an individual’s
apprehension, or even fear, when she/he is faced with the possibility of using computers;

43. 30
management support: the extent to which a person believes that organizational and technical
resources exists to support the use of the system; normative pressure: a person’sperception that
most people who are important to her/him think she/he should or should not perform the
behavior in question.
2.8Conceptual Frame work Developed for the study
This study adapted the framework of Al-alak and Alnawas, (2011) where perceived usefulness
(PU), perceived ease of use (PEOU), management support (MS) and computer knowledge (CK)
as independent variables and adoption of library automation (ALA) as dependent variable. One
additional independent variable named subjective norm (SN) has been added because of its
relative importance in determining technology adoption.
The reason why the researcher dropped out the other three variables (Normative Pressures,
Computer Anxiety and Experience) of Al-alak and Alnawa, (2011) model of e-learning is to the
best of researchers’review of related literature, found that those dropped variables are not much
relevant in determining the adoption of automation in academic libraries in particular and
technology at large, particularly in the settings where this present study is being conducted, but
the retained variables are very relevant to the adoption of automation in academic libraries of the
environment of the present study.
Also the researcher found that the concept of the dropped variables is much related to the
concept of some of the retained variables. As such, their elimination is necessary in order to
avoid multicollinearity. This can be seen as experience is an accumulative memory process of all
kinds of senses and feelings (Qi et al. 2009). Smith et al (1999) as cited by Al-alak and ALnawa,
(2011) described people experience with the use of technology as the amount and type of

44. 31
computer skills a person acquire over time. This statement is closely related to the computer/ICT
Knowledge and skill which is sufficient and more relevant with regard to this present study.
Fishbein and Ajzen (1975) as citied by Al-alak and Alnawas, (2011) described normative
pressure as a persons’ perception that most people who are important to her/him think she/he
should or should not perform the behavior in question. Al-alak and Alnawas, (2011) further
stated that normative pressure is relevant to their research study, because it refers to the degree to
which members in society or educational setting (i.e. administrators and university stakeholders)
influence other behavior to perform a particular behavior. This concept is closely related to the
concept of subjective norm and it is sufficient and more relevant to be used for this present study.
The present study developed its model in order to determine the extent to which these
independent variables (SN, PU, PEOU, MS and CK) related and influenced the dependent
variable (Adoption of automation system in academic libraries). The arrows that linked the
independent variables and the dependent variable on conceptual research framework on next
page are indicating how each of the independent variables related to the dependent variable.
Figure 3 summarizes the relationship between independent variables that may influence the
dependent variable and actual use of technology (automation system).

45. 32
Source: Generated by the Researcher (2016).
Subject Norm (SN)
Perceived Ease of
Use (PEOU)
Perceived Usefulness
(PU)
Management
Support (MS)
Computer
Knowledge (CK)
Automation
adoption in
libraries
Figure 3: Conceptual Research Framework

46. 33
2.9Subjective Normsin Relation to Library Automation Adoption
Subjective norms are one’s perceptions or assumptions about others’ expectations of certain
behaviors that one will or will not perform. Since this perception is very subject in nature, this
construct is referred to as subjective norms. Similar attitudes towards behavior, subjective norms
are also influenced by beliefs. The two are district however. Attitudes towards behavior are a
function of belief in the behavior (behavioral belief) that will be performed while subjective
norms are a function of one’s beliefs that are formed by other formed by other in one’s life.
(Fishbein&Ajzen, 1975; Hanno &Violette, 1996;Eagly and Chaiken, 1993).
So many reasons have been postulated by several authors in various researches with regard to the
adoption of automation in libraries, some of the reasons include lack of awareness of IT
potentials by users and the poor attitude of staff towards library access to library automation.
However other researchers are of the view that library automation ease their access to library
materials and improve their general performance indeed. This can defiantly influence the
librarians to adopt automation in their libraries.
Uwaifo (2007) investigated into the influence of age and exposure to computers as determinants
of attitudes of librarians towards automation in the Nigerian setting. The study showed that
majority of librarians welcomed the positive impact of library automation and that age of staff
and prior exposure to the use of computers did not alter this established attitude towards library
automation. Hence the need for automating the library is established since the librarians well
comed and supported that idea. The finding of Uwaifo (2007) can establish solid reasons for the
adoption of automation in the academic libraries if really the managements of higher institutions
are serious.

