The safety culture of an organisation is
the product of individual and group values, attitudes, perceptions, competencies, and patterns of behaviour that determine the commitment to, and the style and proficiency of, an
organisation’s health and safety management.
تعتبر السلامة المهنية قد نالت اهتمام دولي منذ زمن بعيد وتاريخيًا، فإن الاهتمام الدولي بالسلامة المهنية والعمل على منع حوادث العمل وتعتبر السلامة المهنية هي القناع الواقي لجميع أفراد المجتمع من الأخطار والحوادث داخل وخارج العمل ، وعليه لا بد وان تكون جميع مستويات الشعب وطوائفه من شيوخ ورجال ونساء وصبية على وعي كامل واقتناع بقيمة مفاهيم وأسس السلامة المهنية ، وذلك لتجنب حدوث الإصابات والحوادث داخل المنازل وفي الأماكن العامة والمحلات والمصانع والشركات والمؤسسات الصناعية والتجارية لأن هذه الحوادث والإصابات قد تكلفهم حياتهم في بعض الأحيان أو فقد عضو من أعضاء الجسد وذلك خلاف الخسائر المادية الفادحة المباشرة والغير مباشرة التي تنجم عن تصرفات بسيطة لكن بدون وعي ودراية بالأسلوب الأمثل لهذا العمل لكي يقي نفسه شر حدوث مثل هذه الأضرار ويعتبر رفع الوعي بالأمور المتعلقة بسلامة الأفراد والمعدات والوصول إلى بيئة عمل آمنة
This document discusses foreign direct investment (FDI) and is presented by a group of students to Sir Ahmed Ghazali. It defines FDI and outlines the types, forms, sources, theories, stages, and decision framework for FDI. The key types are inward and outward FDI. The main forms are greenfield investment and mergers & acquisitions. Theories discussed include Mac Dougall-Kemp, industrial organization, and location specific theories. Stages include the innovation, industrialization, and standardization stages. The document also outlines benefits and drawbacks of FDI for both host and home countries.
The safety culture of an organisation is
the product of individual and group values, attitudes, perceptions, competencies, and patterns of behaviour that determine the commitment to, and the style and proficiency of, an
organisation’s health and safety management.
تعتبر السلامة المهنية قد نالت اهتمام دولي منذ زمن بعيد وتاريخيًا، فإن الاهتمام الدولي بالسلامة المهنية والعمل على منع حوادث العمل وتعتبر السلامة المهنية هي القناع الواقي لجميع أفراد المجتمع من الأخطار والحوادث داخل وخارج العمل ، وعليه لا بد وان تكون جميع مستويات الشعب وطوائفه من شيوخ ورجال ونساء وصبية على وعي كامل واقتناع بقيمة مفاهيم وأسس السلامة المهنية ، وذلك لتجنب حدوث الإصابات والحوادث داخل المنازل وفي الأماكن العامة والمحلات والمصانع والشركات والمؤسسات الصناعية والتجارية لأن هذه الحوادث والإصابات قد تكلفهم حياتهم في بعض الأحيان أو فقد عضو من أعضاء الجسد وذلك خلاف الخسائر المادية الفادحة المباشرة والغير مباشرة التي تنجم عن تصرفات بسيطة لكن بدون وعي ودراية بالأسلوب الأمثل لهذا العمل لكي يقي نفسه شر حدوث مثل هذه الأضرار ويعتبر رفع الوعي بالأمور المتعلقة بسلامة الأفراد والمعدات والوصول إلى بيئة عمل آمنة
This document discusses foreign direct investment (FDI) and is presented by a group of students to Sir Ahmed Ghazali. It defines FDI and outlines the types, forms, sources, theories, stages, and decision framework for FDI. The key types are inward and outward FDI. The main forms are greenfield investment and mergers & acquisitions. Theories discussed include Mac Dougall-Kemp, industrial organization, and location specific theories. Stages include the innovation, industrialization, and standardization stages. The document also outlines benefits and drawbacks of FDI for both host and home countries.
This document discusses governmental attitudes toward foreign direct investment by multinational enterprises (MNEs). It examines the conflicting objectives of MNE stakeholders and problems in evaluating MNE activities. MNEs operate through foreign direct investment, but governments encourage and restrict their operations based on perceived impacts on economic, political, and social objectives. Countries evaluate MNE contributions and risks related to issues like balance of payments, growth, employment, sovereignty, and corruption. Attitudes toward MNEs vary between home and host countries and depend on factors like the MNE's size, sector, and reputation.
