This document provides guidance on ventilation standards in workplaces. It discusses the need for fresh air to provide oxygen, dilute carbon dioxide from respiration, and remove odors, smoke and other airborne impurities. It recommends a minimum fresh air supply rate of 5 liters per second per occupant, and higher rates for spaces with smoking or other sources of contamination. Tables provide recommended minimum fresh air supply rates for different types of occupied spaces, such as offices, shops, and restaurants. The document stresses that exhaust ventilation should contain impurities at their source where possible, but general ventilation is also needed to dilute contaminants that cannot be fully controlled locally.
This document discusses the importance of humidity control and humidification. Maintaining proper humidity levels indoors is important for human comfort, equipment performance, and material preservation. Improper humidity can damage materials and equipment or cause discomfort. The document outlines key humidity concepts like relative humidity and dew point. It explains how humidification can enhance indoor environments while also saving energy by reducing moisture absorption from other sources.
Ventilation is the process of changing or replacing air in an enclosed space to control air quality by removing contaminants and introducing outside fresh air. It is needed to maintain oxygen levels, remove carbon dioxide, control humidity, prevent heat buildup, and dilute odors and other contaminants. Ventilation can be natural through wind and stack effects, or mechanical using fans. Standards recommend minimum air change rates to ensure adequate indoor air quality and occupant comfort. Factors like air temperature, humidity, airflow patterns, and rates must be properly controlled.
Industrial Hazards and Their Safety Measure in Textile IndustryAzmir Latif Beg
Industrial hazard may be defined as any condition produced by industries that may cause injury or death to personnel or loss of product or property. Textile industries involve diverse operations including fiber synthesis, weaving, manufacturing, dyeing and finishing. Textile operations have been studied extensively and found numerous health and safety issues associated with the textile industry.
Hazards in Textile processing IndustriesDhruv Saxena
The document discusses various hazards present in textile processing industries. It identifies four main industrial hazards: fire, explosion, toxic release, and environmental damage. It then describes specific hazards from chemicals, dusts, and other exposures present in different textile operations like dyeing, bleaching, sizing, printing, and finishing. The document emphasizes the need for proper ventilation, bulk container redesign, work practices, personal protective equipment, and waste treatment to reduce worker exposures and environmental impacts from textile industry hazards.
The document discusses heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems in health care facilities. It covers the history of HVAC in hospitals and the importance of controlling air quality and airflow patterns to prevent infection transmission. Proper HVAC design criteria for health care facilities include higher air filtration, controlled ventilation and pressure between rooms, consideration of temperature and humidity needs for different areas. Key areas that require special HVAC design attention are operating rooms, isolation rooms, and intensive care units.
1. Indoor air pollution is a significant issue as indoor air can be more polluted than outdoor air.
2. Historical events in the 1970s led to increased monitoring and standards for indoor air quality (IAQ) after outbreaks of illness among building occupants.
3. Common sources of indoor air pollution include poor building ventilation and air conditioning systems, as well as pollutants emitted from building materials, furnishings, and human activities like breathing and cleaning. Proper ventilation is important for maintaining good IAQ.
This document provides information about air, air pollution, and ventilation in 3 paragraphs or less:
Air is necessary for life and provides oxygen for respiration. It can become polluted from sources like vehicle emissions, industrial processes, and burning of fuels. Major pollutants include carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, particulate matter and more. Air pollution affects health and causes issues like respiratory illnesses. Ventilation systems aim to replace stale indoor air with fresh outdoor air to improve comfort, health and efficiency. Methods include natural ventilation using wind and fans, or mechanical systems like exhaust, plenum and air conditioning. Standards provide guidelines for adequate air changes and ventilation.
ProService provides air duct cleaning, disinfection, coil cleaning and disinfection, and cleaning and disinfection of air handling systems. It aims to perform quality services at fair prices to gain repeat business through customer satisfaction. It depends on National Air Duct Cleaning Association standards and cleans the entire HVAC system. Benefits include improved guest satisfaction, staff productivity, and reduced operating costs.
This document discusses the importance of humidity control and humidification. Maintaining proper humidity levels indoors is important for human comfort, equipment performance, and material preservation. Improper humidity can damage materials and equipment or cause discomfort. The document outlines key humidity concepts like relative humidity and dew point. It explains how humidification can enhance indoor environments while also saving energy by reducing moisture absorption from other sources.
Ventilation is the process of changing or replacing air in an enclosed space to control air quality by removing contaminants and introducing outside fresh air. It is needed to maintain oxygen levels, remove carbon dioxide, control humidity, prevent heat buildup, and dilute odors and other contaminants. Ventilation can be natural through wind and stack effects, or mechanical using fans. Standards recommend minimum air change rates to ensure adequate indoor air quality and occupant comfort. Factors like air temperature, humidity, airflow patterns, and rates must be properly controlled.
Industrial Hazards and Their Safety Measure in Textile IndustryAzmir Latif Beg
Industrial hazard may be defined as any condition produced by industries that may cause injury or death to personnel or loss of product or property. Textile industries involve diverse operations including fiber synthesis, weaving, manufacturing, dyeing and finishing. Textile operations have been studied extensively and found numerous health and safety issues associated with the textile industry.
Hazards in Textile processing IndustriesDhruv Saxena
The document discusses various hazards present in textile processing industries. It identifies four main industrial hazards: fire, explosion, toxic release, and environmental damage. It then describes specific hazards from chemicals, dusts, and other exposures present in different textile operations like dyeing, bleaching, sizing, printing, and finishing. The document emphasizes the need for proper ventilation, bulk container redesign, work practices, personal protective equipment, and waste treatment to reduce worker exposures and environmental impacts from textile industry hazards.
The document discusses heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems in health care facilities. It covers the history of HVAC in hospitals and the importance of controlling air quality and airflow patterns to prevent infection transmission. Proper HVAC design criteria for health care facilities include higher air filtration, controlled ventilation and pressure between rooms, consideration of temperature and humidity needs for different areas. Key areas that require special HVAC design attention are operating rooms, isolation rooms, and intensive care units.
1. Indoor air pollution is a significant issue as indoor air can be more polluted than outdoor air.
2. Historical events in the 1970s led to increased monitoring and standards for indoor air quality (IAQ) after outbreaks of illness among building occupants.
3. Common sources of indoor air pollution include poor building ventilation and air conditioning systems, as well as pollutants emitted from building materials, furnishings, and human activities like breathing and cleaning. Proper ventilation is important for maintaining good IAQ.
