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The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
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Alok Kumar (Grp 09) Scarlet Fever.pptx
Scarlet fever is caused by Streptococcus pyogenes bacteria. It typically affects children aged 2 to 10 years and results in a sore throat, fever, strawberry tongue, and red rash. Close contact with an infected person is the main risk factor. Diagnosis involves a rapid strep test or throat culture. Treatment is usually oral penicillin for 10 days to prevent complications like rheumatic fever. Good hand hygiene and completing antibiotics can help prevent spread.
Alok Kumar (Grp 09) Rubella.pptx
- Rubella, also known as German measles, is a contagious viral infection caused by the rubella virus. It is typically a mild disease with symptoms like rash, fever, and joint pain. However, infection during pregnancy can cause serious birth defects in the fetus.
- The rubella virus is transmitted through the air via coughing or sneezing by an infected individual. It presents with a red rash that begins on the face and spreads to the rest of the body.
- Vaccination with the MMR (measles, mumps, rubella) vaccine provides lifelong protection against rubella and is the best way to prevent infection and complications during pregnancy.
Alok Kumar (Grp 09) Measures Of Association.pptx
1) Measures of association are used to quantify relationships between exposure and disease by comparing observed groups to expected levels. Common measures include risk ratio, rate ratio, and odds ratio.
2) The risk ratio compares the risk of a health event between two groups by dividing the risk in one group by the risk in another. A risk ratio above 1 indicates increased risk for the exposed group.
3) The rate ratio similarly compares incidence rates between two groups. A rate ratio above 1 also indicates increased risk for the exposed group based on the rates.
Alok Kumar (Grp 09) Measles.pptx
Measles is a highly contagious childhood disease caused by a virus. It spreads through the air via coughs or sneezes, or by touching contaminated surfaces. Symptoms include a high fever and red rash. Complications can include ear infections, pneumonia, and encephalitis in rare cases. The disease is preventable through vaccination with the MMR vaccine, which provides 97% protection. Treatment focuses on relieving symptoms through rest, fluids, and fever reducers.
Alok Kumar (Grp 09) Fascioliasis.pptx
Fascioliasis is caused by Fasciola liver flukes infecting the bile ducts and liver. People become infected by eating raw freshwater plants like watercress contaminated with fluke larvae. Symptoms include gastrointestinal and liver problems. Diagnosis involves finding fluke eggs in stool samples under a microscope. The drug triclabendazole is used to treat infections. Preventing raw freshwater plant consumption and controlling watercress growth can help reduce transmission.
Alok Kumar (Grp 09) Amoebiasis.pptx
Alok Kumar is a student in semester 09 in group 09. His topic is Amoebiasis, which is a disease caused by the amoeba Entamoeba histolytica. Alok Kumar has submitted his topic and thanks the reader.
Alok Kumar (Grp 09) Sem 09 Types Of Heart Block.pptx
This document discusses types of heart block, including:
1) Atrioventricular block which can be first, second, or third degree, with second degree having Mobitz type I and II.
2) Bundle branch block which can be right or left.
It provides details on characteristics of each type of block such as causes, symptoms, and treatments when relevant.
Ionizing Radiation & Health
This document discusses ionizing radiation and its health effects. It defines ionizing radiation as radiation with enough energy to remove electrons from atoms or ionize them. Sources of ionizing radiation include alpha, beta, gamma rays, x-rays and neutrons. Exposure to ionizing radiation can cause both acute effects like radiation sickness and chronic effects like cancer. The risk depends on the type of radiation, dose amount and exposure duration. Units used to measure radiation include the sievert (health effect), gray (energy absorbed), rem and rad. Natural and medical sources contribute most to human radiation exposure.