47. 34
Academic libraries all over the world are established to support their parent institutions in
actualizing their objectives of teaching, learning and research. However, study by Liang et al.
(2007) has shown that there is a decline in the use of library physical collections and services
which may jeopardize the reason for the establishment of the library in the first place and
negatively affect the quality of teaching, learning and research in institutions.
In support of this fact, Grimes and Boening (2001) posited that many library users nowadays by
pass library resources and directly go to the web for any information needed. Similarly Connell
(2008) posited that majority of library users visit a library’s virtual website more often than its
physical location. Based on these facts from Grimes and Boening (2001) and Connell (2008), it
is very vital for the libraries to utilize the use of the web by designing and deploying an effective
library website if they must continue to play their roles in providing relevant and accurate
information.
2.10Perceived Ease of Use in Relation to Library Automation Adoption
Davis (1989) defined perceived case of use as the extent to which people believe that using
certain system would be effortless. From behavioral decision making point of view, people
mostly try to lessen effort in their behavior (Igbaria and Iivari, 1995). Venkatesh (2000) pointed
out that users would form early perceptions of perceived ease of use of a particular system based
on their general beliefs with regard to that system and its usages.Venkatesh and Morris (2000)
demonstrate that perceived case of use is a function of user’s evaluation of the effort involved in
the process of adoption and learning new technology. It is believed that perceived case of use
helps in reducing the uncertainty of innovations, leading individuals to adopt the technology in
question (Elliott & Fu, 2008). Porter and Donthu, (2006) hypothesize that users will avoid

48. 35
adopting something new due to the perceived difficulty and risk associated with learning that
thing.
Individual users may allocate degree of effort of the various activities for which they are
responsible. Therefore, an IT application perceived to be easier to use than another IT application
more likely will be accepted by users, given all other factors are equal (Davis, 1989).
Consequently in general, if an application system is easy to use, requiring less effort on the part
of users, it will have a higher likely hood of adoption. Furthermore, previous researchers have
found that perceived ease of use influences IT application usage (Davis 1989; Davis et al., 1992)
and library automation adoption (Parvez, 2007). Wang et al. (2003) and Amin (2009) also report
that perceived ease of use has a significant effect on behavioral and usage of IT.
Ajay, Santosh and Tarseem, (2015) acknowledged that any work which ash been done with help
of automatic machine like computer without any human interface is called automation. The
biggest benefit of automation is that it saves labour, however it is also use to saves energy and
materials as only very little effort is required, thereby improving quality, accuracy and precision.
On the basis of automation definition, Ajay, Santosh and Tarseem (2015) also considered the
following as essential characteristic of automation; the operations of processes are carried out
automatically which require very little human effort to be accomplished; avoids or reduces
human actions and thus saves labour; increases accuracy and quality of work and increases
efficiency and speed up the operations.
With regard to library automation, a study confirmed Bhanja and Barik (2009) steering that
automation of the traditional library house-keeping activities make materials easier for patrons to
locate as well allowing staff to perform better user services by facilitating a multitude of staff