This document provides information about air, air pollution, and ventilation in 3 paragraphs or less:
Air is necessary for life and provides oxygen for respiration. It can become polluted from sources like vehicle emissions, industrial processes, and burning of fuels. Major pollutants include carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, particulate matter and more. Air pollution affects health and causes issues like respiratory illnesses. Ventilation systems aim to replace stale indoor air with fresh outdoor air to improve comfort, health and efficiency. Methods include natural ventilation using wind and fans, or mechanical systems like exhaust, plenum and air conditioning. Standards provide guidelines for adequate air changes and ventilation.
ProService provides air duct cleaning, disinfection, coil cleaning and disinfection, and cleaning and disinfection of air handling systems. It aims to perform quality services at fair prices to gain repeat business through customer satisfaction. It depends on National Air Duct Cleaning Association standards and cleans the entire HVAC system. Benefits include improved guest satisfaction, staff productivity, and reduced operating costs.
ProService Indoor Air Quality profile for hotelsMohamed Ramadan
Indoor Air Quality Management:
Air duct cleaning.
Air duct disinfection.
Air coils cleaning.
Air coils disinfection.
Air handling systems cleaning.
Air handling systems disinfection .
Energy Show 2022 - Opportunities and Challenges to Upgrades in the Commercial...SustainableEnergyAut
The Government's plan to address Climate change includes ambitious targets. This session will focus particularly on the targets relating to the retrofit non-domestic buildings. It will discuss some of the challenges and opportunities to meet these goals.
Discussions will be around a holistic approach to retrofitting of buildings, bringing the reduction in energy requirements to the fore.
Speakers will cover some of the main pressing questions faced by those designing and managing non-domestic buildings in today’s current climate. All speakers have extensive experience in their particular topic and have worked for many years within the construction industry.
The sub-topics included within this session are outlined below:
Challenges to Commercial Retrofit Ventilation Energy efficiency & Covid
Façade Upgrades and Carbon Reduction in Commercial Retrofit
Benefits of Building Digitalisation & Optimisation.
This session will be both practical and relevant for anyone designing, constructing and supplying these projects.
This 4-page document from the Health and Safety Executive provides guidance on ventilation requirements for catering kitchens. It discusses the objectives of an effective kitchen ventilation system, such as removing cooking fumes, excess heat, and providing make-up air. The document also outlines best practices for canopy hoods, ventilation system design, replacement air, and discharge of extracted air. It provides guidance for caterers, building owners, ventilation system designers, and equipment installers to help ensure kitchen ventilation systems are adequately ventilated and meet health and safety standards.
Code of Practice 11 aims to achieve the cleanest air possible both indoors and outdoors. It applies to ambient outdoor air quality, indoor work environments, and public places. Generators of emissions must measure and report them as required, and assess emission impacts. Emergencies may cause standards to be exceeded if workers' lives are at risk. Indoor air quality should not cause ill effects, and ventilation systems must be properly maintained. Ongoing indoor air quality monitoring is only required under certain conditions like risk of hazardous material exposure or complaints. The Code recognizes all substances as potentially harmful and aims to keep them at low levels.
Heating and-air-conditioning-of-building-faber-and-kell-chapter-14-air-condit...Olumide Daniel
The document discusses air conditioning systems and principles. It defines air conditioning as providing and maintaining a desirable internal atmospheric environment regardless of external conditions. It discusses traditional central plant air conditioning systems that use chilled water, direct expansion cooling coils, and steam or electric heating coils. It also discusses zoned air conditioning systems that divide a building into zones served by separate central plants or floors served by intermediate plant rooms to reduce duct sizes.
B&ES Indoor Air Quality Group Meeting - RIBA LondonCamfil UK
The Building and Environmental Services Association Indoor Air Quality group was called to address increasing concern in the health implications of being exposed to poor indoor air quality.
Stuart Upton - Covid-19 Return to Work Ventilation GuidanceIES / IAQM
Ventilation is important to reduce the spread of COVID-19 in indoor spaces. Increasing outdoor air ventilation rates and avoiding air recirculation can help remove virus-containing particles from occupied areas. For mechanically ventilated buildings, recommendations include extending ventilation system operation times, lowering CO2 setpoints, and keeping systems running at lower rates overnight and on weekends. For naturally ventilated buildings, opening windows more often is suggested. Room air cleaners with HEPA filters can also help locally if placed near occupants.
Guide to-atmospheric-testing-in-confined-spaces-usqcmaryam m
This application note is intended to provide general information and to act as a reminder of the dangers associated with atmospheric hazards in a confined space. It outlines the following:
• What is a confined space?
• Atmospheric hazards found in a confined space.
The document assesses the indoor air quality of a hospital during the COVID-19 pandemic. It analyzes the hospital's existing air conditioning system and its compliance with guidance from health authorities on improving ventilation and filtration. The system is found to generally meet standards, with low infection rates seen within the hospital. Minor upgrades are recommended, such as replacing filters with higher MERV rated ones and adding UV lights or portable air cleaners to certain areas. Ensuring proper ventilation, filtration, and air cleaning is concluded to help provide a safe environment by diluting virus loads.
EHSxTech Regulatory Highlights: Industrial Hygiene and Occupational HealthAntea Group
Overview of regulations for selected APAC countries covering personal exposure limits, bloodborne pathogens and contagious diseases, indoor air quality, potable water and legionella, and ergonomics.
Ventilation and heat control are necessary to provide fresh air, remove contaminants and maintain comfortable temperatures for human health and safety. Good ventilation supplies oxygen, removes carbon dioxide and pollutants from processes, and regulates air temperature. It decreases heat stress and improves worker productivity, health, safety and satisfaction. Poor ventilation has opposite effects, including insufficient fresh air and increased discomfort, stress and accident risks.
Sick Building Syndrome is a situation where building occupants experience acute health effects that are temporarily relieved when leaving the building. Common causes include inadequate ventilation, chemical contamination from indoor and outdoor sources, and biological contaminants. To address Sick Building Syndrome, facilities managers should investigate the building, identify pollution sources, improve ventilation and air filtration, educate occupants, and properly maintain HVAC systems. Maintaining indoor air quality is important for occupant health and productivity.
Building services include systems that make occupants comfortable, functional, efficient and safe, such as ventilation, air conditioning, water supply, drainage, plumbing and electrification. Ventilation involves supplying fresh air into a building and removing stale air. It is necessary to remove stale air, prevent concentration of odors and bacteria, and prevent buildup of flammable gases. Ventilation can be natural via openings, or mechanical using fans. Proper plumbing systems include water distribution, drainage, and sanitation to provide potable water and safely remove wastewater. Air conditioning cools, dehumidifies, filters and circulates air to maintain occupant health and comfort.