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Alok Kumar (Grp 09) Scarlet Fever.pptx
Scarlet fever is caused by Streptococcus pyogenes bacteria. It typically affects children aged 2 to 10 years and results in a sore throat, fever, strawberry tongue, and red rash. Close contact with an infected person is the main risk factor. Diagnosis involves a rapid strep test or throat culture. Treatment is usually oral penicillin for 10 days to prevent complications like rheumatic fever. Good hand hygiene and completing antibiotics can help prevent spread.
Alok Kumar (Grp 09) Rubella.pptx
- Rubella, also known as German measles, is a contagious viral infection caused by the rubella virus. It is typically a mild disease with symptoms like rash, fever, and joint pain. However, infection during pregnancy can cause serious birth defects in the fetus.
- The rubella virus is transmitted through the air via coughing or sneezing by an infected individual. It presents with a red rash that begins on the face and spreads to the rest of the body.
- Vaccination with the MMR (measles, mumps, rubella) vaccine provides lifelong protection against rubella and is the best way to prevent infection and complications during pregnancy.
Alok Kumar (Grp 09) Measures Of Association.pptx
1) Measures of association are used to quantify relationships between exposure and disease by comparing observed groups to expected levels. Common measures include risk ratio, rate ratio, and odds ratio.
2) The risk ratio compares the risk of a health event between two groups by dividing the risk in one group by the risk in another. A risk ratio above 1 indicates increased risk for the exposed group.
3) The rate ratio similarly compares incidence rates between two groups. A rate ratio above 1 also indicates increased risk for the exposed group based on the rates.
Alok Kumar (Grp 09) Measles.pptx
Measles is a highly contagious childhood disease caused by a virus. It spreads through the air via coughs or sneezes, or by touching contaminated surfaces. Symptoms include a high fever and red rash. Complications can include ear infections, pneumonia, and encephalitis in rare cases. The disease is preventable through vaccination with the MMR vaccine, which provides 97% protection. Treatment focuses on relieving symptoms through rest, fluids, and fever reducers.
Alok Kumar (Grp 09) Fascioliasis.pptx
Fascioliasis is caused by Fasciola liver flukes infecting the bile ducts and liver. People become infected by eating raw freshwater plants like watercress contaminated with fluke larvae. Symptoms include gastrointestinal and liver problems. Diagnosis involves finding fluke eggs in stool samples under a microscope. The drug triclabendazole is used to treat infections. Preventing raw freshwater plant consumption and controlling watercress growth can help reduce transmission.
Alok Kumar (Grp 09) Amoebiasis.pptx
Alok Kumar is a student in semester 09 in group 09. His topic is Amoebiasis, which is a disease caused by the amoeba Entamoeba histolytica. Alok Kumar has submitted his topic and thanks the reader.
Alok Kumar (Grp 09) Sem 09 Types Of Heart Block.pptx
This document discusses types of heart block, including:
1) Atrioventricular block which can be first, second, or third degree, with second degree having Mobitz type I and II.
2) Bundle branch block which can be right or left.
It provides details on characteristics of each type of block such as causes, symptoms, and treatments when relevant.
Ionizing Radiation & Health
This document discusses ionizing radiation and its health effects. It defines ionizing radiation as radiation with enough energy to remove electrons from atoms or ionize them. Sources of ionizing radiation include alpha, beta, gamma rays, x-rays and neutrons. Exposure to ionizing radiation can cause both acute effects like radiation sickness and chronic effects like cancer. The risk depends on the type of radiation, dose amount and exposure duration. Units used to measure radiation include the sievert (health effect), gray (energy absorbed), rem and rad. Natural and medical sources contribute most to human radiation exposure.
Cognitive Examination
This document outlines the components of a cognitive examination, including tests to assess orientation, attention, language skills, memory, executive function, praxis, visuospatial abilities, and general neurological signs. The examination evaluates orientation to time, place, attention through serial 7s or months backwards, language through conversation, naming, comprehension, reading and writing, memory through recall of a name/address and recent events, executive function through letter and category fluency, praxis through gestures, and visuospatial skills through clock drawing and overlapping pentagons. Neurological signs related to frontal lobe, movement disorders, and eye movements are also assessed.