49. 36
tasks. Consistent with Egunjobi and Awoyemi (2012) their study noted that automation enables
easy access; that is users are able to search for materials within the library and fromremote
locations via search items as author, title, subject, call number and keyword. The study revealed
that, filing of slips for charging of books were things of the past; books are just scanned during
borrowing. Christopher and Richard (2014) also asserted that library automation responds in no
small measure to the needs placed on the academic library by effectively harnessing the power of
technology in automating its operations, with an intention to strengthen the intellectual mission
of its parent institutions. Kofi and Opare-Adzobu (2010) add that these systems drastically
minimize the time and energy of the staff in the overall management of the library systems,
operations and services on one hand, and that of the users for accessing information and services
on the other hand, at their convenient regardless of location and time of use. Boating, Agyemang
and Dzandu (2014) also conducted a study and their finding revealed that borrowing time was
short and the online public access catalogue (OPAC) has made library resources accessible from
different angles without much difficulty which is the case in traditional library operations.
2.11Perceived Usefulness and Library Automation Adoption
Perceived usefulness in the TAM model originally refereed to job related productivity,
performance and effectiveness (Davis, 1989). That is why Davis (1989) defined perceived
usefulness as the extent to which a user believes that utilizing a certain system would influence
his/her job performance and productivity positively (I.e. providing timely information), from a
theoretical perspective, TAM suggests that people intent to act before they actually act and
perceived usefulness and attitudes towards the information technology are the main predictors of
behavioral intention.

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A significant body of literature in different academic fields (Legris, Ingham and Collerette, 2003;
Davis et al., 1992; Koufaries, 2002: Ong and Lai, 2006) has stressed the importance of perceived
usefulness in accepting new technology.Igbariaet al (1997) stated that perceived usefulness has
an effect on individual’s technology acceptance because of the reinforcement value of outcomes.
Users who believe in a positive use performance relationship will lead to foster the acceptance of
technology (Davis, 1989) and will influence behavioral intention to use that technology (Sun,
Tsai, Finger, Chen, &Yeh, 2008).
The TAM hypothesizes this positive relationship between usage and performance, noting that
individuals will use IT applications when they perceive such usage would lead to the desire task
performance. Davis (1986, 1989) hypothesized that perceived usefulness is an extrinsic factor
affecting usage of IT applications. A possible explanation is that individuals will use these
applications only if they perceive that such usage would help them to achieve the desire task
performance.
With regard to library information, Rajput and Gautam (2010) acknowledged that automation
can be applied profitably in the following library housekeeping operations; acquisition,
classification, cataloguing, stock taking, serial control and circulation. In order to improve
efficiency of library housekeeping operation veer, Kadam and Chavan (2010) noted that library
should be automated in the following manner; automated acquisition system, automated
cataloguing system, automated circulation system and automated serial control system.
Devi and Haritha (2010) recognized that acquisition section of the library should be the one to be
automated first. They further confirmed that the primary motive to automated acquisitions,
therefore, appear to be the hope of realizing cost containment, materials receipt monitoring,

51. 38
improving budget control and expanding function systems into integrated system. Kocha and
Sudarshan(2007) shared this in asserting that most automated library acquisition system are
designed to handle the considerable amount of paper work involved in buying books.
Peyala(2011) asserted that the computerization of acquisition unitenhances funds control, quick
checking of approved books devoid of duplication and manages labour intensiveness in the
manual system. Above all automation of library brings a lot of benefits that help in improving
the general performance and enhance repaid productivity in library operation and service
delivery.
2.12Management Support and Library Automation Adoption
Management support is defined as the extent to which a person believes that organization and
technical resources exist to support the use of the system (Venkateshet al., 2003). Venkatesh and
Bala (2008) demonstrate that when users hold a strong believe with regard to the availability of
organization resources, technical and managerial support, then that will facilitate the adoption of
technology in question. Research has shown a significant relationsip between management
support and intention to adopt and actual use of a particular system or technology (Liang, Saraf,
Hu &Xue, 2007).
Okon, Jacob and Nkoyo (2015) conducted a research on “adoption of ICT in academic libraries”
and the research finding shows that the major factors militating against effective adoption of ICT
to automate the library routines and services in Nigerian University libraries is inadequate
funding by the management and other authorities concerned. This is obvious because these
libraries basically depend on library development funds (LDF), which prescribes 10% of the
recurrent expenditures of Nigerian Universities be expended on the upkeep of the University
library as stipulated by the national university commission (NUC). The poor funding of Nigerian