Ventilation involves supplying or removing air through natural or mechanical means to maintain indoor air quality. It is important for removing odors, bacteria and heat from human respiration and equipment. Poor ventilation leads to discomfort through increased temperature, humidity and carbon dioxide levels. Proper ventilation requires supplying fresh air at adequate rates depending on the building type and occupants, with air movements and control of temperature, humidity and purity. Natural ventilation uses openings to supply and remove air via wind and stack effects, while mechanical ventilation uses exhaust, supply or balanced systems along with air conditioning.
EPA 608 certification and refrigerant handling procedureAmarSinghC1
This document provides information about EPA certification training for air conditioning and refrigeration technicians. It discusses the requirements under Section 608 of the Clean Air Act for technicians to be certified in proper refrigerant handling techniques. There are four categories of technician certification: Type I, Type II, Type III, and Universal. The test for certification contains multiple choice questions in four sections: Core, Type I, Type II, and Type III. Technicians must pass the Core section with a minimum score of 70% as well as the section for their relevant certification type.
Air is composed primarily of nitrogen, oxygen, and trace amounts of other gases. It also contains water vapor and suspended particles. Human activities like breathing, combustion, and industry introduce impurities into the air. Natural mechanisms like wind, sunlight, rain, and plant life help cleanse the air. When many people occupy confined indoor spaces, the air becomes contaminated through chemical changes like rising carbon dioxide and physical changes like increased temperature and humidity. Proper ventilation is needed to replace stale air and maintain a thermally comfortable environment for occupants. Various natural and mechanical ventilation methods aim to regulate indoor air quality and temperature.
This document discusses waste treatment and disposal technology, specifically focusing on air containment, general ventilation systems, local exhaust systems, and confined space safety measures. It defines key terms like ventilation, industrial ventilation, confined spaces, and components of local exhaust systems. It outlines common hazards in confined spaces like oxygen deficiency, fires/explosions, and toxic fumes. The document emphasizes the importance of ventilation for confined spaces and outlines basic ventilation requirements and strategies for ventilating spaces before and during entry and work.
This document discusses waste treatment and disposal technology, specifically focusing on air containment, general ventilation systems, local exhaust systems, and confined space safety measures. It provides information on:
- The definition and purpose of ventilation systems in industrial settings.
- Components and design principles of general ventilation and local exhaust systems.
- Common hazards found in confined spaces like oxygen deficiency, fires, and toxic fumes.
- Safety measures for confined spaces including ventilation requirements before and during entry and work.
Sudheer Mechineni, Head of Application Frameworks, Standard Chartered Bank
Discover how Standard Chartered Bank harnessed the power of Neo4j to transform complex data access challenges into a dynamic, scalable graph database solution. This keynote will cover their journey from initial adoption to deploying a fully automated, enterprise-grade causal cluster, highlighting key strategies for modelling organisational changes and ensuring robust disaster recovery. Learn how these innovations have not only enhanced Standard Chartered Bank’s data infrastructure but also positioned them as pioneers in the banking sector’s adoption of graph technology.
ProService Indoor Air Quality profile for hotelsMohamed Ramadan
Indoor Air Quality Management:
Air duct cleaning.
Air duct disinfection.
Air coils cleaning.
Air coils disinfection.
Air handling systems cleaning.
Air handling systems disinfection .
Energy Show 2022 - Opportunities and Challenges to Upgrades in the Commercial...SustainableEnergyAut
The Government's plan to address Climate change includes ambitious targets. This session will focus particularly on the targets relating to the retrofit non-domestic buildings. It will discuss some of the challenges and opportunities to meet these goals.
Discussions will be around a holistic approach to retrofitting of buildings, bringing the reduction in energy requirements to the fore.
Speakers will cover some of the main pressing questions faced by those designing and managing non-domestic buildings in today’s current climate. All speakers have extensive experience in their particular topic and have worked for many years within the construction industry.
The sub-topics included within this session are outlined below:
Challenges to Commercial Retrofit Ventilation Energy efficiency & Covid
Façade Upgrades and Carbon Reduction in Commercial Retrofit
Benefits of Building Digitalisation & Optimisation.
This session will be both practical and relevant for anyone designing, constructing and supplying these projects.
This 4-page document from the Health and Safety Executive provides guidance on ventilation requirements for catering kitchens. It discusses the objectives of an effective kitchen ventilation system, such as removing cooking fumes, excess heat, and providing make-up air. The document also outlines best practices for canopy hoods, ventilation system design, replacement air, and discharge of extracted air. It provides guidance for caterers, building owners, ventilation system designers, and equipment installers to help ensure kitchen ventilation systems are adequately ventilated and meet health and safety standards.
Code of Practice 11 aims to achieve the cleanest air possible both indoors and outdoors. It applies to ambient outdoor air quality, indoor work environments, and public places. Generators of emissions must measure and report them as required, and assess emission impacts. Emergencies may cause standards to be exceeded if workers' lives are at risk. Indoor air quality should not cause ill effects, and ventilation systems must be properly maintained. Ongoing indoor air quality monitoring is only required under certain conditions like risk of hazardous material exposure or complaints. The Code recognizes all substances as potentially harmful and aims to keep them at low levels.
Heating and-air-conditioning-of-building-faber-and-kell-chapter-14-air-condit...Olumide Daniel
The document discusses air conditioning systems and principles. It defines air conditioning as providing and maintaining a desirable internal atmospheric environment regardless of external conditions. It discusses traditional central plant air conditioning systems that use chilled water, direct expansion cooling coils, and steam or electric heating coils. It also discusses zoned air conditioning systems that divide a building into zones served by separate central plants or floors served by intermediate plant rooms to reduce duct sizes.
B&ES Indoor Air Quality Group Meeting - RIBA LondonCamfil UK
The Building and Environmental Services Association Indoor Air Quality group was called to address increasing concern in the health implications of being exposed to poor indoor air quality.
Stuart Upton - Covid-19 Return to Work Ventilation GuidanceIES / IAQM
Ventilation is important to reduce the spread of COVID-19 in indoor spaces. Increasing outdoor air ventilation rates and avoiding air recirculation can help remove virus-containing particles from occupied areas. For mechanically ventilated buildings, recommendations include extending ventilation system operation times, lowering CO2 setpoints, and keeping systems running at lower rates overnight and on weekends. For naturally ventilated buildings, opening windows more often is suggested. Room air cleaners with HEPA filters can also help locally if placed near occupants.
Guide to-atmospheric-testing-in-confined-spaces-usqcmaryam m
This application note is intended to provide general information and to act as a reminder of the dangers associated with atmospheric hazards in a confined space. It outlines the following:
• What is a confined space?
• Atmospheric hazards found in a confined space.
