Russian Architecture in the 19th Century HusseinAzher
Nineteenth‐century Russian neoclassicism was grounded in French ideas of the architecture of Enlightenment, combined with neo‐Palladian principles.
The architects who led the development of St. Petersburg between the 1800s and the 1840s were Andrian Zaharov, Vasily Stasov, Auguste Montferrand, and, above all, Karl Rossi. In the next phase of neoclassicism, the Empire style, the main role was played by Moscow architects Iosif Bove and Domenico Gilardi. In the architecture of the Romantic period, as in most western countries, a variety of styles may be seen in Russia, sowing the seeds of Gothic revival in the English taste and nineteenth‐century Orientalism.
The Russian style continued to seem desirable in the 1830 to 1890s. Konstantin Ton built the church of Christ the Redeemer in “Russian‐Byzantine” style, which became the approved national style. Russian art nouveau architects of the 1890s to 1910s were decidedly romantic, concerned with the creation of new myths in symbolic forms. A new strain of the style emerged in architects’ commercial buildings with a rationalistic approach to function, prefiguring the 1920s. The pre‐revolutionary decade brought about the strengthening of neoclassicism.[1]
Notre Dame Cathedral in Paris is one of the oldest Gothic style cathedrals, originally constructed as a Romanesque church in 1163 and converted to Gothic over the following two centuries. It has large windows, high ceilings supported by buttresses, pointed arches, and a floor plan shaped like a cross. The front features two 69-meter towers and the interior has five aisles and 113 windows. Carved gargoyles adorn the exterior, adding touches of humor with their monstrous faces.
Robert Venturi, Complexity & Contradiction in Architecture (1966) pp 16-33Nicky Wong
Venturi argues that modern architecture has become oversimplified, focusing only on function rather than complexity and user experience. He believes architecture should use complex and sometimes contradictory forms and spaces to create multiple layers of meaning. Oversimplification removes these layers and makes buildings boring. Venturi wants to reintroduce complexity and ambiguity to make architecture more meaningful and enhance how users interact with and interpret buildings. His goal is for architecture to be complex art that solves problems while providing rich experiences for people.
It is a literature case study, which consist of two parts. 1st half covers the introduction of hot and dry climate and design factors that we consider while designing in hot and dry areas. And 2nd part consist of litrature case study of building "SANGATH - An Architect’s Studio, Ahmedabad By B.V. Doshi".
An acoustic sliding partition is a partition system that can divide a large hall into separate spaces for different functions like conferences and weddings simultaneously. The partition consists of acoustic panels suspended from a ceiling track that can easily slide and retract to subdivide the open area. It provides numerous options for sound reduction, panel stacking, and surface finishes to flexibly transform the room as needed.
The Tempietto was built between 1499-1506 in Rome by the architect Donato Bramante. It was designed as a circular chapel to commemorate the site where St. Peter was crucified. The Tempietto has a simple yet elegant Renaissance design with a colonnade of Doric columns surrounding a cylindrical structure and dome. It is considered one of the earliest and finest examples of Renaissance architecture for its symmetry, harmony, and inspiration from classical antiquity.
The traditional Mongolian Ger, or yurt, is a portable, round tent used by nomadic peoples. It has strong wooden poles and frames covered with thick felt fabric or animal skins. Gers are designed to withstand extreme weather and allow for mobility. They symbolize unity with nature in Mongolian culture and traditions. Setting up a Ger follows precise layout and etiquette rules reflecting its importance as a sacred home.
Russian Architecture in the 19th Century HusseinAzher
Nineteenth‐century Russian neoclassicism was grounded in French ideas of the architecture of Enlightenment, combined with neo‐Palladian principles.
The architects who led the development of St. Petersburg between the 1800s and the 1840s were Andrian Zaharov, Vasily Stasov, Auguste Montferrand, and, above all, Karl Rossi. In the next phase of neoclassicism, the Empire style, the main role was played by Moscow architects Iosif Bove and Domenico Gilardi. In the architecture of the Romantic period, as in most western countries, a variety of styles may be seen in Russia, sowing the seeds of Gothic revival in the English taste and nineteenth‐century Orientalism.