52. 39
Universities by governments in recent times has therefore, rendered the LDF quite insufficient.
There is also the issue of misappropriation and misapplication of the LDF by the university
management across the country due to their limited finances and negligence attitude and thus
frustrating the effort of University librarians to make effective use of LDF in financing ICT
related project in the libraries.
Another prominent factor that impedes effective adoption of ICT in these libraries to automate
the library’s routines and services is frequent power outage. And the management of higher
institutions failed to take most appropriate alternative measure to supplement the situation.This
perennial power problem in Nigeria generally affect effective adoption of ICT in university
libraries. Lack of trained personnel and negative attitude of university management on IT are
importantfactors that also militate against effective adoption of ICT to automate the library’s
routines and services in academic libraries in Nigeria (Okon, Jacob and Nkoyo 2015).
Previous research has also demonstrated that management support is one of the most critical and
important factor which contributes to the success of a complicated system (Chatterjee et al.,
2002). Accordingly, incase to library automation it is expected that, library staff who believes
that they will have a management support with regard to the implementation of automation
system will have a positive effect on the adoption of automation system otherwise they will have
negative effect.
2.13Computer Knowledge in Relation to Library Automation Adoption
Proficiency in the application of information and communication technology (ICT) in the
academic libraries for effective services delivery is directly connected with the extent of skill
librarians possess in this area. The new international webster’s comprehensive dictionary of the

53. 40
English Language (2010) described skill as the familiar knowledge of any science, art, or
handicraft, as shown by dexterity in execution or performance or in its application to practical
purposes. The freedictionary.com defined skill as proficiency, familiarity or dexterity that is
acquired or developed through training or experience. For libraries to effectively and efficiently
perform their professional jobs at this period of high expectations from them, they should
possess appreciable level of ICT skills.
Considering the enormous role computers and ICT at large in automating libraries, Anyoku
(2012) entails that a large part of librarians responsibility in the 21st
century involves working
with computers, and hence this Anyoku revealed, led to additional ICT skill requirement. This is
closely in line with Tyson (2007) who asserts that with shaping of libraries, library staff should
also be transformed to serve the present generation who need information anytime, anywhere.
The skills of librarians should link the technological infrastructure. In Nigerian society, librarians
are encountering rapidly changing environment that required diverse skills, new thinking and
broadened perspective (Tyson, 2007).
Acquisition of the necessary skills is the driving force and hence plays a towering role in the
application and utilization of ICT for effective and efficient library and information services
delivery. For the fact that librarians are the link between information resources and user’s need
(Achugbue, Uwaifo&Igun, 2015). It is of great relevance that librarians are well familiarized
with ICTs and possess the rudimentary knowledge of computers (Eklof& Hellebore, 2009).
According to Ademodi and Adepoju (2009), the issue of skill acquisition and competence in the
use of ICTs is essential, especially in the information age we are currently in,
AdemodiandAdepoju(2009) hence advocated that librarian’s must acquire competence to be
relevant in their profession, in which nearly all roles and responsibilities are performed with the