The document assesses the indoor air quality of a hospital during the COVID-19 pandemic. It analyzes the hospital's existing air conditioning system and its compliance with guidance from health authorities on improving ventilation and filtration. The system is found to generally meet standards, with low infection rates seen within the hospital. Minor upgrades are recommended, such as replacing filters with higher MERV rated ones and adding UV lights or portable air cleaners to certain areas. Ensuring proper ventilation, filtration, and air cleaning is concluded to help provide a safe environment by diluting virus loads.
EHSxTech Regulatory Highlights: Industrial Hygiene and Occupational HealthAntea Group
Overview of regulations for selected APAC countries covering personal exposure limits, bloodborne pathogens and contagious diseases, indoor air quality, potable water and legionella, and ergonomics.
Ventilation and heat control are necessary to provide fresh air, remove contaminants and maintain comfortable temperatures for human health and safety. Good ventilation supplies oxygen, removes carbon dioxide and pollutants from processes, and regulates air temperature. It decreases heat stress and improves worker productivity, health, safety and satisfaction. Poor ventilation has opposite effects, including insufficient fresh air and increased discomfort, stress and accident risks.
Sick Building Syndrome is a situation where building occupants experience acute health effects that are temporarily relieved when leaving the building. Common causes include inadequate ventilation, chemical contamination from indoor and outdoor sources, and biological contaminants. To address Sick Building Syndrome, facilities managers should investigate the building, identify pollution sources, improve ventilation and air filtration, educate occupants, and properly maintain HVAC systems. Maintaining indoor air quality is important for occupant health and productivity.
Building services include systems that make occupants comfortable, functional, efficient and safe, such as ventilation, air conditioning, water supply, drainage, plumbing and electrification. Ventilation involves supplying fresh air into a building and removing stale air. It is necessary to remove stale air, prevent concentration of odors and bacteria, and prevent buildup of flammable gases. Ventilation can be natural via openings, or mechanical using fans. Proper plumbing systems include water distribution, drainage, and sanitation to provide potable water and safely remove wastewater. Air conditioning cools, dehumidifies, filters and circulates air to maintain occupant health and comfort.
Ventilation involves supplying or removing air through natural or mechanical means to maintain indoor air quality. It is important for removing odors, bacteria and heat from human respiration and equipment. Poor ventilation leads to discomfort through increased temperature, humidity and carbon dioxide levels. Proper ventilation requires supplying fresh air at adequate rates depending on the building type and occupants, with air movements and control of temperature, humidity and purity. Natural ventilation uses openings to supply and remove air via wind and stack effects, while mechanical ventilation uses exhaust, supply or balanced systems along with air conditioning.
EPA 608 certification and refrigerant handling procedureAmarSinghC1
This document provides information about EPA certification training for air conditioning and refrigeration technicians. It discusses the requirements under Section 608 of the Clean Air Act for technicians to be certified in proper refrigerant handling techniques. There are four categories of technician certification: Type I, Type II, Type III, and Universal. The test for certification contains multiple choice questions in four sections: Core, Type I, Type II, and Type III. Technicians must pass the Core section with a minimum score of 70% as well as the section for their relevant certification type.
Air is composed primarily of nitrogen, oxygen, and trace amounts of other gases. It also contains water vapor and suspended particles. Human activities like breathing, combustion, and industry introduce impurities into the air. Natural mechanisms like wind, sunlight, rain, and plant life help cleanse the air. When many people occupy confined indoor spaces, the air becomes contaminated through chemical changes like rising carbon dioxide and physical changes like increased temperature and humidity. Proper ventilation is needed to replace stale air and maintain a thermally comfortable environment for occupants. Various natural and mechanical ventilation methods aim to regulate indoor air quality and temperature.
This document discusses waste treatment and disposal technology, specifically focusing on air containment, general ventilation systems, local exhaust systems, and confined space safety measures. It defines key terms like ventilation, industrial ventilation, confined spaces, and components of local exhaust systems. It outlines common hazards in confined spaces like oxygen deficiency, fires/explosions, and toxic fumes. The document emphasizes the importance of ventilation for confined spaces and outlines basic ventilation requirements and strategies for ventilating spaces before and during entry and work.
This document discusses waste treatment and disposal technology, specifically focusing on air containment, general ventilation systems, local exhaust systems, and confined space safety measures. It provides information on:
- The definition and purpose of ventilation systems in industrial settings.
- Components and design principles of general ventilation and local exhaust systems.
- Common hazards found in confined spaces like oxygen deficiency, fires, and toxic fumes.
- Safety measures for confined spaces including ventilation requirements before and during entry and work.
Sudheer Mechineni, Head of Application Frameworks, Standard Chartered Bank
Discover how Standard Chartered Bank harnessed the power of Neo4j to transform complex data access challenges into a dynamic, scalable graph database solution. This keynote will cover their journey from initial adoption to deploying a fully automated, enterprise-grade causal cluster, highlighting key strategies for modelling organisational changes and ensuring robust disaster recovery. Learn how these innovations have not only enhanced Standard Chartered Bank’s data infrastructure but also positioned them as pioneers in the banking sector’s adoption of graph technology.
Communications Mining Series - Zero to Hero - Session 1DianaGray10
This session provides introduction to UiPath Communication Mining, importance and platform overview. You will acquire a good understand of the phases in Communication Mining as we go over the platform with you. Topics covered:
• Communication Mining Overview
• Why is it important?
• How can it help today’s business and the benefits
• Phases in Communication Mining
• Demo on Platform overview
• Q/A
TrustArc Webinar - 2024 Global Privacy SurveyTrustArc
How does your privacy program stack up against your peers? What challenges are privacy teams tackling and prioritizing in 2024?
In the fifth annual Global Privacy Benchmarks Survey, we asked over 1,800 global privacy professionals and business executives to share their perspectives on the current state of privacy inside and outside of their organizations. This year’s report focused on emerging areas of importance for privacy and compliance professionals, including considerations and implications of Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies, building brand trust, and different approaches for achieving higher privacy competence scores.
See how organizational priorities and strategic approaches to data security and privacy are evolving around the globe.
This webinar will review:
- The top 10 privacy insights from the fifth annual Global Privacy Benchmarks Survey
- The top challenges for privacy leaders, practitioners, and organizations in 2024
- Key themes to consider in developing and maintaining your privacy program
Goodbye Windows 11: Make Way for Nitrux Linux 3.5.0!SOFTTECHHUB
As the digital landscape continually evolves, operating systems play a critical role in shaping user experiences and productivity. The launch of Nitrux Linux 3.5.0 marks a significant milestone, offering a robust alternative to traditional systems such as Windows 11. This article delves into the essence of Nitrux Linux 3.5.0, exploring its unique features, advantages, and how it stands as a compelling choice for both casual users and tech enthusiasts.
