AGRI 9_L1.pptx

Rules:
Class, kindly
read our rules
for today.
1. Listen when someone
else is talking.
2. Wait for your turn to
speak.
3. Take note of the
important points.

Objective:
How about our
objective?
a. Identify the tools,
implements and
equipment for nursery
work

LESSON 1
Identifying Required
Materials, Tools and
equipment for nursery
work

MATERIALS, TOOLS,
AND EQUIPMENT IN
AGRICULTURAL CROP
PRODUCTION
Our topic for today
is about

TOOLS, IMPLEMENTS AND
EQUIPMENTS DIFFERENCES
are usually light and are used without the help of animals or
machines. These can be manipulated by hands with no assistance
from any energy.
are accessories which are being pulled by working animals or
mounted to machineries (hand tractor, tractor) which are usually used
in the preparation of land.
are machineries used in crop production. They are used in land
preparation and in transporting farm inputs and products. These
equipment need a highly skilled operator to use.
TOOLS
IMPLEMENTS
EQUIPMENTS

BOLO
PICK-
MATTOCK
GRAB-
HOE SPADE SHOVEL RAKE
SPADING
FORK
LIGHT
HOE
TOOLS

HAND
TROWEL
HAND
CULTIVATOR
HAND
FORK PRUNING
SHEARS
AXE KNIFE
SPRINKLERS
WATER
PAILS
TOOLS

WHEEL
BARROW
SICKLE
SPRAYERS TOOLS

is used for cutting tall grasses and weeds
and chopping branches of trees.
TOOLS
Bolo
is used for digging canals, breaking hard
topsoil and for digging up stones and tree
stumps.
Pick-mattock
is used for breaking hard topsoil and
pulverizing soil.
Grab-hoe

is used for removing trash or soil, digging
canals or ditches and mixing soil media.
TOOLS
Spade
is used in removing trash, digging loose soil,
moving soil from one place to another and
for mixing soil media.
Shovel
is used for cleaning the ground and leveling
the topsoil.
Rake

is used for loosening the soil, digging out
root crops and turning over the materials
in a compost heap.
TOOLS
Spading fork
is used for loosening and leveling soil and
digging out furrows for planting.
Light hoe
is used for loosening the soil around the
growing plants and putting small amount of
manure fertilizer in the soil.
Hand trowel

is used for cultivating the garden plot by
loosening the soil and removing weeds
around the plant.
TOOLS
Hand cultivator
is used for inter row cultivation.
Hand fork
is for cutting branches of planting materials
and unnecessary branches of plants.
Pruning shears

is for cutting bigger size post.
TOOLS
Axe
is for cutting planting materials and for
performing other operations in horticulture
Knife
for watering seedlings and young plants
Sprinklers
for hauling water, manure and fertilizers
Water pails

are for spraying insecticides, foliar fertilizers,
fungicides and herbicides
TOOLS
Sprayers
is used for hauling trash, manures, fertilizers,
planting materials and other equipment
Wheelbarrow
is a hand-held agricultural tool with a variously
curved blade typically used for cutting weeds.
Sickle

PLOWS
ROTAVATOR
HARROW
FARM
IMPLEMENTS
NATIVE
DISC
NATIVE
WOODEN
DISC

These are farm implements either pulled by a working
animal or a tractor. The plow is specifically used for tilling
large areas, making furrows and inter row cultivation.
FARM IMPLEMENTS
PLOWS
Disc Plow
Native Plows

The native wooden harrow is made of wood with a metal
teeth and pulled by a carabao while the disc harrow is
made of metal mounted to a tractor. Harrows are used for
tilling and pulverizing the soil.
TOOLS
HARROW
Disc Harrow
Native Wooden Harrow

HAND
TRACTOR
WATER
PUMP
FOUR-WHEEL
TRACTOR
FARM
EQUIPMENTS

is used to pull a plow and harrow in
preparing a large area of land.
FARM EQUIPMENTS
Hand Tractor
is used to pull disc plow and disc harrow in
preparing much bigger area of land.
Four-wheel Tractor
are used to draw irrigation water from a
source.
Water Pumps

OTHER FARM
EQUIPMENTS
Thresher Corn Dehusker
Rice Harvester

OTHER FARM
EQUIPMENTS
Grass Cutter Rice Seeder
Miller

ENRICHMENT ACTIVITY
Activity 1
Give at least 3 tools, 3 implements
and 3 equipment with their
corresponding uses.
Use your notebook as your answer
sheet.

ENRICHMENT ACTIVITY
DIRECTION: Complete the idea of each statement
by filling the blanks with the correct word or
words. Use your notebook as your answer sheet.
1. __________ are farm implements either pulled by a
working animal or a tractor, specifically used for
tilling large areas, making furrows or inter row
cultivation.
2. The __________ is an implement mounted to a
tractor used for tilling and pulverizing the soil.