Frontal Lobe Lesion
This document discusses aphasia, which is an acquired inability to understand or express language through words despite intact sensory and motor skills. There are several types of aphasia defined by their anatomical location and symptoms. Sensory aphasia (Wernicke's aphasia) impairs comprehension but allows fluent speech. Motor aphasia (Broca's aphasia) impairs speech output but allows comprehension. Alexia is characterized by an inability to read (word blindness) despite intact writing, often due to damage to the left occipital lobe or splenium of the corpus callosum.
Integumentery System
The skin is the largest organ of the body, covering the entire surface. It consists of two main layers - the epidermis and dermis. The epidermis is composed of stratified squamous keratinized epithelium and overlies the dermis, a dense connective tissue layer derived from mesoderm. Embedded within the dermis are structures like sweat glands, sebaceous glands and hair follicles which develop from the epidermis during embryogenesis. Skin lines various cavities and becomes continuous with mucous membranes in areas like the lips, anus, nose and urogenital regions.
Skeletal System
The skeletal system contains 206 bones that are categorized into four basic shapes: long bones, short bones, flat bones, and irregular bones. The skeletal system functions to provide support, protect organs, regulate blood calcium levels, and allow for muscle attachment. Bones form through two processes - intramembranous ossification which forms flat bones, and endochondral ossification which replaces cartilage. The muscular system contains three main types of muscle: skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle. Skeletal muscle is attached to bones by tendons and forms the bulk of muscle mass controlled voluntarily.
Histology Of Liver
The document provides information about the structure and function of the liver:
- The liver is covered by Glisson's capsule and is divided into lobules that contain hepatocytes arranged in plates separated by sinusoids. Bile canaliculi between hepatocytes drain into ductules.
- Blood enters the liver through the hepatic portal vein and hepatic artery and flows through sinusoids before draining into the hepatic veins.
- The liver performs many metabolic functions like detoxification, protein synthesis, and glucose regulation. It also stores vitamins, glycogen, and lipids. Bile produced by hepatocytes is secreted into small bile ducts and stored in the gallbladder.
Joint Disorder MCQs
This document contains multiple choice questions (MCQs) about musculoskeletal disorders, including joint inflammation syndrome, degenerative joint disorders syndrome, skeletal muscle inflammation syndrome, systemic connective tissue inflammation syndrome, and inflammatory periarticular lesions syndrome. It tests knowledge of clinical signs, laboratory tests, and radiological findings associated with these conditions. Sample case studies are also provided to assess diagnosis.
Systemic Connective Tissue Inflammatory Syndrome Lecture 4
Systemic connective tissue inflammation syndrome (SCTIS) can cause three main diseases: systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), scleroderma (SD), and dermatomyositis (DM). SCTIS is characterized by inflammatory disorders of the joints, muscles, and internal organs. It has an acute, subacute, or chronic onset and can cause progressive symptoms over time, including fatigue, rashes, skin tightening, joint pain and swelling, muscle weakness and atrophy. Diagnosis involves examining a patient's medical history and symptoms, conducting lab tests to detect autoantibodies and inflammation, and performing biopsies of affected tissues.
Inflammatory Periarticular Lesions Lecture 3
1. Inflammatory periarticular lesions syndrome (IPLS) involves inflammation of the tissues surrounding joints, including tendons, ligaments, and bursae.
2. Patients experience regional periarticular pain that worsens with use of the affected area and improves with rest. Physical examination reveals localized swelling, warmth, and tenderness around the inflamed structures.
3. Diagnostic tests may show non-specific inflammation, and imaging like ultrasound and MRI can identify pathology in periarticular tissues like rotator cuff tears or bursitis.