The Russian style continued to seem desirable in the 1830 to 1890s. Konstantin Ton built the church of Christ the Redeemer in “Russian‐Byzantine” style, which became the approved national style. Russian art nouveau architects of the 1890s to 1910s were decidedly romantic, concerned with the creation of new myths in symbolic forms. A new strain of the style emerged in architects’ commercial buildings with a rationalistic approach to function, prefiguring the 1920s. The pre‐revolutionary decade brought about the strengthening of neoclassicism.[1]
Notre Dame Cathedral in Paris is one of the oldest Gothic style cathedrals, originally constructed as a Romanesque church in 1163 and converted to Gothic over the following two centuries. It has large windows, high ceilings supported by buttresses, pointed arches, and a floor plan shaped like a cross. The front features two 69-meter towers and the interior has five aisles and 113 windows. Carved gargoyles adorn the exterior, adding touches of humor with their monstrous faces.
Robert Venturi, Complexity & Contradiction in Architecture (1966) pp 16-33Nicky Wong
Venturi argues that modern architecture has become oversimplified, focusing only on function rather than complexity and user experience. He believes architecture should use complex and sometimes contradictory forms and spaces to create multiple layers of meaning. Oversimplification removes these layers and makes buildings boring. Venturi wants to reintroduce complexity and ambiguity to make architecture more meaningful and enhance how users interact with and interpret buildings. His goal is for architecture to be complex art that solves problems while providing rich experiences for people.
It is a literature case study, which consist of two parts. 1st half covers the introduction of hot and dry climate and design factors that we consider while designing in hot and dry areas. And 2nd part consist of litrature case study of building "SANGATH - An Architect’s Studio, Ahmedabad By B.V. Doshi".
An acoustic sliding partition is a partition system that can divide a large hall into separate spaces for different functions like conferences and weddings simultaneously. The partition consists of acoustic panels suspended from a ceiling track that can easily slide and retract to subdivide the open area. It provides numerous options for sound reduction, panel stacking, and surface finishes to flexibly transform the room as needed.
The Tempietto was built between 1499-1506 in Rome by the architect Donato Bramante. It was designed as a circular chapel to commemorate the site where St. Peter was crucified. The Tempietto has a simple yet elegant Renaissance design with a colonnade of Doric columns surrounding a cylindrical structure and dome. It is considered one of the earliest and finest examples of Renaissance architecture for its symmetry, harmony, and inspiration from classical antiquity.
The traditional Mongolian Ger, or yurt, is a portable, round tent used by nomadic peoples. It has strong wooden poles and frames covered with thick felt fabric or animal skins. Gers are designed to withstand extreme weather and allow for mobility. They symbolize unity with nature in Mongolian culture and traditions. Setting up a Ger follows precise layout and etiquette rules reflecting its importance as a sacred home.
This document discusses shading devices and their use in architecture in Jaisalmer, India. It defines shading devices as purpose-built structures that protect from sunlight and natural light. The document describes different types of shading devices, including vertical, horizontal, and egg-crate devices. It also discusses the climate and location of Jaisalmer and how structures there utilize features like dense clustering, orientation, and courtyards to provide natural cooling without electricity. Specific architectural examples from Jaisalmer like Nathmalji Haveli are also summarized, highlighting shading elements like jharokhas, chatris, and chajjas.
Carpenter Centre for visual arts - LE CORBUSIERshalz_singh
The Carpenter Center for Visual Arts at Harvard University is Le Corbusier's only building in the United States. It houses art studios and galleries and has large open floor plans supported by pilotis. An S-shaped concrete ramp connects the two levels and acts as an architectural promenade through the building. Le Corbusier incorporated his Five Points into the design, including the pilotis, roof garden, free ground plan, and free facade.
This document contains Liam Baines' individual facade design contribution to a joint office block project. The north elevation will feature a glass curtain wall to maximize natural light, while the west, south and east elevations will have aluminum composite panel facades. Drawings show floor plans, elevations and section details of the proposed aluminum composite panel and glass curtain wall facade systems.