ENRICHMENT ACTIVITY
3. The __________ is made of wood with a metal
teeth and pulled by a carabao, it is used for tilling and
pulverizing the soil.
4. __________ is used to pull a plow and harrow in
preparing a large area of land.
5. Water pump is an __________ used to draw
irrigation water from a source.
6. Four wheel tractor is used to pull disc plow and
__________ in preparing much bigger area of land.

ENRICHMENT ACTIVITY
7. __________ is used in removing trash, digging
loose soil, moving soil from one place to another
and for mixing soil media.
8. Sprinklers – for watering seedlings and young
__________.
9. Sprayers are for __________ insecticides, foliar
fertilizers, fungicides and herbicides.
10. __________ is used for digging canals, breaking
hard topsoil and for digging up stones and tree
stumps.

ENRICHMENT ACTIVITY
DIRECTION:
The left column in the table below
gives specific situations or tasks in
a farm or garden. At the opposite
side write the tools, implements or
equipment to be prepared that fits
to the tasks given. Use your
notebook as your answer sheet.

ASSESSMENT
DIRECTION: Choose the letter of the best
answer. Write your chosen letter on your
notebook.
1. You will prepare __________ if your task is
to till large areas, make furrows and do inter
row cultivations in the absence of tractor and
disc machines.
A. thresher B. corn dehusker
C. rotavator D. native plow

ASSESSMENT
2. To till large areas and pulverize the soil you
need __________.
A. thresher B. corn dehusker
C. rotavator D. native plow
3. What tool is used for loosening the soil around
the growing plants and putting small amount of
manure fertilizer in the soil?
A. hand trowel B. hand cultivator
C. hand fork D. shovel

ASSESSMENT
4. Which farm equipment is needed if your work
is tilling large area using disc plow and disc
harrow?
A. plow B. four wheel tractor
C. hand tractor D. water pump

ASSESSMENT
5. Which of the following purposes is the function
of a hand fork?
A. for hauling water, manure and fertilizers
B. for inter row cultivation
C. for loosening and leveling soil and digging
out furrows for planting
D. for cutting tall grasses and weeds and
chopping branches of trees

ASSESSMENT
6. What is the purpose of shovel?
A. used in removing trash, digging loose soil,
moving soil from one place to another and for
mixing soil
B. used for removing trash or soil, digging
canals or ditches and mixing soil
C. used for breaking hard topsoil and
pulverizing soil
D. used for digging canals, breaking hard
topsoil and for digging up stones and tree stumps

ASSESSMENT
7. Which tool is used for watering seedlings and
young plants?
A. used in removing trash, digging loose soil,
moving soil from one place to another and for
mixing soil
B. used for removing trash or soil, digging
canals or ditches and mixing soil
pulverizing soil
D. used for digging canals, breaking hard
topsoil and for digging up stones and tree stumps

ASSESSMENT
8. Which tool is used for watering seedlings and
young plants?
A. jar B. water pail
C. sprinkler D. scoop
9. Which tool is used for cutting bigger size post?
A. knife B. bolo
C. saw D. axe

ASSESSMENT
10. Which of the following functions is the work
of light hoe?
A. used for loosening and leveling soil and
digging out furrows for planting
B. used for cutting tall grasses and weeds and
pulverizing soil
D. used or hauling water, manure, and
fertilizers
ASSESSMENT
10. Which of the following functions is the work
of light hoe?
A. used for loosening and leveling soil and
digging out furrows for planting
B. used for cutting tall grasses and weeds and
pulverizing soil
D. used or hauling water, manure, and
fertilizers

Additional Activity
Journal Writing: In your notebook,
write a short reflection about things
that you have learned from this lesson
or module. (at least one paragraph or
two with 25 to 50 words only)

LESSON 2
Pre-Operative Check-up
of Equipment

Check Tractor Before Operating
1.tires for proper inflation and defects
2.windows for visibility
3.seat position
4.seat belts
5.brakes for adjustment
6.steering response
7.rear view mirrors
8.slow-moving vehicle emblem
9.Reflectors
10.running lights for day or night time operation.

Check Tractor Before Operating
1.Safety check
2.Service walk around
3.Check the oil
4.Check the radiator
5.Check the air pre-cleaner and air cleaner
6.Check the fuel level
7.Check the fire extinguisher
Any noted defects should be corrected
immediately. These can affect performance
and your safety!

Activity
Complete the paragraph
A pre-operational check of the tractor will assure
you that it is in safe operating condition. Check the
following for day or night time operation
1.__________________, 2.________________,
3.__________________, 4.________________,
5.__________________, 6.________________,
7.__________________, 8.________________,
9.__________________, and 10.______________ .

Handling Batteries
1. Do the work or adjustments
in an area free of sparks and
heat sources. Don't smoke
while working near the
battery. Make sure the area
is well ventilated.

Handling Batteries
2. Always wear personal
protective equipment,
covering the eyes and hands. A
full face shield will offer the
protection.

Handling Batteries
3. Never work leaning directly over
the battery.
4. Always disconnect the ground
cable first and identify the cables
as positive and negative so that
you don't re-attach them wrong.

