AFRINIC Annual Report 2007 - The way forward
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Adiel Akplogan, Chief Executive Director of AfriNIC, shares his vision for the organization as it reaches a turning point after three years of operation. He notes that the original goal of setting up a Regional Registry for Africa and managing internet number resources has been achieved, but that new medium and long term strategies are needed for sustainable growth. Key factors to consider include IPv4 exhaustion, IPv6 adoption, rapid growth in mobile technology, fiber infrastructure projects, regulatory changes, and economic growth across parts of the region.
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AFRINIC Annual Report 2007 - Message of the chairman
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AFRINIC Annual Report 2007- Message ceo
The Chief Executive Officer provides a summary of AfriNIC's achievements in 2007 in their annual report. Key accomplishments included launching an improved member portal and registration system, continuing efforts to promote IPv6 adoption, and revising the policy development process. AfriNIC also restructured internally to improve operations and aligned its fee structure to be more affordable for members. The CEO expresses gratitude to staff and the community for their support in helping AfriNIC make progress on its goals.
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- In 2007, 5 new policies were approved regarding the policy development process, ASN allocations, IPv6 assignments, and IPv4 allocation ratios.
- MyAfriNIC, a new online portal for members to manage resources, was launched.
- Memorandums of understanding were signed with AfTLD and discounts introduced for research/education institutions.
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AfriNIC is the Internet Numbers Registry for Africa, based in Mauritius. It allocates and registers Internet resources to enable communication via open network protocols and promote growth of the Internet across Africa. Its vision is to spearhead Internet technology and policy development in the region. AfriNIC aims to efficiently distribute number resources, support usage and development, and strengthen self-governance through participative policymaking. It has a bottom-up organizational structure where members elect representatives to its Board of Directors and participate in discussions to determine policies.
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AFRINIC Annual Report 2007 - Message of the chairman
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AIS19 - Policies under discussion
The document discusses several proposed updates and clarifications to AFRINIC's internet number resource policies. Key proposals include establishing mechanisms for IPv4 and ASN transfers between regions, clarifying policies around IPv6 and temporary resource usage, and reviewing member's IPv4 resources to identify non-compliance. Community participation is encouraged by subscribing to mailing lists and attending biannual meetings to propose policies and voice opinions.
AIS19 Newcomers Session (EN)
The document provides an agenda and overview of a newcomers session that discusses the internet ecosystem in Africa and the role of organizations like AFRINIC. It introduces AFRINIC's mission to manage internet number resources professionally and efficiently for the African community. It outlines AFRINIC's governance structure, membership types, activities and initiatives like IPv6 training, the government working group, and public mailing lists.
AFRINIC 101 2017
AFRINIC is responsible for managing internet number resources like IP addresses and autonomous system numbers in Africa. It allocates these resources to members according to policies developed by the AFRINIC community through an open policy development process. To become an AFRINIC member and obtain number resources, an organization must meet criteria like being legally incorporated in Africa and having infrastructure on the continent. The membership process involves applying online, having the application evaluated, signing a registration services agreement, and paying fees before resources are allocated.
Internet development in Africa: a content use, hosting and distribution persp...
With increasing demand for videos, streaming media, and for services such as cloud computing in Africa, broadband performance, and specifically how users experience performance, becomes increasingly important. In order to meet a growing demand for digital content, mobile operators across the continent have extensively invested in increasing capacity by investing in undersea cables, as well as in terrestrial fibre networks. Mobile
LTE networks provision is expanding as well but remains insufficient to cover remote and rural areas.
Insight Into Africa’s Country-level Latencies
This paper provides insight into the effects of cross-border infrastructure and logical interconnections in Africa on both intra-country and cross-border latency on end-to-end Internet paths, by comparing Internet performance measurements between different countries. We collected ICMP pings between countries using Speedchecker and applied a community detection algorithm to group countries based on round-trip times (RTTs) between countries. We observed three main latency clusters: East and Southern Africa; North Africa; and West and Central Africa. An interesting observation is that these clusters largely correspond to countries that share the same official languages or past colonial history. The cluster in Eastern and Southern Africa is the most strongly clustered: these countries have the lowest inter-country latency values. We also found that some countries have a much higher intra-country latency than expected, pointing to the lack of local peering or physical infrastructure within the country itself.