54. 41
use of computers. Since the inception of this millennium, library and information science
scholars are believed to have, though publication acquainted library and information science
practitioners of the need to be ICT compliants, having acknowledged ICTs sustained advances
and its incontestable influence on library practices and operations. Against these warnings
however, librarians ICT skills level seem to be low still. Pilot investigations on librarians in
University libraries in Anambra State, Nigeria, hence revealed that their ICT skills level seemed
to be low. This confirms Osagie (2009) who reported that there was lack of adequate number of
professionals that are highly skilled in the use of ICTs for acquisition, processing and
dissemination of information in a most efficient and cost effective way. This also corroborates
Anyoku (2012) who asserted that despite the importance of ICTs to the present day of
information delivery, most reports and studies ascribed low computer literacy to librarians in
Nigeria. This suggests that at this moment, librarians ICTs skills level seems unimproved yet
hence librarians seem to be deficient in operations involving ICTs.
Furthermore, it has been empirically observed that ICT/computer skills and literacy among
librarians has negatively affected the adoption and usage of automation in libraries. This can be
seen as Ajidahun (2007) studied the training development and education of library manpower in
information technology in Nigerian academic libraries. The findings showed that out of 276
professional librarians working in 20 University libraries in Nigeria, only 89 (32.24%) were
computer literate. The findings further revealed that the level of professional training in
information technology received by the professional staff in Nigerian University libraries is
generally inadequate.
Ademodi and Adepoju (2009) examined extent of computer skills among academic librarians in
Ondo and Ekitistates, Nigreian. Finding show that minority of librarian’s use computer to

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discharge their library functions, which may be deem that their computer skill is impeded. The
study also revealed that only one third of the respondents have been enrolled in formal computer
training. The authors commented; “most of the librarians are computer literate but the rate of
computer skill and competence is low”. A study was conducted among eleven higher institution
of learning by Abbas (2014) and he observed that the librarians in the eleven institution studies
are several affected by the limitation of technical expertise and digital divide (gap between have
and have not technology), this has shown in their inability to make optimum use of the
technologies to select, evaluate, acquire, preserve and disseminate information resources. In the
digital age, librarians are required to be conversant with modern electronic delivery systems as
information can be delivered via e –mail portals, digital information can also be exported
electronically; as well as making their users aware of digital storage and retrieval system.
However, the librarians have inadequate IT competency to navigate within the collections. This
competency is compulsory if we realize that in a lot of locations there are network problems and
a librarian with ability to solve some IT problem without depending on the IT department will be
strategically placed in this era. Therefore trouble shooting courses will be an added advantage
and an investment for the Nigerian librarians (Abbas, 2014).The situation arouses worry and
concern especially now that ICTs have become extremely indispensable or even unavoidable in
information sourcing, acquisition, processing, storage and dissemination.
Eguavoen (2011) also asserted that sufficient training and knowledge of ICT are critical in
cheering library staff to show a positive attitude toward it. He then discovered that the major
reason for the failure of library automation projects in developing countries is that library staff
and funding agencies make arrangement without adequate knowledge of hardware, software and
power supply requirement. This reaffirms that adequate knowledge of ICT and its resources are

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imperative to the development of an optimistic attitude to ICT by all categories of library staff.
Gbadamosi (2012) finally recommended that it is expected that library staff are skilled enough to
offer high quality services to those users, who are visiting the physical library. Likewise, it is
expected, that they have extensive knowledge and skills required for developing and maintaining
electronic services and for dissemination of relevant services matching the web users needs and
expectations.
Gbadamosi (2012) further recommended that the implementation of automation e-library
projects should not be restricted to any category of staff. All the staff that are involved in the
service provision chain should have access to computer sets and they should be exposed to
training and retraining in manipulating the Koha automation software and other related software
and internet operations. Library users including staff and student should be trained and trained in
the act of utilizing automation/internet facilities and OPAC to access information in the library
2.14Empirical Review
This section contains the review of empirical studies on issues concerning the study. Abbas
(2014) carried out a research on automation in Nigerian Universities Libraries, where the author
asserts that the trend in IT in the information society is that library automated systems are geared
to function in the digital library environment. With this unprecedented success in library
automation we would be able to organize and preserve our knowledge without fear of lossof
access and maintain a single or central database for all library subsystem. The study analyzed the
Nigeria ICT environment, current state of automation in Nigerian Universities libraries with
particular reference to Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria and University of Ibadan libraries and
concludes by proposing a model for achieving automated library system in our Universities for