Handling Batteries
5. Make sure that you clean the
terminals and cable connections
before re-attaching them. Make
sure the new battery is secured
with the provided hold-down
assembly.

Handling Batteries
6. While installing the battery
make sure that the terminals don't
come into contact with metal parts
on the engine or body of the
tractor.

Handling Batteries
7. Make sure that you connect the
ground cable last to prevent sparks
and tighten the connections!

Hydraulic Systems
Working with or on hydraulic
equipment can be dangerous.
Some of the hazards cannot even
be readily seen. Hydraulic systems
are under tremendous pressure and
this is where the unseen danger
lies.

Before Serving Hydraulic Systems
1. Shut off the engine powering
the hydraulic pump.
2. Lower the implement to the
ground.
3. Relieve pressure by moving
the hydraulic control lever back
and forth.

4. If working around or under a
raised implement, make sure that
it is blocked or supported by
something other than the cylinder
itself.

5. Use a piece of cardboard or wood
to check for leaks in hoses and
fittings. Even a small amount of
pressurized hydraulic fluid can be
injected through the skin and can
cause severe health problems. Seek
medical attention immediately if
hydraulic fluid penetrates your skin.

6. Use caution when releasing
blocks or transport locks on
equipment. If a cylinder has leaked
and lost pressure, the implement
may fall to the ground as the locks
are released.

Activity
True or False When working with battery:
1. Do the work or adjustments in an area free
of sparks and heat sources. Don't smoke
while working near the battery. Make sure
the area is well ventilated.
2. Always wear personal protective equipment,
covering the eyes and hands. A full face
shield will offer the most protection.

Activity
3. Work leaning directly over the battery.
4. Always disconnect the ground cable
first and identify the cables as positive
and negative so that you don't re-attach
them wrong.

Activity
5. Make sure that you clean the terminals
and cable connections before re-attaching
them. Make sure the new battery is
secured with the hold-down assembly
provided.

Activity
6. While installing the battery make sure
that the terminals come into contact with
metal parts on the engine or tractor body.
7. Make sure that you connect the ground
cable last to prevent sparks and tighten
the connections!

Activity
True or False Before servicing hydraulic systems
8. Shut off the engine powering the
hydraulic pump.
9. Lower the implement to the ground.
10. Relieve pressure by moving the
hydraulic control lever back and forth.

Safety Practices in Using Farm
Equipment
Activity # 1
Divide the class into three. The first group
will write as many accidents that happen in
the farm, the second group writes all the
causes/reasons why accidents happen and
the third will write measures on how to
avoid accidents. Match the accidents that
usually happen, and the possible causes
/reason, and ways to prevent them.

LESSON 3
Safety Practices in
Using Farm Equipment

The Costs of Accidents
1. Physical costs – pain and suffering
2. Money – both for the injured person
and the employer
3. Time off work - because an accident
may lead to loss of earnings for the
individual.

Dealing with the Accidents
1. help the injured person and give
first aid.
2. clean up.
3. reschedule the job.
4. repair or reset the equipment or
check for faults.
5. investigate the accident and
prepare reports.

6. deal with insurers or Health
and Safety Inspectors.
7. wait to have to get back to
work.
8. accidents which cause damage
to expensive plant and
equipment can cost even more.
Dealing with the Accidents

Types of Tractor-Related
Accidents
1. Rollovers or overturns - are
generally due to driving too fast ;
striking surface hazards such as
rocks, stumps and holes; running into
ditches; hitching high for extra
traction; driving on steep slopes; and
operating front-end loaders
improperly.

Accidents
2. Falls from moving tractors
often occur when there‘s an
extra rider when moving and
transporting to and from the
farm.

Accidents
3. caught by, or entangled in,
rotating power takeoff (PTO)
shafts. In most cases, the PTO
shields were inadequate or had
been removed.

Other Tractor-Connected Injuries and damage
involves:
1. colliding with motor vehicles or
roadside objects;
2. slipping and falling while mounting
and dismounting;
3. running over bystanders;

involves:
4. striking overhead hazards;
5. being struck by flying objects,
broken parts, or hydraulic fluid;
6. being crushed by a poorly
supported tractor during repair work;

involves:
7. sustaining cuts, bruises, burns and
other nuisance, but painful injuries,
connected with maintenance and
routine operation;
8. being overcome by exhaust gases
inside closed buildings;

involves:
9. being burned by fires that erupt
during refueling or as a result of a
collision or upset.

What are the
tractor-related
accidents?

How are we going
to prevent tractor-
related accidents?

How to reduce
the risk of tractor
accidents?

LESSON 4
Hazard, Risk and
Exposure in the Farm

1. What is hazard?
2. Give at least 3
examples of common
hazards and explain how
these particular hazards
affect the farmers.
3. How farmers can
Answer the following
questions briefly.

What is the
difference among
hazard, risk and
exposure?