Degenerative Joint Disorder Syndrome Lecture 2
Degenerative joint disorders syndrome (DJDS) can be either primary, where the cause is unclear, or secondary, following arthritis or trauma. There are two main types of complaints - joint pain that worsens with movement or weight-bearing and relieves with rest, and night or "bone" pain. Physical examination may reveal bony swelling, deformities, limitation of joint movement, and crepitus. Imaging studies like x-rays and arthroscopy are used to diagnose DJDS by showing changes like osteophyte formation, joint space narrowing, and loss of cartilage.
Joint Disorders Lecture 1
This document provides an overview of evaluating a patient for joint inflammation or arthritis. It discusses performing a general survey including inspection of gait and joints at rest and during movement. It also covers taking a history regarding joint pain, symptoms, and potential provoking factors. Physical exams include inspection and palpation of joints, range of motion testing, and screening tests like GALS. Investigations that may be ordered include blood tests, synovial fluid analysis, imaging studies, and biopsies. The goal is to determine the nature, extent, and cause of any joint disorders.
Sensitivity (Neurology 4)
The somatosensory system allows us to perceive touch, temperature, pain and other sensory stimuli. It involves neurons in the posterior ganglia, posterior horns of the spinal cord, thalamus and somatosensory cortex. Disorders can occur at different levels, such as peripheral nerves, posterior roots or columns, thalamus or cortex. Specific symptoms depend on the location, such as segmental loss of sensation with posterior root involvement or contralateral loss with a thalamic lesion. Clinical tests investigate different types of sensitivity including superficial, deep and complex sensations.
Motor System (Neurology 2)
This document summarizes the motor system and descending pathways that control movement. It discusses traditional categories of motor pathways and provides more detailed information on specific tracts like the corticospinal tract. It also describes properties of descending systems such as alpha-gamma co-activation and automatic load compensation. Additionally, it reviews motor areas of the cortex, eye movements, the vestibular system, and the cerebellum.
Importance Of Light In Hygiene
This document discusses the hygienic bases of illumination. It covers the physical properties of visible light, as well as the biological and physiological effects of visible light, ultraviolet light, and infrared light. It also discusses factors that affect indoor illumination levels, hygienic norms and standards for indoor illumination, and potential health effects of insufficient lighting. Recommendations are provided for natural and electric lighting of rooms to ensure proper illumination.
Hygiene of soil
The lecture covered various topics related to soil including its content, properties, macronutrients, micronutrients, and role in geochemical and toxicological processes. It discussed soil contamination from various sources and soil-borne infectious and non-infectious diseases. It also summarized the virulence of some pathogenic microbes in soil, WHO strategies for controlling soil-transmitted diseases, and the epidemiological role of wastes and how long various infection agents can survive in different environments.
Air Hygiene
This document provides an overview of general hygiene as it relates to air quality. It discusses the key components of air, including oxygen, carbon dioxide, nitrogen and their percentages in inhaled and exhaled air. It also covers the physical properties of air including temperature, humidity, velocity, pressure, and ionization. The document outlines sources of indoor and outdoor air pollution and their health effects on the respiratory system. It provides details on indoor air contaminants like carbon monoxide, formaldehyde, radon and their sources and acute health impacts. Preventive measures to improve indoor air quality are also mentioned.
Environmental Hygiene
The document discusses environmental hygiene and environmental health. It defines key terms like hygiene, environment, health, disease, and risk. It outlines the main objectives and classification of environmental health science. It discusses the importance of studying environmental factors and their routes of exposure. It also explains concepts of prevention at the primary, secondary and tertiary levels, with a focus on primary prevention measures like health promotion and specific protection.