St. Peter's Basilica in Rome underwent many changes over centuries of construction. The first church on the site was built in the 4th century over St. Peter's tomb. The current basilica began construction in 1506 according to Donato Bramante's plan for a Greek cross-shaped church with a central dome. Over the decades, 10 architects modified the plans, with Michelangelo and Carlo Maderno making the most significant changes by 1626, transforming it into a Latin cross with a massive dome and long nave. Today it is one of the largest Christian churches in the world.
The document provides background on the Early Italian Renaissance period from the 14th to 17th centuries. It began in Florence and later spread throughout Italy and Europe. Key developments included a resurgence of learning based on classical sources, the emergence of linear perspective in painting, and educational reform. Scholars' access to classical texts like those of Vitruvius was important, as was the establishment of humanism, which celebrated rationality and mankind's ability to understand the physical world. Vitruvius' work "On Architecture" was especially influential for Renaissance architects.
Tama Art University Case Study and comparison with Peckham LibraryFatima Akbar
Toyo Ito's Tama Art University Library is located in the suburbs of Tokyo. It is comprised of a series of concrete arches arranged in an irregular pattern driven by the slope of the surrounding landscape. The arches intersect to form slender columns that gently connect with the earth. Within the cavernous space created by the arches, the spaces are divided into a variety of functions allowing students to study or socialize. Natural light enters through the glass exterior walls and openings between the arches, extending the natural environment into the interior.
Theory Of Design - Louis Sullivan. Buildings covered in this presentation are - Auditorium Building (Chicago) , Wainwright Building, Carson Pierie Scott and company building, transportation building, louis sullivan bungalow ,
This document discusses three 18th century architectural theorists - Marc-Antoine Laugier, Etienne-Louis Boullée, and Claude Nicolas Ledoux. It provides background on each theorist and summarizes their key ideas. Laugier promoted simplifying architecture and deriving elements from nature, notably his concept of the primitive hut. Boullée emphasized using geometry, light/shadow, and scale to create emotional architecture. Both theorists had a neoclassical influence but sought to innovate. The document examines some of their specific projects to illustrate their theories.
This document discusses shelter design considerations for warm humid climates. Key factors include orienting buildings for cross ventilation, using open floor plans and spreading buildings out to allow air flow. Elevated structures, large openings, shading, lightweight construction and ventilated roofs are recommended to reduce heat and humidity inside. Examples highlighted use these strategies like cross ventilation, stack effect from elevated buildings, operable shading and double pitched roofs.
Chiswick House is a neo-Palladian villa located in West London built in 1729. It was designed by architects Richard Boyle, Francis Fowke, and William Kent for Richard Boyle, 3rd Earl of Burlington. The structure of the house is highly symmetrical and proportioned, with a central domed octagonal space called the Tribunal that has large classical paintings on each of its eight faces. The interior decorations and furnishings throughout the house are also based on classical themes, especially nautical motifs like shells, fish scales, and statues of Venus and sea gods.
The document discusses the design and construction of a new art museum building in Denver, Colorado. Some key points:
- The building's design by architect Daniel Libeskind emulates the jagged peaks of the surrounding Rocky Mountains with its sharp angles and complex geometry.
- It is constructed out of steel, concrete, and other materials like titanium and granite to withstand the lateral forces without right angles or vertical walls.
- The engineering was extremely challenging due to the unconventional sloped designs of the walls, floors, and other structures without standard angles. Precise fabrication and installation was required.
- Over 100 steel columns extend from the foundation into the bedrock to support the entire weight of the building in
The document provides a history of Greek architecture from ancient to Hellenistic periods. It describes the influences of Minoan and Mycenaean civilizations and the development of city-states and democracy. Greek architecture is known for its use of columns, trabeated construction, and three classical orders of Doric, Ionic and Corinthian. Important building types included temples, houses, palaces, and theaters. Major works included the Parthenon, Temple of Artemis, and Theater of Epidauros. Greek architecture emphasized symmetry, proportion and precision through careful use of entasis and refinements.
The document discusses hip roofs and hip rafters. It provides information on calculating the length of common rafters, hip rafters, and jack rafters for a hip roof with a given span, run, and roof slope. It also discusses shortening the ridgeboard and common rafters to accommodate their thickness, as well as methods for cutting the side cuts of hip and jack rafters.