HAZARD
 the potential for harm,
or adverse effect on an
employee‘s health.
Anything which may
cause injury or ill health
to anyone at or near a
workplace is a hazard.

RISK
 is the likelihood that a
hazard will cause injury
or ill health to anyone at
or near a workplace. The
level of risk increases
with the severity of the
hazard and the duration

EXPOSURE
 occurs when a person
comes into contact with
a hazard.

CLASSIFICATIONS OF
HAZARD
1.
Physical
2. Mechanical and/or
electrical
3. Chemical
4. Biological
5. Psychosocial
environment

CLASSIFICATIONS OF
HAZARD
1.
Physical
 includes floors, stairs, work
platforms, steps, ladders, fire,
falling objects, slippery
surfaces, manual handling
(lifting, pushing, pulling),
excessively loud and prolonged

CLASSIFICATIONS OF
HAZARD
2. Mechanical and/or
electrical
 includes electricity, machinery,
equipment, pressure vessels,
dangerous goods, forklifts,
cranes, hoists

CLASSIFICATIONS OF
HAZARD
3. Chemical
 includes chemical substances
such as acids or poisons and
those that could lead to fire or
explosion, like pesticides,
herbicides, cleaning agents,
dusts and fumes from various

CLASSIFICATIONS OF
HAZARD
4. Biological
 includes bacteria, viruses,
mold, mildew, insects, vermin,
and animals
5. Psychosocial
environment
 includes workplace stressors
arising from a variety of sources

Farm workers—including
farm families and helpers—
are exposed to hazards
such as the following:
• chemicals/Pesticides
• cold
• dust
• electricity

• grain bins
• hand tools
• lifting
• livestock handling

• machinery/Equipment
• manure pits
• mud
• noise

• ponds
• slips/trips/falls
• sun/heat
• toxic gases

• tractors
• wells

POSSIBLE HAZARDS IN
AGRONOMICAL OPERATIONS

FOUR-STEP PROCESS OF RISK
MANAGEMENT
1. IDENTIFY the
hazard
identifying all situations or
events that could cause injury
or illness.
Eliminating or minimizing workplace
hazards needs a systematic approach. It
is essential to try and anticipate all
possible hazards at the workplace -

METHODS OF IDENTIFYING
HAZARDS
 Injury and illness records
 review your workers‘
compensation data and check
the incidence, mechanism and
agency of injury, and the cost
to the organization.
These statistics can be analyzed to
alert the organization to the presence

HAZARDS
 Staying informed on trends
and developments in
workplace health and safety,
for example via the internet
or OHS publications

HAZARDS
 Reviewing the potential
impact of new work practices
or equipment introduced into
the workplace in line with
legislative requirements

HAZARDS
 Doing walk-through surveys,
inspections or safety audits in
the workplace to evaluate
the organization‘s health and
safety system
 Considering OHS implications
when analyzing work

HAZARDS
 Investigating workplace
incidents and “near hits”
reports - in some cases there
may be more than one hazard
contributing to an incident

HAZARDS
 Getting feedback from
employees can often provide
valuable information about
hazards, because they have
hands-on experience in their
work area

MANAGEMENT
2. ASSESS the risk associated with
the hazard
this step involves collecting
information and making
decisions.
It is important for you to consider the
extent of the harm or consequence from
a hazard and the cause of harm that is
occurring. If your assessment is an

MANAGEMENT
3. CONTROL the risk
establish and maintain systems
which give opportunity for
regular evaluation and review
procedures.
Evaluation means examining control
measures to ensure risks are eliminated
or reduced and have not caused new

THREE CATEGORIES OF CONTROL
MEASURES YOU MIGHT TAKE
 Eliminate the hazard
 Minimize the risk
 Introduce “back-up” controls
(when all other options in
the previous categories have
been exhausted).

MANAGEMENT
4. REVIEW the process
The review system applies to
the overall risk management
process and checks if the
process is working effectively
to identify hazards and
manage risks.

B. Answer the
question below. (10
points)
1. What benefit/s do
you get if you
familiarize yourself
with the uses of the

Objectives:
a. Differentiate sexual from
asexual propagation.
b. Enumerate and explain factors
to be considered in choosing the
ideal site of a nursery.
c. Discuss proper use of
nursery tools and equipment.
d. Explain the procedure
and practices in making
nursery clean.
e. State activities to be conducted that may prevent
spread of diseases and pest in the nursery.

MODULE 3
LESSON 1
UNDERTAKE NURSERY
WORK

answering the following
questions.
Let us begin the lesson by
These will test you of
your prior knowledge
relative to the lesson.

PLANT
PROPAGATION
is the process by which new
plants grow from a variety of
sources: seeds, cuttings, and
other plant parts.
also refer to the man-
made or natural
dispersal of seeds.

PLANT
PROPAGATION
Propagation typically occurs as a step in the overall
cycle of plant growth.
For
seeds
 it happens after ripening and
dispersal
For vegetative parts
 it happens after detachment
or pruning
For asexually-reproducing plants such as
strawberry
happens as the new plant develops
from existing parts.
Plant propagation can be divided into four
basic types: sexual, asexual (vegetative),
 it

What is the difference
between sexual
propagation and
asexual propagation?