Cerebellum (Neurology 3)
The cerebellum is located in the posterior cranial fossa. Examination of the cerebellum involves assessing station, gait, movements, muscular tone, speech, and handwriting. Disturbances of balance are called ataxia, which can be static (disturbance of balance when standing) or dynamic (disturbance of motor acts). The Romberg test assesses static equilibrium by having a patient stand with eyes open and closed. Affections of the cerebellum can cause different types of ataxia depending on the location, including cerebellar ataxia, spinal ataxia, and vestibular ataxia. Examination of the vermis assesses static ataxia
Motor System (Neurology 1)
The document describes the examination and assessment of the motor system. It discusses the motorpyramidal system, which includes neurons in the cortex and anterior horn of the spinal cord. The examination involves assessing body position, gait, muscle inspection and palpation, reflexes, tone, and strength. Various types of paralysis or paresis are defined based on the number of limbs or parts of the body affected. Central paresis symptoms include muscle hypertension, decreased force, hyperreflexia, clonus, and pathological reflexes. Lesions in different parts of the motor system cause distinct patterns of weakness, including hemispheric, brainstem, spinal cord, nerve root and peripheral nerve lesions.
GIT (Stomach & Duodenal Gut)
This document summarizes key information about inspecting and diagnosing diseases of the stomach and duodenum. It describes common complaints like abdominal pain, dyspepsia, gastrointestinal bleeding, and weight loss. It then discusses specific symptoms in more detail, including the timing and characteristics of pain, nausea, vomiting, eructation, and appetite changes. Finally, it lists potential organic causes of dyspepsia and gastrointestinal bleeding that would require further investigation.
GIT (Dysphagia Syndrome)
Dysphagia, or difficulty swallowing, can be caused by issues with the esophagus. The document discusses several diseases and conditions that cause dysphagia by obstructing the esophagus, including achalasia, esophageal cancer, and reflux esophagitis. It provides details on symptoms, diagnostics, and treatment for each condition. Esophageal spasms, tumors, diverticula, strictures, and foreign bodies can also obstruct the esophagus and cause dysphagia. The document examines each of these conditions and how they impact swallowing.
Azure Interview Questions and Answers PDF By ScholarHat
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তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
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Cognitive Examination
This document outlines the components of a cognitive examination, including tests to assess orientation, attention, language skills, memory, executive function, praxis, visuospatial abilities, and general neurological signs. The examination evaluates orientation to time, place, attention through serial 7s or months backwards, language through conversation, naming, comprehension, reading and writing, memory through recall of a name/address and recent events, executive function through letter and category fluency, praxis through gestures, and visuospatial skills through clock drawing and overlapping pentagons. Neurological signs related to frontal lobe, movement disorders, and eye movements are also assessed.
Frontal Lobe Lesion
This document discusses aphasia, which is an acquired inability to understand or express language through words despite intact sensory and motor skills. There are several types of aphasia defined by their anatomical location and symptoms. Sensory aphasia (Wernicke's aphasia) impairs comprehension but allows fluent speech. Motor aphasia (Broca's aphasia) impairs speech output but allows comprehension. Alexia is characterized by an inability to read (word blindness) despite intact writing, often due to damage to the left occipital lobe or splenium of the corpus callosum.
Integumentery System
The skin is the largest organ of the body, covering the entire surface. It consists of two main layers - the epidermis and dermis. The epidermis is composed of stratified squamous keratinized epithelium and overlies the dermis, a dense connective tissue layer derived from mesoderm. Embedded within the dermis are structures like sweat glands, sebaceous glands and hair follicles which develop from the epidermis during embryogenesis. Skin lines various cavities and becomes continuous with mucous membranes in areas like the lips, anus, nose and urogenital regions.
Skeletal System
The skeletal system contains 206 bones that are categorized into four basic shapes: long bones, short bones, flat bones, and irregular bones. The skeletal system functions to provide support, protect organs, regulate blood calcium levels, and allow for muscle attachment. Bones form through two processes - intramembranous ossification which forms flat bones, and endochondral ossification which replaces cartilage. The muscular system contains three main types of muscle: skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle. Skeletal muscle is attached to bones by tendons and forms the bulk of muscle mass controlled voluntarily.
Histology Of Liver
The document provides information about the structure and function of the liver:
- The liver is covered by Glisson's capsule and is divided into lobules that contain hepatocytes arranged in plates separated by sinusoids. Bile canaliculi between hepatocytes drain into ductules.