This finding underscores the importance of physical networking
infrastructure deployment and inter-network relationships at a
country and regional level.
Deep Diving into Africa’s Inter-Country Latencies
The Internet in Africa is evolving rapidly, yet remains significantly behind other regions in terms of performance and ubiquity of access. This clearly has negative consequences for the residents of Africa but also has implications for organisations designing
future networked technologies that might see deployment in the region. This paper presents a measurement campaign methodology to explore the current state of the African Internet. Using vantage points across the continent, we perform the first large-scale mapping of inter-country delays in Africa. Our analysis reveals a number of clusters, where countries have built up low delay interconnectivity, dispelling the myth that intra-communications in Africa are universally poor. Unfortunately, this does not extend to the remainder of the continent, which typically suffers from excessively high delays, often exceeding 300ms. We find that in many cases it is faster to reach European or North American networks than those in other regions of Africa. By mapping the internetwork topology, we identify a number of shortcomings in the infrastructure, most notably an excessive reliance on intercontinental transit providers.
Studying performance barriers to cloud services in Africa's public sector
Cloud computing allows individuals and organisations to remotely lease storage and computation resources as needed. For such
remote access to computational resources to work efciently, there is need for well-developed Internet infrastructure to support reliable and low-delay delivery of trac. By carrying out the month-long Internet measurement campaign, this paper investigates the hosting situation and latencies in the public sector of ve African countries. Results of the study show that a large percentage of the public sector websites across the countries are hosted in cloud-based infrastructure and are physically located in America and Europe. Analysis of delays shows signi cant di ferences between local and remotely hosted websites, and that latencies are signfi cantly lower for countries that host CDN nodes. The results also suggest higher delays for local websites that are accessed circuitously.
Routing security and implications for NRENs
This document discusses routing security issues for National Research and Education Networks (NRENs). It describes how the Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) lacks built-in security, allowing for route hijacking and leaks. Route hijacking occurs when one network impersonates another by advertising its prefixes. Route leaks happen when a multi-homed network accidentally announces routes learned from one upstream provider to the other. The document outlines some solutions like filtering, Resource Public Key Infrastructure (RPKI), and BGP Security (BGPSEC) but notes challenges with deployment and lack of reliable data. It emphasizes that securing an individual network does not ensure overall security and calls for mutually agreed routing security principles and global validation of routing information.
APRICOT Latency Clustering
Africa has the lowest rate of Internet penetration in the world. This is set to change with Africa predicted to be a major driving force in expanding global uptake. Despite this, recent studies have observed generally poor Internet performance on the continent. This paper presents a large-scale measurement study of the African Internet. It focusses on mapping the performance and topological characteristics of intra-Africa connectivity. Our analysis discovers a series of "communities", in which countries have built up low delay interconnectivity, dispelling the myth that intra delays in Africa are universally poor. Unfortunately, this does not extend to the remainder of the continent, which typically suffers from excessively high intercountry delays, often exceeding 300ms. To explain this, we explore the intra-continental topology to discover a number of shortcomings, most notably an excessive reliance on international transit providers rather than local peering.
Latency clustering AfPIF2017
This document analyzes latency patterns in Africa's internet through measurements from RIPE Atlas and Speedchecker probes. The key findings are:
- Africa has higher average in-country latencies than other regions, around 78ms.
- Countries cluster into Northern, Southern, Eastern and Western groups based on latency, though some exceptions exist like islands clustering with northern countries.
- Inter-cluster latencies exceed 200ms, with the highest delays between the Western and other clusters.
- Africa relies heavily on overseas transit providers, with over a third of routes first hopping outside Africa, primarily to Europe. This contributes to higher latencies.
- Future work aims to better understand the role of undersea
AFRINIC RIA MoU
This document outlines areas of potential collaboration between AFRINIC and Research ICT Africa on research related to internet infrastructure and policy in Africa. Key points of collaboration include conducting internet measurements to guide evidence-based policymaking and regulatory interventions, case studies on broadband performance and cloud computing, and future work on topics like IPv6 deployment, cybersecurity, and the African routing landscape. The document also notes that an AFRINIC/RIA workshop was held with over 70 participants where initial probes were distributed and anchor hosting was pledged, with the goal of growing an African internet measurement community.