TYPES OF PLANT
PROPAGATION
1. Sexual Propagation
uses seeds to produce new plants. It is
relatively easy and often requires no
special equipment. It is nature’s way to
obtain many plants economically.

TYPES OF PLANT
PROPAGATION
2. Asexual Propagation
uses vegetative parts of the plant to
make a clone, or an exact genetic copy,
of the parent plant.
Advantages:
 the ability to replicate genetically the parent pla
 it allows for plants to be grown
to a size suitable for
transplanting in less time than

COMMON NURSERY
WORK
Establishing a nursery needs a
considerable amount of time and
planning. An ideal plant nursery does
not only supply the best planting
materials that you need but can be a
source of livelihood as well. In order
to attain this, the project must be
well planned from site selection,
water supply, soil/media preparation,

FACTORS IN SELECTING IDEAL
SITE
1. An adequate
source of
water supply
2. Soil
3.
Accessibility
4. 7. Location
6. Ownership of
the farm or site
5. Availability of
additional labor

1. An adequate source of
water supply
 The site should be near a natural
source of water (river, spring) or
a deep well can be constructed to
assure adequate water supply will
be available year round
SITE

2. Soil
A good source of sandy loam or
loamy soil should be as close as
possible to the site. This is
important especially if a large
number of potted seedlings will be
produced. Farm manures, fully
decomposed rice hull are good
SITE

3. Accessibility
 The site must be close or near a
main road to minimize
transportation cost. It must also
be near or close to sources of
production inputs (agricultural
and farm supply stores).
SITE

4. Topography
 Ideally the site should be
relatively flat with a 1-2% slope.
The gradual slope prevents
waterlogging.
SITE
5. Availability of additional
labor
 There will be instances when
additional manpower is needed,

6. Ownership of the farm or
site
 In case the area/site will be
rented, terms and conditions
should be clear before putting up
the nursery.
SITE
7. Location
 The site must be away from strong
winds. Windbreaks are necessary in

PROPER USE OF
NURSERY TOOLS
AND EQUIPMENT

 Conduct checks on all tools and
equipment before using them to
identify unsatisfactory or faulty items.
PROPER USE OF NURSERY TOOLS
AND EQUIPMENT
 Always use sharp tools with caution
and concentration to avoid cuts to
hands and fingers. Secateurs, scissors
and knives may be used for the
propagation and maintenance of plants.

 Use correct lifting methods when you
are lifting plants, tools and
equipment. Team lifts anything that is
too heavy for one person.
AND EQUIPMENT

Do not overload wheelbarrows and
trolleys with soil or plants.
AND EQUIPMENT
 Wear protective gloves when
sorting and neatly stacking pots,
pot trays and propagation trays as
they tend to attract spiders and
other insects.

Always return tools and equipment
to the designated safe storage
areas after use. Keep walkways or
working areas uncluttered by
equipment when temporarily not
in use.
AND EQUIPMENT
 Be aware of vehicle and
trailer movement at all times
in and around the nursery

NURSERY HYGIENE
Keeping the nursery clean and tidy
is important not only for its
appearance and organization but
also helps to reduce the emergence
of weds, infection, fungus and pests

PROCEDURES AND
PRACTICES
Sorting, weeding and pruning
of potted and newly
propagated seedlings should
be done regularly. This is done
in order to avoid nursery pests
and diseases. These activities
may prevent spread of

PROCEDURES AND
PRACTICES
Here are suggested ways:
At the end of each week activity:
 wash down working benches
 clear dead plants away quickly
(burned or buried into the soil)
 wash out kidney trays and seed
soaking containers after us.
 wash used tools including soiled
trays

PROCEDURES AND
PRACTICES
At the end of the day:
 clean up pots and trays under
tables
 remove unused sterilized soil from
potting table
 put things away in their storage
places
 remove rubbish

PROCEDURES AND
PRACTICES
Always:
 wash used pots and trays and tools,
equipment in diluted bleach, vinegar
or detergent
 keep cigarettes and food away from
production areas
 separate recycling
 compost left over foods and seed flesh
into the worm farm or composting bin

QUALITY CONTROL
Quality control embraces every
detail of nursery operation from
simplest area lay-out to most
complicated management
practices. Standards for every
component should be set and made
clear to all nursery workers for
them to perform to the highest

CARE OF
SEEDLINGS AND
GROWING
PLANTS

CARE OF SEEDLINGS AND GROWING
PLANTS
 Water and Irrigation
 Weeding
 Adding more fertilizer
 Hardening off/Hardening
 Postponing planting
 Root pruning
 Seedling protection

PLANTS
Water and Irrigation
The amount of water seedlings
require depends upon the following:
a. Seedling age
b. Amount of sunlight
c. Soil type.