Foreign direct investment (FDI) involves a firm directly investing in foreign facilities and production. There are several reasons why FDI is increasing faster than global trade or output, including lower transportation costs and barriers to trade. Firms prefer FDI over alternatives like exporting or licensing to maintain strategic control and protect proprietary knowledge. Both home and host countries pursue policies to encourage or restrict FDI based on factors like national security, economic independence, jobs and resource transfers.
Foreign direct investment (FDI) occurs when a firm establishes foreign business operations or acquires foreign firms. Most cross-border investment is acquisitions rather than building new facilities. Firms prefer acquisitions because they are quicker to execute and allow firms to gain existing assets rather than building them. Both the flows and stocks of global FDI have significantly increased in recent decades due to factors like economic liberalization and globalization. Developed countries are typically the largest sources of outward FDI while developing regions are large recipients of inward FDI. FDI has benefits and costs for both host and home countries.
The document discusses various aspects of aseptic processing for sterile medicines, including: classification of clean areas from Grades A-D; environmental monitoring of physical parameters like particles, pressures, airflow; personnel requirements; preparation and filtration of sterile solutions; validation of filtration and sterilization processes; and sterilization of equipment and containers. The overall goal is to maintain sterility by preventing microbial contamination during assembly of sterile components.
62. 62
Name of Material
Internal Code
Batch No /
Receiving No.
Status
Expiry Date Retest Date
Receiving Date Signature
Quarantine / Release /
Rejected / Hold
( Use Color)
الخامات تعريف بطاقات
Name of Material
Internal Code
Batch No.
Status
Expiry Date Retest Date
Date Signature
RELEASED
Name of Material
Internal Code
Batch No.
Status
Expiry Date Retest Date
Date Signature
HOLD
Name of Material
Internal Code
Batch No.
Status
Expiry Date
Date Signature
REJECTED
Name of Material
Internal Code
Batch No.
Status
Expiry Date Date Received
Date Signature
QUARANTINE
Companies can make investments and buy facilities and equipment. However, the greatest resource that a company has is its personnel. But human resources also need a lot of attention. If a company does not have correctly educated, trained and motivated people working in its factory or laboratory, it is necessary to provide training in order to overcome any inherent weaknesses and to build upon existing strengths.
Education
Culture
Attitude & Attributes
Hygienic cultural measures
Experience
Training
The responsibilities placed on any one individual should not be so extensive as to present any risk to quality.
People in responsible positions should have specific duties recorded in written job descriptions and adequate authority to carry out their responsibilities.
There should be no gaps or unexplained overlaps in the responsibilities of those personnel concerned with the application of GMP.
All personnel working in direct contact with products shall conform to hygienic practices while on duty to the extent necessary to protect the product against contamination. The methods for maintaining cleanliness include, but are not limited to:
Wearing outer garments suitable to the operation in a manner that protects against the contamination.
Maintaining adequate personal cleanliness.
Washing hands thoroughly (and sanitizing if necessary to protect against contamination with undesirable microorganisms)
Maintaining gloves, if they are used in product handling, in an intact, clean, and sanitary condition.
Wearing, where appropriate, in an effective manner, hair cap, beard covers, or other effective hair restraints.
After the personnel finishes training, he shall be responsible for the following:
shall wear clean clothing appropriate for the duties they perform. Protective apparel, such as head, face, hand, and arm coverings, shall be worn as necessary to protect drug products from contamination.
The range of clothing available would normally include:
a. Hats or hair cover
b. Beard and moustache covers
c. Coveralls—preferably with no pockets, or pockets suitably designed to prevent articles falling out
d. Disposable gloves
e. Foot covers or shoes
f. Masks
g. Safety glasses or goggles
h. Appropriate clean-room suits for sterile areas
Employees shall be encouraged to practice good personal hygiene habits at all times.
Personnel should be healthy and capable to perform their assigned duties.
Regular medical examination must be conducted for all production personnel involved in manufacturing processes.
during recruitment process
every regular period
Employees shall be encouraged to practice good personal hygiene habits at all times.
Personnel should be healthy and capable to perform their assigned duties.