- Blood enters the liver through the hepatic portal vein and hepatic artery and flows through sinusoids before draining into the hepatic veins.
- The liver performs many metabolic functions like detoxification, protein synthesis, and glucose regulation. It also stores vitamins, glycogen, and lipids. Bile produced by hepatocytes is secreted into small bile ducts and stored in the gallbladder.
Joint Disorder MCQs
This document contains multiple choice questions (MCQs) about musculoskeletal disorders, including joint inflammation syndrome, degenerative joint disorders syndrome, skeletal muscle inflammation syndrome, systemic connective tissue inflammation syndrome, and inflammatory periarticular lesions syndrome. It tests knowledge of clinical signs, laboratory tests, and radiological findings associated with these conditions. Sample case studies are also provided to assess diagnosis.
Systemic Connective Tissue Inflammatory Syndrome Lecture 4
Systemic connective tissue inflammation syndrome (SCTIS) can cause three main diseases: systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), scleroderma (SD), and dermatomyositis (DM). SCTIS is characterized by inflammatory disorders of the joints, muscles, and internal organs. It has an acute, subacute, or chronic onset and can cause progressive symptoms over time, including fatigue, rashes, skin tightening, joint pain and swelling, muscle weakness and atrophy. Diagnosis involves examining a patient's medical history and symptoms, conducting lab tests to detect autoantibodies and inflammation, and performing biopsies of affected tissues.
Inflammatory Periarticular Lesions Lecture 3
1. Inflammatory periarticular lesions syndrome (IPLS) involves inflammation of the tissues surrounding joints, including tendons, ligaments, and bursae.
2. Patients experience regional periarticular pain that worsens with use of the affected area and improves with rest. Physical examination reveals localized swelling, warmth, and tenderness around the inflamed structures.
3. Diagnostic tests may show non-specific inflammation, and imaging like ultrasound and MRI can identify pathology in periarticular tissues like rotator cuff tears or bursitis.
Degenerative Joint Disorder Syndrome Lecture 2
Degenerative joint disorders syndrome (DJDS) can be either primary, where the cause is unclear, or secondary, following arthritis or trauma. There are two main types of complaints - joint pain that worsens with movement or weight-bearing and relieves with rest, and night or "bone" pain. Physical examination may reveal bony swelling, deformities, limitation of joint movement, and crepitus. Imaging studies like x-rays and arthroscopy are used to diagnose DJDS by showing changes like osteophyte formation, joint space narrowing, and loss of cartilage.
Joint Disorders Lecture 1
This document provides an overview of evaluating a patient for joint inflammation or arthritis. It discusses performing a general survey including inspection of gait and joints at rest and during movement. It also covers taking a history regarding joint pain, symptoms, and potential provoking factors. Physical exams include inspection and palpation of joints, range of motion testing, and screening tests like GALS. Investigations that may be ordered include blood tests, synovial fluid analysis, imaging studies, and biopsies. The goal is to determine the nature, extent, and cause of any joint disorders.
Sensitivity (Neurology 4)
The somatosensory system allows us to perceive touch, temperature, pain and other sensory stimuli. It involves neurons in the posterior ganglia, posterior horns of the spinal cord, thalamus and somatosensory cortex. Disorders can occur at different levels, such as peripheral nerves, posterior roots or columns, thalamus or cortex. Specific symptoms depend on the location, such as segmental loss of sensation with posterior root involvement or contralateral loss with a thalamic lesion. Clinical tests investigate different types of sensitivity including superficial, deep and complex sensations.
Motor System (Neurology 2)
This document summarizes the motor system and descending pathways that control movement. It discusses traditional categories of motor pathways and provides more detailed information on specific tracts like the corticospinal tract. It also describes properties of descending systems such as alpha-gamma co-activation and automatic load compensation. Additionally, it reviews motor areas of the cortex, eye movements, the vestibular system, and the cerebellum.