PLANTS
The amount of water seedlings require
depends upon the following:
a. Seedling age
 More water is required after
germination when the
seedling is young and at
pricking out but this
requirement reduces as the

PLANTS
b. Amount of sunlight
 If the area is exposed to sun,
more water is needed and
vice versa. However, do not
keep the area shady for too
long to reduce water use.

PLANTS
c. Soil type
 sandy soil losses water faster
than a soil with high clay
content hence sandy soil
needs more frequent
watering. However a clayey

What are the factors to
be considered in the
care of seedlings and
growing plants?

Why is it necessary
to take care our
seedling in the
nursery?
For maintaining physiological processes of
seedling that will result in high capacity for

1.Plants are made out of more
than _____% of water.
SIMPLE RECALL
2. What type of soil becomes
hard and cracks when it dries
out?
3. In absence of sprinkler, what
are you going to use in

4. Use adequate amount of
water, 20 liters for
_____seedlings.
SIMPLE RECALL
5. Water should be ____ to
ensure seedling health.
6. Avoid direct use of _______
while watering the seedlings as

7. The amount of water should
be reduced ________ before
the seedlings are planted out.
SIMPLE RECALL
8-10. Factors that affects the
water requirements for seedlings

1.Plants are made out of more
than _____% of water.
SIMPLE RECALL
2. What type of soil becomes
hard and cracks when it dries
out?
3. In absence of sprinkler, what
are you going to use in
90
Clayey
soil
Watering can with holes at the bottom or

4. Use adequate amount of
water, 20 liters for
_____seedlings.
SIMPLE RECALL
5. Water should be _____ to
ensure seedling health.
6. Avoid direct use of _________
while watering the seedlings as
1,00
0
clea
n
hosepi
pes

7. The amount of water should
be reduced ___________
before the seedlings are
planted out.
SIMPLE RECALL
8-10. Factors that affects the
water requirements for seedlings
four
weeks
Seedling
age
Amount of
sunlight
Soil

PLANTS
 Water and Irrigation
Weeding
Adding more fertilizer
Hardening off/Hardening
 Postponing planting
 Root pruning
 Seedling protection

WEEDING
is the removal of weeds
or unwanted plants from
the field
 It is an effective pre-
harvesting method of crop
protection and crop
production management.

WEEDS
are a threat to healthy
seedlings‘ development.
They compete with
seedlings for nutrients,
water and light hence
they must be eradicated

Adding More Fertilizer
To determine when to add more
fertilizer, use the date of
potting up as your starting date
and add on 3 or 6 months
(depending on your fertilizer
release time frame). If the

Make a shallow hole into
the pot and add 4 to 5
granules of slow released
fertilizer. Example is
Osmocote.
Apply worm castings
directly to the surface and
water well.

Apply seaweed water
solution to the leaves
(foliar spray) or soak in
seaweed solution once in
every week until plants
recover.

Deficiency Stmptoms
 Trace or micro nutrients are
necessary for healthy plant
growth. A plant will show
symptoms of deficiency
early on or during
vegetative stage. This
should be remedied

HARDENING
is to expose the seedlings to
harsh conditions to make
them strong so that they
will be able to survive under
harsh climate in the field
after planting out.
it is also a gradual preparation
of seedlings for field
conditions.

The process is done:
When the seedlings grow and
reach the planting size, the
shade should be removed to
expose them more to sunlight.
Reduction in watering intensity
(quantity) and frequency-
water. It is done twice a week
and later once a week

The process is done:
Before planting out, root
pruning should be carried out
frequently or re-arrangement
of pots to allow more adoption
to stress.
Good preparation for out
planting results in good field
survival. Therefore hardening
off should be done 2 – 3 weeks

How are you
going to apply
fertilizers?

POSTPONING
PLANTING
If it‘s not possible to plant
when the seedlings are ready
for planting out (reached right
size for planting-1.5 ft) or the
seedlings are not bought; cut
the tips of the plant to
suppress further growth so

ROOT PRUNING
 the cutting of roots to
control root system
development beyond the
container.
The period and interval of pruning depends
on different species and other conditions.
Root pruning should be done regularly
preferably every 2 –3 weeks. Prune when
seedlings are the height of the span of

ROOT PRUNING
Procedure:
 Water the seedlings properly before
root pruning.
 Using a sharp knife or
wire or scissors to cut
the long roots
underneath the
container. You can also
uplift the containers

ROOT PRUNING
Water the seedlings well after root
pruning. This helps the plant withstand
moisture stress.
Note that to reduce root pruning,
you can place the seedlings on a bed
of stones or on polythene sheet and
this reduces root development.
 If the seedlings are in a raised bed,
prune the roots by using a bolo,
knife underneath the bed right after

SEEDLING
PROTECTION
Damage and disasters in the nursery may be
categorized as follows:
a. Weather conditions
This is damage caused by the
adverse weather conditions.
We can either regulate
watering or shading to comply
with prevailing weather

SEEDLING
PROTECTION
b. Human
This is the stealing and/or
intentional damaging of
seedlings by human beings.
Fencing and security are such
options to overcome this.