The document discusses historicism in architecture, which emerged in the 19th century as architects revived styles from the past using new materials. New technologies like iron, steel, and glass freed building design from constraints of traditional materials. Architects embraced geometric forms from classical architecture or drew from medieval styles. By creatively blending elements of different periods, historicism opened up design possibilities and conferred artistic freedom beyond chronological limits. It aimed to recover national architectural roots through Gothic, Islamic, or other revival styles.
Westminster Abbey is a large Gothic church in London that has historically served as the site of British coronations and royal burials. Some key features include the nave where notable figures are buried, Poet's Corner memorializing writers, the rose window and vaulted ceilings decorated with ribbing, and flying buttresses on the exterior. The abbey was originally a Benedictine church until Henry VIII dissolved the monasteries, and now functions as a site for coronations, royal weddings, burials and memorials.
Natural ventilation is the process of supplying and removing air through a space using natural means like open windows and vents. It does not require external energy or mechanical systems. Various techniques can provide natural ventilation, such as the stack effect (using temperature differences to drive airflow), wind towers, and courtyards. Proper building orientation, cross ventilation, and opening placement and size are important for effective natural ventilation. Historic vernacular architecture in places like Jaisalmer, India effectively use natural ventilation strategies like dense building clustering, structural shading, and courtyards to provide cooling.
This document discusses shading devices and their use in architecture in Jaisalmer, India. It defines shading devices as purpose-built structures that protect from sunlight and natural light. The document describes different types of shading devices, including vertical, horizontal, and egg-crate devices. It also discusses the climate and location of Jaisalmer and how structures there utilize features like dense clustering, orientation, and courtyards to provide natural cooling without electricity. Specific architectural examples from Jaisalmer like Nathmalji Haveli are also summarized, highlighting shading elements like jharokhas, chatris, and chajjas.
Carpenter Centre for visual arts - LE CORBUSIERshalz_singh
The Carpenter Center for Visual Arts at Harvard University is Le Corbusier's only building in the United States. It houses art studios and galleries and has large open floor plans supported by pilotis. An S-shaped concrete ramp connects the two levels and acts as an architectural promenade through the building. Le Corbusier incorporated his Five Points into the design, including the pilotis, roof garden, free ground plan, and free facade.
This document contains Liam Baines' individual facade design contribution to a joint office block project. The north elevation will feature a glass curtain wall to maximize natural light, while the west, south and east elevations will have aluminum composite panel facades. Drawings show floor plans, elevations and section details of the proposed aluminum composite panel and glass curtain wall facade systems.
St. Peter's Basilica in Rome underwent many changes over centuries of construction. The first church on the site was built in the 4th century over St. Peter's tomb. The current basilica began construction in 1506 according to Donato Bramante's plan for a Greek cross-shaped church with a central dome. Over the decades, 10 architects modified the plans, with Michelangelo and Carlo Maderno making the most significant changes by 1626, transforming it into a Latin cross with a massive dome and long nave. Today it is one of the largest Christian churches in the world.
The document provides background on the Early Italian Renaissance period from the 14th to 17th centuries. It began in Florence and later spread throughout Italy and Europe. Key developments included a resurgence of learning based on classical sources, the emergence of linear perspective in painting, and educational reform. Scholars' access to classical texts like those of Vitruvius was important, as was the establishment of humanism, which celebrated rationality and mankind's ability to understand the physical world. Vitruvius' work "On Architecture" was especially influential for Renaissance architects.
Tama Art University Case Study and comparison with Peckham LibraryFatima Akbar
Toyo Ito's Tama Art University Library is located in the suburbs of Tokyo. It is comprised of a series of concrete arches arranged in an irregular pattern driven by the slope of the surrounding landscape. The arches intersect to form slender columns that gently connect with the earth. Within the cavernous space created by the arches, the spaces are divided into a variety of functions allowing students to study or socialize. Natural light enters through the glass exterior walls and openings between the arches, extending the natural environment into the interior.