Importance Of Light In Hygiene
This document discusses the hygienic bases of illumination. It covers the physical properties of visible light, as well as the biological and physiological effects of visible light, ultraviolet light, and infrared light. It also discusses factors that affect indoor illumination levels, hygienic norms and standards for indoor illumination, and potential health effects of insufficient lighting. Recommendations are provided for natural and electric lighting of rooms to ensure proper illumination.
Hygiene of soil
The lecture covered various topics related to soil including its content, properties, macronutrients, micronutrients, and role in geochemical and toxicological processes. It discussed soil contamination from various sources and soil-borne infectious and non-infectious diseases. It also summarized the virulence of some pathogenic microbes in soil, WHO strategies for controlling soil-transmitted diseases, and the epidemiological role of wastes and how long various infection agents can survive in different environments.
Air Hygiene
This document provides an overview of general hygiene as it relates to air quality. It discusses the key components of air, including oxygen, carbon dioxide, nitrogen and their percentages in inhaled and exhaled air. It also covers the physical properties of air including temperature, humidity, velocity, pressure, and ionization. The document outlines sources of indoor and outdoor air pollution and their health effects on the respiratory system. It provides details on indoor air contaminants like carbon monoxide, formaldehyde, radon and their sources and acute health impacts. Preventive measures to improve indoor air quality are also mentioned.
Environmental Hygiene
The document discusses environmental hygiene and environmental health. It defines key terms like hygiene, environment, health, disease, and risk. It outlines the main objectives and classification of environmental health science. It discusses the importance of studying environmental factors and their routes of exposure. It also explains concepts of prevention at the primary, secondary and tertiary levels, with a focus on primary prevention measures like health promotion and specific protection.
Cerebellum (Neurology 3)
The cerebellum is located in the posterior cranial fossa. Examination of the cerebellum involves assessing station, gait, movements, muscular tone, speech, and handwriting. Disturbances of balance are called ataxia, which can be static (disturbance of balance when standing) or dynamic (disturbance of motor acts). The Romberg test assesses static equilibrium by having a patient stand with eyes open and closed. Affections of the cerebellum can cause different types of ataxia depending on the location, including cerebellar ataxia, spinal ataxia, and vestibular ataxia. Examination of the vermis assesses static ataxia
Motor System (Neurology 1)
The document describes the examination and assessment of the motor system. It discusses the motorpyramidal system, which includes neurons in the cortex and anterior horn of the spinal cord. The examination involves assessing body position, gait, muscle inspection and palpation, reflexes, tone, and strength. Various types of paralysis or paresis are defined based on the number of limbs or parts of the body affected. Central paresis symptoms include muscle hypertension, decreased force, hyperreflexia, clonus, and pathological reflexes. Lesions in different parts of the motor system cause distinct patterns of weakness, including hemispheric, brainstem, spinal cord, nerve root and peripheral nerve lesions.
GIT (Stomach & Duodenal Gut)
This document summarizes key information about inspecting and diagnosing diseases of the stomach and duodenum. It describes common complaints like abdominal pain, dyspepsia, gastrointestinal bleeding, and weight loss. It then discusses specific symptoms in more detail, including the timing and characteristics of pain, nausea, vomiting, eructation, and appetite changes. Finally, it lists potential organic causes of dyspepsia and gastrointestinal bleeding that would require further investigation.
GIT (Dysphagia Syndrome)
Dysphagia, or difficulty swallowing, can be caused by issues with the esophagus. The document discusses several diseases and conditions that cause dysphagia by obstructing the esophagus, including achalasia, esophageal cancer, and reflux esophagitis. It provides details on symptoms, diagnostics, and treatment for each condition. Esophageal spasms, tumors, diverticula, strictures, and foreign bodies can also obstruct the esophagus and cause dysphagia. The document examines each of these conditions and how they impact swallowing.
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