Introducing Milvus Lite: Easy-to-Install, Easy-to-Use vector database for you...Zilliz
Join us to introduce Milvus Lite, a vector database that can run on notebooks and laptops, share the same API with Milvus, and integrate with every popular GenAI framework. This webinar is perfect for developers seeking easy-to-use, well-integrated vector databases for their GenAI apps.
Securing your Kubernetes cluster_ a step-by-step guide to success !KatiaHIMEUR1
Today, after several years of existence, an extremely active community and an ultra-dynamic ecosystem, Kubernetes has established itself as the de facto standard in container orchestration. Thanks to a wide range of managed services, it has never been so easy to set up a ready-to-use Kubernetes cluster.
However, this ease of use means that the subject of security in Kubernetes is often left for later, or even neglected. This exposes companies to significant risks.
In this talk, I'll show you step-by-step how to secure your Kubernetes cluster for greater peace of mind and reliability.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 6DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 6. In this session, we will cover Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI.
UiPath Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI webinar offers an in-depth exploration of leveraging cutting-edge technologies for test automation within the UiPath platform. Attendees will delve into the integration of generative AI, a test automation solution, with Open AI advanced natural language processing capabilities.
Throughout the session, participants will discover how this synergy empowers testers to automate repetitive tasks, enhance testing accuracy, and expedite the software testing life cycle. Topics covered include the seamless integration process, practical use cases, and the benefits of harnessing AI-driven automation for UiPath testing initiatives. By attending this webinar, testers, and automation professionals can gain valuable insights into harnessing the power of AI to optimize their test automation workflows within the UiPath ecosystem, ultimately driving efficiency and quality in software development processes.
What will you get from this session?
1. Insights into integrating generative AI.
2. Understanding how this integration enhances test automation within the UiPath platform
3. Practical demonstrations
4. Exploration of real-world use cases illustrating the benefits of AI-driven test automation for UiPath
Topics covered:
What is generative AI
Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI.
UiPath integration with generative AI
Speaker:
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
Dr. Sean Tan, Head of Data Science, Changi Airport Group
Discover how Changi Airport Group (CAG) leverages graph technologies and generative AI to revolutionize their search capabilities. This session delves into the unique search needs of CAG’s diverse passengers and customers, showcasing how graph data structures enhance the accuracy and relevance of AI-generated search results, mitigating the risk of “hallucinations” and improving the overall customer journey.
GraphSummit Singapore | The Art of the Possible with Graph - Q2 2024Neo4j
Neha Bajwa, Vice President of Product Marketing, Neo4j
Join us as we explore breakthrough innovations enabled by interconnected data and AI. Discover firsthand how organizations use relationships in data to uncover contextual insights and solve our most pressing challenges – from optimizing supply chains, detecting fraud, and improving customer experiences to accelerating drug discoveries.
A tale of scale & speed: How the US Navy is enabling software delivery from l...sonjaschweigert1
Rapid and secure feature delivery is a goal across every application team and every branch of the DoD. The Navy’s DevSecOps platform, Party Barge, has achieved:
- Reduction in onboarding time from 5 weeks to 1 day
- Improved developer experience and productivity through actionable findings and reduction of false positives
- Maintenance of superior security standards and inherent policy enforcement with Authorization to Operate (ATO)
Development teams can ship efficiently and ensure applications are cyber ready for Navy Authorizing Officials (AOs). In this webinar, Sigma Defense and Anchore will give attendees a look behind the scenes and demo secure pipeline automation and security artifacts that speed up application ATO and time to production.
We will cover:
- How to remove silos in DevSecOps
- How to build efficient development pipeline roles and component templates
- How to deliver security artifacts that matter for ATO’s (SBOMs, vulnerability reports, and policy evidence)
- How to streamline operations with automated policy checks on container images
Enchancing adoption of Open Source Libraries. A case study on Albumentations.AIVladimir Iglovikov, Ph.D.
Presented by Vladimir Iglovikov:
- https://www.linkedin.com/in/iglovikov/
- https://x.com/viglovikov
- https://www.instagram.com/ternaus/
This presentation delves into the journey of Albumentations.ai, a highly successful open-source library for data augmentation.
Created out of a necessity for superior performance in Kaggle competitions, Albumentations has grown to become a widely used tool among data scientists and machine learning practitioners.
This case study covers various aspects, including:
People: The contributors and community that have supported Albumentations.
Metrics: The success indicators such as downloads, daily active users, GitHub stars, and financial contributions.
Challenges: The hurdles in monetizing open-source projects and measuring user engagement.
Development Practices: Best practices for creating, maintaining, and scaling open-source libraries, including code hygiene, CI/CD, and fast iteration.
Community Building: Strategies for making adoption easy, iterating quickly, and fostering a vibrant, engaged community.
Marketing: Both online and offline marketing tactics, focusing on real, impactful interactions and collaborations.
Mental Health: Maintaining balance and not feeling pressured by user demands.
Key insights include the importance of automation, making the adoption process seamless, and leveraging offline interactions for marketing. The presentation also emphasizes the need for continuous small improvements and building a friendly, inclusive community that contributes to the project's growth.
Vladimir Iglovikov brings his extensive experience as a Kaggle Grandmaster, ex-Staff ML Engineer at Lyft, sharing valuable lessons and practical advice for anyone looking to enhance the adoption of their open-source projects.
Explore more about Albumentations and join the community at:
GitHub: https://github.com/albumentations-team/albumentations
Website: https://albumentations.ai/
LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/company/100504475
Twitter: https://x.com/albumentations
Encryption in Microsoft 365 - ExpertsLive Netherlands 2024Albert Hoitingh
In this session I delve into the encryption technology used in Microsoft 365 and Microsoft Purview. Including the concepts of Customer Key and Double Key Encryption.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 5DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 5. In this session, we will cover CI/CD with devops.
Topics covered:
CI/CD with in UiPath
End-to-end overview of CI/CD pipeline with Azure devops
Speaker:
Lyndsey Byblow, Test Suite Sales Engineer @ UiPath, Inc.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 5
airbase_3253.pdf
1. ( ··
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Guidance Note EH 22
from the
Health and Safety
Executive
Environmental Hygiene Series EH 22 (revised May 1988)
These Guidance Notes are published under five subject
headings: Medical, Environmental Hygiene, Chemical
Safety, Plant and Machinery and General.
INTRODUCTION
This Guidance Note provides information on
standards of general ventilation and fresh air
requirements in the workplace. It does not deal with
the ventilation of domestic premises or specialised
premises such as livestock buildings or mines, nor
does it deal with exhaust ventilation, ventilation for the
control of smoke and combustion products In the case
of fire or ventilation for the control of condensation.