SEEDLING
PROTECTION
c. Livestock and wild animals
Rodents such as field mice/rates
frequently cause serious damage
to seedlings in the nursery as
well as in the field by eating
them. To control these, cleaning
the nursery helps to reduce their

SEEDLING
PROTECTION
d. Insects
1. Thrips (Stenchaetothrips
biformis)- There is laceration of
the tender leaves and it the plant
sap is sucked. Young seedlings
show yellow (or) silvery streaks
on the leaves. Terminal rolling

SEEDLING
PROTECTION
d. Insects
2. Green leafhopper (Nephotettix
virescens)- The symptom of
damage is yellowing of leaves
from tip to downwards. Vector for
the disease is rice tungro virus
and the plant is characterized by

SEEDLING
PROTECTION
d. Insects
3. Rice case worm (Nymphula
depunctalis)- The caterpillars
feed on green tissues of the
leaves and leaves become whitish
papery.
To control, spray monocrotophos .

SEEDLING
PROTECTION
d. Insects
4. Paddy stemborer (Scirpophaga
incertulas)- It causes drying of
the central shoot known as “dead
heart” and the panicle becomes
dried known as “white heads”.
To control, spray any of the following
insecticides: quinalphos 25 EC,,phosphamidon

SEEDLING
PROTECTION
d. Insects
5. Swarming caterpillar
(Spodoptera mauritia)- The
larvae cut the seedlings in
large scale. If severe
infestation happens, cattle
grazing appearance will be

SEEDLING
PROTECTION
Identification of swarming caterpillar
egg –laid in masses on leaves and
covered with grey hairs.
larva-caterpillar is cylindrical
dark to pale green with lateral
lines along the body.

SEEDLING
PROTECTION
Identification of swarming caterpillar
pupa - Pupates in an earthen
cocoon in soil
adult - Moth is medium sized
stoutly build. Dark brown with a
conspicuous triangular spot on
fore wings.
To control: Drain the water and spray
chlorpyriphos 20 EC 80ml + 20 liter of water.

COMMON DISEASES
Damping off
This is a fungal disease caused
by Pythium spp.,Rhizoctonia
salani. The severity of the attack
usually increases with increase in
soil moisture. Damping off can
occur before germination, after
germination and during pricking.

COMMON DISEASES
Damping off
Conditions favorable for the spread of
the disease are;
high sowing density
over watering
using soil with partially
decomposed material

COMMON DISEASES
Powdery mildew
First, small white powdery patches
are formed on the leaf surface and
later the whole surface of the leaf is
covered with white powdery
mycelial colonies. Damaged leaves
gradually defoliate. This affects the
growth of young seedlings. Control-

COMMON DISEASES
Wilting
This is a dying bark of the main
shoot of a seedling. It is mainly
caused by overcrowding.
Separating the seedlings or
immediate planting out can help
control it.
Control measures: Practice
optimum sowing density and use

TYPES OF PLANTING
MATERIALS
The planting materials or
propagules can be prepared
through seeds and by asexual
means. The asexual means of
propagation in most instances is
preferred, but there are plant
species that do not lend
themselves to this method of

METHODS OF PLANT
PROPAGATION
A. Propagation by seed – The use of
seed is the most practical and even the
cheapest way of propagation.
Advantages of using seeds
a. Most practical and
cheapest way
b. Stronger anchorage (for fruit
trees grown from seed) which
makes the tree resistant to

METHODS OF PLANT
PROPAGATION
A. Propagation by seed – The use of
seed is the most practical and even the
cheapest way of propagation.
Disadvantages of using seeds
a. Fruit trees take a longer time to
bear fruits.
b. The resulting plant does not retain
the characteristics of the parents
because of gene segregation.
c. Plants tend to grow into

METHODS OF PLANT
PROPAGATION
SEED QUALITY / VIABILITY
1. recalcitrant seeds
here the moisture content is
initially high and the loss by
drying below the critical level
(20%) will lead to rapid loss of
viability. Examples are mango,

METHODS OF PLANT
PROPAGATION
SEED QUALITY / VIABILITY
2. Orthodox seeds
 these seeds can be dried to
prevent respiratory processes and
placed in air tight containers to
exclude oxygen. Refrigeration and
the use of desiccants in ordinary

METHODS OF PLANT
PROPAGATION
Germination Test
 One way of assessing the viability
of seeds
Steps to stimulate seed germination
1. Scarification
2. Removal of the mucilaginous
substance by soaking the seeds
(papaya) overnight ; rubbing with

METHODS OF PLANT
PROPAGATION
A. Vegetative or Asexual Propagation
Advantages
1. they produce true-to-type plants
2. suitable for plant species that do not
normally produce seeds or may also
produce seeds but are difficult to
germinate

METHODS OF PLANT
PROPAGATION
A. Vegetative or Asexual Propagation
Advantages
3. trees are smaller compared to
those propagated by seeds and they
bear fruits much earlier
4. highly useful for species with distinct
maleness and femaleness ( example:

KINDS OF VEGETATIVE
PROPAGULES
1. Runners
 these are specialized growing
stem parts that arise from the
leaf axils of the plant and
form roots of their own that
render them excellent
propagating materials like

KINDS OF VEGETATIVE
PROPAGULES
2. Slips
 leafy shoots that arise from
axillary buds produced at the
base of the plant
Parent plant

KINDS OF VEGETATIVE
PROPAGULES
3. Suckers
 adventitious roots that arise from
underground stems below the
ground.