Theory Of Design - Louis Sullivan. Buildings covered in this presentation are - Auditorium Building (Chicago) , Wainwright Building, Carson Pierie Scott and company building, transportation building, louis sullivan bungalow ,
This document discusses three 18th century architectural theorists - Marc-Antoine Laugier, Etienne-Louis Boullée, and Claude Nicolas Ledoux. It provides background on each theorist and summarizes their key ideas. Laugier promoted simplifying architecture and deriving elements from nature, notably his concept of the primitive hut. Boullée emphasized using geometry, light/shadow, and scale to create emotional architecture. Both theorists had a neoclassical influence but sought to innovate. The document examines some of their specific projects to illustrate their theories.
This document discusses shelter design considerations for warm humid climates. Key factors include orienting buildings for cross ventilation, using open floor plans and spreading buildings out to allow air flow. Elevated structures, large openings, shading, lightweight construction and ventilated roofs are recommended to reduce heat and humidity inside. Examples highlighted use these strategies like cross ventilation, stack effect from elevated buildings, operable shading and double pitched roofs.
Chiswick House is a neo-Palladian villa located in West London built in 1729. It was designed by architects Richard Boyle, Francis Fowke, and William Kent for Richard Boyle, 3rd Earl of Burlington. The structure of the house is highly symmetrical and proportioned, with a central domed octagonal space called the Tribunal that has large classical paintings on each of its eight faces. The interior decorations and furnishings throughout the house are also based on classical themes, especially nautical motifs like shells, fish scales, and statues of Venus and sea gods.
The document discusses the design and construction of a new art museum building in Denver, Colorado. Some key points:
- The building's design by architect Daniel Libeskind emulates the jagged peaks of the surrounding Rocky Mountains with its sharp angles and complex geometry.
- It is constructed out of steel, concrete, and other materials like titanium and granite to withstand the lateral forces without right angles or vertical walls.
- The engineering was extremely challenging due to the unconventional sloped designs of the walls, floors, and other structures without standard angles. Precise fabrication and installation was required.
- Over 100 steel columns extend from the foundation into the bedrock to support the entire weight of the building in
The document provides a history of Greek architecture from ancient to Hellenistic periods. It describes the influences of Minoan and Mycenaean civilizations and the development of city-states and democracy. Greek architecture is known for its use of columns, trabeated construction, and three classical orders of Doric, Ionic and Corinthian. Important building types included temples, houses, palaces, and theaters. Major works included the Parthenon, Temple of Artemis, and Theater of Epidauros. Greek architecture emphasized symmetry, proportion and precision through careful use of entasis and refinements.
The document discusses hip roofs and hip rafters. It provides information on calculating the length of common rafters, hip rafters, and jack rafters for a hip roof with a given span, run, and roof slope. It also discusses shortening the ridgeboard and common rafters to accommodate their thickness, as well as methods for cutting the side cuts of hip and jack rafters.
The document discusses historicism in architecture, which emerged in the 19th century as architects revived styles from the past using new materials. New technologies like iron, steel, and glass freed building design from constraints of traditional materials. Architects embraced geometric forms from classical architecture or drew from medieval styles. By creatively blending elements of different periods, historicism opened up design possibilities and conferred artistic freedom beyond chronological limits. It aimed to recover national architectural roots through Gothic, Islamic, or other revival styles.
Westminster Abbey is a large Gothic church in London that has historically served as the site of British coronations and royal burials. Some key features include the nave where notable figures are buried, Poet's Corner memorializing writers, the rose window and vaulted ceilings decorated with ribbing, and flying buttresses on the exterior. The abbey was originally a Benedictine church until Henry VIII dissolved the monasteries, and now functions as a site for coronations, royal weddings, burials and memorials.
Natural ventilation is the process of supplying and removing air through a space using natural means like open windows and vents. It does not require external energy or mechanical systems. Various techniques can provide natural ventilation, such as the stack effect (using temperature differences to drive airflow), wind towers, and courtyards. Proper building orientation, cross ventilation, and opening placement and size are important for effective natural ventilation. Historic vernacular architecture in places like Jaisalmer, India effectively use natural ventilation strategies like dense building clustering, structural shading, and courtyards to provide cooling.
4. Podjela prozora
Prema materijalu
• drveni
• aluminijumski
• PVC
Prema broju
krila
• jednokrilni
• dvokrilni
• višekrilni
• dvojni
• spojeni
Prema načinu
otvaranja
A- fiksni
B- pomični
• okretni
• obrtni
• okretno - zaokretni
• preklopni
• klizni
5. Drveni prozori
• Drveni prozori se prave od
lameliranog, vještački
isušenog drveta.