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effective information access, management and delivery based on enormous benefits accruable to
libraries that embraced the system.
Adegbore (2010) studied automation in two Nigerian Universities libraries, the objective of the
study is to investigate automation procedures in two Nigerian Universities Libraries and the
problems encountered during automation. An interview checklist was administered on the
University Librarians (UL) University of Agriculture Abeokuta and the Head of multimedia
resources, OlabisOnabanjo University, AgoIwoye on automation procedures intwo Nigerian
universities libraries while 100 questionnaires each were administered on the studentsineach of
the schools to counter check whatever information from the librarians. Findings revealed that
automation was introduced into NimbeAdedipe Library, University of Agriculture Abeokuta in
1994. The initial hardware used was gifts from National University Commission while the
hardware subsequently used were purchased by the library through a firm that won the purchase
contract. Furthermore, they study discovered that, the cataloguing section of the NimbeAdedipe
library has witnessed full conversion from manual to automated form and the serial section is
partially automated. Problem being encountered are hardware breakdown, software problems,
unreliable power supply, inadequate funding, staff training deficiency and planned obsolescence
of commercial software.
Ossai-Ugbah, (2010) examined the extent to which the use of automated electronic information
services by students has influenced the academic performance of students performance of
students in three tertiary institutions in Nigeria: University of Ibadan, Covenant University,
Sango Ota and LadokeAkintola University of Technology, Ogbomosho. One thousand and five
hundred copies of questionnaires were administered to the users at the three universities. The
result revealed that having pre university computer literacy did not account for better academic

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performance and students who made use of automated library servers were better exposed to
academic materials and performed academically better than those who did not make use of the
services ofautomated library. Majority of the users agreed that there is a significant relationship
between educational academic exposures with the use of the automated library services, and they
were satisfied with these automated electronic library services. However, the major constraints
identified by the respondents were slow internet speed, access and automated library facilities are
not up and running at all times to meet the varied time students prefer to browse the internet. The
research recommended institutions to changeand enlarge their internet bandwidth and make it
available anytime of the day or night when the students are free to make use of it.
Nok (2006) investigates the challenges of computerizing a University library in Nigeria with
emphasis on Kashim Ibrahim library, Ahamdu Bello University Zaria. The study find out that
automation in Kashim Ibrahim Library, Ahamdu Bello University Zaria is a gradual process, a
modular software suited for library use (ALICE) was acquired and staff of the library have been
trained in using ALICE. They are currently entering all their catalogue data into the catalogue
module. Electronic publication are gradually being introduce, audio visual and multimedia
reading rooms are provided and CD ROMs and the internet service are offered several kinds of
information can be found on the library homepage: information about the library, the catalogue,
electronic resources, online information services and related links. The study also finds out that
the major challenges faced by Kashim Ibrahim Library are; the LAN (Local Area Network) in
the University is not reliable, lack of computer literacy among staff, poor state of power
generation, poor maintenance and update culture.

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CHAPTER THREE
3.0RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1Introduction
In this chapter, the research methodology used in the study is described. The geographical area
where the study is conducted, the study design, the population and population sample are also
described. The method and instrument used to collect the data for this study, including methods
implemented to maintain validity and reliability of the instrument are explained.
3.2Research Design
Considering the nature of the research under investigation and the objective that the study seeks
to achieve, a cross sectional survey research design was adopted for this study. In a cross
sectional research design, the data mostly through questionnaires are collected at one point in
time in such a way that it is possible to look for a relationships between all the variables of the
study. Therefore, this study adopted cross sectional research design in order to gather its data
from one point in time and assess the nature of the relationship between all the variables of the
study
One of the beauties of cross sectional research design is its ability to allow researchers to
compare many different variables at the same time; that is, it can allow the researcher to measure
different variables in the population of interest at a single point in time. This allows for quick and
easy data gathering even for a large target population which in turn translates it in to cost
effectiveness.