DNS Measurements
This document discusses using Internet measurements and the RIPE Atlas platform to monitor DNS performance. RIPE Atlas allows monitoring DNS infrastructure like root name servers from thousands of global vantage points. It can troubleshoot problems, validate peering strategies, and help with content distribution planning. Both active and passive DNS measurements are covered, including analyzing zone files to assess IPv6 and DNSSEC deployment. Use cases demonstrated include monitoring root server performance and which instances clients use.
AFRINIC DNSSEC Infrastructure and Signer Migration
1. AfriNIC operates DNSSEC services for reverse DNS zones and several African ccTLDs. They migrated their signing infrastructure to a new signer while maintaining DNSSEC validation.
2. The migration was done silently without any invalidity window by using the existing DNSKEYs followed by a rollover. This avoided any interactions with parent zones during the migration.
3. Very few AfriNIC members currently sign their reverse zones and submit DS records. AfriNIC aims to improve adoption of DNSSEC by their members and may provide hosted signing services.
Tampering With the Open Internet: Experiences From Africa
This document discusses internet censorship in Africa and the importance of measuring internet access and censorship. It provides background on CIPESA, an organization that works to advance internet freedom in Africa. Various techniques used by censors to block access to information are described. Challenges of measuring internet access include technical difficulties and lack of resources in Africa. Improving measurements requires greater collaboration between actors and making data publicly available. The OONI project is provided as an example of an app that tests censorship and network performance.
Assessing Internet Freedom and the Digital Resilience
Since December 2016, CIPIT, a research centre at Strathmore Law School in partnership with Small Media, a research and advocacy organization based in London, UK , has been running network measurements to investigate the relationship between physical internet infrastructure ownership and internet freedom in Burundi, Rwanda, Uganda and Tanzania. Physical internet infrastructure is used here to mean the networking layer of the internet connecting end users to the global ecosystem from national gateways, exchange points and service providers.
Measuring quality of Internet links in NRENs
This talk focuses on the deployment of perfSONAR at KENET as well as bottlenecks to watch out for when specifying hardware for Internet measurements. In addition, the presentation also delves into ways in which the infrastructure at KENET is utilized for end-to-end network performance measurements for collaborating researchers and faculty in Kenya and other collaborating institutions in other countries.
State of Internet measurement Infrastructure/tools in Africa
The presentation will aim to highlight the state of the measurements infrastructure in Africa, with the view of devising strategies for increasing the availability and capabilities of the available tools and vantage points. Topics such as how tackle the question of how to increase the footprint and diversity of vantage points (probes and measurement anchors), as well as how to leverage mobile devices for Internet measurements will be discussed.
TraceMON - a new RIPE Atlas tool
The RIPE Atlas team released a new online tool that helps to make sense of trace routes that are generated by RIPE Atlas. Use this tool to optimize your routing and debug network problems.
Measuring the complexity of the Internet: indexes and indicators
Measuring internet development in order to achieve better connectivity and resulting socio-economic development goals is a challenge and a necessity to ascertain progress made in terms of ICT sector development and socio-economic growth. Many intergovernmental, governments, non-profit and private organisations have sought to tackle the challenge through setting targets, defining indicators, and applying research methods to measure progress. Nevertheless, ambitious goals and targets relate mostly to the achievement or improvement of physical connectivity to ICT, while as more and more people get connected to the internet, the attainment of users' digital rights including capabilities and liberties will need to be measured as well and will need to be included in policy objectives on ICT development.
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Do elements of globalization, such as Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), negatively affect the ability of countries in the Global South to preserve their culture? This research aims to answer this question by employing a cross-sectional comparative case study analysis utilizing methods of difference. Thailand and Cambodia are compared as they are in the same region and have a similar culture. The metric of difference between Thailand and Cambodia is their ability to preserve their culture. This ability is operationalized by their respective attitudes towards FDI; Thailand imposes stringent regulations and limitations on FDI while Cambodia does not hesitate to accept most FDI and imposes fewer limitations. The evidence from this study suggests that FDI from globally influential countries with high gross domestic products (GDPs) (e.g. China, U.S.) challenges the ability of countries with lower GDPs (e.g. Cambodia) to protect their culture. Furthermore, the ability, or lack thereof, of the receiving countries to protect their culture is amplified by the existence and implementation of restrictive FDI policies imposed by their governments.