• Pravilnom konstrukcijom,
gradnjom i njegom, današnji
drveni prozor može izdržati
više od 100 godina.
• Drveni prozori imaju dobru
toplotnu i zvučnu izolaciju
• Pošto nema veliku otpornost
na vodu mora se pravilno
zaštiti lakiranjem.
6. Kada je potrebna lagana konstrukcija, čvrstoća,
postojanost i ostakljivanje većih površina,
aluminijumska stolarija postavlja se na prvo
mjesto
Karakteristike
- visoka zaštita od buke
- visoke termoizolacione sposobnosti
- visok stepen završne obrade
- velika otpornost na spoljašnje uticaje
- dug vijek trajanja
Aluminijumski prozori
7. PVC prozori
• Polivinil hlorid ili PVC je vrsta plastike
koja je našla primenu u savremenom
svijetu zbog svojih fizičkih
karakteristika.
• PVC prozori ne trule, ne rđaju, ne
korodiraju, ne bubre, ne ljušte se i
otporni su na termite i druge insekte.
• PVC je otporan na gljivice i budj.Čak i
jaka kiša ili obično pranje sa vodom i
tečnošću je sve što je potrebno da bi
PVC prozori bili čisti.
• Vijek upotrebe kreće se od 40-100
godina.
• Od 100 do 300 € se godišnje ustedi na
računima za struju ukoliko se zamijene
drveni sa PVC prozorima.
9. Prema načinu otvaranja
A- fiksni prozori
B- obrtni oko srednje
vertikalne ose
C-obrtni oko bočne
vertikalne ose
D- obrtni oko srednje
horizontalne ose
E- obrtni oko donje
horizontalne ose
F- obrtno- otklopni
G- horizontalno
klizeći
H- vertikalno klizeći
I- kombinovani
10. Elementi prozora
• UNUTRAŠNJI ELEMENTI PROZORA
1. Staklo
2. Prozorsko krilo/ pomično ili fiksno /
3. Doprozornik – čvrsto ugrađen u otvor
11. Spoljni elementi prozora
• Roletne - obezbeđuju zaštitu od sunca, vetra, kiše i ostalih
vremenskih nepogoda
• Okapnice - ugrađuju se ispod prozora i dizajnirane kao dio
prozora za idealnu zaštitu i odbijanje padavina od prozora i
zida.
• Podprozorne klupice - imaju ulogu uljepšavanja i lakšeg
održavanja prozora.
• Komarnici - samo ime kaže, brana protiv komaraca i drugih
insekata
12. Roletne
• venecijaner
• škure
• grilje
• eslinger roletne.
-Venecijaner roletne su unutrašnje.
Sastoje se od lamelica i kanapa na
koji su one okačene.
-Škure i grilje su spoljne roletne
kod kojih su lamelice postavljene
na dva od prozora nezavisna krila
koja se mogu otvarati i zatvrati.
- Eslinger roletne su spoljne
roletne koje se sastoje od kutije i
lamelica.
14. Komarnici
• Rolo komarnici se koriste da bi
sprečili ulazak komaraca i insekata u
stan.
• Stubovi i kutija kod rolo komarnika
izrađuje se od aluminijuma koji je
plastificiran u bijelu, sivu ili braon
boju.
• Mrežica se izrađuje od fiberglasa,
koji je stabilan na suncu i svim
vremenskim uslovima.
15. ZAKLJUČAK
• Prozori moraju biti projektovani
tako da zadovoljavaju ljudske
potrebe za vizuelnom
komunikacijom sa spoljnim
svijetom, da dozvoljavaju da
sunčevo zračenje obezbijedi
dodatnu dnevnu svjetlost i toplotu,
spoljni vazduh, kao i da poboljšaju
eksterijer i enterijer građevine.
• Vrijednost prozora se ne nalazi
samo u obliku i formi već i u
marerijalu od kojeg je napravljen
• Prozori imaju i simboličku
vrijednost veze sa svijetom