KINDS OF VEGETATIVE
PROPAGULES
4. Corms
 underground solid stem
structures that contain nodes
and internodes; the corm can
be further divided into several
seed pieces
5. Root cuttings
 these are used in propagating

KINDS OF VEGETATIVE
PROPAGULES
6. Leaf bud cuttings
 these are derived from axillary
buds in stem and leaf; the
stem bearing buds are cut into
pieces and inserted in a
rooting medium (example:
blackpepper)

KINDS OF VEGETATIVE
PROPAGULES
7. Stem cutting
 these can be used in
propagating grapes, vanilla
8. Asexually propagated materials
produced from layerage,
marcotting, graftage, budding

INTERPERSONAL RELATIONSHIPS AND
COMMUNICATION
In order to succeed with your
interpersonal relations, you must
be able to speak authentically,
passionately, and confidently and
be able to convey your personal
thoughts and ideas articulately.
Not only do you need to convey
your thoughts, ideas and emotions,

What are the
steps to
become a
good listener?

GOOD LISTENER
1. First, you must physically hear the other person.
2. Second, you must decipher what you have heard.
If you cannot hear, politely move to
another environment, insist that the other
person speaks louder, or perhaps have your
hearing checked by a professional if you
feel you have a hearing problem.
It is beneficial to pay close attention to
pitch, accents, rhythm, and tonality of
any voices that you come into contact

GOOD LISTENER
3. Understand what you have heard and deciphered
4. Once you have heard, deciphered, and
understood the information that has been
given, you must acknowledge these three
things by responding in kind.
Which means that you can make sense of
the words that were spoken. Some
conversations may be very easy to
understand while others may be very
difficult.
Responding is simply giving observable feedback to the
other person. Typical responses are small gestures like a

GOOD LISTENER
5. The final step of being a good
listener is the ability to remember
and recall the information that is
presented to you.
Do you have trouble remembering name
of person you just met? Are you
occasionally reminded of something you
supposedly said but don‘t recall?

COMMUNICATION
Another major component of
interpersonal relations is body language.
According to social scientists, verbal
communication skills account for only 7%
of the communication process. The other
93% consists of nonverbal and symbolic
communication called body language.
Body language is the sum of messages
expressed by other than verbal means

Objective:
How about our
objective?
a. Discuss good writing
characteristics

COMMUNICATION
Another vital
communication skill in
dealing with people
especially if you are in
business is how to

COMMUNICATION
The practice of good writing
involves planning, researching,
drafting, reviewing, and
revising. Writing for different
purposes may have different
products‘ too; from asking
information about a new

GOOD WRITING
SHARES COMMON
CHARACTERISTICS

GOOD WRITING
CHARACTERISTICS
1. CLARITY
Well chosen words and
structured sentences
help convey the
intended meaning. The
reader should not ask,
CLARITY - SIMPLE AND CLEAR

GOOD WRITING
CHARACTERISTICS
2. COHERENCE
Information presented
and arguments used
should flow logically.
Writing should be easy
to understand.
COHERENCE – UNITY AND CONSISTENCY - RELIABLE

GOOD WRITING
CHARACTERISTICS
3. CONCISENESS
State the information
simply. Do not use words
that are merely there to
impress.
CONCISENESS – SIMPLE AND SHORTNESS

GOOD WRITING
CHARACTERISTICS
4. CORRECTNESS
Verify your facts.
Document sources
accurately. Check for
accurate spelling,
grammar and sentence
EXACTNESS / ACCURACY / TRUTH

GOOD WRITING
CHARACTERISTICS
5. COMPLETENESS
Good writing represents
critical thinking. Analyze
completely and support
your position.
FULLNESS / COMPREHENSIVENESS /TOTALITY / WHOLENESS

GOOD WRITING
CHARACTERISTICS
6. CONTEXT
 Write appropriately for
the audience (peers,
customers and /or clients,
teachers, and classmates.
ENVIRENMENT / PERSPECTIVE / BACKGROUND

What are the
characteristics
of good
writing?
Clarity
Coherence
Conciseness
Correctness
Completeness
Context:

Why is it
necessary to
become a
good writer?
It helps you to become a better
communicator overall and it also improves

EVALUATION
Answer the following:
1.What are the
characteristics of good
writing?
2.What are the practices

AGRI 9_L1.pptx

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