My study abroad in Bali, Indonesia, inspired this research topic as I noticed how globalization is changing the culture of its people. I learned their language and way of life which helped me understand the beauty and importance of cultural preservation. I believe we could all benefit from learning new perspectives as they could help us ideate solutions to contemporary issues and empathize with others.
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Seminar: Gender Board Diversity through Ownership Networks
Seminar on gender diversity spillovers through ownership networks at FAME|GRAPE. Presenting novel research. Studies in economics and management using econometrics methods.
快速办理(SMU毕业证书)南卫理公会大学毕业证毕业完成信一模一样
学校原件一模一样【微信：741003700 】《(SMU毕业证书)南卫理公会大学毕业证》【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
【主营项目】
一.毕业证【q微741003700】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！
二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【q/微741003700】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
一比一原版美国新罕布什尔大学(unh)毕业证学历认证真实可查
永久可查学历认证【微信：A575476】【美国新罕布什尔大学(unh)毕业证成绩单Offer】【微信：A575476】（留信学历认证永久存档查询）采用学校原版纸张、特殊工艺完全按照原版一比一制作（包括：隐形水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠，文字图案浮雕，激光镭射，紫外荧光，温感，复印防伪）行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备，十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，业务范围有加拿大、英国、澳洲、韩国、美国、新加坡，新西兰等学历材料，包您满意。
【业务选择办理准则】
一、工作未确定，回国需先给父母、亲戚朋友看下文凭的情况，办理一份就读学校的毕业证【微信：A575476】文凭即可
二、回国进私企、外企、自己做生意的情况，这些单位是不查询毕业证真伪的，而且国内没有渠道去查询国外文凭的真假，也不需要提供真实教育部认证。鉴于此，办理一份毕业证【微信：A575476】即可
三、进国企，银行，事业单位，考公务员等等，这些单位是必需要提供真实教育部认证的，办理教育部认证所需资料众多且烦琐，所有材料您都必须提供原件，我们凭借丰富的经验，快捷的绿色通道帮您快速整合材料，让您少走弯路。
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
→ 【关于价格问题（保证一手价格）
我们所定的价格是非常合理的，而且我们现在做得单子大多数都是代理和回头客户介绍的所以一般现在有新的单子 我给客户的都是第一手的代理价格，因为我想坦诚对待大家 不想跟大家在价格方面浪费时间
对于老客户或者被老客户介绍过来的朋友，我们都会适当给一些优惠。
选择实体注册公司办理，更放心，更安全！我们的承诺：可来公司面谈，可签订合同，会陪同客户一起到教育部认证窗口递交认证材料，客户在教育部官方认证查询网站查询到认证通过结果后付款，不成功不收费！
快速制作美国迈阿密大学牛津分校毕业证文凭证书英文原版一模一样
原版一模一样【微信：741003700 】【美国迈阿密大学牛津分校毕业证文凭证书】【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原海外各大学 Bachelor Diploma degree, Master Degree Diploma
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
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- 1. theWay The Way Forward forward Adiel Akplogan, Chief Executive Director, shares with the Community his views and his vision for AfriNIC. As any young organization, and after three years of effective operation, AfriNIC has now reached a turning point where new strategies – medium and long term - are needed to strengthen its foundation for a more sustainable growth. When we were given the opportunity to work on this project in 2003, the main goal was to put all the resources together to set up a Regional Registry for Africa and the Indian Ocean; and at the same time, successfully transfer the management of Internet Number resources to the Registry. That objective reached, we collectively need to look into the future and define where we want to position the organization. The environment has significantly changed since then. Hence, issues like IPv4 exhaustion and the IPv6 adoption need to be catered for and be fully integrated in any Number Resource Registry’s future plan. Furthermore, the rapid regional growth in mobile technology and its fast adoption by users make this environment especially dynamic, and require particular attention and reaction on our part. Other determinants to be taken into account include the different fibre projects, the various regulatory framework changes as well as the new multinational players moving into the continent. Also, it should be noted that several parts of our region are experiencing a continuous economic growth path – that can be proudly described as being one of the best of the world at the moment. 41 ANNUAL REPORT 2007