2 A minimum standard of general ventilation is
necessary to provide fresh air for people in the
workplace and to dilute airborne impurities. General or
dilution ventilation is not an adequate alternative to
containment or control of an impurity at source by
local exhaust ventilation. However, it may be necessary
to dilute the impurity to an acceptable level by means
of general ventilation where complete control at source
is not reasonably practicable.
FRESH AIR REQUIREMENTS
3 Ventilation is the means by which fresh air is
introduced to, and circulated throughout, the workplace
or building and by which vitiated or stale air is
removed or diluted. Fresh air is clean air which has
been drawn from a source outside the building and is
not polluted by discharges from flues, exhaust
ventilation systems and process outlets. In a pure, dry
state it typically comprises:-
Oxygen
Carbon Dioxide
Nitrogen and other inert gases
20.94% by volume
0.03% by volume
79.03% by volume
4 Fresh air is required for several reasons:·
(a) for respiration, ie to provide oxygen, and to dilute
exhaled carbon dioxide;
(b) to dilute and remove airborne impurities created
by the occupants of the room, for example body
odour, tobacco smoke;
(c) to remove excess heat and maintain comfortable
conditions;
(d) to dilute other airborne impurities present in the
room, for example, dust and fume etc, from work
#J::l63
Ventilation '-'· •. ·~
workplace
processes and machines, products of combustion
from heaters and water heaters, traces of matter
from the fabric of the room and its contents,
coc;iking and other smells.
Respiration
5 A person's need for fresh air depends on his
metabolism, or rate of activity. On average, 0.5 litres
per second per person of fresh air will be required to
provide sufficient oxygen for respiration but this can
range from 0.15 litres per second at rest to 1.0 litres
per second per person for heavy work. Approximately
2 litres per second per person will be required to dilute
exhaled carbon dioxide to the occupational exposure
limit, 0.5%.
6 Lack of oxygen and the presence of high
concentrations of carbon dioxide can present an acute
danger. However, they are only likely to occur in
certain extreme situations, for example, when entering
and working in confined spaces. In practice, other
criteria need to be used when deciding on the
appropriate ventilation rate.
Odour
7 Air requirements for the dilution of personal odours
depend largely on the space available per person, on
personal cleanliness, and on personal sensitivity.
Perception of odour varies and usually diminishes with
time as the sense of smell becomes fatigued. It is
doubtful whether odour has any directly harmful effect.
Odour is unlikely to be a problem at ventilation rates
of 9 litres per second per person or more. Figure 1
shows ventilation requirements for respiration and the
dilution of odoµrs. ·
Tobacco smoking
8 Tobacco smoking introduces a number of airborne
impurities into the room and there is little doubt that
some people may experience discomfort and irritation
in smoky atmospheres. Therefore it is necessary that
ventilation rates take into consideration factors such
as the number of smokers and the number of
cigarettes smoked.
9 The Chartered Institution of Building Services
Engineers recommends air supply rates ranging from
16 litres/second per person where there is some
smoking to 32 litres/second per person for very heavy
smoking (CIBSE Guide, Section 82).
Environmental comfort
10 Personal comfort depends on the air temperature,
radiant heat and, at higher temperatures, on humidity.
The comfort of people in the workplace cannot be
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Minimum spare per person.
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A . Air required to provide necessary oxygen content.
B Air required to preventC02 concentrations from
rising above 0.5 per cent.
C Air required to remove objectionable body odour
on sedentary adults.
D Data in curve C increased by 50% (and projected)
to allow for moderate physical activity.
Minimum fresh air
-----------~---~-~~~~~~~~~
-----------------0
-------------------+---------------------------------------------~ s
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10 15 20 25 30
Air space in cubic metres per person.
Fig 1 Ventilation requirements
directly related to the ventilation rate. However, if
comfort is to be maintained ventilation is necessary to
remove and dilute warm, humid air and to provide air
movement. Some air movement is also necessary to
provide a sense of 'freshness'. At normal room
temperatures an air velocity of 0.1 to 0.15 metres per
second is recommended. Higher air velocities are likely
to lead to complaints about draughts unless the
temperature is high or the occupants are engaged in
physically demanding work.
Recirculated air
11 Mechanical ventilation and air conditioning
systems often treat or condition the extracted air and
then return it to the workroom. Treatment normally
involves heating or cooling the air, filtering it and, in
some cases, adjusting the humidity. Such treatment
does not remove gases or very fine particles from the
recirculated air and these may accumulate. In extreme
cases, impurities may build up to an unacceptable
level. Even low concentrations of certain impurities can
adversely affect the health of occupants, particularly if
they have an allergenic effect.
12 It is therefore important to distinguish between
fresh and recirculated air, and to ensure that the
building or workplace has an adequate supply of fresh
air either as make up air into the ventilation system or
from other sources. The incidence of minor illness
among occupants of modern, well sealed buildings,
especially those with mechanical ventilation or air
conditioning, is often higher than in older, naturally
2
ventilated buildings. Although the causes of this
problem, sometimes referred to as 'building sickness'
or 'sick building syndrome', have not been fully
identified it would appear that the incidence and
severity of illness is less in buildings which are
adequately provided with fresh air.
VENTILATION STANDARDS
13 The need for fresh air in the workplace is
influenced by a number of factors; in particular the
space available per occupant, the work activity, the
habits of the occupants (eg smoking) and the presence
bf other sources of airborne contamination such as
process plant, heaters, etc.
14 The fresh air supply rate to a workplace should
not fall below 5 litres per second per occupant. Higher
air supply rates are recommended, especially if some
or all of the occupants smoke (see also paragraph 10).
BS 5720: 1979 Code of Practice for Mechanical
ventilation and air conditioning contains guidance on
minimum and recommended fresh air rates for air
conditioned spaces based on information contained in
Section A1 of the CIBSE guide (this is reproduced in
Table 1). These rates may also be used as a general
guide to requirements for non air-conditioned spaces.
However, if the workplace contains process or heating
equipment or other sources of dust, fume, toxic gases
or vapours, much higher ventilation rates will be
necessary for adequate dilution.
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Table 1 Recommended minimum fresh air supply rates for air-conditioned spaces. Reproduced by permission of CIBSE
Outdoor air supply (litre/s)
Type of space Smoking Recommended Minimum (take greater of two)
Per person Per person Per m2
floor area
Factories• None
}
0.8
Offices (open plan) Some 1.3
Shops, department stores and
supermarkets Some 6 5 3.0
Theatres• Some .
Dance halls• Some
)
.