Regular medical examination must be conducted for all production personnel involved in manufacturing processes.
during recruitment process
every regular period
Direct contact between the operator’s hands and materials.
Protection of the product from contamination.
Actions that should not be permitted in production, laboratory, and storage areas.
Use of protective clothing
Personnel must practice good personal hygiene.
regular bathing every day
brushing of teeth
washing hands
before entering the
production area
after visiting the toilet
after eating
after smoking
Hair nets are important for two reasons. They help keep hair out of food and help keep human hands away from hair. Both help to reduce the chance of food contamination.
Review your policies on use of hair and beard nets.
The human mouth is a great place for bacteria to hide. Since hands may be contaminated, instruct employees to wash their hands before continuing work.
The employee is touching his mouth during smoking. Since the human mouth is a great place for bacteria to hide, instruct the employee to wash their hands before continuing work.
Review your policies on smoking and eating.
Jewelry should be limited to a plain wedding band. Jewelry can be a physical hazard and can be heavily contaminated with bacteria. Wearing jewelry can also be dangerous to the employee. For example, a necklace could get caught in a mixing machine and cause harm to the operator.
Sample of starting material labels , which bear some information on it .
Color of labels can be different for indicating the status .
White indicating “Quarantine “ status ,
Green for “ Released “ status, and
Red for “ Rejected “ status.
Yellow for “Hold” status.
Retest date ,
it should be indicated on the label, two or three months before the expiry date
to enable to manufacturers make some action in anticipation of rejection.
Sampling of starting materials should be conducted following an approved Standard Operating Procedure ..Containers of starting materials which have been sampled, should be marked by placing a label on it and indicating the total number of containers. After Release status is obtained , Released Label ( Green ) should be put on each container and this label cover the Quarantine Information.
SOPs detail the regularly recurring work processes that are to be conducted or followed within an organization.
They document the way activities are to be performed to facilitate consistent conformance to technical and quality system requirements and to support data quality.
SOPs are intended to be specific to the organization or facility whose activities are described and assist that organization to maintain their QC and QA processes and ensure compliance with governmental regulations
If not written correctly, SOPs are of limited value.
In addition, the best written SOPs will fail if they are not followed.
Therefore, the use of SOPs needs to be reviewed and re-enforced by management, preferably the direct supervisor.
Current copies of the SOPs also need to be readily accessible for reference in the work areas of those individuals actually performing the activity, either in hard copy or electronic format,
otherwise SOPs serve little purpose.
The development and use of SOPs minimizes variation and promotes quality through consistent implementation of a process or procedure within the organization, even if there are temporary or permanent personnel changes.
SOPs can indicate compliance with organizational and governmental requirements.
Can be used as a part of a personnel training program, since they should provide detailed work instructions.
Minimizes the opportunities for miscommunication and can address safety concerns.
When historical data are being evaluated for current use, SOPs can also be valuable for reconstructing project activities when no other references are available.
SOPs may be used as checklists by inspectors when auditing procedures.
Valid SOP reduces work effort, improves comparability, and credibility,
SOPs are needed even when published methods are being utilized.
For example, if an SOP is written for a standard analytical method,
the SOP should specify the procedures to be followed in greater detail than appear in the published method.
It also should detail how, if at all, the SOP differs from the standard method and any options that this organization follows.
Any checklists or forms included as part of an activity should be referenced at in the procedure and then attached to the SOP.
The checklist is not an SOP, but a part of an SOP.
In some cases, detailed checklists are prepared specifically for a given activity.
SOP should describe, at least generally, how the checklist is to be prepared,
What it is to be based.
Copies of specific checklists should be then maintained in the file with the activity results
The level of detail provided in the SOP may differ based on:
whether the process is critical
frequency of that procedure being followed
the number of people who will use the SOP
where training is not routinely available
Objective: Describe the purpose of writing the document
Scope: describe the area &/or activities of the document application whether products, system or process …etc
Responsibility: describe the responsibility of each individual incorporated in the document.
Definitions: explain the meaning of the general phenomena present in the procedure.
Forms used: the attached format, forms, reports & records that used in executing the steps as mentioned under the procedure.
Procedures: describe the sequence of steps for which purpose of the document can be executed through the personnel engaged in the procedure.
References: write the reference of the procedure