Hotel bedrooms Heavy 1.7
Laboratories Some
Offices (private) Heavy 12 8 1.3
Residences (average) Heavy
Restaurants (cafeteria)t Some
Cocktail bars Heavy
}
.
Conference rooms (average) Some 18 12 -
Residences (luxury) Heavy .
Restaurants (dining rooms) Heavy
Board rooms, executive offices and
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conference rooms Very heavy 25 18 6.0
Corridors 1.3
Kitchens (domestic)
A PER CAPITA BASIS IS NOT APPROPRIATE TO THESE SPACES
10.0
Kitchens (restaurant) 20.0
Toilets• 10.0
See statutory requirements and local bye-laws
Rate of extract may be over·riding factor.
t Where queuing occurs in the space, the seating capacity may not be the appropriate total occupancy.
Notes
For hospital wards, operating theatres see Department of Health and Social Security Building Notes.
2 The outdoor air supply rates given take account of the likely density of occupation and the type and amount of smoking.
VENTILATION OF PROCESS AND COMBUSTION
EQUIPMENT
Industrial processes
15 Wherever possible fume and other impurities from
industrial processes should be contained or controlled
at source by means of exhaust ventilation. However,
exhaust ventilation may not always be reasonably
practicable or fully effective. For example, when paints,
solvents or adhesives containing volatile hydrocarbons
are used, vapours may be released into the work shop
atmosphere both during application and when the
materials dry or cure. It may be impractical to control
all such vapours at source and some may accumulate
in the room, exposing the operator and other persons
to unacceptable levels. It Is therefore necessary to
reduce the ambient concentration to an acceptable
level by general ventllatlon In addition to controlling
airborne releases from the process itself.
3
16 The Health and Safety Executive publishes
occupational exposure limits for a wide range of
substances in guidance note EH 40: Occupationai
Exposure Limits. These exposure limits apply to
personal exposure levels, not to background levels or
average levels throughout a space. When calculating
ventilation rates for a building or workplace, it will be
necessary to work to a much lower level to take in to
account factors such as localised variations in
concentration, direction of air movement, direction of
movement of the dust or fume etc, from the source.
Appendix 1 gives information on methods of
calculating required ventilation rates. Where there is
doubt, an occupational hygienist or other suitably
competent person should be consulted.
Combustion products
17 A room or workplace containing combustion
equipment or plant such as oil or gas fired heaters or
furnaces, fork lift trucks with internal combustion
4. engines etc, wil~ require air for the combustion process
and, if the plant or equipment is not flued, to dilute
toxic combustion products (carbon monoxide, carbon
dioxide and oxides of nitrogen} to an acceptable level.
Gas and oil fired equipment
18 Fresh air requirements for gas and oil fired
equipment will depend on whether the equipment is
open flued (drawing air from the room and discharging
combustion products outside), room sealed (drawing air
from and discharging combustion products to outside),
or flueless (drawing air from and discharging products
to the room).
19 The theoretical combustion air requirements for
open flued appliances burning commercially available
fuels is 0.25 litres per second per kilowatt. In practice,
most appliances require substantially more to provide
excess air for complete combustion and, in boiler and
engine rooms, to disperse excess heat. Minimum
ventilation rates of between 0.9 and 1.1 litres per
second per kilowatt, depending on the type of burner
and flue connection, are required for plant or boiler
rooms with gas fired equipment. More information on
standards of ventilation for rooms containing gas and
oil fired equipment are given in the British Standards
listed in paragraph 41 .
20 Room sealed or balanced flue appliances do not
require air from the room or workplace for combustion,
and are recommended where ventilation is difficult.
21 When unflued gas fired heaters are used, a
ventilation rate of at least 10.4 litres per second per
kilowatt will be required to dilute carbon dioxide in
combustion products to an acceptable level. Ventilation
requirements for other types of unflued gas and oil
fired equipment may vary but this figure can be used
as a general guide.
22 If ventilation is inadequate carbon monoxide levels
in the combustion products can increase rapidly, thus
increasing the danger of carbon monoxide poisoning
from unflued combustion equipment. Unflued space
heaters are not recommended for use in recirculating
warm air heating systems.
Internal combustion engines
23 Stationary internal combustion engines are not
permitted in factories except in partitioned off areas
with provision for conducting exhaust gases from the
engine directly to open air. However, exhaust gases
may contribute significantly to airborne pollution In
motor vehicle workshops, enclosed car parks and in
buildings where fork lift trucks are used, necessitating
a high standard of ventilation.
24 Ventilation requirements will vary greatly,
depending on the type of fuel, condition of the engine
and pattern of use. Table 2 gives minimum ventilation
rates to dilute combustion products to an acceptable
level; higher rates may be required if vehicles are
poorly maintained or if air circulation is poor.
Conversely, if vehicles are used intermittently or are
fitted with pollution control equipment, lower rates may
be sufficient. Note that the figures refer to brake
4
horsepower, not total horesepower of the engine, so it
will be necessary to estimate the load on the engine,
taking into account its usage.
Table 2 Ventilation requirements to dilute exhaust gases
from internal combustion engines
Main toxic Minimum dilution air
Fuel constituent of requirement (litres/second!
exhaust gas brake horsepower)
Petrol Carbon monoxide 700
Liquefied
Petroleum
Gas Carbon monoxide 230
Diesel Oxides of nitrogen 70
(nitric oxide and
nitrogen dioxide)
Emergency ventilation
25 Emergency ventilation systems are often provided
for plant rooms handling toxic gases, for example,
ammonia in refrigeration systems. Such ventilation is
primarily intended to control the escape of gas from
the plant room in the event of a major release, and not
to maintain a safe atmosphere inside the room; other
emergency measures will be necessary to protect
persons in the room. The ventilation system should
therefore be designed to maintain the plant room at a
lower pressure than surrounding areas in order to
prevent the flow of toxic gas Into occupied areas in
the event of a release and should discharge in a safe
place.
26 Air conditioning and recirculating ventilation
systems should not take air from rooms such as plant
rooms where dangerous gases or fumes could be
released to avoid the danger of spreading such fumes
and gases.
27 In situations where it is not possible to site the air
intake to a room or building in a safe place, for
example if the building is sited in the emergency pl<rn
area for a hazardous installation, there should be a
suitable means for immediately shutting off the system
in case of emergency.
METHODS OF VENTILATION AND AIR MOVEMENT
28 Air may enter and leave a building by one or more
of the following means:-
(a) Infiltration through the fabric of the building, for
example through gaps around door and window
frames or between roofing panels or tiles. Many
traditional industrial buildings have infiltration
rates of between 0.5 and 2 air changes per hour.
In modern offices and buildings which are well
sealed for energy conservation purposes,
infiltration rates may sometimes be very much
lower.
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Planned natural
ventilation through
roof ventilators.
Infiltration of air
through cracks and
B
around poorly fitted
D
windows, doors, roof
panels etc.
Fig 2 Building ventilation
(b) Planned natural ventilation, either through fixed
openings or vents, or through windows or doors.
(c) Mechanical ventilation, using either extract fans in
the wall or roof, or more complex ducted
ventilation of air conditioning systems.
29 The method of ventilation, and the design of the
ventilation system requires careful consideration. If the
workplace is to be ventilated adequately, fresh air
should not only be supplied in sufficient quantity but it
should also be effectively circulated to all parts of the
workplace.
30 Natural ventilation and infiltration rates are
governed by wind pressure on the building and by
internal temperature differences which create an
upward movement of warm, buoyant air. These will
vary according to the weather conditions, and natural
ventilation rates are not always predictable or reliable.
In particular, infiltration cannot be regarded as a
suitable method for ventilating the workplace. Where
doors or windows provide ventilation, it must be
possible to maintain the minimum required rate even
when these are closed.
31 The method of ventilation will be determined by
the type and size of the building and its use. Natural
ventilation by means of fixed or adjustable openings,
vents, grilles, roof ventilation etc, is usually satisfactory
for industrial buildings or for single rooms with outside
walls. Opening windows may also be acceptable and
they allow building occupants to alter the rate of
ventilation as required. Mechanical ventilation is
5
t' It Mechanical ventilation
using fans in the wall
or roof or ducted
air inlet and extract
systems.
•'
It
necessary for large or wide buildings, especially where
such buildings are divided into many units such as
offices, and for buildings where a high or consistent
ventilation rate is necessary. The use of mechanical
ventilation allows more control than natural ventilation
although some types of extract fan are affected by
changes in wind speed and direction.
Air movement within the workplace
32 Air movement within the workplace is influenced
by the design and position of air inlet and extract
openings, by temperature differences within the room
or building,,by the· movement of people and equipment
and by obstructions such as furniture, machinery and
partitions. These influences are constantly changing
and it is often difficult to predict air flow patterns
unless the room and its ventilation system have been
carefully designed as, for example, in a laminar flow
clean room.
33 The design and position of air inlets, including
inlet terminals in mechanical ventilation systems,
vents, windows and other openings in the building are
particularly important. Air movement from inlets is
directional, maintaining high velocities for a
considerable distance, whereas air movement into
extract openings is not directional, so air velocities
close to extract openings are generally low, as
illustrated in figure 3. The fast moving airstream from
the inlet therefore has more influence on air movement
in the room or workplace, entraining air and causing
turbulence over a wide area.
6. Blowing-10%
of duct exit
velocity at
60 duct dia
metres from
port.
Fig 3
-·
-·-
34 This principle will sometimes permit inlet and
extract ports to be positioned close to each other or
incorporated in combined air handling terminals as
illustrated in figure 4. Such terminals are only effective
over a limited area.
35 In larger industrial buildings, temperature ·
differences encourage the upward flow of air. If the
building contains hot processes, dust and fumes are
carried rapidly up to be discharged through roof
ventilators or fans. If ventilation is not sufficient to
discharge the warm air quickly, it may collect in the
roofspace or drift back down in areas away from the
hot process, as illustrated in figure 5. Replacement
cold air enters the building at low level, for example
through open doorways. In some circumstances when
upward air velocities equal the settling velocity of a
suspended fine dust or fume, it may stratify at an
intermediate level.
36 Modifications to a room or workplace, particularly
the installation of internal partitions, may affect the
circulation of air and reduce the effectiveness of
ventilation. Where part of a workplace is blocked or
partitioned off, for example, to create internal offices, it
is important to ensure that the ventilation system
extends to all areas and that suitably sized air grilles
are incorporated in the partition walls or doors if
necessary. In some cases, supplementary fans may be
required to promote air movement and prevent
localised stagnation.
37 Displacement ventilation, as illustrated in figure 6,
is an alternative to conventional methods of dilution
ventilation. Fresh air at, or slightly below, the desired
room temperature is introduced at low level through
diffusers to replace rising warm air. Because inlet air
velocities are low, air disturbance and mixing in the
room is small and the cool air displaces the warmer
room air rather than diluting it. An independent source
of heat may be required if there is no process or other
heat source in the room, and warm air heating cannot
be used because the ventilation system may be
disturbed by high velocity air streams. However, this
system is claimed to be more effecient than dilution
6
Extracting - 10%
of duct inlet velocity
at 1 duct diameters
from port
ventilation because contaminated air is displaced and
removed rather than diluted.
Assessment
38 Various techniques can be used In the·
assessment of building ventilation systems and their
effectiveness. These include:-
(a) Measurement of air velocities, either in the
ductwork to enable air flows to be calculated, or
in the room to detect air movement. Measurement
in the room is often difficult because velocities
are low, typically less than 0.3 metres per second.
(b) The use of visualisation techniques, for example,
smoke generators, to show the pattern of air
movement.
(c) The use of tracers, either gases such as sulphur
hexafluoride or particles such as potassium iodide
to detect and trace air movement through a
building. Tracer gases can also be used to
measure actual ventilation air change rates in the
building. This is done by releasing the tracer once
and then measuring the rate of decay (ie fall in
concentration) or by continuously releasing tracer
gases at a known rate and measuring the
equilibrium concentration.
(d) Monitoring for airborne contaminants from a
process or combustion equipment, or monitoring
for carbon dioxide from building occupants.
Monitoring for tracers or for airborne contaminants Is a
specialised technique and should be carried out by
competent people with suitable equipment.
LEGAL REQUIREMENTS
39 The Health and Safety at Work etc Act 1974
(Section 2(2)(e)) requires the provision and maintenance
of a working environment that is, so far as is
reasonably practicable, safe and without risk to health.
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The Factories Act 1961 (Section 4) requires the
circulation of fresh air in each workroom in order to
provide adequate ventilation of the room.
The Offices, Shops and Railway Premises Act 1963
(Section 7) requires the ventilation of every room in
which employees work by the circulation of adequate
supplies of fresh or artificially purified air.
It should be noted that these Acts require that
ventilation should be adequate but do not specify
ventilation rates or the means by which ventilation
should be achieved, whether natural or mechanical.
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Fig 4 Airflow patterns from adjacent inlet and extract ports
Hot
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Fig 5
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_________io-.---------------.wn..__at 1ow 1eve1
-- 1 I
- Inlet air
difiuser
Fig 6 Displacement ventilation
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1 1
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Warm contaminated
air discharged at
ceiling or roof level
Warm air is displaced
and rises
Cool air enters
at low velocity
and flows through
building